1
|
Sann S, Kleinewietfeld M, Cantaert T. Balancing functions of regulatory T cells in mosquito-borne viral infections. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2304061. [PMID: 38192073 PMCID: PMC10812859 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2304061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne viral infections are on the rise worldwide and can lead to severe symptoms such as haemorrhage, encephalitis, arthritis or microcephaly. A protective immune response following mosquito-borne viral infections requires the generation of a controlled and balanced immune response leading to viral clearance without immunopathology. Here, regulatory T cells play a central role in restoring immune homeostasis. In current review, we aim to provide an overview and summary of the phenotypes of FOXP3+ Tregs in various mosquito-borne arboviral disease, their association with disease severity and their functional characteristics. Furthermore, we discuss the role of cytokines and Tregs in the immunopathogenesis of mosquito-borne infections. Lastly, we discuss possible novel lines of research which could provide additional insight into the role of Tregs in mosquito-borne viral infections in order to develop novel therapeutic approaches or vaccination strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sotheary Sann
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Markus Kleinewietfeld
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tineke Cantaert
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Weirauch T, Burger G, Cadar D, Gabriel M, Koepsell J, Schüttfort G, de Leuw P, Bickel M, Vehreschild MJGT, Wolf T, Wetzstein N. Vaccine-derived yellow fever in an immunocompromised patient on anti-CD20-antibody therapy and its treatment with sofosbuvir. Int J Infect Dis 2024; 143:107017. [PMID: 38521450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever (YF) is a potentially lethal viral hemorrhagic fever that can be prevented with the 17D live attenuated YF vaccine. However, this vaccination can cause severe adverse reactions including vaccine-associated YF. Here, we describe the case of a 32-year-old female who was permanently immunosuppressed with an anti-CD20 antibody due to multiple sclerosis. Following YF vaccination, the patient developed a variety of symptoms such as febrile temperatures, muscle and joint pain, headaches, and dysuria. A vaccine-associated YF with viremia was diagnosed. To avoid a potentially severe course of the disease, sofosbuvir was used as antiviral treatment followed by the resolution of symptoms and serological response. As travelers with chronic diseases and immunosuppression will increasingly engage in long distance travel, this case demonstrates the importance of assessing patient history prior to the administration of live vaccines and points towards a possible therapeutic approach in those suffering from vaccine-associated YF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Weirauch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Gerrit Burger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dániel Cadar
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Gabriel
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Koepsell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gundolf Schüttfort
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | - Maria J G T Vehreschild
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Timo Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nils Wetzstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Samri A, Bandeira AC, Gois LL, Silva CGR, Rousseau A, Corneau A, Tarantino N, Maucourant C, Queiroz GAN, Vieillard V, Yssel H, Campos GS, Sardi S, Autran B, Rios Grassi MF. Comprehensive analysis of early T cell responses to acute Zika Virus infection during the first epidemic in Bahia, Brazil. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302684. [PMID: 38722858 PMCID: PMC11081376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In most cases, Zika virus (ZIKV) causes a self-limited acute illness in adults, characterized by mild clinical symptoms that resolve within a few days. Immune responses, both innate and adaptive, play a central role in controlling and eliminating virus-infected cells during the early stages of infection. AIM To test the hypothesis that circulating T cells exhibit phenotypic and functional activation characteristics during the viremic phase of ZIKV infection. METHODS A comprehensive analysis using mass cytometry was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from patients with acute ZIKV infection (as confirmed by RT-PCR) and compared with that from healthy donors (HD). The frequency of IFN-γ-producing T cells in response to peptide pools covering immunogenic regions of structural and nonstructural ZIKV proteins was quantified using an ELISpot assay. RESULTS Circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes from ZIKV-infected patients expressed higher levels of IFN-γ and pSTAT-5, as well as cell surface markers associated with proliferation (Ki-67), activation ((HLA-DR, CD38) or exhaustion (PD1 and CTLA-4), compared to those from HD. Activation of CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cell subsets, including Transitional Memory T Cells (TTM), Effector Memory T cells (TEM), and Effector Memory T cells Re-expressing CD45RA (TEMRA), was prominent among CD4+ T cell subset of ZIKV-infected patients and was associated with increased levels of IFN-γ, pSTAT-5, Ki-67, CTLA-4, and PD1, as compared to HD. Additionally, approximately 30% of ZIKV-infected patients exhibited a T cell response primarily directed against the ZIKV NS5 protein. CONCLUSION Circulating T lymphocytes spontaneously produce IFN-γ and express elevated levels of pSTAT-5 during the early phase of ZIKV infection whereas recognition of ZIKV antigen results in the generation of virus-specific IFN-γ-producing T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Assia Samri
- Sorbonne-Université, Inserm 1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d’immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi, Paris, France
| | - Antonio Carlos Bandeira
- Secretaria de Saúde da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Luana Leandro Gois
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador, Brazil
- Departamento de Biointeração, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Alice Rousseau
- Sorbonne-Université, Inserm 1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d’immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi, Paris, France
| | - Aurelien Corneau
- Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, Plateforme de Cytométrie (CyPS), UMS30–LUMIC, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Tarantino
- Sorbonne-Université, Inserm 1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d’immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi, Paris, France
| | - Christopher Maucourant
- Sorbonne-Université, Inserm 1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d’immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi, Paris, France
| | - Gabriel Andrade Nonato Queiroz
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Vincent Vieillard
- Sorbonne-Université, Inserm 1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d’immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi, Paris, France
| | - Hans Yssel
- Sorbonne-Université, Inserm 1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d’immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi, Paris, France
| | - Gubio Soares Campos
- Departamento de Biointeração, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Silvia Sardi
- Departamento de Biointeração, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Brigitte Autran
- Sorbonne-Université, Inserm 1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d’immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi, Paris, France
| | - Maria Fernanda Rios Grassi
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abdala-Torres T, Campi-Azevedo AC, da Silva-Pereira RA, Dos Santos LI, Henriques PM, Costa-Rocha IA, Otta DA, Peruhype-Magalhães V, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Araújo MSS, Fernandes EG, Sato HK, Fantinato FFST, Domingues CMAS, Kallás EG, Tomiyama HTI, Lemos JAC, Coelho-Dos-Reis JG, de Lima SMB, Schwarcz WD, de Souza Azevedo A, Trindade GF, Ano Bom APD, da Silva AMV, Fernandes CB, Camacho LAB, de Sousa Maia MDL, Martins-Filho OA, do Antonelli LRDV. Immune response induced by standard and fractional doses of 17DD yellow fever vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:54. [PMID: 38459059 PMCID: PMC10923915 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00836-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The re-emergence of yellow fever (YF) urged new mass vaccination campaigns and, in 2017, the World Health Organization approved the use of the fractional dose (FD) of the YF vaccine due to stock shortage. In an observational cross-sectional investigation, we have assessed viremia, antibodies, soluble mediators and effector and memory T and B-cells induced by primary vaccination of volunteers with FD and standard dose (SD). Similar viremia and levels of antibodies and soluble markers were induced early after immunization. However, a faster decrease in the latter was observed after SD. The FD led to a sustained expansion of helper T-cells and an increased expression of activation markers on T-cells early after vaccination. Although with different kinetics, expansion of plasma cells was induced upon SD and FD immunization. Integrative analysis reveals that FD induces a more complex network involving follicular helper T cells and B-cells than SD. Our findings substantiate that FD can replace SD inducing robust correlates of protective immune response against YF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thais Abdala-Torres
- Laboratório de Biologia e Imunologia de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Campi-Azevedo
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rosiane Aparecida da Silva-Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia e Imunologia de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Priscilla Miranda Henriques
- Laboratório de Biologia e Imunologia de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ismael Artur Costa-Rocha
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Dayane Andriotti Otta
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Peruhype-Magalhães
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Eder Gatti Fernandes
- Divisão de Imunização, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Helena Keico Sato
- Divisão de Imunização, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Esper Georges Kallás
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Escola de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jordana Grazziela Coelho-Dos-Reis
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sheila Maria Barbosa de Lima
- Departamento de Desenvolvimento Experimental e Pré-clínico, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Waleska Dias Schwarcz
- Laboratório de Análise Imunomecular, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana de Souza Azevedo
- Laboratório de Análise Imunomecular, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gisela Freitas Trindade
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Dinis Ano Bom
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Imunológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andrea Marques Vieira da Silva
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Imunológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Camilla Bayma Fernandes
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Imunológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Maria de Lourdes de Sousa Maia
- Departamento de Assuntos Médicos, Estudos Clínicos e Vigilância Pós-Registro, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Lis Ribeiro do Valle do Antonelli
- Laboratório de Biologia e Imunologia de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hassert M, Arumugam S, Harty JT. Memory CD8+ T cell-mediated protection against liver-stage malaria. Immunol Rev 2023; 316:84-103. [PMID: 37014087 PMCID: PMC10524177 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Nearly half of the world's population is at risk of malaria, a disease caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium, which is estimated to cause more than 240,000,000 infections and kill more than 600,000 people annually. The emergence of Plasmodia resistant to chemoprophylactic treatment highlights the urgency to develop more effective vaccines. In this regard, whole sporozoite vaccination approaches in murine models and human challenge studies have provided substantial insight into the immune correlates of protection from malaria. From these studies, CD8+ T cells have come to the forefront, being identified as critical for vaccine-mediated liver-stage immunity that can prevent the establishment of the symptomatic blood stages and subsequent transmission of infection. However, the unique biological characteristics required for CD8+ T cell protection from liver-stage malaria dictate that more work must be done to design effective vaccines. In this review, we will highlight a subset of studies that reveal basic aspects of memory CD8+ T cell-mediated protection from liver-stage malaria infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariah Hassert
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa- Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sahaana Arumugam
