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Karalis T, Poulogiannis G. The Emerging Role of LPA as an Oncometabolite. Cells 2024; 13:629. [PMID: 38607068 PMCID: PMC11011573 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a phospholipid that displays potent signalling activities that are regulated in both an autocrine and paracrine manner. It can be found both extra- and intracellularly, where it interacts with different receptors to activate signalling pathways that regulate a plethora of cellular processes, including mitosis, proliferation and migration. LPA metabolism is complex, and its biosynthesis and catabolism are under tight control to ensure proper LPA levels in the body. In cancer patient specimens, LPA levels are frequently higher compared to those of healthy individuals and often correlate with poor responses and more aggressive disease. Accordingly, LPA, through promoting cancer cell migration and invasion, enhances the metastasis and dissemination of tumour cells. In this review, we summarise the role of LPA in the regulation of critical aspects of tumour biology and further discuss the available pre-clinical and clinical evidence regarding the feasibility and efficacy of targeting LPA metabolism for effective anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George Poulogiannis
- Signalling and Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK;
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2
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Dias De Castro LL, Oliveira Júnior GA, Perez BC, Carvalho ME, De Souza Ramos EA, Ferraz JBS, Molento MB. Genome-wide association study in thoroughbred horses naturally infected with cyathostomins. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:2467-2479. [PMID: 35856721 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2099880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Cyathostomins are considered one of the most important parasites of horses. A group of horses within a herd can be responsible for eliminating the majority of parasite eggs. This phenotype might be explained by genetic factors. This study aimed to identify genomic regions associated with fecal egg count (FEC) and hematological parameters by performing a genomic-wide association study (GWAS) in Thoroughbred horses naturally infected with cyathostomins. Packed cell volume (PCV), differential leukocyte, and FEC were determined from 90 horses. All animals were genotyped using the Illumina Equine 70 K BeadChip panel containing 65,157 SNP markers. The five genomic windows that have explained the highest percentage of the additive genetic variance of a specific trait (top 5) were further explored to identify candidate genes. A total of 33, 21, 30, 21, and 19 genes were identified for FEC, PCV, eosinophils, neutrophils, and lymphocyte count, respectively. The top 5 marker regions explained 2.86, 2.56, 2.73, 2.33, and 2.37% of the additive genetic variation of FEC, PCV, eosinophils, neutrophils, and lymphocytes count, respectively. This is the first study correlating phenotypic horse health traits to GWAS analysis, which may be used for animal breeding activities, reducing losses due to parasite infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana L Dias De Castro
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Caxias do Sul. R: Francisco Getúlio Vargas, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gerson A Oliveira Júnior
- College of Animal Science and Food Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Bruno Costa Perez
- College of Animal Science and Food Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Minos E Carvalho
- College of Animal Science and Food Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Edneia A De Souza Ramos
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - José Bento S Ferraz
- College of Animal Science and Food Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Beltrão Molento
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
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3
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Sakuma I, Vatner DF. Fatty Acid Esterification as a NASH Therapeutic Target. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:311-312. [PMID: 37984466 PMCID: PMC10829519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ikki Sakuma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Daniel F Vatner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Program in Translational Biomedicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut.
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4
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Torres RM, Turner JA, D’Antonio M, Pelanda R, Kremer KN. Regulation of CD8 T-cell signaling, metabolism, and cytotoxic activity by extracellular lysophosphatidic acid. Immunol Rev 2023; 317:203-222. [PMID: 37096808 PMCID: PMC10523933 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an endogenous bioactive lipid that is produced extracellularly and signals to cells via cognate LPA receptors, which are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Mature lymphocytes in mice and humans express three LPA receptors, LPA2 , LPA5, and LPA6 , and work from our group has determined that LPA5 signaling by T lymphocytes inhibits specific antigen-receptor signaling pathways that ultimately impair lymphocyte activation, proliferation, and function. In this review, we discuss previous and ongoing work characterizing the ability of an LPA-LPA5 axis to serve as a peripheral immunological tolerance mechanism that restrains adaptive immunity but is subverted during settings of chronic inflammation. Specifically, LPA-LPA5 signaling is found to regulate effector cytotoxic CD8 T cells by (at least) two mechanisms: (i) regulating the actin-microtubule cytoskeleton in a manner that impairs immunological synapse formation between an effector CD8 T cell and antigen-specific target cell, thus directly impairing cytotoxic activity, and (ii) shifting T-cell metabolism to depend on fatty-acid oxidation for mitochondrial respiration and reducing metabolic efficiency. The in vivo outcome of LPA5 inhibitory activity impairs CD8 T-cell killing and tumor immunity in mouse models providing impetus to consider LPA5 antagonism for the treatment of malignancies and chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
| | - Jacqueline A. Turner
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
| | - Marc D’Antonio
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
| | - Kimberly N. Kremer
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
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5
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Georas SN. LPA and Autotaxin: Potential Drug Targets in Asthma? Cell Biochem Biophys 2021; 79:445-448. [PMID: 34331220 PMCID: PMC8551058 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-01023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a versatile lysolipid, and activates a variety of signaling cascades in many cell types. Extracellular LPA is produced from lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) by the enzyme autotaxin (ATX), and binds to a family of G-protein coupled receptors on its target cells. Research by many groups continues to support the idea that LPA, and the ATX-LPA axis, have important roles in asthma and allergic airway inflammation. In vitro studies have shown that LPA activates many cell types implicated in airway inflammation, including eosinophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, airway epithelial cells, and airway smooth muscle cells. In animal models ATX and LPA receptor antagonists have been shown to attenuate allergic airway inflammation and hyperreactivity, cardinal features of asthma in humans. ATX and LPA antagonists are currently under active development to treat lung fibrosis, cancer, and other conditions. If compounds with acceptable safety profiles can be identified, then it seems likely that they will be useful in inflammatory lung diseases like asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve N Georas
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Fransson J, Gómez-Conde AI, Romero-Imbroda J, Fernández O, Leyva L, de Fonseca FR, Chun J, Louapre C, Van-Evercooren AB, Zujovic V, Estivill-Torrús G, García-Díaz B. Activation of Macrophages by Lysophosphatidic Acid through the Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 1 as a Novel Mechanism in Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:470-482. [PMID: 32974731 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disease whose pathogenesis remains unclear. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an endogenous phospholipid involved in multiple immune cell functions and dysregulated in MS. Its receptor LPA1 is expressed in macrophages and regulates their activation, which is of interest due to the role of macrophage activation in MS in both destruction and repair. In this study, we studied the genetic deletion and pharmaceutical inhibition of LPA1 in the mouse MS model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). LPA1 expression was analyzed in EAE mice and MS patient immune cells. The effect of LPA and LPA1 on macrophage activation was studied in human monocyte-derived macrophages. We show that lack of LPA1 activity induces milder clinical EAE course and that Lpar1 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) correlates with onset of relapses and severity in EAE. We see the same over-expression in PBMC from MS patients during relapse compared with progressive forms of the disease and in stimulated monocyte-derived macrophages. LPA induced a proinflammatory-like response in macrophages through LPA1, providing a plausible way in which LPA and LPA1 dysregulation can lead to the inflammation in MS. These data show a new mechanism of LPA signaling in the MS pathogenesis, prompting further research into its use as a therapeutic target biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Fransson
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière-Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, U1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UM-75, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Ana Isabel Gómez-Conde
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Romero-Imbroda
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Oscar Fernández
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura Leyva
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jerold Chun
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Celine Louapre
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière-Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, U1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UM-75, F-75005, Paris, France
- Neurology Department Pitié Salpétrière University. Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anne Baron Van-Evercooren
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière-Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, U1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UM-75, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Violetta Zujovic
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière-Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, U1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UM-75, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Guillermo Estivill-Torrús
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Beatriz García-Díaz
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière-Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, U1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UM-75, F-75005, Paris, France.
