1
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Noh K, Cho WH, Lee BH, Kim DW, Kim YS, Park K, Hwang M, Barcelon E, Cho YK, Lee CJ, Yoon BE, Choi SY, Park HY, Jun SB, Lee SJ. Cortical astrocytes modulate dominance behavior in male mice by regulating synaptic excitatory and inhibitory balance. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:1541-1554. [PMID: 37563296 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Social hierarchy is established as an outcome of individual social behaviors, such as dominance behavior during long-term interactions with others. Astrocytes are implicated in optimizing the balance between excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) neuronal activity, which may influence social behavior. However, the contribution of astrocytes in the prefrontal cortex to dominance behavior is unclear. Here we show that dorsomedial prefrontal cortical (dmPFC) astrocytes modulate E/I balance and dominance behavior in adult male mice using in vivo fiber photometry and two-photon microscopy. Optogenetic and chemogenetic activation or inhibition of dmPFC astrocytes show that astrocytes bidirectionally control male mouse dominance behavior, affecting social rank. Dominant and subordinate male mice present distinct prefrontal synaptic E/I balance, regulated by astrocyte activity. Mechanistically, we show that dmPFC astrocytes control cortical E/I balance by simultaneously enhancing presynaptic-excitatory and reducing postsynaptic-inhibitory transmission via astrocyte-derived glutamate and ATP release, respectively. Our findings show how dmPFC astrocyte-neuron communication can be involved in the establishment of social hierarchy in adult male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungchul Noh
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Hyun Cho
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hun Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Sung Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Keebum Park
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyu Hwang
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ellane Barcelon
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Cho
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Eun Yoon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Young Choi
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Yoon Park
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sang Beom Jun
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program in Smart Factory, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Joong Lee
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Pudjihartono N, Ho D, Golovina E, Fadason T, Kempa-Liehr AW, O'Sullivan JM. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated genetic loci exhibit spatially constrained gene regulatory effects across multiple tissues and immune cell types. J Autoimmun 2023; 138:103046. [PMID: 37229810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is an autoimmune, inflammatory joint disease with complex genetic etiology. Previous GWAS have found many genetic loci associated with JIA. However, the biological mechanism behind JIA remains unknown mainly because most risk loci are located in non-coding genetic regions. Interestingly, increasing evidence has found that regulatory elements in the non-coding regions can regulate the expression of distant target genes through spatial (physical) interactions. Here, we used information on the 3D genome organization (Hi-C data) to identify target genes that physically interact with SNPs within JIA risk loci. Subsequent analysis of these SNP-gene pairs using data from tissue and immune cell type-specific expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) databases allowed the identification of risk loci that regulate the expression of their target genes. In total, we identified 59 JIA-risk loci that regulate the expression of 210 target genes across diverse tissues and immune cell types. Functional annotation of spatial eQTLs within JIA risk loci identified significant overlap with gene regulatory elements (i.e., enhancers and transcription factor binding sites). We found target genes involved in immune-related pathways such as antigen processing and presentation (e.g., ERAP2, HLA class I and II), the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., LTBR, TYK2), proliferation and differentiation of specific immune cell types (e.g., AURKA in Th17 cells), and genes involved in physiological mechanisms related to pathological joint inflammation (e.g., LRG1 in arteries). Notably, many of the tissues where JIA-risk loci act as spatial eQTLs are not classically considered central to JIA pathology. Overall, our findings highlight the potential tissue and immune cell type-specific regulatory changes contributing to JIA pathogenesis. Future integration of our data with clinical studies can contribute to the development of improved JIA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pudjihartono
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - D Ho
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - E Golovina
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - T Fadason
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - A W Kempa-Liehr
- Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J M O'Sullivan
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; The Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, United Kingdom; Australian Parkinsons Mission, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia; A*STAR Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore.
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3
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Lee J, Chung S, Hwang M, Kwon Y, Han SH, Lee SJ. Estrogen Mediates the Sexual Dimorphism of GT1b-Induced Central Pain Sensitization. Cells 2023; 12:808. [PMID: 36899944 PMCID: PMC10001026 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that the intrathecal (i.t.) administration of GT1b, a ganglioside, induces spinal cord microglia activation and central pain sensitization as an endogenous agonist of Toll-like receptor 2 on microglia. In this study, we investigated the sexual dimorphism of GT1b-induced central pain sensitization and the underlying mechanisms. GT1b administration induced central pain sensitization only in male but not in female mice. Spinal tissue transcriptomic comparison between male and female mice after GT1b injection suggested the putative involvement of estrogen (E2)-mediated signaling in the sexual dimorphism of GT1b-induced pain sensitization. Upon ovariectomy-reducing systemic E2, female mice became susceptible to GT1b-induced central pain sensitization, which was completely reversed by systemic E2 supplementation. Meanwhile, orchiectomy of male mice did not affect pain sensitization. As an underlying mechanism, we present evidence that E2 inhibits GT1b-induced inflammasome activation and subsequent IL-1β production. Our findings demonstrate that E2 is responsible for sexual dimorphism in GT1b-induced central pain sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaesung Lee
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seohyun Chung
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyu Hwang
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongkag Kwon
- Department of Oral microbiology and Immunology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Division for Radiation Science, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral microbiology and Immunology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Joong Lee
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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4
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Bhusal A, Afridi R, Lee WH, Suk K. Bidirectional Communication Between Microglia and Astrocytes in Neuroinflammation. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:2020-2029. [PMID: 36453496 PMCID: PMC10556371 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666221129121715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common feature of diverse nervous system pathologies. In many instances, it begins at an early stage of the disease, paving the way for further exacerbations. The main drivers of neuroinflammation are brain-resident glial cells, such as microglia and astrocytes. Microglia are the primary responders to any insult to the brain parenchyma, translating the signals into diverse molecules. These molecules derived from microglia can regulate the stimuli-dependent reactivity of astrocytes. Once activated, astrocytes in turn, can control microglia phenotypes. Recent evidence indicates that the crosstalk between these glial cells plays an important role in delaying or accelerating neuroinflammation and overall disease progression. To date, various molecules have been recognized as key mediators of the bidirectional communication between microglia and astrocytes. The current review aims to discuss the novel molecules identified recently, which play a critical role in interglial crosstalk, highlighting their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Bhusal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruqayya Afridi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
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5
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Cho WH, Noh K, Lee BH, Barcelon E, Jun SB, Park HY, Lee SJ. Hippocampal astrocytes modulate anxiety-like behavior. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6536. [PMID: 36344520 PMCID: PMC9640657 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34201-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes can affect animal behavior by regulating tripartite synaptic transmission, yet their influence on affective behavior remains largely unclear. Here we showed that hippocampal astrocyte calcium activity reflects mouse affective state during virtual elevated plus maze test using two-photon calcium imaging in vivo. Furthermore, optogenetic hippocampal astrocyte activation elevating intracellular calcium induced anxiolytic behaviors in astrocyte-specific channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2) transgenic mice (hGFAP-ChR2 mice). As underlying mechanisms, we found ATP released from the activated hippocampal astrocytes increased excitatory synaptic transmission in dentate gyrus (DG) granule cells, which exerted anxiolytic effects. Our data uncover a role of hippocampal astrocytes in modulating mice anxiety-like behaviors by regulating ATP-mediated synaptic homeostasis in hippocampal DG granule cells. Thus, manipulating hippocampal astrocytes activity can be a therapeutic strategy to treat anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Hyun Cho
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungchul Noh
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hun Lee
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Ellane Barcelon
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Beom Jun
- grid.255649.90000 0001 2171 7754Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760 Republic of Korea ,grid.255649.90000 0001 2171 7754Graduate Program in Smart Factory, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760 Republic of Korea ,grid.255649.90000 0001 2171 7754Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Yoon Park
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea ,grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Sung Joong Lee
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
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6
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SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces cognitive deficit and anxiety-like behavior in mouse via non-cell autonomous hippocampal neuronal death. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5496. [PMID: 35361832 PMCID: PMC8970073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09410-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is accompanied by chronic neurological sequelae such as cognitive decline and mood disorder, but the underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. We explored the possibility that the brain-infiltrating SARS-CoV-2 spike protein contributes to the development of neurological symptoms observed in COVID-19 patients in this study. Our behavioral study showed that administration of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 subunit (S1 protein) to mouse hippocampus induced cognitive deficit and anxiety-like behavior in vivo. These neurological symptoms were accompanied by neuronal cell death in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus as well as glial cell activation. Interestingly, the S1 protein did not directly induce hippocampal cell death in vitro. Rather, it exerted neurotoxicity via glial cell activation, partially through interleukin-1β induction. In conclusion, our data suggest a novel pathogenic mechanism for the COVID-19-associated neurological symptoms that involves glia activation and non-cell autonomous hippocampal neuronal death by the brain-infiltrating S1 protein.