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa- Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa- Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa- Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - John T. Harty
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa- Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa- Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
van Bree JW, Visser I, Duyvestyn JM, Aguilar-Bretones M, Marshall EM, van Hemert MJ, Pijlman GP, van Nierop GP, Kikkert M, Rockx BH, Miesen P, Fros JJ. Novel approaches for the rapid development of rationally designed arbovirus vaccines. One Health 2023; 16:100565. [PMID: 37363258 PMCID: PMC10288159 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases, including those transmitted by mosquitoes, account for more than 17% of infectious diseases worldwide. This number is expected to rise with an increased spread of vector mosquitoes and viruses due to climate change and man-made alterations to ecosystems. Among the most common, medically relevant mosquito-borne infections are those caused by arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), especially members of the genera Flavivirus and Alphavirus. Arbovirus infections can cause severe disease in humans, livestock and wildlife. Severe consequences from infections include congenital malformations as well as arthritogenic, haemorrhagic or neuroinvasive disease. Inactivated or live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) are available for a small number of arboviruses; however there are no licensed vaccines for the majority of these infections. Here we discuss recent developments in pan-arbovirus LAV approaches, from site-directed attenuation strategies targeting conserved determinants of virulence to universal strategies that utilize genome-wide re-coding of viral genomes. In addition to these approaches, we discuss novel strategies targeting mosquito saliva proteins that play an important role in virus transmission and pathogenesis in vertebrate hosts. For rapid pre-clinical evaluations of novel arbovirus vaccine candidates, representative in vitro and in vivo experimental systems are required to assess the desired specific immune responses. Here we discuss promising models to study attenuation of neuroinvasion, neurovirulence and virus transmission, as well as antibody induction and potential for cross-reactivity. Investigating broadly applicable vaccination strategies to target the direct interface of the vertebrate host, the mosquito vector and the viral pathogen is a prime example of a One Health strategy to tackle human and animal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce W.M. van Bree
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Imke Visser
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jo M. Duyvestyn
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Eleanor M. Marshall
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn J. van Hemert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gorben P. Pijlman
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marjolein Kikkert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Barry H.G. Rockx
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal Miesen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jelke J. Fros
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lunardelli VAS, Almeida BDS, Apostolico JDS, Rezende T, Yamamoto MM, Pereira SS, Bueno MFC, Pereira LR, Carvalho KI, Slhessarenko RD, de Souza Ferreira LC, Boscardin SB, Rosa DS. Diagnostic and vaccine potential of Zika virus envelope protein (E) derivates produced in bacterial and insect cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1071041. [PMID: 37006270 PMCID: PMC10060818 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1071041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionIn the present study we evaluated the features of different recombinant forms of Zika virus (ZIKV) proteins produced in either bacterial (Eschericha coli) or insect cells (Drosophila melanogaster). The ZIKV-envelope glycoprotein (EZIKV) is responsible for virus entry into host cells, is the main target of neutralizing antibodies and has been used as a target antigen either for serological tests or for the development of subunit vaccines. The EZIKV is composed of three structural and functional domains (EDI, EDII, and EDIII), which share extensive sequence conservation with the corresponding counterparts expressed by other flaviviruses, particularly the different dengue virus (DENV) subtypes.MethodsIn this study, we carried out a systematic comparison of the antigenicity and immunogenicity of recombinant EZIKV, EDI/IIZIKV and EDIIIZIKV produced in E. coli BL21 and Drosophila S2 cells. For the antigenicity analysis we collected 88 serum samples from ZIKV-infected participants and 57 serum samples from DENV-infected. For immunogenicity, C57BL/6 mice were immunized with two doses of EZIKV, EDI/IIZIKV and EDIIIZIKV produced in E. coli BL21 and Drosophila S2 cells to evaluate humoral and cellular immune response. In addition, AG129 mice were immunized with EZIKV and then challenge with ZIKV.ResultsTesting of samples collected from ZIKV-infected and DENV-infected participants demonstrated that the EZIKV and EDIIIZIKV produced in BL21 cells presented better sensitivity and specificity compared to proteins produced in S2 cells. In vivo analyses were carried out with C57BL/6 mice and the results indicated that, despite similar immunogenicity, antigens produced in S2 cells, particularly EZIKV and EDIIIZIKV, induced higher ZIKV-neutralizing antibody levels in vaccinated mice. In addition, immunization with EZIKV expressed in S2 cells delayed the onset of symptoms and increased survival rates in immunocompromised mice. All recombinant antigens, either produced in bacteria or insect cells, induced antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses.ConclusionIn conclusion, the present study highlights the differences in antigenicity and immunogenicity of recombinant ZIKV antigens produced in two heterologous protein expression systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victória Alves Santos Lunardelli
- Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo- Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca da Silva Almeida
- Departmento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Souza Apostolico
- Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo- Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Rezende
- Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo- Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio Massao Yamamoto
- Departmento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samuel Santos Pereira
- Departmento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Campagnari Bueno
- Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo- Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lennon Ramos Pereira
- Departmento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina Inacio Carvalho
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | | | - Luis Carlos de Souza Ferreira
- Departmento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Plataforma Científica Pasteur- Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Beatriz Boscardin
- Departmento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) de Investigação em Imunologia (iii), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Santoro Rosa
- Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo- Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) de Investigação em Imunologia (iii), São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Daniela Santoro Rosa,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Characterization of Live-Attenuated Powassan Virus Vaccine Candidates Identifies an Efficacious Prime-Boost Strategy for Mitigating Powassan Virus Disease in a Murine Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030612. [PMID: 36992196 PMCID: PMC10058527 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Powassan virus (POWV) is an emerging tick-borne virus and cause of lethal encephalitis in humans. The lack of treatment or prevention strategies for POWV disease underscores the need for an effective POWV vaccine. Here, we took two independent approaches to develop vaccine candidates. First, we recoded the POWV genome to increase the dinucleotide frequencies of CpG and UpA to potentially attenuate the virus by raising its susceptibility to host innate immune factors, such as the zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP). Secondly, we took advantage of the live-attenuated yellow fever virus vaccine 17D strain (YFV-17D) as a vector to express the structural genes pre-membrane (prM) and envelope (E) of POWV. The chimeric YFV-17D-POWV vaccine candidate was further attenuated for in vivo application by removing an N-linked glycosylation site within the nonstructural protein (NS)1 of YFV-17D. This live-attenuated chimeric vaccine candidate significantly protected mice from POWV disease, conferring a 70% survival rate after lethal challenge when administered in a homologous two-dose regimen. Importantly, when given in a heterologous prime-boost vaccination scheme, in which vaccination with the initial chimeric virus was followed by a protein boost with the envelope protein domain III (EDIII), 100% of the mice were protected without showing any signs of morbidity. Combinations of this live-attenuated chimeric YFV-17D-POWV vaccine candidate with an EDIII protein boost warrant further studies for the development of an effective vaccine strategy for the prevention of POWV disease.
Collapse
|
9
|
Adam A, Lee C, Wang T. Rational Development of Live-Attenuated Zika Virus Vaccines. Pathogens 2023; 12:194. [PMID: 36839466 PMCID: PMC9963317 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a re-emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus, has caused outbreaks in Africa, Asia, the Pacific, and, more recently, in the Americas. ZIKV has been associated with the neurological autoimmune disorder Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults and congenital Zika syndrome in fetuses and infants, including microcephaly, spontaneous abortion, and intrauterine growth restriction. It is considered to be a major threat to global public health due to its unprecedented clinical impact on humans. Currently, there are no specific prophylactics or therapeutics available to prevent or treat ZIKV infection. The development of a safe and efficacious ZIKV vaccine remains a global health priority. Since the recent outbreak, multiple platforms have been used in the development of candidate ZIKV vaccines. The candidate vaccines have been shown to elicit strong T cell and neutralization antibody responses and protect against ZIKV infection in animal models. Some candidates have progressed successfully to clinical trials. Live-attenuated vaccines, which induce rapid and durable protective immunity, are one of the most important strategies for controlling flavivirus diseases. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the development of candidate live-attenuated ZIKV vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Awadalkareem Adam
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Christy Lee
- John Sealy School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Evaluation of Two Adjuvant Formulations for an Inactivated Yellow Fever 17DD Vaccine Candidate in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010073. [PMID: 36679918 PMCID: PMC9865672 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The attenuated yellow fever (YF) vaccine is one of the most successful vaccines ever developed. After a single dose administration YF vaccine can induce balanced Th1/Th2 immune responses and long-lasting neutralizing antibodies. These attributes endorsed it as a model of how to properly stimulate the innate response to target protective immune responses. Despite their longstanding success, attenuated YF vaccines can cause rare fatal adverse events and are contraindicated for persons with immunosuppression, egg allergy and age < 6 months and >60 years. These drawbacks have encouraged the development of a non-live vaccine. The aim of the present study is to characterize and compare the immunological profile of two adjuvant formulations of an inactivated YF 17DD vaccine candidate. Inactivated YF vaccine formulations based on alum (Al(OH)3) or squalene (AddaVax®) were investigated by immunization of C57BL/6 mice in 3-dose or 2-dose schedules, respectively, and compared with a single dose of attenuated YF virus 17DD. Sera were analyzed by ELISA and Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (PRNT) for detection of total IgG and neutralizing antibodies against YF virus. In addition, splenocytes were collected to evaluate cellular responses by ELISpot. Both inactivated formulations were able to induce high titers of IgG against YF, although neutralizing antibodies levels were borderline on pre-challenge samples. Analysis of IgG subtypes revealed a predominance of IgG2a associated with improved neutralizing capacity in animals immunized with the attenuated YF vaccine, and a predominance of IgG1 in groups immunized with experimental non-live formulations (alum and AddaVax®). After intracerebral (IC) challenge, attenuated and inactivated vaccine formulations showed an increase in neutralizing antibodies. The AddaVax®-based inactivated vaccine and the attenuated vaccine achieved 100% protection, and alum-based equivalent formulation achieved 70% protection.