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
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Regulation of Tumor Immunity by Lysophosphatidic Acid. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051202. [PMID: 32397679 PMCID: PMC7281403 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) may be best conceptualized as an ecosystem comprised of cancer cells interacting with a multitude of stromal components such as the extracellular matrix (ECM), blood and lymphatic networks, fibroblasts, adipocytes, and cells of the immune system. At the center of this crosstalk between cancer cells and their TME is the bioactive lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). High levels of LPA and the enzyme generating it, termed autotaxin (ATX), are present in many cancers. It is also well documented that LPA drives tumor progression by promoting angiogenesis, proliferation, survival, invasion and metastasis. One of the hallmarks of cancer is the ability to modulate and escape immune detection and eradication. Despite the profound role of LPA in regulating immune functions and inflammation, its role in the context of tumor immunity has not received much attention until recently where emerging studies highlight that this signaling axis may be a means that cancer cells adopt to evade immune detection and eradication. The present review aims to look at the immunomodulatory actions of LPA in baseline immunity to provide a broad understanding of the subject with a special emphasis on LPA and cancer immunity, highlighting the latest progress in this area of research.
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8
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The roles of autotaxin/lysophosphatidic acid in immune regulation and asthma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158641. [PMID: 32004685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) species are present in almost all organ systems and play diverse roles through its receptors. Asthma is an airway disease characterized by chronic allergic inflammation where various innate and adaptive immune cells participate in establishing Th2 immune response. Here, we will review the contribution of LPA and its receptors to the functions of immune cells that play a key role in establishing allergic airway inflammation and aggravation of allergic asthma.
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Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Lipids in Human Skin Disease Model Hidradenitis Suppurativa by Laser Desorption Ionization from Silicon Nanopost Arrays. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17508. [PMID: 31767918 PMCID: PMC6877612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53938-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutral lipids have been implicated in a host of potentially debilitating human diseases, such as heart disease, type-2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI), the method-of-choice for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), has led to remarkable success in imaging several lipid classes from biological tissue sections. However, due to ion suppression by phospholipids, MALDI has limited ability to efficiently ionize and image neutral lipids, such as triglycerides (TGs). To help overcome this obstacle, we have utilized silicon nanopost arrays (NAPA), a matrix-free laser desorption ionization (LDI) platform. Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory skin disease of the apocrine sweat glands. The ability of NAPA to efficiently ionize lipids is exploited in the analysis of human skin samples from sufferers of HS. Ionization by LDI from NAPA allows for the detection and imaging of a number of neutral lipid species, including TGs comprised of shorter, odd-chain fatty acids, which strongly suggests an increased bacterial load within the host tissue, as well as hexosylceramides (HexCers) and galabiosyl-/lactosylceramides that appear to be correlated with the presence of HS. Our results demonstrate that NAPA-LDI-MSI is capable of imaging and potentially differentiating healthy and diseased human skin tissues based on changes in detected neutral lipid composition.
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Lysophosphatidic Acid and Autotaxin-associated Effects on the Initiation and Progression of Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070958. [PMID: 31323936 PMCID: PMC6678549 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium interacts dynamically with the immune system to maintain its barrier function to protect the host, while performing the physiological roles in absorption of nutrients, electrolytes, water and minerals. The importance of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and its receptors in the gut has been progressively appreciated. LPA signaling modulates cell proliferation, invasion, adhesion, angiogenesis, and survival that can promote cancer growth and metastasis. These effects are equally important for the maintenance of the epithelial barrier in the gut, which forms the first line of defense against the milieu of potentially pathogenic stimuli. This review focuses on the LPA-mediated signaling that potentially contributes to inflammation and tumor formation in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Kim NH, Sadra A, Park HY, Oh SM, Chun J, Yoon JK, Huh SO. HeLa E-Box Binding Protein, HEB, Inhibits Promoter Activity of the Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor Gene Lpar1 in Neocortical Neuroblast Cells. Mol Cells 2019; 42:123-134. [PMID: 30622227 PMCID: PMC6399008 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an endogenous lysophospholipid with signaling properties outside of the cell and it signals through specific G protein-coupled receptors, known as LPA1-6. For one of its receptors, LPA1 (gene name Lpar1), details on the cis-acting elements for transcriptional control have not been defined. Using 5'RACE analysis, we report the identification of an alternative transcription start site of mouse Lpar1 and characterize approximately 3,500 bp of non-coding flanking sequence 5' of mouse Lpar1 gene for promoter activity. Transient transfection of cells derived from mouse neocortical neuroblasts with constructs from the 5' regions of mouse Lpar1 gene revealed the region between -248 to +225 serving as the basal promoter for Lpar1. This region also lacks a TATA box. For the region between -761 to -248, a negative regulatory element affected the basal expression of Lpar1. This region has three E-box sequences and mutagenesis of these E-boxes, followed by transient expression, demonstrated that two of the E-boxes act as negative modulators of Lpar1. One of these E-box sequences bound the HeLa E-box binding protein (HEB), and modulation of HEB levels in the transfected cells regulated the transcription of the reporter gene. Based on our data, we propose that HEB may be required for a proper regulation of Lpar1 expression in the embryonic neocortical neuroblast cells and to affect its function in both normal brain development and disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Ho Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Institute of Natural Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252,
Korea
| | - Ali Sadra
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Institute of Natural Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252,
Korea
| | - Hee-Young Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Institute of Natural Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252,
Korea
| | - Sung-Min Oh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Institute of Natural Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252,
Korea
| | - Jerold Chun
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, CA 92037,
USA
| | - Jeong Kyo Yoon
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538,
Korea
| | - Sung-Oh Huh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Institute of Natural Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252,
Korea
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12
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Son SH, Baek SI, Ju MS, Han SG, Jung ST, Yu YG. Development of Single-Chain Antibodies Specific to Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 2. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyeon Son
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Kookmin University; Seoul 02707 South Korea
| | - Seung-il Baek
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Kookmin University; Seoul 02707 South Korea
| | - Man-Seok Ju
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Kookmin University; Seoul 02707 South Korea
| | - Seong-Gu Han
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Kookmin University; Seoul 02707 South Korea
| | - Sang Taek Jung
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Kookmin University; Seoul 02707 South Korea
| | - Yeon Gyu Yu
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Kookmin University; Seoul 02707 South Korea
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13
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Okabe-Kado J, Hagiwara-Watanabe Y, Niitsu N, Kasukabe T, Kaneko Y. NM23 downregulation and lysophosphatidic acid receptor EDG2/lpa1 upregulation during myeloid differentiation of human leukemia cells. Leuk Res 2018; 66:39-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Rodriguez Cetina Biefer H, Heinbokel T, Uehara H, Camacho V, Minami K, Nian Y, Koduru S, El Fatimy R, Ghiran I, Trachtenberg AJ, de la Fuente MA, Azuma H, Akbari O, Tullius SG, Vasudevan A, Elkhal A. Mast cells regulate CD4 + T-cell differentiation in the absence of antigen presentation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:1894-1908.e7. [PMID: 29470999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given their unique capacity for antigen uptake, processing, and presentation, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are critical for initiating and regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. We have previously shown the role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in T-cell differentiation independently of the cytokine milieu, whereas the precise mechanisms remained unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to further dissect the mechanism of actions of NAD+ and determine the effect of APCs on NAD+-mediated T-cell activation. METHODS Isolated dendritic cells and bone marrow-derived mast cells (MCs) were used to characterize the mechanisms of action of NAD+ on CD4+ T-cell fate in vitro. Furthermore, NAD+-mediated CD4+ T-cell differentiation was investigated in vivo by using wild-type C57BL/6, MC-/-, MHC class II-/-, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP)-/-, 5C.C7 recombination-activating gene 2 (Rag2)-/-, and CD11b-DTR transgenic mice. Finally, we tested the physiologic effect of NAD+ on the systemic immune response in the context of Listeria monocytogenes infection. RESULTS Our in vivo and in vitro findings indicate that after NAD+ administration, MCs exclusively promote CD4+ T-cell differentiation, both in the absence of antigen and independently of major APCs. Moreover, we found that MCs mediated CD4+ T-cell differentiation independently of MHC II and T-cell receptor signaling machinery. More importantly, although treatment with NAD+ resulted in decreased MHC II expression on CD11c+ cells, MC-mediated CD4+ T-cell differentiation rendered mice resistant to administration of lethal doses of L monocytogenes. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our study unravels a novel cellular and molecular pathway that regulates innate and adaptive immunity through MCs exclusively and underscores the therapeutic potential of NAD+ in the context of primary immunodeficiencies and antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Rodriguez Cetina Biefer