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7
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Basilico B, Ferrucci L, Ratano P, Golia MT, Grimaldi A, Rosito M, Ferretti V, Reverte I, Sanchini C, Marrone MC, Giubettini M, De Turris V, Salerno D, Garofalo S, St-Pierre MK, Carrier M, Renzi M, Pagani F, Modi B, Raspa M, Scavizzi F, Gross CT, Marinelli S, Tremblay MÈ, Caprioli D, Maggi L, Limatola C, Di Angelantonio S, Ragozzino D. Microglia control glutamatergic synapses in the adult mouse hippocampus. Glia 2021; 70:173-195. [PMID: 34661306 PMCID: PMC9297980 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Microglia cells are active players in regulating synaptic development and plasticity in the brain. However, how they influence the normal functioning of synapses is largely unknown. In this study, we characterized the effects of pharmacological microglia depletion, achieved by administration of PLX5622, on hippocampal CA3‐CA1 synapses of adult wild type mice. Following microglial depletion, we observed a reduction of spontaneous and evoked glutamatergic activity associated with a decrease of dendritic spine density. We also observed the appearance of immature synaptic features and higher levels of plasticity. Microglia depleted mice showed a deficit in the acquisition of the Novel Object Recognition task. These events were accompanied by hippocampal astrogliosis, although in the absence ofneuroinflammatory condition. PLX‐induced synaptic changes were absent in Cx3cr1−/− mice, highlighting the role of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis in microglia control of synaptic functioning. Remarkably, microglia repopulation after PLX5622 withdrawal was associated with the recovery of hippocampal synapses and learning functions. Altogether, these data demonstrate that microglia contribute to normal synaptic functioning in the adult brain and that their removal induces reversible changes in organization and activity of glutamatergic synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Basilico
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Ferrucci
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ratano
- Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology Inflammaging Unit, IRCCS Neuromed, Mediterranean Neurological Institute, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Maria T Golia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfonso Grimaldi
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosito
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Ferretti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ingrid Reverte
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Sanchini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria C Marrone
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) 'Rita Levi-Montalcini', Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giubettini
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy.,CrestOptics S.p.A, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria De Turris
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Debora Salerno
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Garofalo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marie-Kim St-Pierre
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences Québec, Quebec City, Canada.,Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval Québec, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Micael Carrier
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences Québec, Quebec City, Canada.,Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval Québec, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Massimiliano Renzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Pagani
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Brijesh Modi
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) 'Rita Levi-Montalcini', Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Raspa
- National Research Council, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (CNR-IBBC/EMMA/Infrafrontier/IMPC), International Campus "A. Buzzati-Traverso", Monterotondo (Rome), Italy
| | - Ferdinando Scavizzi
- National Research Council, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (CNR-IBBC/EMMA/Infrafrontier/IMPC), International Campus "A. Buzzati-Traverso", Monterotondo (Rome), Italy
| | - Cornelius T Gross
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Silvia Marinelli
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) 'Rita Levi-Montalcini', Rome, Italy
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences Québec, Quebec City, Canada.,Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval Québec, Quebec City, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Daniele Caprioli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology Inflammaging Unit, IRCCS Neuromed, Mediterranean Neurological Institute, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Angelantonio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Ragozzino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
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8
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Guo M, Schwartz TD, Dunaief JL, Cui QN. Myeloid cells in retinal and brain degeneration. FEBS J 2021; 289:2337-2361. [PMID: 34478598 PMCID: PMC8891394 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Retinal inflammation underlies multiple prevalent ocular and neurological diseases. Similar inflammatory processes are observed in glaucomatous optic neuropathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, posterior uveitis, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. In particular, human and animal studies have demonstrated the important role microglia/macrophages play in initiating and maintaining a pro-inflammatory environment in degenerative processes impacting vision. On the other hand, microglia have also been shown to have a protective role in multiple central nervous system diseases. Identifying the mechanisms underlying cell dysfunction and death is the first step toward developing novel therapeutics for these diseases impacting the central nervous system. In addition to reviewing recent key studies defining important mediators of retinal inflammation, with an emphasis on translational studies that bridge this research from bench to bedside, we also highlight a promising therapeutic class of medications, the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Finally, we propose areas where additional research is necessary to identify mechanisms that can be modulated to shift the balance from a neurotoxic to a neuroprotective retinal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Turner D Schwartz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joshua L Dunaief
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qi N Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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9
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Lee J, Hwang H, Lee SJ. Distinct roles of GT1b and CSF-1 in microglia activation in nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain. Mol Pain 2021; 17:17448069211020918. [PMID: 34056970 PMCID: PMC8168050 DOI: 10.1177/17448069211020918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although microglia activation plays an important role in the development of nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain, the molecular mechanisms of spinal cord microglia activation in nerve injury are not completely understood. Recently, two injured sensory neuron-derived molecules, colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and GT1b, were proposed to trigger spinal cord microglia activation, yet their relationship and relative contribution to microglia activation have not been addressed. In the present study, the role of GT1b and CSF-1 in microglia activation and proliferation was characterized. GT1b stimulation upregulated proinflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2), without microglia proliferation. Conversely, CSF-1 stimulation induced microglia proliferation with minimal proinflammatory gene induction. Notably, neither GT1b nor CSF-1 induced mechanical hypersensitivity in female mice; however, they induced similar microglial proliferation in both male and female mice. Taken together, our data indicate that injured sensory neuron-derived GT1b and CSF-1 activate spinal cord microglia in concert through distinct activation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaesung Lee
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heehong Hwang
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Joong Lee
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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10
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Vincenti I, Merkler D. New advances in immune components mediating viral control in the CNS. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 47:68-78. [PMID: 33636592 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Protective immune responses in the central nervous system (CNS) must act efficiently but need to be tightly controlled to avoid excessive damage to this vital organ. Under homeostatic conditions, the immune surveillance of the CNS is mediated by innate immune cells together with subsets of memory lymphocytes accumulating over lifetime. Accordingly, a wide range of immune responses can be triggered upon pathogen infection that can be associated with devastating clinical outcomes, and which most frequently are due to neurotropic viruses. Here, we discuss recent advances about our understanding of anti-viral immune responses with special emphasis on mechanisms operating in the various anatomical compartments of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilena Vincenti
- University of Geneva, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- University of Geneva, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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11
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Gipson CD, Rawls S, Scofield MD, Siemsen BM, Bondy EO, Maher EE. Interactions of neuroimmune signaling and glutamate plasticity in addiction. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:56. [PMID: 33612110 PMCID: PMC7897396 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic use of drugs of abuse affects neuroimmune signaling; however, there are still many open questions regarding the interactions between neuroimmune mechanisms and substance use disorders (SUDs). Further, chronic use of drugs of abuse can induce glutamatergic changes in the brain, but the relationship between the glutamate system and neuroimmune signaling in addiction is not well understood. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to bring into focus the role of neuroimmune signaling and its interactions with the glutamate system following chronic drug use, and how this may guide pharmacotherapeutic treatment strategies for SUDs. In this review, we first describe neuroimmune mechanisms that may be linked to aberrant glutamate signaling in addiction. We focus specifically on the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, a potentially important neuroimmune mechanism that may be a key player in driving drug-seeking behavior. We highlight the importance of astroglial-microglial crosstalk, and how this interacts with known glutamatergic dysregulations in addiction. Then, we describe the importance of studying non-neuronal cells with unprecedented precision because understanding structure-function relationships in these cells is critical in understanding their role in addiction neurobiology. Here we propose a working model of neuroimmune-glutamate interactions that underlie drug use motivation, which we argue may aid strategies for small molecule drug development to treat substance use disorders. Together, the synthesis of this review shows that interactions between glutamate and neuroimmune signaling may play an important and understudied role in addiction processes and may be critical in developing more efficacious pharmacotherapies to treat SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, BBSRB, Room 363, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA.