Collapse
|
11
|
Britto C, Alter G. The next frontier in vaccine design: blending immune correlates of protection into rational vaccine design. Curr Opin Immunol 2022; 78:102234. [PMID: 35973352 PMCID: PMC9612370 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.102234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the extraordinary speed and success in SARS-Cov-2 vaccine development, the emergence of variants of concern perplexed the vaccine development community. Neutralizing antibodies waned antibodies waned and were evaded by viral variants, despite the preservation of protection against severe disease and death across vaccinated populations. Similar to other vaccine design efforts, the lack of mechanistic correlates of immunity against Coronavirus Disease 2019, raised questions related to the need for vaccine redesign and boosting. Hence, our limited understanding of mechanistic correlates of immunity - across pathogens - remains a major obstacle in vaccine development. The identification and incorporation of mechanistic correlates of immunity are key to the accelerated design of highly impactful globally relevant vaccines. Systems-biology tools can be applied strategically to define a complete understanding of mechanistic correlates of immunity. Embedding immunological dissection and target immune profile identification, beyond canonical antibody binding and neutralization, may accelerate the design and success of durable protective vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Britto
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
ZIKV-envelope proteins induce specific humoral and cellular immunity in distinct mice strains. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15733. [PMID: 36131132 PMCID: PMC9492693 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection have highlighted the need for a better understanding of ZIKV-specific immune responses. The ZIKV envelope glycoprotein (EZIKV) is the most abundant protein on the virus surface and it is the main target of the protective immune response. EZIKV protein contains the central domain (EDI), a dimerization domain containing the fusion peptide (EDII), and a domain that binds to the cell surface receptor (EDIII). In this study, we performed a systematic comparison of the specific immune response induced by different EZIKV recombinant proteins (EZIKV, EDI/IIZIKV or EDIIIZIKV) in two mice strains. Immunization induced high titers of E-specific antibodies which recognized ZIKV-infected cells and neutralized the virus. Furthermore, immunization with EZIKV, EDI/IIZIKV and EDIIIZIKV proteins induced specific IFNγ-producing cells and polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Finally, we identified 4 peptides present in the envelope protein (E1-20, E51-70, E351-370 and E361-380), capable of inducing a cellular immune response to the H-2Kd and H-2Kb haplotypes. In summary, our work provides a detailed assessment of the immune responses induced after immunization with different regions of the ZIKV envelope protein.
Collapse
|
13
|
Meng R, Yang B, Feng C, Huang J, Wang X, Zhang D. The difference in CD4+ T cell immunity between high- and low-virulence Tembusu viruses is mainly related to residues 151 and 304 in the envelope protein. Front Immunol 2022; 13:890263. [PMID: 36016955 PMCID: PMC9395619 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.890263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tembusu virus (TMUV) can result in a severe disease affecting domestic ducks. The role of T cells in protection from TMUV infection and the molecular basis of T cell-mediated protection against TMUV remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we used the high-virulence TMUV strain Y and the low-virulence TMUV strain PS to investigate the protective role for TMUV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. When tested in a 5-day-old Pekin duck model, Y and PS induced comparable levels of neutralizing antibody, whereas Y elicited significantly stronger cellular immune response relative to PS. Using a duck adoptive transfer model, we showed that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells provided significant protection from TMUV-related disease, with CD8+ T cell conferring more robust protection to recipient ducklings. For TMUV, CD4+ T cells mainly provided help for neutralizing antibody response, whereas CD8+ T cells mainly mediated viral clearance from infected tissues. The difference in T cell immunity between Y and PS was primarily attributed to CD4+ T cells; adoptive transfer of Y-specific CD4+ T cells resulted in significantly enhanced protective ability, neutralizing antibody response, and viral clearance from the brain relative to PS-specific CD4+ T cells. Further investigations with chimeric viruses, mutant viruses, and their parental viruses identified two mutations (T151A and R304M) in the envelope (E) protein that contributed significantly to TMUV-specific CD4+ T cell-mediated protective ability and neutralizing antibody response, with more beneficial effects being conferred by R304M. These data indicate T cell-mediated immunity is important for protection from disease, for viral clearance from tissues, and for the production of neutralizing antibodies, and that the difference in CD4+T cell immunity between high- and low-virulence TMUV strains is primarily related to residues 151 and 304 in the E protein.
Collapse
|
14
|
Stone ET, Hassert M, Geerling E, Wagner C, Brien JD, Ebel GD, Hirsch AJ, German C, Smith JL, Pinto AK. Balanced T and B cell responses are required for immune protection against Powassan virus in virus-like particle vaccination. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110388. [PMID: 35172138 PMCID: PMC8919300 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Powassan virus (POWV) is a tick-borne pathogen for which humans are an incidental host. POWV infection can be fatal or result in long-term neurological sequelae; however, there are no approved vaccinations for POWV. Integral to efficacious vaccine development is the identification of correlates of protection, which we accomplished in this study by utilizing a murine model of POWV infection. Using POWV lethal and sub-lethal challenge models, we show that (1) robust B and T cell responses are necessary for immune protection, (2) POWV lethality can be attributed to both viral- and host-mediated drivers of disease, and (3) knowledge of the immune correlates of protection against POWV can be applied in a virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccination approach that provides protection from lethal POWV challenge. Identification of these immune protection factors is significant as it will aid in the rational design of POWV vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Taylor Stone
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Mariah Hassert
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Elizabeth Geerling
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Colleen Wagner
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - James D Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Gregory D Ebel
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Alec J Hirsch
- The Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Cody German
- The Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jessica L Smith
- The Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Amelia K Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Thontiravong A, Nedumpun T, Ninvilai P, Tunterak W, Techakriengkrai N, Banlunara W, Suradhat S. Dynamics of cellular and humoral immune responses following duck Tembusu virus infection in ducks. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1365-e1373. [PMID: 35106944 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV), an emerging avian pathogenic flavivirus, causes severe neurological disorders and acute egg drop syndrome in ducks. However, the effects of DTMUV on duck immunological components and functions remain largely unknown. In this study, the dynamics of cellular and humoral immune responses of DTMUV-infected ducks were investigated. The numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T, B and non-T and B lymphocytes as well as the levels of neutralizing antibodies were quantified in parallel with DTMUV loads in blood and target organs. Our results demonstrated that DTMUV infection caused severe losses of non-T and B lymphocyte/myeloid cell subpopulation, and reduction in phagocytic activity during 3-5 days after infection. We also found that the numbers of T and B cells were increased during the first week of DTMUV infection. A significant negative correlation between the levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T, B and non-T and B lymphocytes and viral loads in blood and target organ (spleen) was observed during the early phase of infection. Additionally, DTMUV infection induced an early and robust neutralizing antibody response, which was associated with DTMUV-specific IgM and IgG responses. The presence of neutralizing antibody also correlated with reduction of viremia and viral load in spleen. Overall, DTMUV elicited both cellular and humoral immune responses upon infection, in which the magnitude of these responses was correlated with reduction of viremia and viral loads in the target organ (spleen). The results suggested the critical role of both cellular and humoral immunity against DTMUV infection. This study expands our understanding of the immunological events following DTMUV infection in ducks. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aunyaratana Thontiravong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Animal Vector-Borne Disease Research Unit, Veterinary Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Teerawut Nedumpun
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patchareeporn Ninvilai
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Avian Veterinary Services, CPF (Thailand) Public Company Limited, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wikanda Tunterak
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Navapon Techakriengkrai
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wijit Banlunara
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sanipa Suradhat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Svitek N, Saya R, Zhang H, Nene V, Steinaa L. Systematic Determination of TCR–Antigen and Peptide–MHC Binding Kinetics among Field Variants of a Theileria parva Polymorphic CTL Epitope. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 208:549-561. [PMID: 35031580 PMCID: PMC8802549 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Positions 1–3 in the Tp9 CTL epitope are required for binding to BoLA-1*023:01. Positions 5–8 in the Tp9 epitope are required for TCR recognition in diverse CTLs. Tp9-specific CTLs from Muguga-immunized animals can cross-react with variants 4 and 7.
CTLs are known to contribute to immunity toward Theileria parva, the causative agent of East Coast fever. The Tp967–75 CTL epitope from the Muguga strain of T. parva is polymorphic in other parasite strains. Identifying the amino acids important for MHC class I binding, as well as TCR recognition of epitopes, can allow the strategic selection of Ags to induce cellular immunity toward T. parva. In this study, we characterized the amino acids important for MHC class I binding and TCR recognition in the Tp967–75 epitope using alanine scanning and a series of variant peptide sequences to probe these interactions. In a peptide–MHC class I binding assay, we found that the amino acids at positions 1, 2, and 3 were critical for binding to its restricting MHC class I molecule BoLA-1*023:01. With IFN-γ ELISPOT and peptide–MHC class I Tet staining assays on two parasite-specific bovine CTL lines, we showed that amino acids at positions 5–8 in the epitope were required for TCR recognition. Only two of eight naturally occurring polymorphic Tp9 epitopes were recognized by both CTLs. Finally, using a TCR avidity assay, we found that a higher TCR avidity was associated with a stronger functional response toward one of two variants recognized by the CTL. These data add to the growing knowledge on the cross-reactivity of epitope-specific CTLs and specificities that may be required in the selection of Ags in the design of a wide-spectrum vaccine for East Coast fever.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Svitek
- International Livestock Research Institute, Animal and Human Health Program, Nairobi, Kenya; and
| | - Rosemary Saya
- International Livestock Research Institute, Animal and Human Health Program, Nairobi, Kenya; and
| | - Houshuang Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Vishvanath Nene
- International Livestock Research Institute, Animal and Human Health Program, Nairobi, Kenya; and
| | - Lucilla Steinaa
- International Livestock Research Institute, Animal and Human Health Program, Nairobi, Kenya; and
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Oreshkova N, Myeni SK, Mishra N, Albulescu IC, Dalebout TJ, Snijder EJ, Bredenbeek PJ, Dallmeier K, Kikkert M. A Yellow Fever 17D Virus Replicon-Based Vaccine Platform for Emerging Coronaviruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1492. [PMID: 34960238 PMCID: PMC8704410 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The tremendous global impact of the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, as well as other current and recent outbreaks of (re)emerging viruses, emphasize the need for fast-track development of effective vaccines. Yellow fever virus 17D (YF17D) is a live-attenuated virus vaccine with an impressive efficacy record in humans, and therefore, it is a very attractive platform for the development of novel chimeric vaccines against various pathogens. In the present study, we generated a YF17D-based replicon vaccine platform by replacing the prM and E surface proteins of YF17D with antigenic subdomains from the spike (S) proteins of three different betacoronaviruses: MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and MHV. The prM and E proteins were provided in trans for the packaging of these RNA replicons into single-round infectious particles capable of expressing coronavirus antigens in infected cells. YF17D replicon particles expressing the S1 regions of the MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV spike proteins were immunogenic in mice and elicited (neutralizing) antibody responses against both the YF17D vector and the coronavirus inserts. Thus, YF17D replicon-based vaccines, and their potential DNA- or mRNA-based derivatives, may constitute a promising and particularly safe vaccine platform for current and future emerging coronaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Oreshkova
- Center of Infectious Diseases LU-CID, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (N.O.); (S.K.M.); (I.C.A.); (T.J.D.); (E.J.S.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Sebenzile K. Myeni
- Center of Infectious Diseases LU-CID, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (N.O.); (S.K.M.); (I.C.A.); (T.J.D.); (E.J.S.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Niraj Mishra
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (N.M.); (K.D.)