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplantation Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Timm Heinbokel
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplantation Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Department of Nephrology, Charite Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Virginia Camacho
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Mass
| | - Koichiro Minami
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplantation Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Yeqi Nian
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplantation Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Suresh Koduru
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rachid El Fatimy
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Initiative for RNA Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Ionita Ghiran
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Mass
| | | | - Miguel A de la Fuente
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Haruhito Azuma
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Stefan G Tullius
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplantation Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Anju Vasudevan
- Angiogenesis and Brain Development Laboratory, Division of Basic Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Mass
| | - Abdallah Elkhal
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplantation Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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15
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Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 1 Is Important for Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function and Susceptibility to Colitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 188:353-366. [PMID: 29128569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells form a barrier that is critical in protecting the host from the hostile luminal environment. Previously, we showed that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor 1 regulates proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells, such that the absence of LPA1 mitigates the epithelial wound healing process. This study provides evidence that LPA1 is important for the maintenance of epithelial barrier integrity. The epithelial permeability, determined by fluorescently labeled dextran flux and transepithelial resistance, is increased in the intestine of mice with global deletion of Lpar1, Lpar1-/- (Lpa1-/-). Serum liposaccharide level and bacteria loads in the intestinal mucosa and peripheral organs were elevated in Lpa1-/- mice. Decreased claudin-4, caudin-7, and E-cadherin expression in Lpa1-/- mice further suggested defective apical junction integrity in these mice. Regulation of LPA1 expression in Caco-2 cells modulated epithelial permeability and the expression levels of junctional proteins. The increased epithelial permeability in Lpa1-/- mice correlated with increased susceptibility to an experimental model of colitis. This resulted in more severe inflammation and increased mortality compared with control mice. Treatment of Caco-2 cells with tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ significantly increased paracellular permeability, which was blocked by cotreatment with LPA, but not LPA1 knockdown cells. Similarly, orally given LPA blocked tumor necrosis factor-mediated intestinal barrier defect in mice. LPA1 plays a significant role in maintenance of epithelial barrier in the intestine via regulation of apical junction integrity.
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16
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Kritikou E, van Puijvelde GHM, van der Heijden T, van Santbrink PJ, Swart M, Schaftenaar FH, Kröner MJ, Kuiper J, Bot I. Inhibition of lysophosphatidic acid receptors 1 and 3 attenuates atherosclerosis development in LDL-receptor deficient mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37585. [PMID: 27883026 PMCID: PMC5121611 DOI: 10.1038/srep37585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a natural lysophospholipid present at high concentrations within lipid-rich atherosclerotic plaques. Upon local accumulation in the damaged vessels, LPA can act as a potent activator for various types of immune cells through its specific membrane receptors LPA1/3. LPA elicits chemotactic, pro-inflammatory and apoptotic effects that lead to atherosclerotic plaque progression. In this study we aimed to inhibit LPA signaling by means of LPA1/3 antagonism using the small molecule Ki16425. We show that LPA1/3 inhibition significantly impaired atherosclerosis progression. Treatment with Ki16425 also resulted in reduced CCL2 production and secretion, which led to less monocyte and neutrophil infiltration. Furthermore, we provide evidence that LPA1/3 blockade enhanced the percentage of non-inflammatory, Ly6Clow monocytes and CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ T-regulatory cells. Finally, we demonstrate that LPA1/3 antagonism mildly reduced plasma LDL cholesterol levels. Therefore, pharmacological inhibition of LPA1/3 receptors may prove a promising approach to diminish atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kritikou
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, LACDR, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Maarten Swart
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, LACDR, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mara J Kröner
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, LACDR, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, LACDR, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Ilze Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, LACDR, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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17
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Oda SK, Strauch P, Fujiwara Y, Al-Shami A, Oravecz T, Tigyi G, Pelanda R, Torres RM. Lysophosphatidic acid inhibits CD8 T cell activation and control of tumor progression. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 1:245-55. [PMID: 24455753 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0043-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
CD8 T lymphocytes are able to eliminate nascent tumor cells through a process referred to as immune surveillance. However, multiple inhibitory mechanisms within the tumor microenvironment have been described that impede tumor rejection by CD8 T cells, including increased signaling by inhibitory receptors. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lysophospholipid that has been shown repeatedly to promote diverse cellular processes benefiting tumorigenesis. Accordingly, the increased expression of LPA and LPA receptors is a common feature of diverse tumor cell lineages and can result in elevated systemic LPA levels. LPA is recognized by at least 6 distinct G-protein-coupled receptors and several of which are expressed by T cells, although the precise role of LPA signaling in CD8 T cell activation and function has not been defined. Here, we demonstrate that LPA signaling via the LPA5 receptor expressed by CD8 T cells suppresses antigen receptor signaling, cell activation and proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, in a mouse melanoma model tumor-specific CD8 T cells that are LPA5-deficient are able to control tumor growth significantly better than wild-type tumor-specific CD8 T cells. Together, these data suggest that the production of LPA by tumors serves not only in an autocrine manner to promote tumorigenesis but also as a mechanism to suppress adaptive immunity and highlights a potential novel target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon K Oda
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Pamela Strauch
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Yuko Fujiwara
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | | | - Gabor Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Raul M Torres
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
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18
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Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive phospholipid that is present in all tissues examined to date. LPA signals extracellularly via cognate G protein-coupled receptors to mediate cellular processes such as survival, proliferation, differentiation, migration, adhesion and morphology. These LPA-influenced processes impact many aspects of organismal development. In particular, LPA signalling has been shown to affect fertility and reproduction, formation of the nervous system, and development of the vasculature. Here and in the accompanying poster, we review the developmentally related features of LPA signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Sheng
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yun C Yung
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Allison Chen
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jerold Chun
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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19
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Yun CC, Kumar A. Diverse roles of LPA signaling in the intestinal epithelium. Exp Cell Res 2014; 333:201-207. [PMID: 25433271 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lipid mediator that modulates a wide variety of cellular functions. Elevated LPA signaling has been reported in patients with colorectal cancer or inflammatory bowel diseases, and the tumorigenic role of LPA has been demonstrated in experimental models of colon cancer. However, emerging evidence indicates the importance of LPA signaling in epithelial wound healing and regulation of intestinal electrolyte transport. Here, we briefly review current knowledge of the biological roles of LPA signaling in the intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chris Yun
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA.
