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Gonçalves M, Furgiuele A, Rasini E, Legnaro M, Ferrari M, Luini A, Rodrigues-Santos P, Caramelo F, Marino F, Pereira FC, Cosentino M. A peripheral blood mononuclear cell-based in vitro model: A tool to explore indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1). Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 968:176420. [PMID: 38367683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proinflammatory cytokines powerfully induce the rate-limiting enzyme indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO-1) in dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes, it converts tryptophan (Trp) into L-kynurenine (KYN), along the kynurenine pathway (KP). This mechanism represents a crucial innate immunity regulator that can modulate T cells. This work explores the role of IDO1 in lymphocyte proliferation within a specific pro-inflammatory milieu. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclera cells (PBMCs) were isolated from buffy coats taken from healthy blood donors and exposed to a pro-inflammatory milieu triggered by a double-hit stimulus: lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus anti-CD3/CD28. The IDO1 mRNA levels in the PBMCs were measured by RT-PCR; the IDO1 activity was analyzed using the KYN/Trp ratio, measured by HPLC-EC; and lymphocyte proliferation was measured by flow cytometry. Trp and epacadostat (EP) were used as an IDO1 substrate and inhibitor, respectively. KYN, which is known to modulate Teffs, was tested as a positive control in lymphocyte proliferation. RESULTS IDO1 expression and activity in PBMCs increased in an in vitro pro-inflammatory milieu. The lymphoid stimulus increased IDO1 expression and activity, which supports the interaction between the activated lymphocytes and the circulating myeloid IDO1-expressing cells. The addition of Trp decreased lymphocyte proliferation but EP, which abrogated the IDO1 function, had no impact on proliferation. Additionally, incubation with KYN seemed to decrease the lymphocyte proliferation. CONCLUSION IDO1 inhibition did not change T lymphocyte proliferation. We present herein an in vitro experimental model suitable to measure IDO1 expression and activity in circulating myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milene Gonçalves
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alessia Furgiuele
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, Univ Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Emanuela Rasini
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, Univ Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Marco Ferrari
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, Univ Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Alessandra Luini
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, Univ Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Paulo Rodrigues-Santos
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Caramelo
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Franca Marino
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, Univ Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Frederico C Pereira
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.
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Ebokaiwe AP, Olasehinde O, Chimezie IP, Odobi UR, Nvene C, Faith E. Zinc Ameliorates Cadmium-Induced Immunotoxicity by Modulating Splenic Immunosuppressive Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Activity, Hematological Indices, and CD4 + T Cells via Inhibition of Cadmium Uptake in Male Wistar Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:1140-1149. [PMID: 37392360 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03752-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd)-induced immunotoxicity has become a matter of public health concern owing to its prevalence in the environment consequently, great potential for human exposure. Zinc (Zn) has been known to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-boosting properties. However, the ameliorating influence of Zn against Cd-induced immunotoxicity connecting the IDO pathway is lacking. Adult male Wistar rats were exposed to normal drinking water with no metal contaminants (group 1), group 2 received drinking water containing 200 μg/L of Cd, group 3 received drinking water containing 200 μg/L of Zn, and group 4 received Cd and Zn as above in drinking water for 42 days. Cd exposure alone significantly triggered the splenic oxidative-inflammatory stress, increased activities of immunosuppressive tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenases (IDO) activities/protein expression, and decreased CD4+ T cell count, and a corresponding increase in the serum kynurenine concentration, as well as alterations in the hematological parameters and histologic structure when compared with the control (p < 0.05). Zn alone did not have any effect relative to the control group while co-exposure significantly (p < 0.05) assuaged the Cd-induced alterations in the studied parameters relative to the control. Cd-induced modifications in IDO 1 protein expression, IDO/TDO activities, oxidative-inflammatory stress, hematological parameters/CD4+ T cell, and histological structure in the spleen of rats within the time course of the investigation were prevented by Zn co-exposure via inhibition of Cd uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azubuike Peter Ebokaiwe
- Toxicology and Immunotherapy Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu Alike, PMB 1010, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
| | | | - Iyiagwor P Chimezie
- Toxicology and Immunotherapy Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu Alike, PMB 1010, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Ushang R Odobi
- Toxicology and Immunotherapy Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu Alike, PMB 1010, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Chiamaka Nvene
- Toxicology and Immunotherapy Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu Alike, PMB 1010, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Ekoh Faith
- Toxicology and Immunotherapy Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu Alike, PMB 1010, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
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3
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Unbalanced IDO1/IDO2 Endothelial Expression and Skewed Keynurenine Pathway in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 and Post-COVID-19 Pneumonia. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061332. [PMID: 35740354 PMCID: PMC9220124 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite intense investigation, the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the newly defined long COVID-19 syndrome are not fully understood. Increasing evidence has been provided of metabolic alterations characterizing this group of disorders, with particular relevance of an activated tryptophan/kynurenine pathway as described in this review. Recent histological studies have documented that, in COVID-19 patients, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzymes are differentially expressed in the pulmonary blood vessels, i.e., IDO1 prevails in early/mild pneumonia and in lung tissues from patients suffering from long COVID-19, whereas IDO2 is predominant in severe/fatal cases. We hypothesize that IDO1 is necessary for a correct control of the vascular tone of pulmonary vessels, and its deficiency in COVID-19 might be related to the syndrome’s evolution toward vascular dysfunction. The complexity of this scenario is discussed in light of possible therapeutic manipulations of the tryptophan/kynurenine pathway in COVID-19 and post-acute COVID-19 syndromes.
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4
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are efficient antigen-presenting cells that serve as a link between the innate and adaptive immune systems. These cells are broadly involved in cellular and humoral immune responses by presenting antigens to initiate T cell reactions, cytokine and chemokine secretion, T cell differentiation and expansion, B cell activation and regulation, and the mediation of immune tolerance. The functions of DCs depend on their activation status, which is defined by the stages of maturation, phenotype differentiation, and migration ability, among other factors. IL-6 is a soluble mediator mainly produced by a variety of immune cells, including DCs, that exerts pleiotropic effects on immune and inflammatory responses through interaction with specific receptors expressed on the surface of target cells. Here, we review the role of IL-6, when generated in an inflammatory context or as derived from DCs, in modulating the biologic function and activation status of DCs and emphasize the importance of searching for novel strategies to target the IL-6/IL-6 signaling pathway as a means to diminish the inflammatory activity of DCs in immune response or to prime the immunogenic activity of DCs in immunosuppressive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Dong Xu
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Cheng
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pan-Pan Shang
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Qing Yang
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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5
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Regulatory Macrophages and Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells in Myeloid Regulatory Cell-Based Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157970. [PMID: 34360736 PMCID: PMC8348814 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid regulatory cell-based therapy has been shown to be a promising cell-based medicinal approach in organ transplantation and for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease and multiple sclerosis. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most efficient antigen-presenting cells and can naturally acquire tolerogenic properties through a variety of differentiation signals and stimuli. Several subtypes of DCs have been generated using additional agents, including vitamin D3, rapamycin and dexamethasone, or immunosuppressive cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). These cells have been extensively studied in animals and humans to develop clinical-grade tolerogenic (tol)DCs. Regulatory macrophages (Mregs) are another type of protective myeloid cell that provide a tolerogenic environment, and have mainly been studied within the context of research on organ transplantation. This review aims to thoroughly describe the ex vivo generation of tolDCs and Mregs, their mechanism of action, as well as their therapeutic application and assessment in human clinical trials.