| | - Scott Rawls
- Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Michael D Scofield
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Benjamin M Siemsen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Emma O Bondy
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, BBSRB, Room 363, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
| | - Erin E Maher
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, BBSRB, Room 363, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
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12
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Husain S, Zaidi SAH, Singh S, Guzman W, Mehrotra S. Reduction of Neuroinflammation by δ-Opioids Via STAT3-Dependent Pathway in Chronic Glaucoma Model. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:601404. [PMID: 33628191 PMCID: PMC7898062 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.601404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to determine the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and their associated signaling molecules by δ-opioid receptor activation by a selective ligand, SNC-121 in chronic rat glaucoma model. Intraocular pressure was raised in rat eyes by injecting 2 M hypertonic saline into the limbal veins. SNC-121 (1 mg/kg; i. p) or Stattic (5 mg/kg; i. p) was administered in Brown Norway rats daily for 7 days. The mRNA expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, Fas, IL-6, leukemia inhibitory factor, and IFN-γ was increased significantly in the retina of ocular hypertensive animals at day 7, post injury. Administration of SNC-121 (1 mg/kg; i. p. injection) for 7 days (once a day) completely inhibited the increase in the mRNA and protein expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Mechanistically, we provide data showing a significant increase in the phosphorylation of STAT3 at tyrosine 705 whereas a moderate but significant increase in the total STAT3 protein expression was also seen in the retina of ocular hypertensive animals. Data illustrated that SNC-121 administration completely abrogated ocular hypertension-induced increase in STAT3Y705 phosphorylation. Interestingly, acetylation of STAT3 at lysine 685 (AcK685) was reduced in ocular hypertensive animals and subsequently increased significantly by SNC-121 treatment. Stattic, a selective STAT3 inhibitor, administration resulted in a complete attenuation in the production of IL-1β and IL-6 in ocular hypertensive animals. In conclusion, δ-opioid receptor activation suppressed the phosphorylation of STAT3 at tyrosine 705 and increased acetylation at lysine 686 and these posttranslational modifications can regulate the production of some but not all pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to glaucomatous injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Husain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Syed A H Zaidi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Sudha Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Wendy Guzman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Shikhar Mehrotra
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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13
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Choi B, Ahn MH, Hong S, Barcelon EE, Sangshetti J, Arote RB, Lee SJ. Development of novel, biocompatible, polyester amines for microglia-targeting gene delivery. RSC Adv 2021; 11:36792-36800. [PMID: 35494387 PMCID: PMC9043621 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06277h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in personalized medicine and gene delivery has created exciting opportunities in therapeutics for central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Despite the interest in gene-based therapies, successful delivery of nucleic acids for treatment of CNS disorders faces major challenges. Here we report the facile synthesis of a novel, biodegradable, microglia-targeting polyester amine (PEA) carrier based on hydrophilic triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TG) and low-molecular weight polyethylenimine (LMW-PEI). This nanocarrier, TG-branched PEI (TGP), successfully condensed double-stranded DNA into a size smaller than 200 nm. TGP nanoplexes were nontoxic in primary mixed glial cells and showed elevated transfection efficiency compared with PEI-25K and lipofector-EZ. After intrathecal and intracranial administration, PEA nanoplexes delivered genes specifically to microglia in the spinal cord and brain, respectively, proposing TGP as a novel microglia-specific gene delivery nanocarrier. The microglia-specific targeting of the TGP nanocarrier offers a new therapeutic strategy to modulate CNS disorders involving aberrant microglia activation while minimizing off-target side effects. A novel microglia-targeting polyester amine nanocarrier allows microglia-specific gene delivery for the treatment of CNS disorder involving microglia dysfunction.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Boomin Choi
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hye Ahn
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seojin Hong
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ellane Eda Barcelon
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaiprakash Sangshetti
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Y. B. Chavan College of Pharmacy, Dr Rafiq Zakaria Campus, Rauza Baugh, Aurangabad, MS, India
| | - Rohidas B. Arote
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Joong Lee
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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14
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Kim S, Nam Y, Kim C, Lee H, Hong S, Kim HS, Shin SJ, Park YH, Mai HN, Oh SM, Kim KS, Yoo DH, Chung WK, Chung H, Moon M. Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Low-Moderate Dose Ionizing Radiation in Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3678. [PMID: 32456197 PMCID: PMC7279400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. The neuropathological features of AD include amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition and hyperphosphorylated tau accumulation. Although several clinical trials have been conducted to identify a cure for AD, no effective drug or treatment has been identified thus far. Recently, the potential use of non-pharmacological interventions to prevent or treat AD has gained attention. Low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) is a non-pharmacological intervention which is currently being evaluated in clinical trials for AD patients. However, the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of LDIR therapy have not yet been established. In this study, we examined the effect of LDIR on Aβ accumulation and Aβ-mediated pathology. To investigate the short-term effects of low-moderate dose ionizing radiation (LMDIR), a total of 9 Gy (1.8 Gy per fraction for five times) were radiated to 4-month-old 5XFAD mice, an Aβ-overexpressing transgenic mouse model of AD, and then sacrificed at 4 days after last exposure to LMDIR. Comparing sham-exposed and LMDIR-exposed 5XFAD mice indicated that short-term exposure to LMDIR did not affect Aβ accumulation in the brain, but significantly ameliorated synaptic degeneration, neuronal loss, and neuroinflammation in the hippocampal formation and cerebral cortex. In addition, a direct neuroprotective effect was confirmed in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells treated with Aβ1-42 (2 μM) after single irradiation (1 Gy). In BV-2 microglial cells exposed to Aβ and/or LMDIR, LMDIR therapy significantly inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory molecules and activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. These results indicate that LMDIR directly ameliorated neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in vivo and in vitro. Collectively, our findings suggest that the therapeutic benefits of LMDIR in AD may be mediated by its neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (S.H.); (H.S.K.); (S.J.S.); (Y.H.P.); (S.-M.O.)
| | - Yunkwon Nam
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (S.H.); (H.S.K.); (S.J.S.); (Y.H.P.); (S.-M.O.)
| | - Chanyang Kim
- Department of Core Research Laboratory, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Korea;
| | - Hyewon Lee
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (H.L.); (D.-H.Y.)
| | - Seojin Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (S.H.); (H.S.K.); (S.J.S.); (Y.H.P.); (S.-M.O.)
| | - Hyeon Soo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (S.H.); (H.S.K.); (S.J.S.); (Y.H.P.); (S.-M.O.)
| | - Soo Jung Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (S.H.); (H.S.K.); (S.J.S.); (Y.H.P.); (S.-M.O.)
| | - Yong Ho Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (S.H.); (H.S.K.); (S.J.S.); (Y.H.P.); (S.-M.O.)
| | - Han Ngoc Mai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Korea;
| | - Sang-Muk Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (S.H.); (H.S.K.); (S.J.S.); (Y.H.P.); (S.-M.O.)
| | - Kyoung Soo Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Doo-Han Yoo
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (H.L.); (D.-H.Y.)
| | - Weon Kuu Chung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Korea;
| | - Hyunju Chung
- Department of Core Research Laboratory, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Korea;
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.N.); (S.H.); (H.S.K.); (S.J.S.); (Y.H.P.); (S.-M.O.)
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15
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Choi B, Soh M, Manandhar Y, Kim D, Han SI, Baik S, Shin K, Koo S, Kwon HJ, Ko G, Oh J, Hwang H, Hyeon T, Lee SJ. Highly selective microglial uptake of ceria-zirconia nanoparticles for enhanced analgesic treatment of neuropathic pain. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:19437-19447. [PMID: 31475711 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02648g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a chronic and pathological pain caused by injury or dysfunction in the nervous system. Pro-inflammatory microglial activation with aberrant reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the spinal cord plays a critical role in the development of neuropathic pain. However, the efficacy of current therapeutic methods for neuropathic pain is limited because only neurons or neural circuits involved in pain transmission are targeted. Here, an effective strategy to treat pain hypersensitivity using microglia-targeting ceria-zirconia nanoparticles (CZ NPs) is reported. The CZ NPs are coated with microglia-specific antibodies to promote their delivery to microglia, and thus to improve their therapeutic efficacy. The targeted delivery facilitates the elimination of both pro-inflammatory cytokines and ROS in microglia, enabling the rapid and effective inhibition of microglial activation. As a result, greatly ameliorated mechanical allodynia is achieved in a spinal nerve transection (SNT)-induced neuropathic pain mouse model, proving the potent analgesic effect of the microglia-targeting CZ NPs. Given the generality of the approach used in this study, the microglia-targeting CZ NPs are expected to be useful for the treatment of not only neuropathic pain but also other neurological diseases associated with the vicious activation of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boomin Choi
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Jha NK, Jha SK, Kar R, Nand P, Swati K, Goswami VK. Nuclear factor-kappa β as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2019; 150:113-137. [PMID: 30802950 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a typical progressive, chronic neurodegenerative disorder with worldwide prevalence. Its clinical manifestation involves the presence of extracellular plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). NFTs occur in brain tissues as a result of both Aβ agglomeration and Tau phosphorylation. Although there is no known cure for AD, research into possible cures and treatment options continues using cell-cultures and model animals/organisms. The nuclear factor-kappa β (NF-κβ) plays an active role in the progression of AD. Impairment to this signaling module triggers undesirable phenotypic changes such as neuroinflammation, activation of microglia, oxidative stress related complications, and apoptotic cell death. These imbalances further lead to homeostatic abnormalities in the brain or in initial stages of AD essentially pushing normal neurons toward the degeneration process. Interestingly, the role of NF-κβ signaling associated receptor-interacting protein kinase is currently observed in apoptotic and necrotic cell death, and has been reported in brains. Conversely, the NF-κβ signaling pathway has also been reported to be involved in normal brain functioning. This pathway plays a crucial role in maintaining synaptic plasticity and balancing between learning and memory. Since any impairment in the pathways associated with NF-κβ signaling causes altered neuronal dynamics, neurotherapeutics using compounds including, antioxidants, bioflavonoids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs against such abnormalities offer possibilities to rectify aberrant excitatory neuronal activity in AD. In this review, we have provided an extensive overview of the crucial role of NF-κβ signaling in normal brain homeostasis. We have also thoroughly outlined several established pathomechanisms associated with NF-κβ pathways in AD, along with their respective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology (NIET), Greater Noida, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Rohan Kar
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, India
| | - Parma Nand
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Kumari Swati
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Vineet Kumar Goswami
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, India
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17
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Lee WH, Seo D, Lim SG, Suk K. Reverse Signaling of Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily Proteins in Macrophages and Microglia: Superfamily Portrait in the Neuroimmune Interface. Front Immunol 2019; 10:262. [PMID: 30838001 PMCID: PMC6389649 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily (TNFSF) is a protein superfamily of type II transmembrane proteins commonly containing the TNF homology domain. The superfamily contains more than 20 protein members, which can be released from the cell membrane by proteolytic cleavage. Members of the TNFSF function as cytokines and regulate diverse biological processes, including immune responses, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and embryogenesis, by binding to TNFSF receptors. Many TNFSF proteins are also known to be responsible for the regulation of innate immunity and inflammation. Both receptor-mediated forward signaling and ligand-mediated reverse signaling play important roles in these processes. In this review, we discuss the functional expression and roles of various reverse signaling molecules and pathways of TNFSF members in macrophages and microglia in the central nervous system (CNS). A thorough understanding of the roles of TNFSF ligands and receptors in the activation of macrophages and microglia may improve the treatment of inflammatory diseases in the brain and periphery. In particular, TNFSF reverse signaling in microglia can be exploited to gain further insights into the functions of the neuroimmune interface in physiological and pathological processes in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Ha Lee
- BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Donggun Seo
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Su-Geun Lim
- BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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18
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Min H, Choi B, Jang YH, Cho IH, Lee SJ. Heme molecule functions as an endogenous agonist of astrocyte TLR2 to contribute to secondary brain damage after intracerebral hemorrhage. Mol Brain 2017. [PMID: 28646881 PMCID: PMC5483261 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0305-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) was recently shown to contribute to secondary brain damage after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), although the molecular mechanisms of this contribution are elusive. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that hemin functions as a TLR2 endogenous agonist, causing proinflammatory astrocyte activation and secondary brain damage after ICH. Hemin administration to the mouse brain striatum induced ICH injury and neurological deficits, however, the brain injury volume and neurological deficits due to hemin injection were significantly reduced in TLR2 knock-out (KO) mice. Hemin administration induced neutrophil infiltration and upregulated neutrophil-attracting chemokine and proinflammatory cytokine expression in wild-type (WT) mice; these effects were ameliorated in TLR2 KO mice. Likewise, ICH-induced blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage was also decreased in TLR2 KO mice. This effect was most likely due to reduced matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) activity in the TLR2 KO mice compared to WT mice. In primary astrocytes, hemin directly induced MMP9 activity as well as proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression in a TLR2-dependent manner. Finally, hemin-induced MMP9 activity and proinflammatory gene expression were almost completely blocked by TLR2-neutralizing antibodies. Taken together, our data propose that heme released to the brain parenchyma after ICH injury activates TLR2 in astrocytes and induces inflammatory gene expression and BBB damage, which contribute to secondary brain damage after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Min
- Department of Neuroscience and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Boomin Choi
- Department of Neuroscience and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Jang
- Department of Neuroscience and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea.