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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20
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Kihara Y, Maceyka M, Spiegel S, Chun J. Lysophospholipid receptor nomenclature review: IUPHAR Review 8. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:3575-94. [PMID: 24602016 PMCID: PMC4128058 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophospholipids encompass a diverse range of small, membrane-derived phospholipids that act as extracellular signals. The signalling properties are mediated by 7-transmembrane GPCRs, constituent members of which have continued to be identified after their initial discovery in the mid-1990s. Here we briefly review this class of receptors, with a particular emphasis on their protein and gene nomenclatures that reflect their cognate ligands. There are six lysophospholipid receptors that interact with lysophosphatidic acid (LPA): protein names LPA1 - LPA6 and italicized gene names LPAR1-LPAR6 (human) and Lpar1-Lpar6 (non-human). There are five sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptors: protein names S1P1 -S1P5 and italicized gene names S1PR1-S1PR5 (human) and S1pr1-S1pr5 (non-human). Recent additions to the lysophospholipid receptor family have resulted in the proposed names for a lysophosphatidyl inositol (LPI) receptor - protein name LPI1 and gene name LPIR1 (human) and Lpir1 (non-human) - and three lysophosphatidyl serine receptors - protein names LyPS1 , LyPS2 , LyPS3 and gene names LYPSR1-LYPSR3 (human) and Lypsr1-Lypsr3 (non-human) along with a variant form that does not appear to exist in humans that is provisionally named LyPS2L . This nomenclature incorporates previous recommendations from the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, the Human Genome Organization, the Gene Nomenclature Committee, and the Mouse Genome Informatix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Kihara
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research InstituteLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Maceyka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Massey Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA, USA
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Massey Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA, USA
| | - Jerold Chun
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research InstituteLa Jolla, CA, USA
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21
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Knowlden SA, Capece T, Popovic M, Chapman TJ, Rezaee F, Kim M, Georas SN. Regulation of T cell motility in vitro and in vivo by LPA and LPA2. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101655. [PMID: 25003200 PMCID: PMC4086949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and the LPA-generating enzyme autotaxin (ATX) have been implicated in lymphocyte trafficking and the regulation of lymphocyte entry into lymph nodes. High local concentrations of LPA are thought to be present in lymph node high endothelial venules, suggesting a direct influence of LPA on cell migration. However, little is known about the mechanism of action of LPA, and more work is needed to define the expression and function of the six known G protein-coupled receptors (LPA 1-6) in T cells. We studied the effects of 18∶1 and 16∶0 LPA on naïve CD4+ T cell migration and show that LPA induces CD4+ T cell chemorepulsion in a Transwell system, and also improves the quality of non-directed migration on ICAM-1 and CCL21 coated plates. Using intravital two-photon microscopy, lpa2-/- CD4+ T cells display a striking defect in early migratory behavior at HEVs and in lymph nodes. However, later homeostatic recirculation and LPA-directed migration in vitro were unaffected by loss of lpa2. Taken together, these data highlight a previously unsuspected and non-redundant role for LPA2 in intranodal T cell motility, and suggest that specific functions of LPA may be manipulated by targeting T cell LPA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A. Knowlden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Tara Capece
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Milan Popovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Chapman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Fariba Rezaee
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Steve N. Georas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Hu J, Oda SK, Shotts K, Donovan EE, Strauch P, Pujanauski LM, Victorino F, Al-Shami A, Fujiwara Y, Tigyi G, Oravecz T, Pelanda R, Torres RM. Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 5 inhibits B cell antigen receptor signaling and antibody response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:85-95. [PMID: 24890721 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lysophospholipids have emerged as biologically important chemoattractants capable of directing lymphocyte development, trafficking, and localization. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a major lysophospholipid found systemically, and its levels are elevated in certain pathological settings, such as cancer and infections. In this study, we demonstrate that BCR signal transduction by mature murine B cells is inhibited upon LPA engagement of the LPA5 (GPR92) receptor via a Gα12/13-Arhgef1 pathway. The inhibition of BCR signaling by LPA5 manifests by impaired intracellular calcium store release and most likely by interfering with inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor activity. We further show that LPA5 also limits Ag-specific induction of CD69 and CD86 expression and that LPA5-deficient B cells display enhanced Ab responses. Thus, these data show that LPA5 negatively regulates BCR signaling, B cell activation, and immune response. Our findings extend the influence of lysophospholipids on immune function and suggest that alterations in LPA levels likely influence adaptive humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Hu
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Shannon K Oda
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Kristin Shotts
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Erin E Donovan
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Pamela Strauch
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Lindsey M Pujanauski
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Francisco Victorino
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Amin Al-Shami
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, 77381 USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Yuko Fujiwara
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Gabor Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Tamas Oravecz
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, 77381 USA
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Raul M Torres
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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23
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Huang LS, Fu P, Patel P, Harijith A, Sun T, Zhao Y, Garcia JGN, Chun J, Natarajan V. Lysophosphatidic acid receptor-2 deficiency confers protection against bleomycin-induced lung injury and fibrosis in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 49:912-22. [PMID: 23808384 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0070oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a devastating disease characterized by alveolar epithelial cell injury, the accumulation of fibroblasts/myofibroblasts, and the deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling through its G protein-coupled receptors is critical for its various biological functions. Recently, LPA and LPA receptor 1 were implicated in lung fibrogenesis. However, the role of other LPA receptors in fibrosis remains unclear. Here, we use a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model to investigate the roles of LPA2 in pulmonary fibrogenesis. In the present study, we found that LPA2 knockout (Lpar2(-/-)) mice were protected against bleomycin-induced lung injury, fibrosis, and mortality, compared with wild-type control mice. Furthermore, LPA2 deficiency attenuated the bleomycin-induced expression of fibronectin (FN), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and collagen in lung tissue, as well as levels of IL-6, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and total protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In human lung fibroblasts, the knockdown of LPA2 attenuated the LPA-induced expression of TGF-β1 and the differentiation of lung fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, resulting in the decreased expression of FN, α-SMA, and collagen, as well as decreased activation of extracellular regulated kinase 1/2, Akt, Smad3, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Moreover, the knockdown of LPA2 with small interfering RNA also mitigated the TGF-β1-induced differentiation of lung fibroblasts. In addition, LPA2 deficiency significantly attenuated the bleomycin-induced apoptosis of alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells in the mouse lung. Together, our data indicate that the knockdown of LPA2 attenuated bleomycin-induced lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis, and this may be related to an inhibition of the LPA-induced expression of TGF-β and the activation and differentiation of fibroblasts.