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6
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Jiang Z, Hsu JL, Li Y, Hortobagyi GN, Hung MC. Cancer Cell Metabolism Bolsters Immunotherapy Resistance by Promoting an Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1197. [PMID: 32775303 PMCID: PMC7387712 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting immune checkpoint proteins, such as CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1, have demonstrated remarkable and durable clinical responses in various cancer types. However, a considerable number of patients receiving ICIs eventually experience a relapse due to diverse resistance mechanisms. As a result, there have been increasing research efforts to elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind resistance to ICIs and improve patient outcomes. There is growing evidence that the dysregulated metabolic activity of tumor cells generates an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) that orchestrates an impaired anti-tumor immune response. Notably, the immunosuppressive TME is characterized by nutrient shortage, hypoxia, an acidic extracellular milieu, and abundant immunosuppressive molecules. A detailed understanding of the TME remains a major challenge in mounting a more effective anti-tumor immune response. Herein, we discuss how tumor cells reprogram metabolism to modulate a pro-tumor TME, driving disease progression and immune evasion; in particular, we highlight potential approaches to target metabolic vulnerabilities in the context of anti-tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yintao Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Gabriel N. Hortobagyi
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Research Center for Cancer Biology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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7
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Ketelhuth DFJ. The immunometabolic role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: immune homeostatic mechanisms in the artery wall. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:1408-1415. [PMID: 30847484 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary heart disease and stroke, the two most common cardiovascular diseases worldwide, are triggered by complications of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic plaques are initiated by a maladaptive immune response triggered by accumulation of lipids in the artery wall. Hence, disease is influenced by several non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors, including dyslipidaemia, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), the rate-limiting enzyme in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan (Trp) degradation, is modulated by inflammation and regarded as a key molecule driving immunotolerance and immunosuppressive mechanisms. A large body of evidence indicates that IDO-mediated Trp metabolism is involved directly or indirectly in atherogenesis. This review summarizes evidence from basic and clinical research showing that IDO is a major regulatory enzyme involved in the maintenance of immunohomeostasis in the vascular wall, as well as current knowledge about promising targets for the development of new anti-atherosclerotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Univ. of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 21(3), Odense C, Denmark
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8
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Abstract
Ample evidence suggests that hepatic macrophages play key roles in the injury and repair mechanisms during liver disease progression. There are two major populations of hepatic macrophages: the liver resident Kupffer cells and the monocyte-derived macrophages, which rapidly infiltrate the liver during injury. Under different disease conditions, the tissue microenvironmental cues of the liver critically influence the phenotypes and functions of hepatic macrophages. Furthermore, hepatic macrophages interact with multiple cells types in the liver, such as hepatocytes, neutrophils, endothelial cells, and platelets. These crosstalk interactions are of paramount importance in regulating the extents of liver injury, repair, and ultimately liver disease progression. In this review, we summarize the novel findings highlighting the impact of injury-induced microenvironmental signals that determine the phenotype and function of hepatic macrophages. Moreover, we discuss the role of hepatic macrophages in homeostasis and pathological conditions through crosstalk interactions with other cells of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Shan
- Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Cynthia Ju
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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9
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Wachowska M, Stachura J, Tonecka K, Fidyt K, Braniewska A, Sas Z, Kotula I, Rygiel TP, Boon L, Golab J, Muchowicz A. Inhibition of IDO leads to IL-6-dependent systemic inflammation in mice when combined with photodynamic therapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:1101-1112. [PMID: 32107566 PMCID: PMC7230067 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02528-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It was previously reported that the activation of antitumor immune response by photodynamic therapy (PDT) is crucial for its therapeutic outcome. Excessive PDT-mediated inflammation is accompanied by immunosuppressive mechanisms that protect tissues from destruction. Thus, the final effect of PDT strongly depends on the balance between the activation of an adoptive arm of immune response and a range of activated immunosuppressive mechanisms. Here, with flow cytometry and functional tests, we evaluate the immunosuppressive activity of tumor-associated myeloid cells after PDT. We investigate the antitumor potential of PDT combined with indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO) inhibitor in the murine 4T1 and E0771 orthotopic breast cancer models. We found that the expression of IDO, elevated after PDT, affects the polarization of T regulatory cells and influences the innate immune response. Our results indicate that, depending on a therapeutic scheme, overcoming IDO-induced immunosuppressive mechanisms after PDT can be beneficial or can lead to a systemic toxic reaction. The inhibition of IDO, shortly after PDT, activates IL-6-dependent toxic reactions that can be diminished by the use of anti-IL-6 antibodies. Our results emphasize that deeper investigation of the physiological role of IDO, an attractive target for immunotherapies of cancer, is of great importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Wachowska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5 Str., F Building, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age Medical, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Stachura
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5 Str., F Building, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Tonecka
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5 Str., F Building, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudyna Fidyt
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5 Str., F Building, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Braniewska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5 Str., F Building, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Sas
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5 Str., F Building, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Kotula
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age Medical, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Piotr Rygiel
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5 Str., F Building, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5 Str., F Building, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland. .,Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Angelika Muchowicz
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5 Str., F Building, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
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10