| | - Sung Joong Lee
- Department of Neuroscience and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Wang H, Liu Z, Zhang W, Yuan Z, Yuan H, Liu X, Yang C, Guan W. Cadmium-induced apoptosis of Siberian tiger fibroblasts via disrupted intracellular homeostasis. Biol Res 2016; 49:42. [PMID: 27776532 PMCID: PMC5078894 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-016-0103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heavy metals can cause great harm to Siberian tigers in the natural environment. Cadmium (Cd2+) is an environmental contaminant that affects multiple cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. It has been shown to induce apoptosis in a variety of cell types and tissues. Results We investigated the apoptotic effects of Cd2+ on Siberian tiger fibroblasts in vitro. Our research revealed the typical signs of apoptosis after Cd2+ exposure. Apoptosis was dose- (0–4.8 μM) and duration-dependent (12–48 h), and proliferation was strongly inhibited. Cd2+ increased the activity of caspase-3, -8, and -9 and disrupted calcium homeostasis by causing oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. It also increased K+ efflux and altered the mRNA levels of Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, caspase-8, Fas, and p53. Conclusions Our results suggest that Cd2+ triggers the apoptosis of Siberian tiger fibroblasts by disturbing intracellular homeostasis. These results will aid in our understanding of the effects of Cd2+ on Siberian tigers and in developing interventions to treat and prevent cadmium poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China.,Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Wenxiu Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ziao Yuan
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongyi Yuan
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xueting Liu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chunwen Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Mudanjiang Normal University, Mudanjiang, 157012, China
| | - Weijun Guan
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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20
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Wang H, Yu Y, Li J, Wu H, Sun J, Zhang Z, Geng L, Yu X, Liu Z. Cadmium stimulates mouse skin fibroblast apoptosis by affecting intracellular homeostasis. Drug Chem Toxicol 2016; 40:74-84. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2016.1175007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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21
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Min H, Jang YH, Cho IH, Yu SW, Lee SJ. Alternatively activated brain-infiltrating macrophages facilitate recovery from collagenase-induced intracerebral hemorrhage. Mol Brain 2016; 9:42. [PMID: 27094968 PMCID: PMC4837536 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is one of the major causes of stroke. After onset of ICH, massive infiltration of macrophages is detected in the peri-hematoma regions. Still, the function of these macrophages in ICH has not been completely elucidated. Results In a collagenase-induced ICH model, CX3CR1+ macrophages accumulated in the peri-hematoma region. Characterization of these macrophages revealed expression of alternatively activated (M2) macrophage markers. In the macrophage-depleted mice, ICH-induced brain lesion volume was larger and neurological deficits were more severe compared to those of control mice, indicating a protective role of these macrophages in ICH. In the ICH-injured brain, mannose receptor-expressing macrophages increased at a delayed time point after ICH, indicating M2 polarization of the brain-infiltrating macrophages in the brain microenvironment. To explore this possibility, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) were co-cultured with mouse brain glial cells and then tested for activation phenotype. Upon co-culture with glia, the number of mannose receptor-positive M2 macrophages was significantly increased. Furthermore, treatment with glia-conditioned media increased the number of BMDM of M2 phenotype. Conclusions In this study, our data suggest that brain-infiltrating macrophages after ICH are polarized to the M2 phenotype by brain glial cells and thereby contribute to recovery from ICH injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Min
- Department of Neuroscience and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Jang
- Department of Neuroscience and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Seong-Woon Yu
- Department of Brain Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Sung Joong Lee
- Department of Neuroscience and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Jiang G, Wang Y, Yun J, Hajrasouliha AR, Zhao Y, Sun D, Kaplan HJ, Shao H. HMGB1 release triggered by the interaction of live retinal cells and uveitogenic T cells is Fas/FasL activation-dependent. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:179. [PMID: 26394985 PMCID: PMC4579830 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0389-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is not clear how invading autoreactive T cells initiate the pathogenic process inside the diseased organ in T cell-mediated organ-specific autoimmune disease. In experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) induced by adoptive transfer of interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP)-specific T cells in mice, we have previously reported that intraocular inflammation was initiated by infiltrating IRBP-specific T cells that directly interacted with retinal cells and resulted in the active release of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), an important member of damage associate molecular patterns (DAMPs). Furthermore, blockade of HMGB1 in our murine model reduced intraocular inflammation via suppression of IRBP-specific T cell functions. These results have demonstrated that HMGB1 is an early and critical mediator of induction of intraocular inflammation. The present study identified the cell surface molecule that triggers HMGB1 secretion. Methods Retinal explants from Fas-deficient (Faslpr) and wild-type (Wt) C57BL/6 (B6) mice were cultured with activated IRBP 1–20 peptide-specific T cells or with a Fas-activating antibody (Jo2), and then the level of HMGB1 in culture supernatants were detected by ELISA. In addition, released HMGB1 was examined in the eye of Faslpr and Wt mice after IRBP-specific T cell transfer. Uveitis was evaluated in the IRBP-specific T cell transferred Faslpr mice after recombinant HMGB1 was restored within the eye and in the IRBP-specific T cell transferred Wt mice after they were treated with a Fas antagonist (Met12). Results In contrast to retinal explants from Wt mice, those from Faslpr mice did not release HMGB1 after exposure to IRBP-specific T cells or to Jo2. The release of HMGB1 by Wt retinal explants was suppressed by Met 12. Moreover, after IRBP-specific T cell injection, Faslpr mice did not release HMGB1 in the eye or develop EAU, but intravitreous injection of HMGB1 resulted in intraocular inflammation. Finally, tEAU in Wt mice was attenuated by local treatment with Met 12. Unlike HMGB1, Fas-induced IL-1 and IL-18 were not essential for tEAU induction. Conclusion Our results show that interaction of retinal cells with infiltrating uveitogenic T cells leads to rapid release of HMGB1 via the Fas/FasL inflammatory signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomin Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Yunsong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, China
| | - Juan Yun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sullivan University College of Pharmacy, Louisville, KY, 40205, USA
| | - Amir Reza Hajrasouliha
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sullivan University College of Pharmacy, Louisville, KY, 40205, USA
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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Min H, Hong J, Cho IH, Jang YH, Lee H, Kim D, Yu SW, Lee S, Lee SJ. TLR2-induced astrocyte MMP9 activation compromises the blood brain barrier and exacerbates intracerebral hemorrhage in animal models. Mol Brain 2015; 8:23. [PMID: 25879213 PMCID: PMC4397689 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0116-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The innate immune response plays an important role in the pathogenesis of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Recent studies have shown that Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is involved in the innate immune response in various neurological diseases, yet neither its role in ICH nor the mechanisms by which it functions have yet been elucidated. We examined these in this study using a collagenase-induced mouse ICH model with TLR2 knock-out (KO) mice. RESULTS TLR2 expression was upregulated in the ipsilateral hemorrhagic tissues of the collagenase-injected mice. Brain injury volume and neurological deficits following ICH were reduced in TLR2 KO mice compared to wild-type (WT) control mice. Heterologous blood-transfer experiments show that TLR2 signaling in brain-resident cells, but not leukocytes, contributes to the injury. In our study to elucidate underlying mechanisms, we found that damage to blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity following ICH was attenuated in TLR2 KO mice compared to WT mice, which may be due to reduced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) activation in astrocytes. The reduced BBB damage accompanies decreased neutrophil infiltration and proinflammatory gene expression in the injured brain parenchyma, which may account for the attenuated brain damage in TLR2 KO mice after ICH. CONCLUSIONS TLR2 plays a detrimental role in ICH-induced brain damage by activating MMP9 in astrocytes, compromising BBB, and enhancing neutrophils infiltration and proinflammatory gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Min
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-749, South Korea.
| | - Jinpyo Hong
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-749, South Korea.
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, South Korea.
| | - Yong Ho Jang
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-749, South Korea.
| | - Hyunkyoung Lee
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-749, South Korea.
| | - Dongwoon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, South Korea.
| | - Seong-Woon Yu
- Department of Brain Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, 711-873, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soojin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, South Korea.
| | - Sung Joong Lee
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-749, South Korea.