| | - Irina C. Albulescu
- Center of Infectious Diseases LU-CID, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (N.O.); (S.K.M.); (I.C.A.); (T.J.D.); (E.J.S.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Tim J. Dalebout
- Center of Infectious Diseases LU-CID, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (N.O.); (S.K.M.); (I.C.A.); (T.J.D.); (E.J.S.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Eric J. Snijder
- Center of Infectious Diseases LU-CID, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (N.O.); (S.K.M.); (I.C.A.); (T.J.D.); (E.J.S.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Peter J. Bredenbeek
- Center of Infectious Diseases LU-CID, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (N.O.); (S.K.M.); (I.C.A.); (T.J.D.); (E.J.S.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Kai Dallmeier
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (N.M.); (K.D.)
| | - Marjolein Kikkert
- Center of Infectious Diseases LU-CID, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (N.O.); (S.K.M.); (I.C.A.); (T.J.D.); (E.J.S.); (P.J.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ma J, Boudewijns R, Sanchez-Felipe L, Mishra N, Vercruysse T, Buh Kum D, Thibaut HJ, Neyts J, Dallmeier K. Comparing immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the yellow fever 17D vaccine in mice. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:2279-2290. [PMID: 34792431 PMCID: PMC8648041 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.2008772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The live-attenuated yellow fever 17D (YF17D) vaccine is one of the most efficacious human vaccines and also employed as a vector for novel vaccines. However, in the lack of appropriate immunocompetent small animal models, mechanistic insight in YF17D-induced protective immunity remains limited. To better understand YF17D vaccination and to identify a suitable mouse model, we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of YF17D in five complementary mouse models, i.e. wild-type (WT) BALB/c, C57BL/6, IFN-α/β receptor (IFNAR-/-) deficient mice, and in WT mice in which type I IFN signalling was temporally ablated by an IFNAR blocking (MAR-1) antibody. Alike in IFNAR-/- mice, YF17D induced in either WT mice strong humoral immune responses dominated by IgG2a/c isotype (Th1 type) antibodies, yet only when IFNAR was blocked. Vigorous cellular immunity characterized by CD4+ T-cells producing IFN-γ and TNF-α were mounted in MAR-1 treated C57BL/6 and in IFNAR-/- mice. Surprisingly, vaccine-induced protection was largely mouse model dependent. Full protection against lethal intracranial challenge and a massive reduction of virus loads was conferred already by a minimal dose of 2 PFU YF17D in BALB/c and IFNAR-/- mice, but not in C57BL/6 mice. Correlation analysis of infection outcome with pre-challenge immunological markers indicates that YFV-specific IgG might suffice for protection, even in the absence of detectable levels of neutralizing antibodies. Finally, we propose that, in addition to IFNAR-/- mice, C57BL/6 mice with temporally blocked IFN-α/β receptors represent a promising immunocompetent mouse model for the study of YF17D-induced immunity and evaluation of YF17D-derived vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ma
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robbert Boudewijns
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lorena Sanchez-Felipe
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Niraj Mishra
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Vercruysse
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dieudonné Buh Kum
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hendrik Jan Thibaut
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium.,Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kai Dallmeier
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium.,Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Schouest B, Beddingfield BJ, Gilbert MH, Bohm RP, Schiro F, Aye PP, Panganiban AT, Magnani DM, Maness NJ. Zika virus infection during pregnancy protects against secondary infection in the absence of CD8 + cells. Virology 2021; 559:100-110. [PMID: 33865073 PMCID: PMC8212702 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
While T cell immunity is an important component of the immune response to Zika virus (ZIKV) infection generally, the efficacy of these responses during pregnancy remains unknown. Here, we tested the capacity of CD8 lymphocytes to protect from secondary challenge in four macaques, two of which were depleted of CD8+ cells prior to rechallenge with a heterologous ZIKV isolate. The initial challenge during pregnancy produced transcriptional signatures suggesting complex patterns of immune modulation as well as neutralizing antibodies that persisted until rechallenge, which all animals efficiently controlled, demonstrating that the primary infection conferred adequate protection. The secondary challenge promoted activation of innate and adaptive immune cells, possibly suggesting a brief period of infection prior to clearance. These data confirm that ZIKV infection during pregnancy induces sufficient immunity to protect from a secondary challenge and suggest that this protection is not dependent on CD8 T cells. Zika infection during pregnancy provides protection from secondary infection. CD8 T cell responses are not needed for protection from secondary infection. Zika infection during pregnancy results in immunomodulatory transcriptional signatures but little IFN response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blake Schouest
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA; Biomedical Sciences Training Program, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Margaret H Gilbert
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Rudolf P Bohm
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Faith Schiro
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Pyone P Aye
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Antonito T Panganiban
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Diogo M Magnani
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Maness
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
A booster dose enhances immunogenicity of the COVID-19 vaccine candidate ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 in aged mice. MED 2021; 2:243-262.e8. [PMID: 33521747 PMCID: PMC7833318 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spread of SARS-CoV-2 has caused a worldwide pandemic that has affected almost every aspect of human life. The development of an effective COVID-19 vaccine could limit the morbidity and mortality caused by infection and may enable the relaxation of social-distancing measures. Age is one of the most significant risk factors for poor health outcomes after SARS-CoV-2 infection; therefore, it is desirable that any new vaccine candidates elicit a robust immune response in older adults. METHODS Here, we use in-depth immunophenotyping to characterize the innate and adaptive immune response induced upon intramuscular administration of the adenoviral vectored ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD-1222) COVID-19 vaccine candidate in mice. FINDINGS A single vaccination generates spike-specific Th1 cells, Th1-like Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, polyfunctional spike-specific CD8+ T cells. and granzyme-B-producing CD8 effectors. Spike-specific IgG and IgM are generated from both the early extrafollicular antibody response and the T follicular helper cell-supported germinal center reaction, which is associated with the production of virus-neutralizing antibodies. A single dose of this vaccine generated a similar type of immune response in aged mice but of a reduced magnitude than in younger mice. We report that a second dose enhances the immune response to this vaccine in aged mice. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 induces both cellular and humoral immunity in adult and aged mice and suggests a prime-boost strategy is a rational approach to enhance immunogenicity in older persons. FUNDING This study was supported by BBSRC, Lister institute of Preventative Medicine, EPSRC VaxHub, and Innovate UK.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abdullahi IN, Anka AU, Emeribe AU, Umar K, Adekola HA, Uzairue L, Ghmaba PE, Okwume CC. The interplay between environmental factors, vector competence and vaccine immunodynamics as possible explanation of the 2019 yellow fever re-emergence in Nigeria. New Microbes New Infect 2021; 41:100858. [PMID: 33912348 PMCID: PMC8066781 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout the year 2019, Nigeria had sporadic outbreaks of yellow fever (YF), which began in the northern region of the country. Indeed, controlling the bites and population of Aedes mosquitoes and vaccination are the only effective means of preventing YF. Vectorial migration, sylvan-to-urban spillover, immunization failure and, perhaps, genetic modification of YFV could be reasons for the re-emergence of YF at the community, state and national levels. This article offers a critical review of the vector biology, YF vaccine immunodynamics and environmental drivers of YFV infections, with the aim of understanding the interplay of these factors in the re-emergence of YF and risk assessment of living in or travelling to areas where YF is endemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I N Abdullahi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - A U Anka
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - A U Emeribe
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Nigeria
| | - K Umar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - H A Adekola
- Department of Microbiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - L Uzairue
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Federal University, Oye, Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - P E Ghmaba
- WHO National Polio Reference Laboratory, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - C C Okwume
- Department of Medical Laboratory Services, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Adam A, Fontes-Garfias CR, Sarathy VV, Liu Y, Luo H, Davis E, Li W, Muruato AE, Wang B, Ahatov R, Mahmoud Y, Shan C, Osman SR, Widen SG, Barrett ADT, Shi PY, Wang T. A genetically stable Zika virus vaccine candidate protects mice against virus infection and vertical transmission. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:27. [PMID: 33597526 PMCID: PMC7889622 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00288-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) have been effective in the control of flavivirus infections, to date they have been excluded from Zika virus (ZIKV) vaccine trials due to safety concerns. We have previously reported two ZIKV mutants, each of which has a single substitution in either envelope (E) glycosylation or nonstructural (NS) 4B P36 and displays a modest reduction in mouse neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness, respectively. Here, we generated a ZIKV mutant, ZE4B-36, which combines mutations in both E glycosylation and NS4B P36. The ZE4B-36 mutant is stable and attenuated in viral replication. Next-generation sequence analysis showed that the attenuating mutations in the E and NS4B proteins are retained during serial cell culture passages. The mutant exhibits a significant reduction in neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence and low infectivity in mosquitoes. It induces robust ZIKV-specific memory B cell, antibody, and T cell-mediated immune responses in type I interferon receptor (IFNR) deficient mice. ZIKV-specific T cell immunity remains strong months post-vaccination in wild-type C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Vaccination with ZE4B-36 protects mice from ZIKV-induced diseases and vertical transmission. Our results suggest that combination mutations in E glycosylation and NS4B P36 contribute to a candidate LAV with significantly increased safety but retain strong immunogenicity for prevention and control of ZIKV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Awadalkareem Adam
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Camila R Fontes-Garfias
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Vanessa V Sarathy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Huanle Luo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Emily Davis
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Wenqian Li
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Antonio E Muruato
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Binbin Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Renat Ahatov
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yoseph Mahmoud
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Chao Shan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Samantha R Osman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Steven G Widen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Molecular Genomics Core Facility, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Alan D T Barrett