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24
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Bai Z, Cai L, Umemoto E, Takeda A, Tohya K, Komai Y, Veeraveedu PT, Hata E, Sugiura Y, Kubo A, Suematsu M, Hayasaka H, Okudaira S, Aoki J, Tanaka T, Albers HMHG, Ovaa H, Miyasaka M. Constitutive lymphocyte transmigration across the basal lamina of high endothelial venules is regulated by the autotaxin/lysophosphatidic acid axis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2036-48. [PMID: 23365076 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocyte extravasation from the high endothelial venules (HEVs) of lymph nodes is crucial for the maintenance of immune homeostasis, but its molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. In this article, we report that lymphocyte transmigration across the basal lamina of the HEVs is regulated, at least in part, by autotaxin (ATX) and its end-product, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). ATX is an HEV-associated ectoenzyme that produces LPA from lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), which is abundant in the systemic circulation. In agreement with selective expression of ATX in HEVs, LPA was constitutively and specifically detected on HEVs. In vivo, inhibition of ATX impaired the lymphocyte extravasation from HEVs, inducing lymphocyte accumulation within the endothelial cells (ECs) and sub-EC compartment; this impairment was abrogated by LPA. In vitro, both LPA and LPC induced a marked increase in the motility of HEV ECs; LPC's effect was abrogated by ATX inhibition, whereas LPA's effect was abrogated by ATX/LPA receptor inhibition. In an in vitro transmigration assay, ATX inhibition impaired the release of lymphocytes that had migrated underneath HEV ECs, and these defects were abrogated by LPA. This effect of LPA was dependent on myosin II activity in the HEV ECs. Collectively, these results strongly suggest that HEV-associated ATX generates LPA locally; LPA, in turn, acts on HEV ECs to increase their motility, promoting dynamic lymphocyte-HEV interactions and subsequent lymphocyte transmigration across the basal lamina of HEVs at steady state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbin Bai
- Laboratory of Immunodynamics, World Premier International Research Center Initiative-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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25
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Blaho VA, Hla T. Regulation of mammalian physiology, development, and disease by the sphingosine 1-phosphate and lysophosphatidic acid receptors. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6299-320. [PMID: 21939239 PMCID: PMC3216694 DOI: 10.1021/cr200273u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Blaho
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Timothy Hla
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
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26
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Maugeri N, Powell JE, 't Hoen PAC, de Geus EJC, Willemsen G, Kattenberg M, Henders AK, Wallace L, Penninx B, Hottenga JJ, Medland SE, Saviouk V, Martin NG, Visscher PM, van Ommen GJB, Frazer IH, Boomsma DI, Montgomery GW, Ferreira MAR. LPAR1 and ITGA4 regulate peripheral blood monocyte counts. Hum Mutat 2011; 32:873-6. [PMID: 21598361 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We recently mapped a quantitative trait locus for monocyte counts to chromosome 9q31 (rs7023923). Here we extend this work by showing with two independent approaches that rs7023923 regulates the expression levels of the nearby LPAR1 gene (P<0.0001), specifically implicating this gene in monocyte development. Furthermore, we tested 10 additional loci identified in the original analysis for replication in 1,122 individuals and confirm that rs6740847 near the alpha-4-integrin gene (ITGA4) associates with variation in monocyte counts (combined P=2.7×10(-10)). This variant is in complete linkage disequilibrium (r(2) =1) with a previously reported eQTL for ITGA4 (rs2124440), indicating that this is the likely causal gene in the region. Our results indicate that rs7023923 and rs6740847 respectively upregulate LPAR1 and downregulate ITGA4 expression and this increases the number of monocytes circulating in the peripheral blood. Further studies that investigate the downstream mechanism involved and the impact on immune function are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narelle Maugeri
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
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27
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Liu J, Hsu A, Lee JF, Cramer DE, Lee MJ. To stay or to leave: Stem cells and progenitor cells navigating the S1P gradient. World J Biol Chem 2011; 2:1-13. [PMID: 21472036 PMCID: PMC3070303 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v2.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Most hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs) reside in bone marrow (BM), but a small amount of HSPCs have been found to circulate between BM and tissues through blood and lymph. Several lines of evidence suggest that sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) gradient triggers HSPC egression to blood circulation after mobilization from BM stem cell niches. Stem cells also visit certain tissues. After a temporary 36 h short stay in local tissues, HSPCs go to lymph in response to S1P gradient between lymph and tissue and eventually enter the blood circulation. S1P also has a role in the guidance of the primitive HSPCs homing to BM in vivo, as S1P analogue FTY720 treatment can improve HSPC BM homing and engraftment. In stress conditions, various stem cells or progenitor cells can be attracted to local injured tissues and participate in local tissue cell differentiation and tissue rebuilding through modulation the expression level of S1P1, S1P2 or S1P3 receptors. Hence, S1P is important for stem cells circulation in blood system to accomplish its role in body surveillance and injury recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liu
- Jingjing Liu, Andrew Hsu, Jen-Fu Lee, Menq-Jer Lee, Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
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28
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Tanikawa T, Kurohane K, Imai Y. Regulatory effect of lysophosphatidic acid on lymphocyte migration. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:204-8. [PMID: 20118541 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lipid mediator that is known to exhibit chemotactic activity toward a variety of cancer cells. However, its effect on the immune system has not been studied extensively. Another lipid mediator, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), has been shown to influence lymphocyte recirculation by regulating lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs. In this study, we found that LPA inhibits spontaneous migration of mouse splenic lymphocytes through a chemorepulsive effect. We also demonstrated that LPA inhibits chemokine CCL21-induced lymphocyte migration. This inhibitory effect on CCL21-induced migration was observed for both T and B cells. The involvement of a receptor, LPA(1), LPA(2) or LPA(3), in the inhibition of the CCL21-induced migration was confirmed with a synthetic agonist, oleyl thiophosphate. Considering that the signaling by CCL21 through cognate receptor CCR7 contributes to lymphocyte homing and dendritic cell trafficking to lymph nodes, LPA may play a role as a key regulator of these processes. The inhibitory effect of LPA is in remarkable contrast to the effect of S1P receptor signaling, which is known to potentiate lymphocyte chemotaxis involving CCR7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tanikawa
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology and the Global COE Program, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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29
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Tigyi G. Aiming drug discovery at lysophosphatidic acid targets. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 161:241-70. [PMID: 20735414 PMCID: PMC2989581 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA, 1-radyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphate) is the prototype member of a family of lipid mediators and second messengers. LPA and its naturally occurring analogues interact with G protein-coupled receptors on the cell surface and a nuclear hormone receptor within the cell. In addition, there are several enzymes that utilize LPA as a substrate or generate it as a product and are under its regulatory control. LPA is present in biological fluids, and attempts have been made to link changes in its concentration and molecular composition to specific disease conditions. Through their many targets, members of the LPA family regulate cell survival, apoptosis, motility, shape, differentiation, gene transcription, malignant transformation and more. The present review depicts arbitrary aspects of the physiological and pathophysiological actions of LPA and attempts to link them with select targets. Many of us are now convinced that therapies targeting LPA biosynthesis and signalling are feasible for the treatment of devastating human diseases such as cancer, fibrosis and degenerative conditions. However, successful targeting of the pathways associated with this pleiotropic lipid will depend on the future development of as yet undeveloped pharmacons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Choi JW, Herr DR, Noguchi K, Yung YC, Lee CW, Mutoh T, Lin ME, Teo ST, Park KE, Mosley AN, Chun J. LPA receptors: subtypes and biological actions. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2010; 50:157-86. [PMID: 20055701 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.010909.105753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 643] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a small, ubiquitous phospholipid that acts as an extracellular signaling molecule by binding to and activating at least five known G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): LPA(1)-LPA(5). They are encoded by distinct genes named LPAR1-LPAR5 in humans and Lpar1-Lpar5 in mice. The biological roles of LPA are diverse and include developmental, physiological, and pathophysiological effects. This diversity is mediated by broad and overlapping expression patterns and multiple downstream signaling pathways activated by cognate LPA receptors. Studies using cloned receptors and genetic knockout mice have been instrumental in uncovering the significance of this signaling system, notably involving basic cellular processes as well as multiple organ systems such as the nervous system. This has further provided valuable proof-of-concept data to support LPA receptors and LPA metabolic enzymes as targets for the treatment of medically important diseases that include neuropsychiatric disorders, neuropathic pain, infertility, cardiovascular disease, inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Woong Choi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Helen L. Dorris Institute for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Abstract
The distribution and pathological significance of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 expression are still unclear. In this study, we evaluated sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1's suitability as a diagnostic marker for malignant lymphoma by immunostaining formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections using a well-defined commercial anti-sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 antibody. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 was strongly expressed on the surface of small lymphocytes forming primary lymphoid follicles and in the mantle zone of secondary lymphoid follicles. Microarray-based immunohistochemistry with tissue samples from 85 lymphoid malignancy cases demonstrated that sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 was expressed on the surface of mantle cell lymphoma cells. Strong expression was observed in all classical mantle cell lymphoma cases involving the lymph node (19 out of 19), gastrointestinal tract (10 out of 10), bone marrow (9 out of 9), and orbita (1 out of 1). Good results were obtained even in sections where cyclin D1 signals were lost because of over-fixation and/or decalcification. One aggressive variant of mantle cell lymphoma displayed a weaker membranous staining than classical mantle cell lymphoma in the lymph node and bone marrow. In a cyclin D1-negative mantle cell lymphoma of the orbita, no conclusive result was obtained. No cases of follicular lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, B lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma, or Burkitt's lymphoma showed any significant expression, whereas 2 out of 6 chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphomas in bone marrow, 1 out of 3 lymphoplasmacytic lymphomas in the lymph node, and 2 out of 37 diffuse large B-cell lymphomas exhibited staining. A quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction-based analysis of mantle cell lymphoma lines revealed the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 mRNA expression level to be well correlated with the results of immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, and western blotting. Thus, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 immunohistochemistry may be useful in the histological diagnosis of mantle cell lymphoma with formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections. The antigen may be particularly valuable in cases where cyclin D1 immunostaining is not successful.