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Panfili E, Mondanelli G, Orabona C, Bianchi R, Gargaro M, Fallarino F, Puccetti P, Grohmann U, Volpi C, Belladonna ML. IL-35Ig-expressing dendritic cells induce tolerance via Arginase 1. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:3757-3761. [PMID: 30793469 PMCID: PMC6484402 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin IL‐35 is known to exert strong immunosuppressive functions. Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and Arginase 1 (Arg1) are metabolic enzymes that, expressed by dendritic cells (DCs), contribute to immunoregulation. Here, we explored any possible link between IL‐35 and the activity of those enzymes. We transfected a single chain IL‐35Ig gene construct in murine splenic DCs (DC35) and assessed any IDO1 and Arg1 activities as resulting from ectopic IL‐35Ig expression, both in vitro and in vivo. Unlike Ido1, Arg1 expression was induced in vitro in DC35, and it conferred an immunosuppressive phenotype on those cells, as revealed by a delayed‐type hypersensitivity assay. Moreover, the in vivo onset of a tolerogenic phenotype in DC35 was associated with the detection of CD25+CD39+, rather than Foxp3+, regulatory T cells. Therefore, Arg1, but not Ido1, expression in DC35 appears to be an early event in IL‐35Ig–mediated immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Panfili
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giada Mondanelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Bianchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Gargaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Puccetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Volpi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Russell MS, Muralidharan A, Larocque L, Cao J, Deschambault Y, Varga J, Thulasi Raman SN, Li X. Identification and characterisation of the CD40-ligand of Sigmodon hispidus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199067. [PMID: 30052641 PMCID: PMC6063397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton rats are an important animal model to study infectious diseases. They have demonstrated higher susceptibility to a wider variety of human pathogens than other rodents and are also the animal model of choice for pre-clinical evaluations of some vaccine candidates. However, the genome of cotton rats remains to be fully sequenced, with much fewer genes cloned and characterised compared to other rodent species. Here we report the cloning and characterization of CD40 ligand, whose human and murine counterparts are known to be expressed on a range of cell types including activated T cells and B cells, dendritic cells, granulocytes, macrophages and platelets and exerts a broad array of immune responses. The cDNA for cotton rat CD40L we isolated is comprised of 1104 nucleotides with an open reading frame (ORF) of 783bp coding for a 260 amino acid protein. The recombinant cotton rat CD40L protein was recognized by an antibody against mouse CD40L. Moreover, it demonstrated functional activities on immature bone marrow dendritic cells by upregulating surface maturation markers (CD40, CD54, CD80, and CD86), and increasing IL-6 gene and protein expression. The availability of CD40L gene identity could greatly facilitate mechanistic research on pathogen-induced-immunopathogenesis and vaccine-elicited immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha S. Russell
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abenaya Muralidharan
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Louise Larocque
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jingxin Cao
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yvon Deschambault
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jessie Varga
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Sathya N. Thulasi Raman
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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12
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a heterogeneous population playing a pivotal role in immune responses and tolerance. DCs promote immune tolerance by participating in the negative selection of autoreactive T cells in the thymus. Furthermore, to eliminate autoreactive T cells that have escaped thymic deletion, DCs also induce immune tolerance in the periphery through various mechanisms. Breakdown of these functions leads to autoimmune diseases. Moreover, DCs play a critical role in maintenance of homeostasis in body organs, especially the skin and intestine. In this review, we focus on recent developments in our understanding of the mechanisms of tolerance induction by DCs in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Hasegawa
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
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13
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Expression and regulation of immune-modulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) by human airway epithelial cells and its effect on T cell activation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:57606-57617. [PMID: 27613847 PMCID: PMC5295376 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) catalyzes the degradation of tryptophan, which plays a critical role in immune suppression through regulating the production of a series of metabolites that are generally referred to as kynurenines. It has become increasingly clear that epithelial cells (ECs) play an active role in maintaining lung homeostasis by modulating the function of immune cells via producing cytokines, chemokines, and anti-microbial mediators. In this study we assessed the regulation of IDO activity and expression in human primary ECs and EC lines under steady state conditions and in response to bacterial and allergenic stimuli. We also investigated the potential immune modulatory functions of IDO expression in human airway ECs. Our data clearly show that airway ECs produce IDO, which is down-regulated in response to allergens and TLR ligands while up-regulated in response to IFN-γ. Using gene silencing, we further demonstrate that IDO plays a key role in the EC-mediated suppression of antigen-specific and polyclonal proliferation of T cells. Interestingly, our data also show that ECs lose their inhibitory effect on T cell activation in response to different TLR agonists mimicking bacterial or viral infections. In conclusion, our work provides an understanding of how IDO is regulated in ECs as well as demonstrates that “resting” ECs can suppress T cell activation in an IDO dependent manner. These data provide new insight into how ECs, through the production of IDO, can influence downstream innate and adaptive responses as part of their function in maintaining immune homeostasis in the airways.
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Heine W, Beckstette M, Heroven AK, Thiemann S, Heise U, Nuss AM, Pisano F, Strowig T, Dersch P. Loss of CNFY toxin-induced inflammation drives Yersinia pseudotuberculosis into persistency. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006858. [PMID: 29390040 PMCID: PMC5811047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal infections caused by enteric yersiniae can become persistent and complicated by relapsing enteritis and severe autoimmune disorders. To establish a persistent infection, the bacteria have to cope with hostile surroundings when they transmigrate through the intestinal epithelium and colonize underlying gut-associated lymphatic tissues. How the bacteria gain a foothold in the face of host immune responses is poorly understood. Here, we show that the CNFY toxin, which enhances translocation of the antiphagocytic Yop effectors, induces inflammatory responses. This results in extensive tissue destruction, alteration of the intestinal microbiota and bacterial clearance. Suppression of CNFY function, however, increases interferon-γ-mediated responses, comprising non-inflammatory antimicrobial activities and tolerogenesis. This process is accompanied by a preterm reprogramming of the pathogen's transcriptional response towards persistence, which gives the bacteria a fitness edge against host responses and facilitates establishment of a commensal-type life style.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Heine
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Beckstette
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ann Kathrin Heroven
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sophie Thiemann