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nazerai L, Schøller AS, Bassi MR, Buus S, Stryhn A, Christensen JP, Thomsen AR. Effector CD8 T Cell-Dependent Zika Virus Control in the CNS: A Matter of Time and Numbers. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1977. [PMID: 32973802 PMCID: PMC7461798 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, came into the spotlight in 2016 when it was found to be associated with an increased rate of microcephalic newborns in Brazil. The virus has further been recognized to cause neurologic complications in children and adults in the form of myelitis, encephalitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and Guillain Barre Syndrome in a fraction of infected individuals. With the ultimate goal of identifying correlates of protection to guide the design of an effective vaccine, the study of the immune response to ZIKV infection has become the focus of research worldwide. Both innate and adaptive immune responses seem to be essential for controlling the infection. Induction of sufficient levels of neutralizing antibodies has been strongly correlated with protection against reinfection in various models, while the role of CD8 T cells as antiviral effectors in the CNS has been controversial. In an attempt to improve our understanding regarding the role of ZIKV-induced CD8 T cells in protective immunity inside the CNS, we have expanded on previous studies in intracranially infected mice. In a recent study, we have demonstrated that, peripheral ZIKV infection in adult C57BL/6 mice induces a robust CD8 T cell response that peaks within a week. In the present study, we used B cell deficient as well as wild-type mice to show that there is a race between CXCR3-dependent recruitment of the effector CD8 T cells and local ZIKV replication, and that CD8 T cells are capable of local viral control if they arrive in the brain early after viral invasion, in appropriate numbers and differentiation state. Our data highlight the benefits of considering this subset when designing vaccines against Zika virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loulieta Nazerai
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amalie Skak Schøller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Rosaria Bassi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Buus
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Stryhn
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Allan Randrup Thomsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pereira Neto TA, Gonçalves-Pereira MH, de Queiroz CP, Ramos MF, de Oliveira FDFS, Oliveira-Prado R, do Nascimento VA, Abdalla LF, Santos JHA, Martins-Filho OA, Naveca FG, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Santiago HDC. Multifunctional T cell response in convalescent patients two years after ZIKV infection. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1265-1277. [PMID: 32726884 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ma0520-708r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika is an important emerging infectious disease in which the role of T cells remains elusive. This study aimed to evaluate the phenotype of multifunctional T cells in individuals 2 yr after exposure to Zika virus (ZIKV). We used a library of 671 synthetic peptides covering the whole polyprotein of ZIKV in pools corresponding to each viral protein (i.e., capsid, membrane precursor or prM, envelope, NS1 [nonstructural protein], NS2A + NS2B, NS3, NS4A + NS4B, and NS5) to stimulate PBMCs from individuals previously exposed to ZIKV. We observed an increased frequency of ZIKV-specific IFNγ, IL-17A, TNF, and IL-10 production by T cell populations. IFNγ and TNF production were especially stimulated by prM, capsid, or NS1 in CD8+ T cells and by capsid or prM in CD4+ T cells. In addition, there was an increase in the frequency of IL-10+ CD8+ T cells after stimulation with prM, capsid, NS1, NS3, or NS5. Multifunctional properties were observed in ZIKV-specific T cells responding especially to prM, capsid, NS1 or, to a smaller extent, NS3 antigens. For example, we found a consistent IFNγ + TNF+ CD8+ T cell population in response to most virus antigens and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that were IFNγ + IL-17A+ and IL-17A+IL-10+, which could also produce TNF, in response to capsid, prM, NS1, or NS3 stimulation. Interestingly, CD8+ T cells were more prone to a multifunctional phenotype than CD4+ T cells, and multifunctional T cells were more efficient at producing cytokines than single-function cells. This work provides relevant insights into the quality of ZIKV-specific T cell responses and ZIKV immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Camila Pereira de Queiroz
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Michele Faria Ramos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Felipe Gomes Naveca
- Leonidas e Maria Deane Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Helton da Costa Santiago
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Climate change, deforestation, urbanization, and increased population mobility have made the risk of large outbreaks of yellow fever more likely than ever. Yellow fever vaccine production barely meets demands. In this review, we address the causes of the recent yellow fever outbreaks, why fractional dose yellow fever vaccination works, the role of virus neutralizing antibodies in the protection against yellow fever, and the need for revaccination. RECENT FINDINGS Human activities have profoundly changed the epidemiology of yellow fever. The excess of infectious viral particles in routine yellow fever vaccine batches allows for off-label use of fractional dose yellow fever vaccination in response to emergency situations. Two studies have confirmed long-term protection after fractional dose yellow fever vaccination. The need for the presence of virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA) to protect an individual against yellow fever depends on the epidemiological setting. In case of sylvatic transmission, population immunity is irrelevant for individual protection, as mosquitoes are transmitting the virus from infected nonhuman primates to human. SUMMARY With the growing connectivity through air travel, countries with high densities of nonimmune populations and of the urban mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti, should ensure that their citizens are properly vaccinated against yellow fever before traveling to a yellow fever endemic country. In the situation of sylvatic transmission, the presence of protective levels of VNA will determine the outcome and may require revaccination at some point in time.
Collapse
|
26
|
Huber JE, Ahlfeld J, Scheck MK, Zaucha M, Witter K, Lehmann L, Karimzadeh H, Pritsch M, Hoelscher M, von Sonnenburg F, Dick A, Barba-Spaeth G, Krug AB, Rothenfußer S, Baumjohann D. Dynamic changes in circulating T follicular helper cell composition predict neutralising antibody responses after yellow fever vaccination. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1129. [PMID: 32419947 PMCID: PMC7221214 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are the principal T helper cell subset that provides help to B cells for potent antibody responses against various pathogens. In this study, we took advantage of the live‐attenuated yellow fever virus (YFV) vaccine strain, YF‐17D, as a model system for studying human antiviral immune responses in vivo following exposure to an acute primary virus challenge under safe and highly controlled conditions, to comprehensively analyse the dynamics of circulating Tfh (cTfh) cells. Methods We tracked and analysed the response of cTfh and other T and B cell subsets in peripheral blood of healthy volunteers by flow cytometry over the course of 4 weeks after YF‐17D vaccination. Results Using surface staining of cell activation markers to track YFV‐specific T cells, we found increasing cTfh cell frequencies starting at day 3 and peaking around 2 weeks after YF‐17D vaccination. This kinetic was confirmed in a subgroup of donors using MHC multimer staining for four known MHC class II epitopes of YF‐17D. The subset composition of cTfh cells changed dynamically during the course of the immune response and was dominated by the cTfh1‐polarised subpopulation. Importantly, frequencies of cTfh1 cells correlated with the strength of the neutralising antibody response, whereas frequencies of cTfh17 cells were inversely correlated. Conclusion In summary, we describe detailed cTfh kinetics during YF‐17D vaccination. Our results suggest that cTfh expansion and polarisation can serve as a prognostic marker for vaccine success. These insights may be leveraged in the future to improve current vaccine design and strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna E Huber
- Institute for Immunology Biomedical Center Faculty of Medicine LMU Munich Planegg-Martinsried Germany
| | - Julia Ahlfeld
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany.,Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP) Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU) Neuherberg Germany.,Present address: Department of Pharmacy LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Magdalena K Scheck
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Magdalena Zaucha
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Klaus Witter
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Molecular Diagnostics Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutic Agents and Hemostaseology LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Lisa Lehmann
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Hadi Karimzadeh
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany.,Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP) Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU) Neuherberg Germany
| | - Michael Pritsch
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Michael Hoelscher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Munich Munich Germany
| | - Frank von Sonnenburg
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Andrea Dick
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Molecular Diagnostics Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutic Agents and Hemostaseology LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Giovanna Barba-Spaeth
- Structural Virology Unit and CNRS UMR 3569 Virology Department Institut Pasteur Paris France
| | - Anne B Krug
- Institute for Immunology Biomedical Center Faculty of Medicine LMU Munich Planegg-Martinsried Germany
| | - Simon Rothenfußer
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany.,Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP) Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU) Neuherberg Germany
| | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Institute for Immunology Biomedical Center Faculty of Medicine LMU Munich Planegg-Martinsried Germany.,Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology University Hospital Bonn University of Bonn Bonn Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
A Chimeric Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine Protects against Lethal Yellow Fever Virus Infection without Inducing Neutralizing Antibodies. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.02494-19. [PMID: 32265332 PMCID: PMC7157777 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02494-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient and safe vaccines against yellow fever (e.g., YFV-17D) that provide long-lasting protection by rapidly inducing neutralizing antibody responses exist. However, the vaccine supply cannot cope with an increasing demand posed by urban outbreaks in recent years. Here we report that JE-CVax/Imojev, a YFV-17D-based chimeric Japanese encephalitis vaccine, also efficiently protects against YFV infection in mice. In case of shortage of the YFV vaccine during yellow fever outbreaks, (off-label) use of JE-CVax/Imojev may be considered. Moreover, wider use of JE-CVax/Imojev in Asia may lower the risk of the much-feared YFV spillover to the continent. More generally, chimeric vaccines that combine surface antigens and replication machineries of two distinct flaviviruses may be considered dual vaccines for the latter pathogen without induction of surface-specific antibodies. Following this rationale, novel flavivirus vaccines that do not hold a risk for antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection (inherent to current dengue vaccines and dengue vaccine candidates) could be designed. Recent outbreaks of yellow fever virus (YFV) in West Africa and Brazil resulted in rapid depletion of global vaccine emergency stockpiles and raised concerns about being unprepared against future YFV epidemics. Here we report that a live attenuated virus similar to the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) vaccine JE-CVax/Imojev that consists of YFV-17D vaccine from which the structural (prM/E) genes have been replaced with those of the JEV SA14-14-2 vaccine strain confers full protection in mice against lethal YFV challenge. In contrast to the YFV-17D-mediated protection against YFV, this protection is not mediated by neutralizing antibodies but correlates with YFV-specific nonneutralizing antibodies and T cell responses against cell-associated YFV NS1 and other YFV nonstructural (NS) proteins. Our findings reveal the potential of YFV NS proteins to mediate protection and demonstrate that chimeric flavivirus vaccines, such as Imojev, could confer protection against two flaviviruses. This dual protection may have implications for the possible off-label use of JE-CVax in case of emergency and vaccine shortage during YFV outbreaks. In addition, populations in Asia that have been vaccinated with Imojev may already be protected against YFV should outbreaks ever occur on that continent, as several countries/regions in the Asia-Pacific are vulnerable to international spread of the YFV.