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Gibbs TC, Rubio MV, Zhang Z, Xie Y, Kipp KR, Meier KE. Signal transduction responses to lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine 1-phosphate in human prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2009; 69:1493-506. [PMID: 19536794 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) are lipid mediators that bind to G-protein-coupled receptors. In this study, signaling responses to 18:1 LPA and S1P were examined in parallel in three human prostate cancer cell lines: PC-3, Du145, and LNCaP. METHODS Receptor expression was assessed by RT-PCR, Northern blotting, and immunoblotting. Cellular responses to mediators were studied by proliferation assays, phosphoprotein immunoblotting, and phospholipid metabolism assays. RESULTS All cell lines express mRNA for both LPA and S1P receptors. PC-3 and Du145, but not LNCaP, proliferate in response to LPA and S1P. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), LPA, and S1P induce activation of Erks in PC-3 and Du145; only EGF and PMA activate Erks in LNCaP. In Du145 and PC-3, Akt is activated by EGF, LPA, and S1P. Akt is constitutively active in LNCaP; EGF but not LPA or S1P stimulates further phosphorylation. FAK is phosphorylated in response to both LPA and S1P in PC-3 and Du145, but not in LNCaP. LPA and S1P stimulate phospholipase D (PLD) activity to varying extents in the different cell lines. Notably, both lipid mediators activate PLD in LNCaP. In Du145, LPA, but not S1P, activates PLD and enhances cellular production of LPA. CONCLUSIONS Although both LPA and S1P induce signal transduction in all prostate cancer cell lines studied, a proliferation response is observed only when the Erk, Akt, and FAK pathways are activated. Other responses to the lipid mediators, such as PLD activation, likely contribute to other cellular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terra C Gibbs
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) can affect the growth, migration, and activation of many different cell types. Research in this field has recently accelerated due to the molecular cloning of LPA receptors as well as advances in our understanding of LPA metabolism. A major pathway for LPA generation is the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine by the enzyme autotaxin (ATX). Although most research to-date has been conducted in other disciplines (e.g., neurobiology and cardiovascular diseases), emerging data point to an important role for LPA and ATX in regulating immune responses. Here we review current understanding of LPA and ATX in immunity with an emphasis on migration and activation of lymphocytes and dendritic cells. New gene-targeted and transgenic mice, receptor-specific antibodies, and pathway antagonists should rapidly enhance our understanding of this versatile lysolipid in immune responses in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve N Georas
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY 14610, USA.
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Abstract
One of the major lipid biology discoveries in last decade was the broad range of physiological activities of lysophospholipids that have been attributed to the actions of lysophospholipid receptors. The most well characterized lysophospholipids are lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). Documented cellular effects of these lipid mediators include growth-factor-like effects on cells, such as proliferation, survival, migration, adhesion, and differentiation. The mechanisms for these actions are attributed to a growing family of 7-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Their pathophysiological actions include immune modulation, neuropathic pain modulation, platelet aggregation, wound healing, vasopressor activity, and angiogenesis. Here we provide a brief introduction to receptor-mediated lysophospholipid signaling and physiology, and then discuss potential therapeutic roles in human diseases.
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Jo SK, Bajwa A, Ye H, Vergis AL, Awad AS, Kharel Y, Lynch KR, Okusa MD. Divergent roles of sphingosine kinases in kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury. Kidney Int 2008; 75:167-75. [PMID: 18971925 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2008.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), produced by sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) or kinase 2 (SphK2), mediates biological effects through intracellular and/or extracellular mechanisms. Here we determined a role for these kinases in kidney injury of wild-type mice following ischemia-reperfusion. SphK1 but not SphK2 mRNA expression and activity increased in the kidney following injury relative to sham-operated animals. Although SphK1(-/-) mice had no alteration in renal function following injury, mice with a disrupted SphK2 gene (SphK2(tr/tr)) had histological damage and impaired function. The immune-modulating pro-drug, FTY720, an S1P agonist failed to provide protection in SphK2(tr/tr) mice. Injured kidneys of these mice showed increased neutrophil infiltration and neutrophil chemokine expression along with a 3- to 5-fold increase in expression of the G-protein-coupled receptor S1P(3) compared to heterozygous SphK2(+/tr) mice. Kidney function and reduced vascular permeability were preserved in S1P(3)(-/-) compared to S1P(3)(+/-) mice after ischemia-reperfusion injury, suggesting increased S1P(3) mRNA may play a role in the injury of SphK2(tr/tr) mice. Our study suggests that constitutive expression of SphK2 may contribute to reduced ischemia-reperfusion injury of the kidney, and its absence may enhance injury due to increased neutrophil infiltration and S1P(3) activation. We also confirm that SphK2 is necessary to mediate the protective effects of FTY720.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Kyung Jo
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Lysophosphatidic Acid Inhibits Neuronal Differentiation of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2008; 26:1146-54. [DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kanda H, Newton R, Klein R, Morita Y, Gunn MD, Rosen SD. Autotaxin, an ectoenzyme that produces lysophosphatidic acid, promotes the entry of lymphocytes into secondary lymphoid organs. Nat Immunol 2008; 9:415-23. [PMID: 18327261 DOI: 10.1038/ni1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular lysophospholipase D autotaxin (ATX) and its product, lysophosphatidic acid, have diverse functions in development and cancer, but little is known about their functions in the immune system. Here we found that ATX had high expression in the high endothelial venules of lymphoid organs and was secreted. Chemokine-activated lymphocytes expressed receptors with enhanced affinity for ATX, which provides a mechanism for targeting the secreted ATX to lymphocytes undergoing recruitment. Lysophosphatidic acid induced chemokinesis in T cells. Intravenous injection of enzymatically inactive ATX attenuated the homing of T cells to lymphoid tissues, probably through competition with endogenous ATX and exertion of a dominant negative effect. Our results support the idea of a new and general step in the homing cascade in which the ectoenzyme ATX facilitates the entry of lymphocytes into lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Kanda
- Department of Anatomy, Program in Immunology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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The lysophosphatidic acid receptor LPA1 links pulmonary fibrosis to lung injury by mediating fibroblast recruitment and vascular leak. Nat Med 2007; 14:45-54. [PMID: 18066075 DOI: 10.1038/nm1685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 602] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant wound-healing responses to injury have been implicated in the development of pulmonary fibrosis, but the mediators directing these pathologic responses have yet to be fully identified. We show that lysophosphatidic acid levels increase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid following lung injury in the bleomycin model of pulmonary fibrosis, and that mice lacking one of its receptors, LPA1, are markedly protected from fibrosis and mortality in this model. The absence of LPA1 led to reduced fibroblast recruitment and vascular leak, two responses that may be excessive when injury leads to fibrosis rather than to repair, whereas leukocyte recruitment was preserved during the first week after injury. In persons with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, lysophosphatidic acid levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were also increased, and inhibition of LPA1 markedly reduced fibroblast responses to the chemotactic activity of this fluid. LPA1 therefore represents a new therapeutic target for diseases in which aberrant responses to injury contribute to fibrosis, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
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Yoshinaga K. Review of factors essential for blastocyst implantation for their modulating effects on the maternal immune system. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2007; 19:161-9. [PMID: 18054836 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary and ovarian hormones prepare the endometrium for successful blastocyst implantation and support its process directly or indirectly through the action of growth factors, cytokines and other molecules. Many of the blastocyst implantation essential factors (BIEFs) are modulators of the maternal immune system. Since little is known as to the action of these molecules on the uterine lymphocytes, its clarification is imperative to the understanding of the process of blastocyst implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yoshinaga
- Reproductive Sciences Branch, Center for Population Research, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-7510, USA.