- Group Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Heise
- Group Mouse Pathology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Aaron Mischa Nuss
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Fabio Pisano
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Group Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Petra Dersch
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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15
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de Araújo EF, Loures FV, Feriotti C, Costa T, Vacca C, Puccetti P, Romani L, Calich VLG. Disease Tolerance Mediated by Phosphorylated Indoleamine-2,3 Dioxygenase Confers Resistance to a Primary Fungal Pathogen. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1522. [PMID: 29181001 PMCID: PMC5693877 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to primary fungal pathogens is usually attributed to the proinflammatory mechanisms of immunity conferred by interferon-γ activation of phagocytes that control microbial growth, whereas susceptibility is attributed to anti-inflammatory responses that deactivate immunity. This study challenges this paradigm by demonstrating that resistance to a primary fungal pathogen such as Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis can be mediated by disease tolerance, a mechanism that preserves host fitness instead of pathogen clearance. Among the mechanisms of disease tolerance described, a crucial role has been ascribed to the enzyme indoleamine-2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) that concomitantly controls pathogen growth by limiting tryptophan availability and reduces tissue damage by decreasing the inflammatory process. Here, we demonstrated in a pulmonary model of paracoccidioidomycosis that IDO exerts a dual function depending on the resistant pattern of hosts. IDO activity is predominantly enzymatic and induced by IFN-γ signaling in the pulmonary dendritic cells (DCs) from infected susceptible (B10.A) mice, whereas phosphorylated IDO (pIDO) triggered by TGF-β activation of DCs functions as a signaling molecule in resistant mice. IFN-γ signaling activates the canonical pathway of NF-κB that promotes a proinflammatory phenotype in B10.A DCs that control fungal growth but ultimately suppress T cell responses. In contrast, in A/J DCs IDO promotes a tolerogenic phenotype that conditions a sustained synthesis of TGF-β and expansion of regulatory T cells that avoid excessive inflammation and tissue damage contributing to host fitness. Therefore, susceptibility is unexpectedly mediated by mechanisms of proinflammatory immunity that are usually associated with resistance, whereas genetic resistance is based on mechanisms of disease tolerance mediated by pIDO, a phenomenon never described in the protective immunity against primary fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseu Frank de Araújo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio Vieira Loures
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Feriotti
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tania Costa
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carmine Vacca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Puccetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Vera Lúcia Garcia Calich
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Baumgartner R, Forteza MJ, Ketelhuth DFJ. The interplay between cytokines and the Kynurenine pathway in inflammation and atherosclerosis. Cytokine 2017; 122:154148. [PMID: 28899580 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the major metabolic route of tryptophan (Trp) metabolism. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1), the enzyme responsible for the first and rate-limiting step in the pathway, as well as other enzymes in the pathway, have been shown to be highly regulated by cytokines. Hence, the KP has been implicated in several pathologic conditions, including infectious diseases, psychiatric disorders, malignancies, and autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. Additionally, recent studies have linked the KP with atherosclerosis, suggesting that Trp metabolism could play an essential role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis in the vascular wall. This review summarizes experimental and clinical evidence of the interplay between cytokines and the KP and the potential role of the KP in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Baumgartner
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Maria J Forteza
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Liu K, He K, Xue T, Liu P, Xu LX. The cryo-thermal therapy-induced IL-6-rich acute pro-inflammatory response promoted DCs phenotypic maturation as the prerequisite to CD4 + T cell differentiation. Int J Hyperthermia 2017; 34:261-272. [PMID: 28540834 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2017.1332394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In our previous studies, a novel tumour therapeutic modality of the cryo-thermal therapy has been developed leading to long-term survival in 4T1 murine mammary carcinoma model. The cryo-thermal therapy induced the strong acute inflammatory response and IL-6 was identified in an acute profile. In this study, we found that the cryo-thermal therapy triggered robust acute inflammatory response with high expression of IL-6 locally and systemically. The phenotypic maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) was induced by acute IL-6 following the treatment. The mature DCs promoted CD4+ T cell differentiation. Moreover, the production of interferon γ (IFN γ) in the serum and CD4+ T cells were both abrogated by IL-6 neutralisation following the treatment. Our findings revealed that the cryo-thermal therapy-induced acute IL-6 played an important role in initiating the cascading innate and adaptive anti-tumour immune responses, resulting in CD4+ T cell differentiation. It would be interesting to investigate acute IL-6 as an early indicator in predicating tumour therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liu
- a School of Biomedical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Kun He
- a School of Biomedical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Xue
- b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders , Shanghai Mental Health Center , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Liu
- a School of Biomedical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China.,c School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Lisa X Xu
- a School of Biomedical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China.,c School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
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18
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Horton C, Shanmugarajah K, Fairchild PJ. Harnessing the properties of dendritic cells in the pursuit of immunological tolerance. Biomed J 2017; 40:80-93. [PMID: 28521905 PMCID: PMC6138597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of self-perpetuating, immunological tolerance specific for graft alloantigens has long been described as the "holy grail" of clinical transplantation. By removing the need for life-long immunosuppression following engraftment, the adverse consequences of immunosuppressive regimens, including chronic infections and malignancy, may be avoided. Furthermore, autoimmune diseases and allergy are, by definition, driven by aberrant immunological responses to ordinarily innocuous antigens. The re-establishment of permanent tolerance towards instigating antigens may, therefore, provide a cure to these common diseases. Whilst various cell types exhibiting a tolerogenic phenotype have been proposed for such a task, tolerogenic dendritic cells (tol-DCs) are exquisitely adapted for antigen presentation and interact with many facets of the immune system: as such, they are attractive candidates for use in strategies for immune intervention. We review here our current understanding of tol-DC mediated induction and maintenance of immunological tolerance. Additionally, we discuss recent in vitro findings from animal models and clinical trials of tol-DC immunotherapy in the setting of transplantation, autoimmunity and allergy which highlight their promising therapeutic potential, and speculate how tol-DC therapy may be developed in the future.