Collapse
|
28
|
Kum DB, Boudewijns R, Ma J, Mishra N, Schols D, Neyts J, Dallmeier K. A chimeric yellow fever-Zika virus vaccine candidate fully protects against yellow fever virus infection in mice. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:520-533. [PMID: 32116148 PMCID: PMC7067203 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1730709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The recent Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic in the Americas, followed by the yellow fever virus (YFV) outbreaks in Angola and Brazil highlight the urgent need for safe and efficient vaccines against the ZIKV as well as much greater production capacity for the YFV-17D vaccine. Given that the ZIKV and the YFV are largely prevalent in the same geographical areas, vaccines that would provide dual protection against both pathogens may obviously offer a significant benefit. We have recently engineered a chimeric vaccine candidate (YF-ZIKprM/E) by swapping the sequences encoding the YFV-17D surface glycoproteins prM/E by the corresponding sequences of the ZIKV. A single vaccine dose of YF-ZIKprM/E conferred complete protection against a lethal challenge with wild-type ZIKV strains. Surprisingly, this vaccine candidate also efficiently protected against lethal YFV challenge in various mouse models. We demonstrate that CD8+ but not CD4+ T cells, nor ZIKV neutralizing antibodies are required to confer protection against YFV. The chimeric YF-ZIKprM/E vaccine may thus be considered as a dual vaccine candidate efficiently protecting mice against both the ZIKV and the YFV, and this following a single dose immunization. Our finding may be particularly important in the rational design of vaccination strategies against flaviviruses, in particular in areas where YFV and ZIKV co-circulate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dieudonné Buh Kum
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robbert Boudewijns
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ji Ma
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Niraj Mishra
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kai Dallmeier
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bovay A, Nassiri S, Maby-El Hajjami H, Marcos Mondéjar P, Akondy RS, Ahmed R, Lawson B, Speiser DE, Fuertes Marraco SA. Minimal immune response to booster vaccination against Yellow Fever associated with pre-existing antibodies. Vaccine 2020; 38:2172-2182. [PMID: 32008879 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ever since its development in the 1930's, the live-attenuated Yellow Fever virus vaccine YF-17D has been highly effective. Despite the increasing knowledge on the immune biology of the YF-17D vaccine, most studies have focused only on a few types of immune cells and pathways or mainly on the primary adaptive immune response to YF-17D vaccination. Here, we examined humoral, innate and adaptive cellular responses in a longitudinal YF-17D vaccination study in Switzerland, comparing both primary and booster vaccination. In contrast to the strong innate and adaptive immune response to the primary vaccination, we find that the response to boosting is much reduced. Our data show an inverse association of neutralizing antibodies at baseline with vaccine virus replication and with the immune response upon boosting. These results suggest that booster vaccination may not have major immunological effects when neutralizing antibodies are present. Importantly, our study population was healthy adults in a non-endemic country and ultimately booster vaccine requirement must be assessed based on additional epidemiological and public health considerations in endemic areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Bovay
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sina Nassiri
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Maby-El Hajjami
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paula Marcos Mondéjar
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rama S Akondy
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Benton Lawson
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silvia A Fuertes Marraco
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Aznar MA, Molina C, Teijeira A, Rodriguez I, Azpilikueta A, Garasa S, Sanchez‐Paulete AR, Cordeiro L, Etxeberria I, Alvarez M, Rius‐Rocabert S, Nistal‐Villan E, Berraondo P, Melero I. Repurposing the yellow fever vaccine for intratumoral immunotherapy. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e10375. [PMID: 31746149 PMCID: PMC6949490 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201910375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Live 17D is widely used as a prophylactic vaccine strain for yellow fever virus that induces potent neutralizing humoral and cellular immunity against the wild-type pathogen. 17D replicates and kills mouse and human tumor cell lines but not non-transformed human cells. Intratumoral injections with viable 17D markedly delay transplanted tumor progression in a CD8 T-cell-dependent manner. In mice bearing bilateral tumors in which only one is intratumorally injected, contralateral therapeutic effects are observed consistent with more prominent CD8 T-cell infiltrates and a treatment-related reduction of Tregs. Additive efficacy effects were observed upon co-treatment with intratumoral 17D and systemic anti-CD137 and anti-PD-1 immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies. Importantly, when mice were preimmunized with 17D, intratumoral 17D treatment achieved better local and distant antitumor immunity. Such beneficial effects of prevaccination are in part explained by the potentiation of CD4 and CD8 T-cell infiltration in the treated tumor. The repurposed use of a GMP-grade vaccine to be given via the intratumoral route in prevaccinated patients constitutes a clinically feasible and safe immunotherapy approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angela Aznar
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplonaSpain
- Present address:
Center for Cellular ImmunotherapiesPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Carmen Molina
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplonaSpain
| | - Alvaro Teijeira
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplonaSpain
- CIBERONCMadridSpain
- Instituto de investigación de Navarra (IDISNA)PamplonaSpain
| | - Inmaculada Rodriguez
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplonaSpain
- CIBERONCMadridSpain
- Instituto de investigación de Navarra (IDISNA)PamplonaSpain
| | - Arantza Azpilikueta
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplonaSpain
- Instituto de investigación de Navarra (IDISNA)PamplonaSpain
| | - Saray Garasa
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplonaSpain
- Instituto de investigación de Navarra (IDISNA)PamplonaSpain
| | - Alfonso R Sanchez‐Paulete
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplonaSpain
- Present address:
Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Luna Cordeiro
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplonaSpain
- Instituto de investigación de Navarra (IDISNA)PamplonaSpain
| | - Iñaki Etxeberria
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplonaSpain
| | - Maite Alvarez
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplonaSpain
| | - Sergio Rius‐Rocabert
- Microbiology SectionDpto. CC, Farmaceuticas y de la SaludFacultad de FarmaciaUniversidad CEU San PabloCEU UniversityBoadilla del Monte, MadridSpain
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA)Universidad CEU San Pablo, Pablo‐CEU, CEU UniversitiesBoadilla del Monte, MadridSpain
| | - Estanislao Nistal‐Villan
- Microbiology SectionDpto. CC, Farmaceuticas y de la SaludFacultad de FarmaciaUniversidad CEU San PabloCEU UniversityBoadilla del Monte, MadridSpain
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA)Universidad CEU San Pablo, Pablo‐CEU, CEU UniversitiesBoadilla del Monte, MadridSpain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplonaSpain
- CIBERONCMadridSpain
- Instituto de investigación de Navarra (IDISNA)PamplonaSpain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplonaSpain
- CIBERONCMadridSpain
- Instituto de investigación de Navarra (IDISNA)PamplonaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Burkhard J, Ciurea A, Gabay C, Hasler P, Müller R, Niedrig M, Fehr J, Villiger P, Visser LG, de Visser AW, Walker UA, Hatz C, Bühler S. Long-term immunogenicity after yellow fever vaccination in immunosuppressed and healthy individuals. Vaccine 2020; 38:3610-3617. [PMID: 31911033 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The live-attenuated yellow fever vaccine (YFV) is generally contraindicated in immunosuppressed patients. Our aim was to investigate if immunosuppressive therapy impairs the long-term protection against yellow fever virus in patients who had received YFV prior to the start of their immunosuppressive therapy. METHODS Our study examined 35 healthy individuals and 40 immunosuppressed patients with autoimmune diseases or organ transplants. All individuals had received YFV prior to the onset of their immunosuppression. We analysed the long-term influence of the immunosuppressive therapy on the YFV protective immunity by measuring neutralising antibodies (NA) with the Plaque Reduction Neutralisation Test (PRNT). We assessed risk factors for a negative PRNT result (titre below 1: 10) and their influence on the magnitude of the NA. RESULTS A median time interval of 21.1 years (interquartile range 14.4-31.3 years) after the YFV in all patients, a total of 35 immunosuppressed patients (88%) were seropositive (PRNT ≥ 1:10) compared to 31 patients (89%) in the control group. The geometric mean titres of NA did not differ between the groups. The duration of an underlying rheumatic disease was the only risk factor found for a lower magnitude of NA. An insufficient level of NA was found in nine subjects (12%) who had received a single dose of YFV (in one subject, the number of YFV doses was unknown). CONCLUSION The use of an immunosuppressive drug started after the administration of the YFV did not affect long-term persistence of NA. A second dose of YFV may be necessary to secure long-term immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Burkhard
- Department of Public Health / Division of Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Ciurea
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C Gabay
- Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - P Hasler
- Department of Rheumatology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - R Müller
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - M Niedrig
- Robert Koch-Institut (RKI), Berlin, Germany
| | - J Fehr
- Department of Public Health / Division of Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P Villiger
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology/Allergology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - L G Visser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A W de Visser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - U A Walker
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - C Hatz
- Department of Public Health / Division of Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medicine and Diagnostics, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Switzerland; Division of Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - S Bühler
- Department of Public Health / Division of Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine & I. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Li G, Adam A, Luo H, Shan C, Cao Z, Fontes-Garfias CR, Sarathy VV, Teleki C, Winkelmann ER, Liang Y, Sun J, Bourne N, Barrett ADT, Shi PY, Wang T. An attenuated Zika virus NS4B protein mutant is a potent inducer of antiviral immune responses. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:48. [PMID: 31815005 PMCID: PMC6883050 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) are one of the most important strategies to control flavivirus diseases. The flavivirus nonstructural (NS) 4B proteins are a critical component of both the virus replication complex and evasion of host innate immunity. Here we have used site-directed mutagenesis of residues in the highly conserved N-terminal and central hydrophobic regions of Zika virus (ZIKV) NS4B protein to identify candidate attenuating mutations. Three single-site mutants were generated, of which the NS4B-C100S mutant was more attenuated than the other two mutants (NS4B-C100A and NS4B-P36A) in two immunocompromised mouse models of fatal ZIKV disease. The ZIKV NS4B-C100S mutant triggered stronger type 1 interferons and interleukin-6 production, and higher ZIKV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses, but induced similar titers of neutralization antibodies compared with the parent wild-type ZIKV strain and a previously reported candidate ZIKV LAV with a 10-nucleotide deletion in 3'-UTR (ZIKV-3'UTR-Δ10). Vaccination with ZIKV NS4B-C100S protected mice from subsequent WT ZIKV challenge. Furthermore, either passive immunization with ZIKV NS4B-C100S immune sera or active immunization with ZIKV NS4B-C100S followed by the depletion of T cells affords full protection from lethal WT ZIKV challenge. In summary, our results suggest that the ZIKV NS4B-C100S mutant may serve as a candidate ZIKV LAV due to its attenuated phenotype and high immunogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Awadalkareem Adam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Huanle Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Chao Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Zengguo Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Camila R. Fontes-Garfias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Vanessa V. Sarathy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Cody Teleki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Evandro R. Winkelmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Yuejin Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Jiaren Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Nigel Bourne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Alan D. T. Barrett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Visser LG, Veit O, Chen LH. Waning immunity after single-dose yellow fever vaccination: Who needs a second shot? J Travel Med 2019; 26:5200559. [PMID: 30476151 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/tay134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leo G Visser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Olivia Veit