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Kyrargyri V, Vega-Flores G, Gruart A, Delgado-García JM, Probert L. Differential contributions of microglial and neuronal IKKβ to synaptic plasticity and associative learning in alert behaving mice. Glia 2014; 63:549-66. [PMID: 25297800 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are CNS resident immune cells and a rich source of neuroactive mediators, but their contribution to physiological brain processes such as synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory is not fully understood. In this study, we used mice with partial depletion of IκB kinase β, the main activating kinase in the inducible NF-κB pathway, selectively in myeloid lineage cells (mIKKβKO) or excitatory neurons (nIKKβKO) to measure synaptic strength at hippocampal Schaffer collaterals during long-term potentiation (LTP) and instrumental conditioning in alert behaving individuals. Resting microglial cells in mIKKβKO mice showed less Iba1-immunoreactivity, and brain IL-1β mRNA levels were selectively reduced compared with controls. Measurement of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) evoked by stimulation of the CA3-CA1 synapse in mIKKβKO mice showed higher facilitation in response to paired pulses and enhanced LTP following high frequency stimulation. In contrast, nIKKβKO mice showed normal basic synaptic transmission and LTP induction but impairments in late LTP. To understand the consequences of such impairments in synaptic plasticity for learning and memory, we measured CA1 fEPSPs in behaving mice during instrumental conditioning. IKKβ was not necessary in either microglia or neurons for mice to learn lever-pressing (appetitive behavior) to obtain food (consummatory behavior) but was required in both for modification of their hippocampus-dependent appetitive, not consummatory behavior. Our results show that microglia, through IKKβ and therefore NF-κB activity, regulate hippocampal synaptic plasticity and that both microglia and neurons, through IKKβ, are necessary for animals to modify hippocampus-driven behavior during associative learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Kyrargyri
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, 11521, Greece
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25
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Han S, Tie X, Meng L, Wang Y, Wu A. PMA and ionomycin induce glioblastoma cell death: activation-induced cell-death-like phenomena occur in glioma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76717. [PMID: 24130787 PMCID: PMC3793914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and ionomycin (Io) can induce T cell activation and proliferation. Furthermore, they stimulate activation-induced cell death (AICD) in mature lymphocytes via Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) up-regulation. In this study, we explored the influence of PMA/Io treatment on glioblastoma cells, and found that AICD-like phenomena may also occur in glioma. Using the MTT assay and cell counting, we demonstrated that treatment of PMA/Io significantly inhibited the proliferation of glioma cell lines, U87 and U251. TUNEL assays and transmission electron microscopy revealed that PMA/Io markedly induced U87 and U251 cell apoptosis. Propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry showed that treatment with PMA/Io resulted in an arrestment of cell cycle and an increase in cell death. Using real-time PCR and western blot, we found that PMA/Io up-regulated the expression of Fas and FasL at both mRNA and protein level, which confirmed that PMA/Io induced glioma cell death. Specific knockdown of NFAT1 expression by small hairpin RNA greatly reduced the PMA/Io induced cell death and apoptosis by inhibition of FasL expression. Microarray analysis showed that the expression of NFAT1 significantly correlated with the expression of Fas. The coexistence of Fas with NFAT1 in vivo provides the background for AICD-like phenomena to occur in glioma. These findings demonstrate that PMA/Io can induce glioblastoma cell death through the NFAT1-Fas/FasL pathway. Glioma-related AICD-like phenomena may provide a novel avenue for glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xinxin Tie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Lingxuan Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yunjie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Anhua Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- * E-mail:
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Keswani T, Bhattacharyya A. Splenocyte apoptosis inPlasmodium berghei ANKAinfection: possible role of TNF-α and TGF-β. Parasite Immunol 2013; 35:73-90. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Keswani
- Immunology Lab; Department of Zoology; University of Calcutta; Kolkata; India
| | - A. Bhattacharyya
- Immunology Lab; Department of Zoology; University of Calcutta; Kolkata; India
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Comi C, Fleetwood T, Dianzani U. The role of T cell apoptosis in nervous system autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2012; 12:150-6. [PMID: 22504460 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fas is a transmembrane receptor involved in the death program of several cell lines, including T lymphocytes. Deleterious mutations hitting genes involved in the Fas pathway cause the autoimmune lymphoprolipherative syndrome (ALPS). Moreover, defective Fas function is involved in the development of common autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune syndromes hitting the nervous system, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). In this review, we first explore some peculiar aspects of Fas mediated apoptosis in the central versus peripheral nervous system (CNS, PNS); thereafter, we analyze what is currently known on the role of T cell apoptosis in both MS and CIDP, which, in this regard, may be seen as two faces of the same coin. In fact, we show that, in both diseases, defective Fas mediated apoptosis plays a crucial role favoring disease development and its chronic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Comi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Neurology, Amedeo Avogadro University, Novara, Italy.
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28
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Kim SD, Lee HY, Shim JW, Kim HJ, Baek SH, Zabel BA, Bae YS. A WKYMVm-containing combination elicits potent anti-tumor activity in heterotopic cancer animal model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30522. [PMID: 22295090 PMCID: PMC3266298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of efficient anti-cancer therapy has been a topic of intense interest for several decades. Combined administration of certain molecules and immune cells has been shown to be an effective form of anti-cancer therapy. Here, we examined the effects of administering an immune stimulating peptide (WKYMVm), 5-fluoro-uracil (5-FU), and mature dendritic cells (mDCs) against heterotopic cancer animal model. Administration of the triple combination strongly reduced tumor volume in CT-26-inoculated heterotopic cancer animal model. The induced anti-tumor activity was well correlated with FAS expression, caspase-3 activation, and cancer cell apoptosis. The triple combination treatment caused recruitment of CD8 T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells into the tumor. The production of two cytokines, IFN-γ and IL-12, were strongly stimulated by administration of the triple combination. Depletion of CD8 T lymphocytes or NK cells by administration of anti-CD8 or anti-asialoGM1 antibody inhibited the anti-tumor activity and cytokine production of the triple combination. The triple combination strongly inhibited metastasis of colon cancer cells in a heterotopic cancer animal model as well as in a metastatic cancer animal model, and enhanced the survival rate of the mice model. Adoptive transfer of CD8 T lymphocytes and NK cells further increased the survival rate. Taken together, we suggest that the use of triple combination therapy of WKYMVm, 5-FU, and mDCs may have implications in solid tumor and metastasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Doo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
- Mitochondria Hub Regulation Center, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Ha Young Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
- Mitochondria Hub Regulation Center, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jae Woong Shim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hak Jung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
- Mitochondria Hub Regulation Center, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Suk-Hwan Baek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Brian A. Zabel
- Palo Alto Institute for Research and Education, Veterans Affairs Hospital, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Yoe-Sik Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
- Mitochondria Hub Regulation Center, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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29
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Sarrazy V, Vedrenne N, Billet F, Bordeau N, Lepreux S, Vital A, Jauberteau MO, Desmoulière A. TLR4 signal transduction pathways neutralize the effect of Fas signals on glioblastoma cell proliferation and migration. Cancer Lett 2011; 311:195-202. [PMID: 21852034 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Fas pathway is described as an activator of the glioblastoma proliferation by increasing the pathogenicity of this tumour. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pathway depending on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) could limit the glioblastoma spreading. Here, Fas and TLR4 pathways were activated in glioblastoma cell lines by an agonist antibody and/or LPS treatment. Activation of the Fas pathway or of the TLR4 pathway induced cell proliferation. However, simultaneous treatment with agonist antibody and LPS decreased proliferation. This anti-proliferative effect was caspase dependent, and a decreased cell migration and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression were also observed. Both TLR4 and MMP-9 were highly expressed in human glioblastoma tissues. These data suggest that TLR4 signal transduction pathways neutralize proliferation and migration induced by Fas pathway activation in glioblastoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Sarrazy
- EA 3842 (Homéostasie Cellulaire et Pathologies), Institut Fédératif de Recherche 145, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
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Bai L, Yu Z, Wang C, Qian G, Wang G. Dual role of TGF-β1 on Fas-induced apoptosis in lung epithelial cells. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 177:241-6. [PMID: 21539941 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that TGF-β1 has a dual role in regulating cell response to Fas/Fas ligand (FasL)-induced apoptosis. TGF-β1 may play a positive or negative role on cell sensitivity to apoptosis via Fas/FasL system, depending on cell types and their specific environment. TGF-β1 and the Fas/FasL system are also involved in pathological processes of acute lung injury (ALI) and interstitial lung diseases including early lung injury and subsequent tissue repair. However, it is not well understood how TGF-β1 regulates Fas/FasL mediated apoptotic signaling in lung epithelium. In this study, we found that TGF-β1 could affect the sensitivity of lung epithelial A549 cells to Fas/FasL mediated apoptosis in a time-dependent manner. Apoptosis of A549 cells could be enhanced significantly by co-treatment with TGF-β1 and FasL, or pretreatment with TGF-β1 followed by FasL exposure, as evidenced by markedly increased caspase-8 and JNK activities. However, prolonged exposure to TGF-β1 could result in an obvious inhibition of the Fas/FasL-induced apoptosis, accompanied by down-regulation of Fas and up-regulation of c-Flip. Our results also showed that the effect of TGF-β1 on cell sensitivity to Fas-mediated apoptosis was independent of Akt pathway activation. These findings suggest that timely interplay of TGF-β1 and the Fas/FasL system could determine the final outcomes of cell survival/death signaling, for example, switching cell death signaling to survival signaling during early injury and later repair process of lung epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Bai
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, PR China.