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19
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Beatty GL, O'Dwyer PJ, Clark J, Shi JG, Bowman KJ, Scherle PA, Newton RC, Schaub R, Maleski J, Leopold L, Gajewski TF. First-in-Human Phase I Study of the Oral Inhibitor of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-1 Epacadostat (INCB024360) in Patients with Advanced Solid Malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:3269-3276. [PMID: 28053021 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) catalyzes the degradation of tryptophan to N-formyl-kynurenine. Overexpressed in many solid malignancies, IDO1 can promote tumor escape from host immunosurveillance. This first-in-human phase I study investigated the maximum tolerated dose, safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and antitumor activity of epacadostat (INCB024360), a potent and selective inhibitor of IDO1.Experimental Design: Fifty-two patients with advanced solid malignancies were treated with epacadostat [50 mg once daily or 50, 100, 300, 400, 500, 600, or 700 mg twice daily (BID)] in a dose-escalation 3 + 3 design and evaluated in 28-day cycles. Treatment was continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.Results: One dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) occurred at the dose of 300 mg BID (grade 3, radiation pneumonitis); another DLT occurred at 400 mg BID (grade 3, fatigue). The most common adverse events in >20% of patients overall were fatigue, nausea, decreased appetite, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, diarrhea, dyspnea, back pain, and cough. Treatment produced significant dose-dependent reductions in plasma kynurenine levels and in the plasma kynurenine/tryptophan ratio at all doses and in all patients. Near maximal changes were observed at doses of ≥100 mg BID with >80% to 90% inhibition of IDO1 achieved throughout the dosing period. Although no objective responses were detected, stable disease lasting ≥16 weeks was observed in 7 of 52 patients.Conclusions: Epacadostat was generally well tolerated, effectively normalized kynurenine levels, and produced maximal inhibition of IDO1 activity at doses of ≥100 mg BID. Studies investigating epacadostat in combination with other immunomodulatory drugs are ongoing. Clin Cancer Res; 23(13); 3269-76. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Beatty
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. .,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter J O'Dwyer
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jack G Shi
- Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas F Gajewski
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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20
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Amobi A, Qian F, Lugade AA, Odunsi K. Tryptophan Catabolism and Cancer Immunotherapy Targeting IDO Mediated Immune Suppression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1036:129-144. [PMID: 29275469 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67577-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, tryptophan catabolism has been firmly established as a powerful mechanism of innate and adaptive immune tolerance. The catabolism of tryptophan is a central pathway maintaining homeostasis by preventing autoimmunity or immunopathology that would result from uncontrolled and overreacting immune responses. This is driven by the key and rate-limiting enzymes indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase 2 (TDO), resulting in local depletion of tryptophan, while tryptophan catabolites accumulate, including kynurenine and its derivatives, depending on the presence of downstream enzymes in the kynurenine pathway. These metabolic modifications result in a local microenvironment that is profoundly immunosuppressive, as a result of various mechanisms whose respective role remains incompletely characterized. Drugs targeting this pathway, specifically IDO1, are already in clinical trials with the aim at reverting cancer-induced immunosuppression. Recent studies have demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetics profiles for first-generation (Indoximod NLG8189) and second-generation IDO1 inhibitors (INCB024360 and NLG919). Targeting tryptophan catabolism in combination with additional methods of therapy may improve efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. These methods include, but are not limited to vaccination, adoptive cellular therapy, checkpoint inhibitor blockade, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibition. Over the last decade, there has been a considerable increase in our understanding of the regulation and downstream mediators of tryptophan metabolism. This detailed understanding will expand opportunities to interfere with the pathway therapeutically on multiple levels. The object of this chapter is to highlight current and past key findings that implicate tryptophan catabolism as an important mediator of cancer immunity and discuss the development of multiple therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adaobi Amobi
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Feng Qian
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Amit A Lugade
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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21
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Llamas-Velasco M, Bonay P, José Concha-Garzón M, Corvo-Villén L, Vara A, Cibrián D, Sanguino-Pascual A, Sánchez-Madrid F, de la Fuente H, Daudén E. Immune cells from patients with psoriasis are defective in inducing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression in response to inflammatory stimuli. Br J Dermatol 2016; 176:695-704. [PMID: 27258822 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an inducible enzyme that suppresses the immune response. The role of IDO as a negative regulator of inflammatory responses has been documented in several experimental autoimmune diseases. OBJECTIVES To explore the regulation of IDO by immune cells in psoriasis and its relation with disease severity. METHODS The expression and activity of IDO were assessed by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry and high-performance liquid chromatography in peripheral blood of patients with moderate-to-severe plaque-type psoriasis. The ability of immune cells to express IDO in response to inflammatory stimuli was studied. The functional role of IDO expression was evaluated in a regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation assay, using cocultures of immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells with autologous peripheral CD4+ T cells. RESULTS Analysis of the kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio in serum samples indicated higher IDO activity in patients with psoriasis than in healthy controls. However, correlation studies showed lower IDO activity in those patients with higher Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI). Although myeloid dendritic cells from patients with psoriasis expressed higher levels of IDO than those from healthy controls, these cells did not upregulate IDO in response to a combination of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 cytokines. The defective expression of IDO correlated with PASI. Immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells from patients with psoriasis also expressed low levels of IDO and induced CD4+ Treg differentiation poorly. CONCLUSIONS Immune cells from patients with psoriasis have a defect in upregulating IDO in response to inflammation associated with the severity of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Llamas-Velasco
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Dermatology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Diego de Leon 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Bonay
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa', Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M José Concha-Garzón
- Dermatology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Diego de Leon 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Corvo-Villén
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa', Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Vara
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Diego de Leon 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Cibrián
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Diego de Leon 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Sanguino-Pascual
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Diego de Leon 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Sánchez-Madrid
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Diego de Leon 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - H de la Fuente
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Diego de Leon 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Daudén
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Dermatology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Diego de Leon 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Islet antigen-pulsed dendritic cells expressing ectopic IL-35Ig protect nonobese diabetic mice from autoimmune diabetes. Cytokine 2015; 75:380-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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23
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Boulet L, Flore P, Le Gouellec A, Toussaint B, Pépin J, Faure P. Is tryptophan metabolism involved in sleep apnea-related cardiovascular co-morbidities and cancer progression? Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:415-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
IDO1 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1) is a member of a unique class of mammalian haem dioxygenases that catalyse the oxidative catabolism of the least-abundant essential amino acid, L-Trp (L-tryptophan), along the kynurenine pathway. Significant increases in knowledge have been recently gained with respect to understanding the fundamental biochemistry of IDO1 including its catalytic reaction mechanism, the scope of enzyme reactions it catalyses, the biochemical mechanisms controlling IDO1 expression and enzyme activity, and the discovery of enzyme inhibitors. Major advances in understanding the roles of IDO1 in physiology and disease have also been realised. IDO1 is recognised as a prominent immune regulatory enzyme capable of modulating immune cell activation status and phenotype via several molecular mechanisms including enzyme-dependent deprivation of L-Trp and its conversion into the aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand kynurenine and other bioactive kynurenine pathway metabolites, or non-enzymatic cell signalling actions involving tyrosine phosphorylation of IDO1. Through these different modes of biochemical signalling, IDO1 regulates certain physiological functions (e.g. pregnancy) and modulates the pathogenesis and severity of diverse conditions including chronic inflammation, infectious disease, allergic and autoimmune disorders, transplantation, neuropathology and cancer. In the present review, we detail the current understanding of IDO1’s catalytic actions and the biochemical mechanisms regulating IDO1 expression and activity. We also discuss the biological functions of IDO1 with a focus on the enzyme's immune-modulatory function, its medical implications in diverse pathological settings and its utility as a therapeutic target.