- Department of Medicine, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lin H Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Travel Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Pardy RD, Richer MJ. Protective to a T: The Role of T Cells during Zika Virus Infection. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080820. [PMID: 31382545 PMCID: PMC6721718 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 and CD8 T cells are an important part of the host's capacity to defend itself against viral infections. During flavivirus infections, T cells have been implicated in both protective and pathogenic responses. Given the recent emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) as a prominent global health threat, the question remains as to how T cells contribute to anti-ZIKV immunity. Furthermore, high homology between ZIKV and other, co-circulating flaviviruses opens the possibility of positive or negative effects of cross-reactivity due to pre-existing immunity. In this review, we will discuss the CD4 and CD8 T cell responses to ZIKV, and the lessons we have learned from both mouse and human infections. In addition, we will consider the possibility of whether T cells, in the context of flavivirus-naïve and flavivirus-immune subjects, play a role in promoting ZIKV pathogenesis during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Pardy
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Martin J Richer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hassert M, Harris MG, Brien JD, Pinto AK. Identification of Protective CD8 T Cell Responses in a Mouse Model of Zika Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1678. [PMID: 31379867 PMCID: PMC6652237 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many flaviviruses including dengue (DENV), and Zika (ZIKV) have attracted significant attention in the past few years. As many flaviviruses are spread by arthropods, most of the world's population is at risk of encountering a flavivirus, and infection with these viruses has created a significant disease burden worldwide. Vaccination against flaviviruses is thought to be one of the most promising avenues for reducing the disease burden associated with these viruses. The optimism surrounding a vaccine approach is supported by the highly successful vaccines for yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis. Central to the development of new successful vaccines is the understanding of the correlates of protection that will be necessary to engineer into new vaccines. To aid in this endeavor we have directed our efforts to identify correlates of protection that will reduce the disease burden associated with ZIKV and DENV. Within this study we have identified a novel murine ZIKV specific CD8+ T cell epitope, and shown that the ZIKV epitope specific CD8+ T cell response has a distinct immunodominance hierarchy present during acute infection and is detectible as part of the memory T cell responses. Our studies confirm that ZIKV-specific CD8+ T cells are an important correlate of protection for ZIKV and demonstrate that both naïve and ZIKV immune CD8+ T cells are sufficient for protection against a lethal ZIKV infection. Overall this study adds to the body of literature demonstrating a role for CD8+ T cells in controlling flavivirus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariah Hassert
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Madison G Harris
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - James D Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Amelia K Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hassert M, Brien JD, Pinto AK. Mouse Models of Heterologous Flavivirus Immunity: A Role for Cross-Reactive T Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1045. [PMID: 31143185 PMCID: PMC6520664 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the world is at risk of being infected with a flavivirus such as dengue virus, West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, and Zika virus, significantly impacting millions of lives. Importantly, many of these genetically similar viruses co-circulate within the same geographic regions, making it likely for individuals living in areas of high flavivirus endemicity to be infected with multiple flaviviruses during their lifetime. Following a flavivirus infection, a robust virus-specific T cell response is generated and the memory recall of this response has been demonstrated to provide long-lasting immunity, protecting against reinfection with the same pathogen. However, multiple studies have shown that this flavivirus specific T cell response can be cross-reactive and active during heterologous flavivirus infection, leading to the question: How does immunity to one flavivirus shape immunity to the next, and how does this impact disease? It has been proposed that in some cases unfavorable disease outcomes may be caused by lower avidity cross-reactive memory T cells generated during a primary flavivirus infection that preferentially expand during a secondary heterologous infection and function sub optimally against the new pathogen. While in other cases, these cross-reactive cells still have the potential to facilitate cross-protection. In this review, we focus on cross-reactive T cell responses to flaviviruses and the concepts and consequences of T cell cross-reactivity, with particular emphasis linking data generated using murine models to our new understanding of disease outcomes following heterologous flavivirus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariah Hassert
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - James D Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Amelia K Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Perdomo-Celis F, Salvato MS, Medina-Moreno S, Zapata JC. T-Cell Response to Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E11. [PMID: 30678246 PMCID: PMC6466054 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) are a group of clinically similar diseases that can be caused by enveloped RNA viruses primarily from the families Arenaviridae, Filoviridae, Hantaviridae, and Flaviviridae. Clinically, this group of diseases has in common fever, fatigue, dizziness, muscle aches, and other associated symptoms that can progress to vascular leakage, bleeding and multi-organ failure. Most of these viruses are zoonotic causing asymptomatic infections in the primary host, but in human beings, the infection can be lethal. Clinical and experimental evidence suggest that the T-cell response is needed for protection against VHF, but can also cause damage to the host, and play an important role in disease pathogenesis. Here, we present a review of the T-cell immune responses to VHF and insights into the possible ways to improve counter-measures for these viral agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Perdomo-Celis
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, 050010, Colombia.
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Maria S Salvato
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Sandra Medina-Moreno
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Juan C Zapata
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Li G, Teleki C, Wang T. Memory T Cells in Flavivirus Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:E73. [PMID: 30340377 PMCID: PMC6313919 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses include many medically important viruses, such as Dengue virus (DENV), Japanese encephalitis (JEV), tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV), West Nile (WNV), yellow fever (YFV), and Zika viruses (ZIKV). Currently, there are licensed human vaccines for DENV, JEV, TBEV and YFV, but not for WNV or ZIKV. Memory T cells play a central role in adaptive immunity and are important for host protection during flavivirus infection. In this review, we discuss recent findings from animal models and clinical trials and provide new insights into the role of memory T cells in host protective immunity upon vaccination with the licensed flavivirus vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Li
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Cody Teleki
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Arthropod-borne flaviviruses are important human pathogens that cause a diverse range of clinical conditions, including severe hemorrhagic syndromes, neurological complications and congenital malformations. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop safe and effective vaccines, a process requiring better understanding of the immunological mechanisms involved during infection. Decades of research suggest a paradoxical role of the immune response against flaviviruses: although the immune response is crucial for the control, clearance and prevention of infection, poor clinical outcomes are commonly associated with virus-specific immunity and immunopathogenesis. This relationship is further complicated by the high homology among viruses and the implication of cross-reactive immune responses in protection and pathogenesis. This Review examines the dual role of the adaptive immune response against flaviviruses, particularly emphasizing the most recent findings regarding cross-reactive T cell and antibody responses, and the effects that these concepts have on vaccine-development endeavors.
Collapse
|
40
|
Zheng Z, Yang J, Jiang X, Liu Y, Zhang X, Li M, Zhang M, Fu M, Hu K, Wang H, Luo MH, Gong P, Hu Q. Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Nonstructural Protein NS5 Induces RANTES Expression Dependent on the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Activity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 201:53-68. [PMID: 29760190 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is one of the flaviviruses that targets the CNS and causes encephalitis in humans. The mechanism of TBEV that causes CNS destruction remains unclear. It has been reported that RANTES-mediated migration of human blood monocytes and T lymphocytes is specifically induced in the brain of mice infected with TBEV, which causes ensuing neuroinflammation and may contribute to brain destruction. However, the viral components responsible for RANTES induction and the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully addressed. In this study, we demonstrate that the NS5, but not other viral proteins of TBEV, induces RANTES production in human glioblastoma cell lines and primary astrocytes. TBEV NS5 appears to activate the IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) signaling pathway in a manner dependent on RIG-I/MDA5, which leads to the nuclear translocation of IRF-3 to bind with RANTES promoter. Further studies reveal that the activity of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) but not the RNA cap methyltransferase is critical for TBEV NS5-induced RANTES expression, and this is likely due to RdRP-mediated synthesis of dsRNA. Additional data indicate that the residues at K359, D361, and D664 of TBEV NS5 are critical for RdRP activity and RANTES induction. Of note, NS5s from other flaviviruses, including Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, Zika virus, and dengue virus, can also induce RANTES expression, suggesting the significance of NS5-induced RANTES expression in flavivirus pathogenesis. Our findings provide a foundation for further understanding how flaviviruses cause neuroinflammation and a potential viral target for intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zifeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jieyu Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yalan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China;
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mudan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, China; and
| | - Ming Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Min-Hua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Gong
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qinxue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China;
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Fragkoudis R, Dixon-Ballany CM, Zagrajek AK, Kedzierski L, Fazakerley JK. Following Acute Encephalitis, Semliki Forest Virus is Undetectable in the Brain by Infectivity Assays but Functional Virus RNA Capable of Generating Infectious Virus Persists for Life. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050273. [PMID: 29783708 PMCID: PMC5977266 DOI: 10.3390/v10050273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are mosquito-transmitted RNA viruses which generally cause acute disease including mild febrile illness, rash, arthralgia, myalgia and more severely, encephalitis. In the mouse, peripheral infection with Semliki Forest virus (SFV) results in encephalitis. With non-virulent strains, infectious virus is detectable in the brain, by standard infectivity assays, for around ten days. As we have shown previously, in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice, infectious virus is detectable for months in the brain. Here we show that in MHC-II-/- mice, with no functional CD4 T-cells, infectious virus is also detectable in the brain for long periods. In contrast, in the brains of CD8-/- mice, virus RNA persists but infectious virus is not detectable. In SCID mice infected with SFV, repeated intraperitoneal administration of anti-SFV immune serum rapidly reduced the titer of infectious virus in the brain to undetectable, however virus RNA persisted. Repeated intraperitoneal passive transfer of immune serum resulted in maintenance of brain virus RNA, with no detectable infectious virus, for several weeks. When passive antibody transfer was stopped, antibody levels declined and infectious virus was again detectable in the brain. In aged immunocompetent mice, previously infected with SFV, immunosuppression of antibody responses many months after initial infection also resulted in renewed ability to detect infectious virus in the brain. In summary, antiviral antibodies control and determine whether infectious virus is detectable in the brain but immune responses cannot clear this infection from the brain. Functional virus RNA capable of generating infectious virus persists and if antibody levels decline, infectious virus is again detectable.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/virology
- Cell Line
- Cricetinae
- Cyclophosphamide/pharmacology
- Encephalitis, Viral/immunology
- Encephalitis, Viral/virology
- Immune Sera/immunology
- Immune Sera/isolation & purification
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, SCID
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/immunology
- Semliki forest virus/growth & development
- Semliki forest virus/immunology
- Semliki forest virus/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Viral Plaque Assay
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rennos Fragkoudis
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
- The School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Catherine M Dixon-Ballany
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Adrian K Zagrajek
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Lukasz Kedzierski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and the Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia.