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Chastain EML, Duncan DS, Rodgers JM, Miller SD. The role of antigen presenting cells in multiple sclerosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2011; 1812:265-74. [PMID: 20637861 PMCID: PMC2970677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating T cell mediated autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Animal models of MS, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) have given light to cellular mechanisms involved in the initiation and progression of this organ-specific autoimmune disease. Within the CNS, antigen presenting cells (APC) such as microglia and astrocytes participate as first line defenders against infections or inflammation. However, during chronic inflammation they can participate in perpetuating the self-destructive environment by secretion of inflammatory factors and/or presentation of myelin epitopes to autoreactive T cells. Dendritic cells (DC) are also participants in the presentation of antigen to T cells, even within the CNS. While the APCs alone are not solely responsible for mediating the destruction to the myelin sheath, they are critical players in perpetuating the inflammatory milieu. This review will highlight relevant studies which have provided insight to the roles played by microglia, DCs and astrocytes in the context of CNS autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M L Chastain
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Choi K, Ni L, Jonakait GM. Fas ligation and tumor necrosis factor α activation of murine astrocytes promote heat shock factor-1 activation and heat shock protein expression leading to chemokine induction and cell survival. J Neurochem 2010; 116:438-48. [PMID: 21114495 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Death-inducing ligands tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and Fas ligand (FasL) do not kill cultured astrocytes; instead they induce a variety of chemokines including macrophage-inflammatory protein-1α/CC chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CC CCL-2), macrophage-inflammatory protein-2/CXC chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2, a murine homologue of interleukin 8), and interferon-induced protein of 10 kDa (CXCL10). Induction is enhanced by protein synthesis inhibition suggesting the existence of endogenous inhibitors. ERK, NF-κB, heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1) and heat shock proteins were examined for their possible roles in signal transduction. Inhibition of ERK activation by PD98059 partially inhibited expression of all but FasL-induced CXCL10. Although inhibition of NF-κB DNA binding inhibited chemokine induction, PD98059 did not inhibit TNFα-induced NF-κB DNA binding suggesting that ERK serves an NF-κB-independent pathway. Heat shock itself induced astrocytic chemokine expression; both TNFα and FasL induced HSF-1 DNA binding and Hsp72 production; and Hsp72-induced chemokine expression. Inhibition of either HSF-1 binding with quercetin or heat shock protein synthesis with KNK437 compromised chemokine induction without compromising cell survival. These data suggest that the induction of heat shock proteins via HSF-1 contribute to the TNFα- and FasL-induced expression of chemokines in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuicheon Choi
- Federated Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology/Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
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Griffiths MR, Gasque P, Neal JW. The regulation of the CNS innate immune response is vital for the restoration of tissue homeostasis (repair) after acute brain injury: a brief review. Int J Inflam 2010; 2010:151097. [PMID: 21152121 PMCID: PMC2989866 DOI: 10.4061/2010/151097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons and glia respond to acute injury by participating in the CNS innate immune response. This involves the recognition and clearance of "not self " pathogens and "altered self " apoptotic cells. Phagocytic receptors (CD14, CD36, TLR-4) clear "not self" pathogens; neurons and glia express "death signals" to initiate apoptosis in T cells.The complement opsonins C1q, C3, and iC3b facilitate the clearance of apoptotic cells by interacting with CR3 and CR4 receptors. Apoptotic cells are also cleared by the scavenger receptors CD14, Prs-R, TREM expressed by glia. Serpins also expressed by glia counter the neurotoxic effects of thrombin and other systemic proteins that gain entry to the CNS following injury. Complement pathway and T cell activation are both regulated by complement regulatory proteins expressed by glia and neurons. CD200 and CD47 are NIRegs expressed by neurons as "don't eat me" signals and they inhibit microglial activity preventing host cell attack. Neural stem cells regulate T cell activation, increase the Treg population, and suppress proinflammatory cytokine expression. Stem cells also interact with the chemoattractants C3a, C5a, SDF-1, and thrombin to promote stem cell migration into damaged tissue to support tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Griffiths
- Deptartment of Medical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University Medical School, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - P. Gasque
- Deptartment of Medical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University Medical School, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- University Labo. Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Facilities de Science et Technologies, Universite de La Reunion, 15 Avenue Rene Cassin Saint Denis, Ile de la Reunion, BP 7151, 97715, France
| | - J. W. Neal
- Deptartment of Histopathology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University Medical School, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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Göbel K, Melzer N, Herrmann AM, Schuhmann MK, Bittner S, Ip CW, Hünig T, Meuth SG, Wiendl H. Collateral neuronal apoptosis in CNS gray matter during an oligodendrocyte-directed CD8(+) T cell attack. Glia 2010; 58:469-80. [PMID: 19780193 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Demyelination and death of oligodendrocytes accompanied by transection of neurites and neuronal apoptosis are pathological hallmarks of cortical and subcortical gray matter lesions in demyelinating viral and autoimmune inflammatory CNS disorders. In these disorders, leukocortical lesions, containing the perikarya of most efferent neurons, display pronounced infiltration by CD8(+) T cells of putative specificity for oligodendrocyte- and myelin-related antigens. Hence, neuronal apoptosis in gray matter lesions may be a collateral effect of an oligodendrocyte-directed attack by CD8(+) T cells. To challenge this hypothesis, we transferred activated antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells (OT-I T cells) into acute coronal brain slices from mice selectively expressing ovalbumin as a cytosolic neo-self-antigen in oligodendrocytes (ODC-OVA mice). We studied mechanisms and kinetics of oligodendroglial and neuronal apoptosis in the neocortex and hippocampus, using multicolor staining for different cell types and activated caspase-3. Within the gray matter, a single OT-I T cell caused simultaneous caspase-3 activation in about 30 ODCs and 10 neurons within 6 h in a strictly antigen-dependent manner. Experiments with OT-I T cells genetically deficient for perforin or the granzyme B-cluster and with blocking anti-FasL antibodies as well as proinflammatory cytokines revealed, that collateral apoptosis of neurons was likely due to a spillover of perforin and granzyme(s) from the OT-I T cell itself or the immunological synapse that it selectively formed with antigen-presenting oligodendrocytes. Collateral neuronal apoptosis could contribute to substantial neuronal loss in gray matter lesions and cause persistent neurological impairment in both acute and chronic gray matter lesions in various inflammatory CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Göbel
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Najjar I, Fagard R. STAT1 and pathogens, not a friendly relationship. Biochimie 2010; 92:425-44. [PMID: 20159032 PMCID: PMC7117016 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
STAT1 belongs to the STAT family of transcription factors, which comprises seven factors: STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5A, STAT5B and STAT6. STAT1 is a 91 kDa protein originally identified as the mediator of the cellular response to interferon (IFN) α, and thereafter found to be a major component of the cellular response to IFNγ. STAT1 is, in fact, involved in the response to several cytokines and to growth factors. It is activated by cytokine receptors via kinases of the JAK family. STAT1 becomes phosphorylated and forms a dimer which enters the nucleus and triggers the transcription of its targets. Although not lethal at birth, selective gene deletion of STAT1 in mice leads to rapid death from severe infections, demonstrating its major role in the response to pathogens. Similarly, in humans who do not express STAT1, there is a lack of resistance to pathogens leading to premature death. This indicates a key, non-redundant function of STAT1 in the defence against pathogens. Thus, to successfully infect organisms, bacterial, viral or parasitic pathogens must overcome the activity of STAT1, and almost all the steps of this pathway can be blocked or inhibited by proteins produced in infected cells. Interestingly, some pathogens, like the oncogenic Epstein–Barr virus, have evolved a strategy which uses STAT1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Najjar
- INSERM Unité 978, SMBH, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, Bobigny-cedex 93017, France.
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Guillen-Ahlers H, Suckow MA, Castellino FJ, Ploplis VA. Fas/CD95 deficiency in ApcMin/+ mice increases intestinal tumor burden. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9070. [PMID: 20140201 PMCID: PMC2816700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fas, a member of the tumor necrosis family, is responsible for initiating the apoptotic pathway when bound to its ligand, Fas-L. Defects in the Fas-mediated apoptotic pathway have been reported in colorectal cancer. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In the present study, a variant of the Apc(Min/+) mouse, a model for the human condition, Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP), was generated with an additional deficiency of Fas (Apc(Min/+)/Fas(lpr)) by cross-breeding Apc(Min/+) mice with Fas deficient (Fas(lpr)) mice. One of the main limitations of the Apc(Min/+) mouse model is that it only develops benign polyps. However, Apc(Min/+)/Fas(lpr) mice presented with a dramatic increase in tumor burden relative to Apc(Min/+) mice and invasive lesions at advanced ages. Proliferation and apoptosis markers revealed an increase in cellular proliferation, but negligible changes in apoptosis, while p53 increased at early ages. Fas-L was lower in Apc(Min/+)/Fas(lpr) mice relative to Apc(Min/+) cohorts, which resulted in enhanced inflammation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrated that imposition of a Fas deletion in an Apc(Min/+) background results in a more aggressive phenotype of the Apc(Min/+) mouse model, with more rapid development of invasive intestinal tumors and a decrease in Fas-L levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Guillen-Ahlers
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Suckow
- Freimann Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Francis J. Castellino
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Walther Cancer Research Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Victoria A. Ploplis
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Walther Cancer Research Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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The multiple roles of the innate immune system in the regulation of apoptosis and inflammation in the brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009; 68:217-26. [PMID: 19225414 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181996688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) tissues contain cells (i.e. glia and neurons) that have innate immune functions. These cells express a range of receptors that are capable of detecting and clearing apoptotic cells and regulating inflammatory responses. Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells is a nonphlogistic (i.e. noninflammatory) process that provides immune regulation through anti-inflammatory cytokines andregulatory T cells. Neurons and glia express cellular death signals, including CD95Fas/CD95L, FasL, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR), through which they can trigger apoptosis in T cells and other infiltrating cells. Microglia, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and neurons express defense collagens and scavenger and phagocytic receptors that recognize apoptotic cells displaying apoptotic cell-associated molecular patterns, which serve as markers of "altered self." Glia also express pentraxins and complement proteins (C1q, C3b, and iC3b) that opsonize apoptotic cells, making them targets for the phagocytic receptors CR3 and CR4. Immunoregulatory molecules such as the complement regulator CD46 are lost from apoptotic cells and stimulate phagocytosis, whereas the expression of CD47 and CD200 is upregulated during apoptosis; this inhibits proinflammatory microglial cytokine expression, thereby reducing the severity of inflammation. This review outlines the cellular pathways used for the detection and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in vitro and in experimental models of CNS inflammation.