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25
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Nguyen NT, Nakahama T, Le DH, Van Son L, Chu HH, Kishimoto T. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor and kynurenine: recent advances in autoimmune disease research. Front Immunol 2014; 5:551. [PMID: 25400638 PMCID: PMC4212680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is thought to be a crucial factor in the regulation of immune responses. Many AHR-mediated immunoregulatory mechanisms have been discovered, and this knowledge may enhance our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammatory syndromes such as collagen-induced arthritis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and experimental colitis. Recent findings have elucidated the critical link between AHR and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in the development of regulatory T cells and Th17 cells, which are key factors in a variety of human autoimmune diseases. Induction of IDO and IDO-mediated tryptophan catabolism, together with its downstream products such as kynurenine, is an important immunoregulatory mechanism underlying immunosuppression, tolerance, and immunity. Recent studies revealed that induction of IDO depends on AHR expression. This review summarizes the most current findings regarding the functions of AHR and IDO in immune cells as they relate to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases in response to various stimuli. We also discuss the potential link between AHR and IDO/tryptophan metabolites, and the involvement of several novel related factors (such as microRNA) in the development of autoimmune diseases. These novel factors represent potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Trung Nguyen
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University , Suita , Japan ; National Key Laboratory of Gene Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Taisuke Nakahama
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University , Suita , Japan ; Department of RNA Biology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka University , Suita , Japan
| | - Duc Hoang Le
- National Key Laboratory of Gene Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Le Van Son
- National Key Laboratory of Gene Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Ha Hoang Chu
- National Key Laboratory of Gene Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Tadamitsu Kishimoto
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University , Suita , Japan
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26
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Cardenas PA, Huang Y, Ildstad ST. The role of pDC, recipient Treg, and donor Tregin HSC engraftment. CHIMERISM 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/chim.17588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Li M, Song LJ, Qin XY. Advances in the cellular immunological pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:749-58. [PMID: 24629100 PMCID: PMC4119381 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease caused by the immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells. In recent years, the incidence of type 1 diabetes continues to increase. It is supposed that genetic, environmental and immune factors participate in the damage of pancreatic β cells. Both the immune regulation and the immune response are involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, in which cellular immunity plays a significant role. For the infiltration of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocyte, B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, dendritic cells and other immune cells take part in the damage of pancreatic β cells, which ultimately lead to type 1 diabetes. This review outlines the cellular immunological mechanism of type 1 diabetes, with a particular emphasis to T lymphocyte and natural killer cells, and provides the effective immune therapy in T1D, which is approached at three stages. However, future studies will be directed at searching for an effective, safe and long-lasting strategy to enhance the regulation of a diabetogenic immune system with limited toxicity and without global immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Lu-Jun Song
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Xin-Yu Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
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28
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High doses of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides stimulate a tolerogenic TLR9-TRIF pathway. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1852. [PMID: 23673637 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CpG-rich oligodeoxynucleotides activate the immune system, leading to innate and acquired immune responses. The immune-stimulatory effects of CpG-rich oligodeoxynucleotides are being exploited as a therapeutic approach. Here we show that at high doses, CpG-rich oligodeoxynucleotides promote an opposite, tolerogenic response in mouse plasmacytoid dendritic cells in vivo and in a human in vitro model. Unveiling a previously undescribed role for TRIF and TRAF6 proteins in Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signalling, we demonstrate that physical association of TLR9, TRIF and TRAF6 leads to activation of noncanonical NF-κB signalling and the induction of IRF3- and TGF-β-dependent immune-suppressive tryptophan catabolism. In vivo, the TLR9-TRIF circuit--but not MyD88 signalling--was required for CpG protection against allergic inflammation. Our findings may be relevant to an increased understanding of the complexity of Toll-like receptor signalling and optimal exploitation of CpG-rich oligodeoxynucleotides as immune modulators.
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Pierides C, Bermudez-Fajardo A, Fredrikson GN, Nilsson J, Oviedo-Orta E. Immune responses elicited by apoB-100-derived peptides in mice. Immunol Res 2013; 56:96-108. [PMID: 23345063 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Peptides derived from apolipoprotein B (apoB)-100 have been previously used in vaccine preparations to treat atherosclerosis. Such vaccines have been shown to reduce atherosclerotic plaque development by 50 % in experimental animals, and this effect is associated with induction of T helper (Th)2 immune responses. In this study we immunised apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice with apoB-100-derived peptides P2, P45 and P210. Animals received BSA-conjugated peptides or peptide-loaded bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs). We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to assess the synthesis of anti-peptide-specific IgG1 and IgG2a as well as the levels of interleukin (IL-)10 and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in plasma of immunised animals. We also measured the effect of immunisation on the number of spleen-derived CD4(+) and CD8(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in these animals. Peptide and peptide-loaded DC immunisation significantly increased the levels of peptide-specific immunoglobulins and the number of Tregs in apoE(-/-) mice. This was accompanied by a significant increase in the secretion of IL-10 with no effect on IFN-γ levels. The results also show that the peptides can modulate the homing properties of DCs. Altogether, this study provides novel evidence for the immune mechanisms excerpted by apoB-100-derived peptides and their effect on Tregs and DCs relevant to their use in vaccine preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoulla Pierides
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, England, UK
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Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: expressing cells in inflammatory bowel disease-a cross-sectional study. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:278035. [PMID: 24282429 PMCID: PMC3825221 DOI: 10.1155/2013/278035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aim. To characterise and enumerate IDO+ cells, Tregs, and T cell subsets in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) with regard to their clinical activity. Methods. Ten active UC (aUC), 10 inactive UC (iUC), 6 aCD, and 8 iCD patients and 10 healthy individuals were included in the study. Circulating Foxp3-, IDO-, IL-17A-, IL-4-, IFN-γ-, and IL-10-expressing CD4+ T cells were quantitated by flow cytometry. Interleukin-17-expressing cells, CD25+/Foxp3+ Tregs, and CD123+/IDO+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells were evaluated in intestinal biopsies from 10 aUC, 6 aCD, and 10 noninflamed tissues. Results. All CD4+ T subsets were increased in aIBD patients compared with healthy donors. Meanwhile, frequency of CD8α+/CD16+/IDO+, CD8α+/CD56+/IDO+, CD8α+/CD80+/IDO+, CD8α+/CD123+/IDO+ large granular nonlymphoid cells, and CCR6+/CD123+/IDO+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells was higher in aIBD patients versus healthy donors or iIBD patients. Tissue IL-17A+ cells were present in higher amounts in aIBD versus noninflamed controls. IDO- and Foxp3-expressing cells were increased in aUC versus aCD patients and noninflamed tissues. Conclusions. The findings represent an original work in Mexican Mestizo patients with IBD. It shows that Tregs and IDO-expressing cells are increased with regard to disease activity. These cells could significantly shape inflammatory bowel disease pathophysiology, severity, and tolerance loss.