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Mori K, Kitayama J, Aoki J, Kishi Y, Shida D, Yamashita H, Arai H, Nagawa H. Submucosal connective tissue-type mast cells contribute to the production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in the gastrointestinal tract through the secretion of autotaxin (ATX)/lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD). Virchows Arch 2007; 451:47-56. [PMID: 17554559 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-007-0425-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Revised: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is involved in a broad spectrum of biological activities, including wound healing and cancer metastasis. Autotaxin (ATX), originally isolated from a melanoma supernatant as a tumor cell motility-stimulating factor, has been shown to be molecularly identical to lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD), which is the main enzyme in the production of LPA. Although ATX/lysoPLD is known to be widely expressed in normal human tissues, the exact distribution of ATX-producing cells has not been fully investigated. In this study, we evaluated ATX/lysoPLD expression by immunohistochemical staining using a rat anti-ATX mAb in the human gastrointestinal tract and found that submucosal mast cells (MC) highly expressed this enzyme. This was confirmed by immunofluorescent double staining using mAbs to tryptase and chymase. Then, we isolated MC from human gastric tissue by an immunomagnetic method using CD117-microbeads and showed that a subpopulation of CD203c-positive MC showed positive staining for intracellular ATX/lysoPLD on flowcytometry. This was confirmed by Western blotting of the isolated cells. Moreover, a significant level of ATX/lysoPLD release could be detected in the culture supernatants of human MC by Western blot analysis. Our data suggest that submucosal MC play significant roles in various aspects of pathophysiology in the gastrointestinal tract by locally providing bioactive LPA through the production of ATX/lysoPLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Mori
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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Chen R, Roman J, Guo J, West E, McDyer J, Williams MA, Georas SN. Lysophosphatidic acid modulates the activation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Stem Cells Dev 2007; 15:797-804. [PMID: 17253943 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2006.15.797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a biologically active lysophospholipid that can regulate immune activation. LPA can activate T cells and dendritic cells (DCs), but the effects of LPA on the ability of DCs to influence T cell polarization are not well understood. Human monocyte-derived DCs were differentiated in vitro in the presence of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor (GM-CSF), and matured with LPA and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone or in combination. DC activation was monitored by analyzing cell-surface expression of co-stimulatory receptors and cytokine production. The ability of DCs to influence T cell activation was determined using two models of DC:T cell co-culture. Maturation with LPS induced dose-dependent DC activation characterized by enhanced expression of co-stimulatory molecules (e.g., CD86) and production of cytokines including IL-6 and IL-10. Co-incubation with LPA attenuated the LPS-induced production of IL-6, without significantly affecting IL-10 secretion or the ability of DC to promote T cell proliferation. DCs matured in the presence of both LPA and LPS enhanced the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) when co-cultured with allogeneic T cells, compared with DC matured by LPS alone. Similar results were found using a model of allogeneic naïve T cell differentiation, where LPA- plus LPS-matured DC enhanced IFN-gamma as well as IL-4 secretion after restimulation. Lysophosphatidic acid fine-tunes the effects of LPS on human myeloid DC maturation, but does not exert a dominant effect on the ability of DC to influence Th cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongbing Chen
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, MD 21212, USA
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Kotarsky K, Boketoft A, Bristulf J, Nilsson NE, Norberg A, Hansson S, Owman C, Sillard R, Leeb-Lundberg LMF, Olde B. Lysophosphatidic acid binds to and activates GPR92, a G protein-coupled receptor highly expressed in gastrointestinal lymphocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 318:619-28. [PMID: 16651401 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.098848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, the ligand binding, activation, and tissue distribution of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) GPR92 were studied. GPR92 binds and is activated by compounds based on the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) backbone. The binding of LPA to GPR92 was of high affinity (K(D) = 6.4 +/- 0.9 nM) and led to an increase in both phosphoinositide hydrolysis and cAMP production. GPR92 is atypical in that it has a low sequence homology with the classic LPA(1-3) receptors (21-22%). Expression of GPR92 is mainly found in heart, placenta, spleen, brain, lung, and gut. Notably, GPR92 is highly expressed in the lymphocyte compartment of the gastrointestinal tract. It is the most abundant GPCR activated by LPA found in the small intestinal intraepithelial CD8+ cytotoxic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Kotarsky
- Division of Immunology, Department for Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Subramanian N, Qadri A. Lysophospholipid sensing triggers secretion of flagellin from pathogenic salmonella. Nat Immunol 2006; 7:583-9. [PMID: 16648855 DOI: 10.1038/ni1336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Flagellin induces inflammatory and innate immune responses through activation of Toll-like receptor 5. Here we show that proinflammatory monomeric flagellin produced by salmonella during infection of intestinal epithelial cells was not derived from polymeric bacterial cell wall-associated flagellum but instead was synthesized and secreted de novo by the bacterium after direct sensing of host-produced lysophospholipids. Inhibition of lysophospholipid biosynthesis in intestinal epithelial cells reduced flagellin production and release from salmonella. Lysophospholipids induced a cAMP-dependent signaling pathway in salmonella that resulted in production and secretion of active flagellin. The induction of Toll-like receptor ligand synthesis and secretion by a host signal represents a previously unknown regulatory mechanism for inflammation and innate immunity during infection with a bacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeha Subramanian
- Hybridoma Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110 067, India
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Abstract
Lysophospholipids (LPLs) are lipid-derived signaling molecules exemplified by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). Originally identified as serum-associated growth factors, these mediators now are known to signal through a family of diverse G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Virtually all cells that participate in the immune response express multiple receptors for LPLs. The development of antibody reagents that recognize the receptors for each LPL and the derivation of receptor-selective agonists and receptor-null mouse strains have provided insights into the widely diverse functions of LPLs in immune responses, particularly the role of S1P in lymphocyte trafficking. This review focuses on the biology of the LPLs as these molecules relate to functional regulation of immune cells in vitro and to the regulation of integrated immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debby A Lin
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Lin DA, Boyce JA. IL-4 regulates MEK expression required for lysophosphatidic acid-mediated chemokine generation by human mast cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:5430-8. [PMID: 16210650 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.5430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