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Simpson JE, Hosny O, Wharton SB, Heath PR, Holden H, Fernando MS, Matthews F, Forster G, O'Brien JT, Barber R, Kalaria RN, Brayne C, Shaw PJ, Lewis CE, Ince PG. Microarray RNA expression analysis of cerebral white matter lesions reveals changes in multiple functional pathways. Stroke 2008; 40:369-75. [PMID: 19109541 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.108.529214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE White matter lesions (WML) in brain aging are linked to dementia and depression. Ischemia contributes to their pathogenesis but other mechanisms may contribute. We used RNA microarray analysis with functional pathway grouping as an unbiased approach to investigate evidence for additional pathogenetic mechanisms. METHODS WML were identified by MRI and pathology in brains donated to the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study Cognitive Function and Aging Study. RNA was extracted to compare WML with nonlesional white matter samples from cases with lesions (WM[L]), and from cases with no lesions (WM[C]) using RNA microarray and pathway analysis. Functional pathways were validated for selected genes by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS We identified 8 major pathways in which multiple genes showed altered RNA transcription (immune regulation, cell cycle, apoptosis, proteolysis, ion transport, cell structure, electron transport, metabolism) among 502 genes that were differentially expressed in WML compared to WM[C]. In WM[L], 409 genes were altered involving the same pathways. Genes selected to validate this microarray data all showed the expected changes in RNA levels and immunohistochemical expression of protein. CONCLUSIONS WML represent areas with a complex molecular phenotype. From this and previous evidence, WML may arise through tissue ischemia but may also reflect the contribution of additional factors like blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Differential expression of genes in WM[L] compared to WM[C] indicate a "field effect" in the seemingly normal surrounding white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Simpson
- Academic Units of Pathology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Cho IH, Hong J, Suh EC, Kim JH, Lee H, Lee JE, Lee S, Kim CH, Kim DW, Jo EK, Lee KE, Karin M, Lee SJ. Role of microglial IKKbeta in kainic acid-induced hippocampal neuronal cell death. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 131:3019-33. [PMID: 18819987 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Microglial cells are activated during excitotoxin-induced neurodegeneration. However, the in vivo role of microglia activation in neurodegeneration has not yet been fully elucidated. To this end, we used Ikkbeta conditional knockout mice (LysM-Cre/Ikkbeta(F/F)) in which the Ikkbeta gene is specifically deleted in cells of myeloid lineage, including microglia, in the CNS. This deletion reduced IkappaB kinase (IKK) activity in cultured primary microglia by up to 40% compared with wild-type (Ikkbeta(F/F)), and lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory gene expression was also compromised. Kainic acid (KA)-induced hippocampal neuronal cell death was reduced by 30% in LysM-Cre/Ikkbeta(F/F) mice compared with wild-type mice. Reduced neuronal cell death was accompanied by decreased KA-induced glial cell activation and subsequent expression of proinflammatory genes such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta. Similarly, neurons in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs) from LysM-Cre/Ikkbeta(F/F) mouse brain were less susceptible to KA-induced excitotoxicity compared with wild-type OHSCs, due in part to decreased TNF-alpha and IL-1beta expression. Based on these data, we concluded that IKK/nuclear factor-kappaB dependent microglia activation contributes to KA-induced hippocampal neuronal cell death in vivo through induction of inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ik-Hyun Cho
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, DRI, and Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Thrombin-induced regulation of CD95(Fas) expression in the N9 microglial cell line: evidence for involvement of proteinase-activated receptor(1) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. Neurochem Res 2008; 34:445-52. [PMID: 18686031 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the immune cells of the CNS. Brain injury triggers phenotypic changes in microglia including regulation of surface antigens. The serine proteinase alpha-thrombin can induce profound changes in neural cell physiology via cleavage of proteinase-activated receptors (PARs). We recently demonstrated that pharmaceutical-grade recombinant human alpha-thrombin (rh-thr) induces a restricted set of proteolysis-dependent changes in microglia. CD95(Fas) is a cell-death receptor that is up-regulated in microglia by inflammatory stimuli. Here we characterized the effect of rh-thr on CD95(Fas) expression in the N9 microglial cell line. Dose-response and time course studies demonstrated maximal effects at 100 U/ml and 24 h, respectively. Regulation of expression was seen at both the surface protein and steady-state mRNA levels. The rh-thr-induced effects were mimicked by PAR(1) agonist peptides and blocked by pharmacologic inhibitors selective for extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2). Rh-thr also induced a rapid and sustained phosphorylation of ERK 1/2. Thrombin-induced regulation of CD95(Fas) could modulate the neuroinflammatory response in a variety of neurological disorders.
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Hosui A, Hennighausen L. Genomic dissection of the cytokine-controlled STAT5 signaling network in liver. Physiol Genomics 2008; 34:135-43. [PMID: 18460640 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00048.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) controls the physiology and pathophysiology of the liver, and its signals are conducted by two members of the family of signal transducers and activators of transcription, STAT5A and STAT5B. Mice in which the Stat5a/b locus has been inactivated specifically in hepatocytes display GH resistance, the sex-specific expression of genes associated with liver metabolism and the cytochrome P-450 system is lost, and they develop hepatosteatosis. Several groups have shown by global gene expression profiling that a cadre of STAT5A/B target genes identify genetic cascades induced by GH and other cytokines. Evidence is accumulating that in the absence of STAT5A/B GH aberrantly activates STAT1 and STAT3 and their downstream target genes and thereby offers a partial explanation of some of the physiological alterations observed in Stat5a/b-null mice and human patients. We hypothesize that phenotypic changes observed in the absence of STAT5A/B are due to two distinct molecular consequences: first, the failure of STAT5A/B target genes to be activated by GH and second, the rerouting of GH signaling to other members of the STAT family. Rerouting of GH signaling to STAT1 and STAT3 might partially compensate for the loss of STAT5A/B, but it certainly activates biological programs distinct from STAT5A/B. Here we discuss the extent to which studies on global gene expression profiling have fostered a better understanding of the biology behind cytokine-STAT5A/B networks in hepatocytes. We also explore whether this wealth of information on gene activity can be used to further understand the roles of cytokines in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Hosui
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0822, USA
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Villapol S, Acarin L, Faiz M, Castellano B, Gonzalez B. Distinct spatial and temporal activation of caspase pathways in neurons and glial cells after excitotoxic damage to the immature rat brain. J Neurosci Res 2008; 85:3545-56. [PMID: 17668855 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although cleaved caspase-3 is known to be involved in apoptotic cell death mechanisms in neurons, it can also be involved in a nonapoptotic role in astrocytes after postnatal excitotoxic injury. Here we evaluate participation of upstream pathways activating caspase-3 in neurons and glial cells, by studying the intrinsic pathway via caspase-9, the extrinsic pathway via caspase-8, and activation of the p53-dependent pathway. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) was injected intracortically in 9-day-old postnatal rats, which were sacrificed at several survival times between 4 hr postlesion (pl) and 7 days pl. We analyzed temporal and spatial expression of caspase-8, caspase-9, and p53 and correlation with neuronal and glial markers and caspase-3 activation. Caspase-9 was significantly activated at 10 hpl, strongly correlating with caspase-3. It was present mainly in damaged cortical and hippocampal neurons but was also seen in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in layer VI and corpus callosum (cc). Caspase-8 showed a diminished correlation with caspase-3. It was present in cortical neurons at 10-72 hpl, showing layer specificity, and also in astroglial and microglial nuclei, mainly in layer VI and cc. p53 Expression increased at 10-72 hpl but did not correlate with caspase-3. p53 Was seen in neurons of the degenerating cortex and in some astrocytes and microglial cells of layer VI and cc. In conclusion, after neonatal excitotoxicity, mainly the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway mediates neuronal caspase-3 and cell death. In astrocytes, caspase-3 is not widely correlated with caspase-8, caspase-9, or p53, except in layer VI-cc astrocytes, where activation of upstream cascades occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Villapol
- Medical Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Laird MD, Vender JR, Dhandapani KM. Opposing Roles for Reactive Astrocytes following Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurosignals 2008; 16:154-64. [DOI: 10.1159/000111560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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Weinstein JR, Swarts S, Bishop C, Hanisch UK, Möller T. Lipopolysaccharide is a frequent and significant contaminant in microglia-activating factors. Glia 2008; 56:16-26. [PMID: 17910052 PMCID: PMC2926344 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS/endotoxin) is a potent immunologic stimulant. Many commercial-grade reagents used in research are not screened for LPS contamination. LPS induces a wide spectrum of proinflammatory responses in microglia, the immune cells of the brain. Recent studies have demonstrated that a broad range of endogenous factors including plasma-derived proteins and bioactive phospholipids can also activate microglia. However, few of these studies have reported either the LPS levels found in the preparations used or the effect of LPS inhibitors such as polymyxin B (PMX) on factor-induced responses. Here, we used the Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay to screen a broad range of commercial- and pharmaceutical-grade proteins, peptides, lipids, and inhibitors commonly used in microglia research for contamination with LPS. We then characterized the ability of PMX to alter a representative set of factor-induced microglial activation parameters including surface antigen expression, metabolic activity/proliferation, and NO/cytokine/chemokine release in both the N9 microglial cell line and primary microglia. Significant levels of LPS contamination were detected in a number of commercial-grade plasma/serum- and nonplasma/serum-derived proteins, phospholipids, and synthetic peptide preparations, but not in pharmaceutical-grade recombinant proteins or pharmacological inhibitors. PMX had a significant inhibitory effect on the microglia-activating potential of a number of commercial-, but not pharmaceutical-grade, protein preparations. Novel PMX-resistant responses to alpha(2)-macroglobulin and albumin were incidentally observed. Our results indicate that LPS is a frequent and significant contaminant in commercial-grade preparations of previously reported microglia-activating factors. Careful attention to LPS levels and appropriate controls are necessary for future studies in the neuroinflammation field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Weinstein