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Loftis JM. Indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase regulation and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:1829-30. [PMID: 23810316 PMCID: PMC4418771 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Loftis
- Research & Development Service, Portland VA Medical Center, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA.
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Wainwright DA, Dey M, Chang A, Lesniak MS. Targeting Tregs in Malignant Brain Cancer: Overcoming IDO. Front Immunol 2013; 4:116. [PMID: 23720663 PMCID: PMC3654236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmark features of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common adult primary brain tumor with a very dismal prognosis, is the accumulation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Regulatory T cells (Tregs) segregate into two primary categories: thymus-derived natural Tregs (nTregs) that develop from the interaction between immature T cells and thymic epithelial stromal cells, and inducible Tregs (iTregs) that arise from the conversion of CD4+FoxP3− T cells into FoxP3 expressing cells. Normally, these Treg subsets complement one another’s actions by maintaining tolerance of self-antigens, thereby suppressing autoimmunity, while also enabling effective immune responses toward non-self-antigens, thus promoting infectious protection. However, Tregs have also been shown to be associated with the promotion of pathological outcomes, including cancer. In the setting of GBM, nTregs appear to be primary players that contribute to immunotherapeutic failure, ultimately leading to tumor progression. Several attempts have been made to therapeutically target these cells with variable levels of success. The blood brain barrier-crossing chemotherapeutics, temozolomide, and cyclophosphamide (CTX), vaccination against the Treg transcriptional regulator, FoxP3, as well as mAbs against Treg-associated cell surface molecules CD25, CTLA-4, and GITR are all different therapeutic approaches under investigation. Contributing to the poor success of past approaches is the expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO), a tryptophan catabolizing enzyme overexpressed in GBM, and critically involved in regulating tumor-infiltrating Treg levels. Herein, we review the current literature on Tregs in brain cancer, providing a detailed phenotype, causative mechanisms involved in their pathogenesis, and strategies that have been used to target this population, therapeutically.
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Roy S, Barik S, Banerjee S, Bhuniya A, Pal S, Basu P, Biswas J, Goswami S, Chakraborty T, Bose A, Baral R. Neem leaf glycoprotein overcomes indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase mediated tolerance in dendritic cells by attenuating hyperactive regulatory T cells in cervical cancer stage IIIB patients. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:1015-23. [PMID: 23628394 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) are a subset of DCs characterized by abundant indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) expressions. IDO may be co-operatively induced in DCs by regulatory T (Tregs) cells and various DC maturation agents. Tregs are markedly amplified in the physiological system of cancer patients, inducing over tolerance in DCs that leads to the hyper accumulation of immunosuppressive IDO in tumor microenvironment, thereby, hampering anti-tumor immunity. Consequently, a major focus of current immunotherapeutic strategies in cancer is to minimize IDO, which is possible by reducing Tregs and using various IDO inhibitors. Neem leaf glycoprotein (NLGP), a natural and nontoxic immunomodulator, demonstrated several unique immunoregulatory activities. Noteworthy activities of NLGP are to mature DCs and to inhibit Tregs. As Tregs are inducer of IDO in DCs and hyperactive Tregs is a hallmark of cancer, we anticipated that NLGP might abrogate IDO induction in DCs by inhibiting Tregs. Evidences are presented here that in a co-culture of DCs and Tregs isolated from cervical cancer stage IIIB (CaCx-IIIB) patients, NLGP does inhibit IDO induction in DCs by curtailing the over expression of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA4) on Tregs and concomitantly induces optimal DC maturation. In contrast, in the presence of LPS as maturation agent the DCs displays a tolerogenic profile. This finding suggests the reduction of tolerogenecity of DCs in CaCx-IIIB patients by reducing the IDO pool using NLGP. Accordingly, this study sheds more light on the diverse immunomodulatory repertoire of NLGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyabrata Roy
- Departmant of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, India
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Martin Caballero J, Garzón A, González-Cintado L, Kowalczyk W, Jimenez Torres I, Calderita G, Rodriguez M, Gondar V, Bernal JJ, Ardavín C, Andreu D, Zürcher T, von Kobbe C. Chimeric infectious bursal disease virus-like particles as potent vaccines for eradication of established HPV-16 E7-dependent tumors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52976. [PMID: 23300838 PMCID: PMC3534127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is caused by persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection and represents the second most frequent gynecological malignancy in the world. The HPV-16 type accounts for up to 55% of all cervical cancers. The HPV-16 oncoproteins E6 and E7 are necessary for induction and maintenance of malignant transformation and represent tumor-specific antigens for targeted cytotoxic T lymphocyte–mediated immunotherapy. Therapeutic cancer vaccines have become a challenging area of oncology research in recent decades. Among current cancer immunotherapy strategies, virus-like particle (VLP)–based vaccines have emerged as a potent and safe approach. We generated a vaccine (VLP-E7) incorporating a long C-terminal fragment of HPV-16 E7 protein into the infectious bursal disease virus VLP and tested its therapeutic potential in HLA-A2 humanized transgenic mice grafted with TC1/A2 tumor cells. We performed a series of tumor challenge experiments demonstrating a strong immune response against already-formed tumors (complete eradication). Remarkably, therapeutic efficacy was obtained with a single dose without adjuvant and against two injections of tumor cells, indicating a potent and long-lasting immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Garzón
- Cancer Vaccines Unit, R & D Department, Chimera Pharma S.L.U., Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Wioleta Kowalczyk
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Gloria Calderita
- Cancer Vaccines Unit, R & D Department, Chimera Pharma S.L.U., Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Rodriguez
- Cancer Vaccines Unit, R & D Department, Chimera Pharma S.L.U., Madrid, Spain
| | - Virgínia Gondar
- Cancer Vaccines Unit, R & D Department, Chimera Pharma S.L.U., Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Jose Bernal
- Cancer Vaccines Unit, R & D Department, Chimera Pharma S.L.U., Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Ardavín
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Andreu
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Zürcher
- Cancer Vaccines Unit, R & D Department, Chimera Pharma S.L.U., Madrid, Spain
| | - Cayetano von Kobbe