| | - John K Fazakerley
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and the Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Nazerai L, Schøller AS, Rasmussen POS, Buus S, Stryhn A, Christensen JP, Thomsen AR. A New In Vivo Model to Study Protective Immunity to Zika Virus Infection in Mice With Intact Type I Interferon Signaling. Front Immunol 2018; 9:593. [PMID: 29623081 PMCID: PMC5874300 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between recent Zika virus (ZIKV) infection and neurological complications, microcephaly in the fetus, and Guillain–Barré syndrome in adults underscores the necessity for a protective vaccine. Rational vaccine development requires an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms which could protect against infection with this virus. However, so far, such an analysis has been hampered by the absence of a suitable small animal model. Unlike the situation in humans, ZIKV only replicates effectively in the peripheral organs of mice, if type I IFN signaling is interrupted. As type I IFN also impacts the adaptive immune response, mice with such a defect are not optimal for a comprehensive immunological analysis. In this report, we show that even in wild-type (WT) mice i.c. infection with low doses of virus causes marked local virus replication and lethal encephalitis in naïve mice. Furthermore, peripheral infection of WT mice with low doses of virus induces a significant immune response, which provides long-lasting protection of WT mice from a fatal outcome of subsequent i.c. challenge. Therefore, combining peripheral priming with later i.c. challenge represents a new approach for studying the adaptive immune response to ZIKV in mice with an intact type I IFN response. In this study, we focused on the mechanisms underlying resistance to reinfection. Using a combination of adoptive transfer, antibody-based cell depletion, and gene targeting, we show that the key protective factor in type I IFN replete mice is humoral immunity. CD8 T cells are not essential in mice with preformed specific antibodies, but under conditions where initial antibody levels are low, effector CD8 T cells may play a role as a back-up system. These results have important implications for our understanding of natural immunity to ZIKV infection and for Zika vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loulieta Nazerai
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amalie Skak Schøller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Søren Buus
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Stryhn
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Allan Randrup Thomsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
In situ immune response and mechanisms of cell damage in central nervous system of fatal cases microcephaly by Zika virus. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29311619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598‐017‐17765‐5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has recently caused a pandemic disease, and many cases of ZIKV infection in pregnant women resulted in abortion, stillbirth, deaths and congenital defects including microcephaly, which now has been proposed as ZIKV congenital syndrome. This study aimed to investigate the in situ immune response profile and mechanisms of neuronal cell damage in fatal Zika microcephaly cases. Brain tissue samples were collected from 15 cases, including 10 microcephalic ZIKV-positive neonates with fatal outcome and five neonatal control flavivirus-negative neonates that died due to other causes, but with preserved central nervous system (CNS) architecture. In microcephaly cases, the histopathological features of the tissue samples were characterized in three CNS areas (meninges, perivascular space, and parenchyma). The changes found were mainly calcification, necrosis, neuronophagy, gliosis, microglial nodules, and inflammatory infiltration of mononuclear cells. The in situ immune response against ZIKV in the CNS of newborns is complex. Despite the predominant expression of Th2 cytokines, other cytokines such as Th1, Th17, Treg, Th9, and Th22 are involved to a lesser extent, but are still likely to participate in the immunopathogenic mechanisms of neural disease in fatal cases of microcephaly caused by ZIKV.
Collapse
|
44
|
Azevedo RSS, de Sousa JR, Araujo MTF, Martins Filho AJ, de Alcantara BN, Araujo FMC, Queiroz MGL, Cruz ACR, Vasconcelos BHB, Chiang JO, Martins LC, Casseb LMN, da Silva EV, Carvalho VL, Vasconcelos BCB, Rodrigues SG, Oliveira CS, Quaresma JAS, Vasconcelos PFC. In situ immune response and mechanisms of cell damage in central nervous system of fatal cases microcephaly by Zika virus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1. [PMID: 29311619 PMCID: PMC5758755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17765-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2287] [Impact Index Per Article: 381.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has recently caused a pandemic disease, and many cases of ZIKV infection in pregnant women resulted in abortion, stillbirth, deaths and congenital defects including microcephaly, which now has been proposed as ZIKV congenital syndrome. This study aimed to investigate the in situ immune response profile and mechanisms of neuronal cell damage in fatal Zika microcephaly cases. Brain tissue samples were collected from 15 cases, including 10 microcephalic ZIKV-positive neonates with fatal outcome and five neonatal control flavivirus-negative neonates that died due to other causes, but with preserved central nervous system (CNS) architecture. In microcephaly cases, the histopathological features of the tissue samples were characterized in three CNS areas (meninges, perivascular space, and parenchyma). The changes found were mainly calcification, necrosis, neuronophagy, gliosis, microglial nodules, and inflammatory infiltration of mononuclear cells. The in situ immune response against ZIKV in the CNS of newborns is complex. Despite the predominant expression of Th2 cytokines, other cytokines such as Th1, Th17, Treg, Th9, and Th22 are involved to a lesser extent, but are still likely to participate in the immunopathogenic mechanisms of neural disease in fatal cases of microcephaly caused by ZIKV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raimunda S S Azevedo
- Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Jorge R de Sousa
- Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Marialva T F Araujo
- Departamento de Patologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Bianca N de Alcantara
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Virologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M C Araujo
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, SES do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Maria G L Queiroz
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, SES do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Ana C R Cruz
- Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil.,Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Jannifer O Chiang
- Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Lívia C Martins
- Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Livia M N Casseb
- Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Eliana V da Silva
- Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Valéria L Carvalho
- Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Sueli G Rodrigues
- Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Consuelo S Oliveira
- Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil.,Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Juarez A S Quaresma
- Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Pedro F C Vasconcelos
- Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil. .,Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Plotkin SA. Ten yearly yellow fever booster vaccinations may still be justified. J Travel Med 2018; 25:5194703. [PMID: 30462249 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/tay130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley A Plotkin
- University of Pennsylvania, Vaxconsult, 4650 Wismer Road, Doylestown, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
T Cell Immunity and Zika Virus Vaccine Development. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:594-605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
47
|
Kaufmann SH, Weiner J, Maertzdorf J. Accelerating tuberculosis vaccine trials with diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:845-853. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1341316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H.E. Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - January Weiner
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeroen Maertzdorf
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cunha-Neto E, Rosa DS, Harris PE, Olson T, Morrow A, Ciotlos S, Herst CV, Rubsamen RM. An Approach for a Synthetic CTL Vaccine Design against Zika Flavivirus Using Class I and Class II Epitopes Identified by Computer Modeling. Front Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28649242 PMCID: PMC5465239 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat posed by severe congenital abnormalities related to Zika virus (ZKV) infection during pregnancy has turned development of a ZKV vaccine into an emergency. Recent work suggests that the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to infection is an important defense mechanism in response to ZKV. Here, we develop the rationale and strategy for a new approach to developing cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) vaccines for ZKV flavivirus infection. The proposed approach is based on recent studies using a protein structure computer model for HIV epitope selection designed to select epitopes for CTL attack optimized for viruses that exhibit antigenic drift. Because naturally processed and presented human ZKV T cell epitopes have not yet been described, we identified predicted class I peptide sequences on ZKV matching previously identified DNV (Dengue) class I epitopes and by using a Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) binding prediction tool. A subset of those met the criteria for optimal CD8+ attack based on physical chemistry parameters determined by analysis of the ZKV protein structure encoded in open source Protein Data File (PDB) format files. We also identified candidate ZKV epitopes predicted to bind promiscuously to multiple HLA class II molecules that could provide help to the CTL responses. This work suggests that a CTL vaccine for ZKV may be possible even if ZKV exhibits significant antigenic drift. We have previously described a microsphere-based CTL vaccine platform capable of eliciting an immune response for class I epitopes in mice and are currently working toward in vivo testing of class I and class II epitope delivery directed against ZKV epitopes using the same microsphere-based vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (III) INCT, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Medicine, Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela S Rosa
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology (III) INCT, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul E Harris
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tim Olson
- Flow Pharma, Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
| | - Alex Morrow
- Flow Pharma, Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Reid Martin Rubsamen
- Flow Pharma, Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States.,Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Watson AM, Klimstra WB. T Cell-Mediated Immunity towards Yellow Fever Virus and Useful Animal Models. Viruses 2017; 9:E77. [PMID: 28398253 PMCID: PMC5408683 DOI: 10.3390/v9040077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The 17D line of yellow fever virus vaccines is among the most effective vaccines ever created. The humoral and cellular immunity elicited by 17D has been well characterized in humans. Neutralizing antibodies have long been known to provide protection against challenge with a wild-type virus. However, a well characterized T cell immune response that is robust, long-lived and polyfunctional is also elicited by 17D. It remains unclear whether this arm of immunity is protective following challenge with a wild-type virus. Here we introduce the 17D line of yellow fever virus vaccines, describe the current state of knowledge regarding the immunity directed towards the vaccines in humans and conclude with a discussion of animal models that are useful for evaluating T cell-mediated immune protection to yellow fever virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Watson
- Center for Vaccine Research, Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - William B Klimstra
- Center for Vaccine Research, Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Adaptive immune responses to booster vaccination against yellow fever virus are much reduced compared to those after primary vaccination. Sci Rep 2017; 7:662. [PMID: 28386132 PMCID: PMC5429613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of Yellow Fever occur regularly in endemic areas of Africa and South America frequently leading to mass vaccination campaigns straining the availability of the attenuated Yellow Fever vaccine, YF-17D. The WHO has recently decided to discontinue regular booster-vaccinations since a single vaccination is deemed to confer life-long immune protection. Here, we have examined humoral (neutralizing antibody) and cellular (CD8 and CD4 T cell) immune responses in primary and booster vaccinees (the latter spanning 8 to 36 years after primary vaccination). After primary vaccination, we observed strong cellular immune responses with T cell activation peaking ≈2 weeks and subsiding to background levels ≈ 4 weeks post-vaccination. The number of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells declined over the following years. In >90% of vaccinees, in vitro expandable T cells could still be detected >10 years post-vaccination. Although most vaccinees responded to a booster vaccination, both the humoral and cellular immune responses observed following booster vaccination were strikingly reduced compared to primary responses. This suggests that pre-existing immunity efficiently controls booster inoculums of YF-17D. In a situation with epidemic outbreaks, one could argue that a more efficient use of a limited supply of the vaccine would be to focus on primary vaccinations.
Collapse
|