IL-4 and mast cells (MCs) mediate mucosal defense against helminths and are central to allergic inflammation. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), an abundant, potent lipid growth factor, stimulates the growth of cultured human MCs (hMCs) in vitro through a pathway involving LPA receptors 1 and 3 (termed the LPA(1) and LPA(3) receptors, respectively) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. We now report that LPA potently induces the generation of proinflammatory chemokines (MIP-1beta, IL-8, and MCP-1) by hMCs by a mechanism that absolutely requires IL-4. The de novo expression of chemokine mRNA and protein generation involves synergistic actions of calcium flux-dependent NFAT transcription factors and ERK. ERK phosphorylation and chemokine production in response to LPA require IL-4-dependent up-regulation of MEK-1 expression by a pathway involving PI3K. Although receptor-selective agonists for both the LPA(2) and LPA(3) receptors induce calcium fluxes by hMCs, only the LPA(2) receptor-selective agonist fatty alcohol phosphate-12 mimics the IL-4-dependent effect of LPA on chemokine generation. The fact that LPA, an endogenous lipid mediator, activates hMCs by an LPA(2) receptor-dependent pathway indicates functional distinctions between different LPA receptor family members that are expressed constitutively by cells of a single hemopoietic lineage. Moreover, the regulation of MEK-dependent signaling is a mechanism by which IL-4 could amplify inflammation in mucosal immune responses through receptor systems for endogenous ligands such as LPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debby A Lin
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Rubenfeld J, Guo J, Sookrung N, Chen R, Chaicumpa W, Casolaro V, Zhao Y, Natarajan V, Georas S. Lysophosphatidic acid enhances interleukin-13 gene expression and promoter activity in T cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 290:L66-74. [PMID: 16199434 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00473.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a membrane-derived lysophospholipid with wide-ranging effects on multiple lung cells including airway epithelial and smooth muscle cells. LPA can augment migration and cytokine synthesis in lymphocytes, but its potential effects on Th2 cytokines have not been well studied. We examined the effects of physiological concentrations of LPA on IL-13 gene expression in human T cells. The Jurkat T cell line and human peripheral blood CD4+ T cells were incubated with LPA alone or with 1) pharmacological agonists of different signaling pathways, or 2) antibodies directed against the T cell receptor complex and costimulatory molecules. Luciferase-based reporter constructs driven by different lengths of the human IL-13 promoter were transfected by electroporation in Jurkat cells treated with and without LPA. The effects of LPA on IL-13 mRNA stability were examined using actinomycin D to halt ongoing transcription. Expression of mRNA encoding LPA2 and LPP-1 increased with T cell activation. LPA augmented IL-13 secretion under conditions of submaximal T cell activation. This was observed using pharmacological agonists activating intracellular calcium-, PKC-, and cAMP-dependent signaling pathways, as well as antibodies directed against CD3 and CD28. LPA only slightly prolonged IL-13 mRNA half-life in submaximally stimulated Jurkat cells. In contrast, LPA significantly enhanced transcriptional activation of the IL-13 promoter via regulatory elements contained within proximal 312 bp. The effects of LPA on IL-13 promoter activation appeared to be distinct from those mediated by GATA-3. LPA can augment IL-13 gene expression in T cells, especially under conditions of submaximal activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Rubenfeld
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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Rosen H, Goetzl EJ. Sphingosine 1-phosphate and its receptors: an autocrine and paracrine network. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5:560-70. [PMID: 15999095 DOI: 10.1038/nri1650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a biologically active lysophospholipid that transmits signals through a family of G-protein-coupled receptors to control cellular differentiation and survival, as well as the vital functions of several types of immune cell. In this Review article, we discuss recent results that indicate that S1P and its receptors are required for the emigration of thymocytes from the thymus, the trafficking of lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid organs and the migration of B cells into splenic follicles. In an autocrine manner, through interactions with different G-protein-coupled receptors, S1P also enhances optimal mast-cell migration and release of pro-inflammatory mediators in allergic reactions. S1P-S1P-receptor regulatory systems might therefore be novel targets for the therapy of diverse immunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Rosen
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Pébay A, Wong RCB, Pitson SM, Wolvetang EJ, Peh GSL, Filipczyk A, Koh KLL, Tellis I, Nguyen LTV, Pera MF. Essential roles of sphingosine-1-phosphate and platelet-derived growth factor in the maintenance of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2005; 23:1541-8. [PMID: 16081668 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have great potential for use in research and regenerative medicine, but very little is known about the factors that maintain these cells in the pluripotent state. We investigated the role of three major mitogenic agents present in serum--sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)--in maintaining hESCs. We show here that although LPA does not affect hESC growth or differentiation, coincubation of S1P and PDGF in a serum-free culture medium successfully maintains hESCs in an undifferentiated state. Our studies indicate that signaling pathways activated by tyrosine kinase receptors act synergistically with those downstream from lysophospholipid receptors to maintain hESCs in the undifferentiated state. This study is the first demonstration of a role for lysophospholipid receptor signaling in the maintenance of stem cell pluri-potentiality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Pébay
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Biology, Australian Stem Cell Centre, STRIP Monash University, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia.
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Goetzl EJ, Wang W, McGiffert C, Huang MC, Gräler MH. Sphingosine 1-phosphate and its G protein-coupled receptors constitute a multifunctional immunoregulatory system. J Cell Biochem 2005; 92:1104-14. [PMID: 15258896 PMCID: PMC1557660 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The lysophospholipid growth factors sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) are generated by many cells involved in immunity, including macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, and platelets, with resultant lymph and plasma concentrations of 0.1-1 microM. All immune cells express distinctive profiles of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for S1P and LPA, which are regulated developmentally and by cellular activation. For T-cells, constitutive S1P signaling through their principal S1P(1) GPCR inhibits chemotactic responses to chemokines, with lesser suppression of proliferation and cytokine production. These S1P-S1P(1) GPCR signals tonically reduce T-cell chemotactic sensitivity to chemokines and thereby limit homing of blood and spleen T-cells to secondary lymphoid tissues. S1P(1) GPCR antagonists evoke lymphopenia by permitting blood T-cells to enter lymph nodes and blocking S1P(1) GPCR-dependent T-cell efflux from lymph nodes. Inversely, there is a longer than normal persistance in blood and a decrease in lymphoid transit time for T-cells overexpressing transgenic S1P(1) GPCRs. The immunotherapeutic potential of S1P(1) GPCR antagonists derives from their capacity to limit T-cell access to organ grafts and autoimmune antigens without reducing their other intrinsic functional capabilities. Lysophospholipids and their GPCRs thus constitute an immunoregulatory system of sufficient prominence for pharmacological targeting in transplantation, autoimmunity and immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94143-0711, USA.
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