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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Yang MS, Min KJ, Joe E. Multiple mechanisms that prevent excessive brain inflammation. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:2298-305. [PMID: 17348044 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation of the injured brain has a double-edged effect. Inflammation protects the brain from infection, but it aggravates injury. Furthermore, brain inflammation is considered a risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Emerging evidence supports the activation of negative regulatory mechanisms during this process to prevent prolonged and extensive inflammation. The inflammatory stimulators themselves or products of inflammatory cells may induce the expression of negative feedback regulators, such as suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-family proteins, antioxidant enzymes, and antiinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, death of activated microglia (major inflammatory cells in the brain) may regulate brain inflammation. Astrocytes, the most abundant cells in the brain, may also act in preventing microglial overactivation. Therefore, we propose that the extent and duration of brain inflammation is tightly regulated through the cooperation of multiple mechanisms to maximize antipathogenic effects and minimize tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Soon Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, Korea
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46
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Lackner P, Burger C, Pfaller K, Heussler V, Helbok R, Morandell M, Broessner G, Tannich E, Schmutzhard E, Beer R. Apoptosis in experimental cerebral malaria: spatial profile of cleaved caspase-3 and ultrastructural alterations in different disease stages. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2007; 33:560-71. [PMID: 17442059 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2007.00833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is associated with high mortality and morbidity as a certain percentage of survivors suffers from persistent neurological sequelae. The mechanisms leading to death and functional impairments are yet not fully understood. This study investigated biochemical and morphological markers of apoptosis in the brains of mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Cleaved caspase-3 was detected in the brains of animals with clinical signs of CM and immunoreactivity directly correlated with the clinical severity of the disease. Caudal parts of the brain showed more intense immunoreactivity for cleaved caspase-3. Double-labelling experiments revealed processing of caspase-3 primarily in neurons and oligodendrocytes. These cells also exhibited apoptotic-like morphological profiles in ultrastructural analysis. Further, cleavage of caspase-3 was found in endothelial cells. In contrast to neurons and oligodendrocytes, apoptosis of endothelial cells already occurred in early stages of the disease. Our results are the first to demonstrate processing of caspase-3 in different central nervous system cells of animals with CM. Apoptosis of endothelial cells may represent a critical issue for the development of the disease in the mouse model. Neurological signs and symptoms might be attributable, at least in part, to apoptotic degeneration of neurons and glia in advanced stages of murine CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lackner
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) are latent cytoplasmic transcription factors that mediate various biological responses, including cell proliferation, survival, apoptosis, and differentiation. Among the members of the STAT family, accumulating evidence now indicates an important role for STAT1 in various forms of cell death. Depending upon stimuli or cell types, STAT1 can modulate a broad spectrum of cell death, comprising both apoptotic and non-apoptotic pathways. STAT1-dependent regulation of cell death is largely dependent on a transcriptional mechanism such as the activation of death-promoting genes. However, non-transcriptional mechanisms such as STAT1 interaction with TRADD, p53, or HDAC have been implicated in the regulation of cell death by STAT1. Furthermore, STAT1 itself is also subject to complex forms of regulation such as post-translational protein modification, which can critically affect STAT1 signaling and STAT1-dependent cell death. Given the reports showing that dysregulation of STAT1 signaling is associated with various pathological conditions, including the development of cancer, a better understanding of the mechanism underlying STAT1 regulation of cell death may lead to successful strategies for targeting STAT1 in such pathological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun Sik Kim
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Zierler S, Klein B, Furtner T, Bresgen N, Lütz-Meindl U, Kerschbaum HH. Ultraviolet irradiation-induced apoptosis does not trigger nuclear fragmentation but translocation of chromatin from nucleus into cytoplasm in the microglial cell-line, BV-2. Brain Res 2006; 1121:12-21. [PMID: 17022952 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Revised: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin condensation, decrease of nuclear volume, and nuclear fragmentation are key features of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in many eukaryotic cells. How chromatin is redistributed in a continuously shrinking nucleus is an intriguing question. To evaluate this interesting spatial problem, we studied the ultrastructural distribution of chromatin in distinct stages of apoptosis using the microglial cell-line, BV-2, as a model and UV irradiation as a trigger of apoptosis. During apoptosis, condensed chromatin accumulated initially at the nuclear periphery and, subsequently, occupied almost the entire nucleus. Surprisingly, nuclei did not fragmentize, but apoptotic cells showed condensed chromatin in the nucleus as well as in the nucleus-attached cytoplasm. During apoptosis, the nuclear envelope dilated and decreased in extension by formation of numerous electron lucent vesicles, which accumulated in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, we observed in BV-2 cells well-known apoptotic features, like increased caspase-3/7 activity and annexin V labeling, as well as a sequence of cell morphological alterations, including cell shrinkage, zeiosis, and formation of apoptotic bodies. Thus, our findings suggest that UV-induced chromatin degradation is not restricted to the nucleus but may also take place in the cytoplasm in BV-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Zierler
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Brennan G, Podell MD, Wack R, Kraft S, Troyer JL, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, VandeWoude S. Neurologic disease in captive lions (Panthera leo) with low-titer lion lentivirus infection. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:4345-52. [PMID: 17005739 PMCID: PMC1698403 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00577-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lion lentivirus (LLV; also known as feline immunodeficiency virus of lion, Panthera leo [FIVPle]) is present in free-ranging and captive lion populations at a seroprevalence of up to 100%; however, clinical signs are rarely reported. LLV displays up to 25% interclade sequence diversity, suggesting that it has been in the lion population for some time and may be significantly host adapted. Three captive lions diagnosed with LLV infection displayed lymphocyte subset alterations and progressive behavioral, locomotor, and neuroanatomic abnormalities. No evidence of infection with other potential neuropathogens was found. Antemortem electrodiagnostics and radiologic imaging indicated a diagnosis consistent with lentiviral neuropathy. PCR was used to determine a partial lentiviral genomic sequence and to quantify the proviral burden in eight postmortem tissue specimens. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the virus was consistent with the LLV detected in other captive and free-ranging lions. Despite progressive neurologic signs, the proviral load in tissues, including several regions of the brain, was low; furthermore, gross and histopathologic changes in the brain were minimal. These findings suggest that the symptoms in these animals resulted from nonspecific encephalopathy, similar to human immunodeficiency virus, FIV, and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) neuropathies, rather than a direct effect of active viral replication. The association of neuropathy and lymphocyte subset alterations with chronic LLV infection suggests that long-term LLV infection can have detrimental effects for the host, including death. This is similar to reports of aged sootey mangabeys dying from diseases typically associated with end-stage SIV infection and indicates areas for further research of lentiviral infections of seemingly adapted natural hosts, including mechanisms of host control and viral adaptation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/diagnostic imaging
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/virology
- Central Nervous System Viral Diseases/pathology
- Central Nervous System Viral Diseases/physiopathology
- Central Nervous System Viral Diseases/veterinary
- Central Nervous System Viral Diseases/virology
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Electroencephalography
- Evoked Potentials, Auditory
- Genes, pol
- Genome, Viral
- Histocytochemistry
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/classification
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/genetics
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/isolation & purification
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/physiology
- Lentivirus Infections/pathology
- Lentivirus Infections/physiopathology
- Lentivirus Infections/veterinary
- Lentivirus Infections/virology
- Lions
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Proviruses/genetics
- Radiography
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Brennan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1619 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1619, USA
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Dou H, Morehead J, Bradley J, Gorantla S, Ellison B, Kingsley J, Smith LM, Chao W, Bentsman G, Volsky DJ, Gendelman HE. Neuropathologic and neuroinflammatory activities of HIV-1-infected human astrocytes in murine brain. Glia 2006; 54:81-93. [PMID: 16705672 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The balance between astrocyte and microglia neuroprotection and neurotoxicity defines the tempo of neuronal dysfunction during HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD). Astrocytes maintain brain homeostasis and respond actively to brain damage by providing functional and nutritive neuronal support. In HAD, low-level, continuous infection of astrocytes occurs, but the functional consequences of this infection are poorly understood. To this end, human fetal astrocytes (HFA) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) were infected with HIV-1DJV and HIV-1NL4-3 (neurotropic and lymphotropic strains respectively) and a pseudotyped Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV/HIV-1NL4-3) prior to intracranial injection into the basal ganglia of severe combined immunodeficient mice. Neuropathological and immunohistochemical comparisons for inflammatory and neurotoxic activities were performed amongst the infected cell types at 7 or 14 days. HIV-1-infected MDM induced significant increases in Mac-1, glial fibrillary acidic protein, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, and proinflammatory cytokine RNA and/or protein expression when compared with HSV/HIV-1- and HIV-1-infected HFA and sham-operated mice. Levels of neuron-specific nuclear protein, microtubule-associated protein 2, and neurofilament antigens were reduced significantly in the brain regions injected with human MDM infected with HIV-1DJV or VSV/HIV-1. We conclude that HIV-1 infection of astrocytes leads to limited neurodegeneration, underscoring the early and active role of macrophage-driven neurotoxicity in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Dou
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5880, USA
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