- Cancer Vaccines Unit, R & D Department, Chimera Pharma S.L.U., Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Fallarino F, Grohmann U, Puccetti P. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: from catalyst to signaling function. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1932-7. [PMID: 22865044 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Control of tryptophan metabolism by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in dendritic cells (DCs) is a highly versatile regulator of innate and adaptive immune responses. In acute reactions, the otherwise inflammatory cytokine interferon γ (IFN-γ) acts in a feedback fashion to induce IDO's enzymatic function--and thus prevent potentially harmful, exaggerated responses--through the combined effects of tryptophan starvation and tryptophan catabolites acting via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor of T cells. IDO, however, is also involved in the maintenance of stable tolerance to self in noninflammatory contexts, thus restraining autoimmunity. Exposure, indeed, of mouse plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) to transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) provides IDO with regulatory effects that are distinct, in nature, from its enzymic activity. Once phosphorylated, IDO mediates signaling events culminating in self-amplification and maintenance of a stably regulatory condition in pDCs. Therefore, IDO has dual immunoregulatory functions driven by distinct cytokines. Firstly, the IFN-γ-IDO axis is crucial in generating and sustaining the function of regulatory T cells. Secondly, a nonenzymic function of IDO--as a signaling molecule--contributes to TGF-β-driven tolerance. The latter function is part of a regulatory circuit in pDCs whereby--in response to TGF-β--the kinase Fyn mediates tyrosine phosphorylation of IDO-associated immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs, resulting in downstream effects that regulate gene expression and preside over a proper, homeostatic balance between immunity and tolerance. All these aspects are covered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fallarino
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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Live-attenuated lentivirus immunization modulates innate immunity and inflammation while protecting rhesus macaques from vaginal simian immunodeficiency virus challenge. J Virol 2012; 86:9188-200. [PMID: 22696662 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00532-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunization with attenuated lentiviruses is the only reliable method of protecting rhesus macaques (RM) from vaginal challenge with pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). CD8(+) lymphocyte depletion prior to SIVmac239 vaginal challenge demonstrated that a modest, Gag-specific CD8(+) T cell response induced by immunization with simian-human immunodeficiency virus 89.6 (SHIV89.6) protects RM. Although CD8(+) T cells are required for protection, there is no anamnestic expansion of SIV-specific CD8(+) T cells in any tissues except the vagina after challenge. Further, SHIV immunization increased the number of viral target cells in the vagina and cervix, suggesting that the ratio of target cells to antiviral CD8(+) T cells was not a determinant of protection. We hypothesized that persistent replication of the attenuated vaccine virus modulates inflammatory responses and limits T cell activation and expansion by inducing immunoregulatory T cell populations. We found that attenuated SHIV infection decreased the number of circulating plasmacytoid dendritic cells, suppressed T cell activation, decreased mRNA levels of proinflammatory mediators, and increased mRNA levels of immunoregulatory molecules. Three days after SIV vaginal challenge, SHIV-immunized RM had significantly more T regulatory cells in the vagina than the unimmunized RM. By day 14 postchallenge, immune activation and inflammation were characteristic of unimmunized RM but were minimal in SHIV-immunized RM. Thus, a modest vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cell response in the context of immunoregulatory suppression of T cell activation may protect against vaginal HIV transmission.
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MEKATA H, KONNAI S, MINGALA CN, ABES NS, GUTIERREZ CA, DARGANTES AP, WITOLA WH, INOUE N, ONUMA M, MURATA S, OHASHI K. Kinetics of regulatory dendritic cells in inflammatory responses during Trypanosoma evansi infection. Parasite Immunol 2012; 34:318-29. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2012.01362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Furuzawa-Carballeda J, Lima G, Jakez-Ocampo J, Llorente L. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-expressing peripheral cells in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Clin Invest 2011; 41:1037-46. [PMID: 21366559 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2011.02491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a tryptophan-degrading enzyme which suppresses T lymphocyte activity and induces Foxp3+ CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) polarisation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of IDO in freshly isolated peripheral cells as well as to enumerate Tregs and Th17 subpopulation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The percentage of IDO-expressing cells as well as Tregs and Th17 was evaluated in 14 active RA- (aRA), 13 inactive RA- (iRA), 7 aSLE-, 12 iSLE-treated patients and 11 healthy donors (controls). Intracellular IDO was analysed by flow cytometry in CD14+, CD8α+, CD16+ and CD123+ cell subpopulations. Tregs and Th17 were assessed by intracellular of Foxp3 and IL17A detection in CD4+ CD14- cells. A total of 50,000 events were recorded for each sample. RESULTS The amounts of CD14+/CD16-/IDO+, CD14-/CD16+/IDO+ and CD14+/CD16+/IDO+-expressing peripheral cells were slightly lower in inactive vs. active disease in RA and SLE patients. Notwithstanding, only inactive patients had statistically significant lower percentages when compared to controls. aRA and iRA showed a statistically significant decrease in CD8α+/CD123+/IDO+ vs. controls. Meanwhile, only iSLE patients had lower CD8α+/CD123+/IDO+ cells vs. aSLE patients and controls. Th17 subset was present in higher amounts in aRA and iRA patients vs. controls. Tregs showed an increase in aRA patients vs. controls. CONCLUSIONS A decreased percentage of IDO-expressing peripheral cells were determined in iRA and iSLE compared to controls. It could play a critical role in tolerance loss in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette Furuzawa-Carballeda
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col Sección XVI, CP 14000, Mexico City, Mexico
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Ganesh BB, Bhattacharya P, Gopisetty A, Sheng J, Vasu C, Prabhakar BS. IL-1β promotes TGF-β1 and IL-2 dependent Foxp3 expression in regulatory T cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21949. [PMID: 21779356 PMCID: PMC3136935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier, we have shown that GM-CSF-exposed CD8α− DCs that express low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12 and IL-1β can induce Foxp3+ Tregs leading to suppression of autoimmunity. Here, we examined the differential effects of IL-12 and IL-1β on Foxp3 expression in T cells when activated in the presence and absence of DCs. Exogenous IL-12 abolished, but IL-1β enhanced, the ability of GM-CSF-exposed tolerogenic DCs to promote Foxp3 expression. Pre-exposure of DCs to IL-1β and IL-12 had only a modest effect on Foxp3− expressing T cells; however, T cells activated in the absence of DCs but in the presence of IL-1β or IL-12 showed highly significant increase and decrease in Foxp3+ T cell frequencies respectively suggesting direct effects of these cytokines on T cells and a role for IL-1β in promoting Foxp3 expression. Importantly, purified CD4+CD25+ cells showed a significantly higher ability to maintain Foxp3 expression when activated in the presence of IL-1β. Further analyses showed that the ability of IL-1β to maintain Foxp3 expression in CD25+ T cells was dependent on TGF-β1 and IL-2 expression in Foxp3+Tregs and CD25− effectors T cells respectively. Exposure of CD4+CD25+ T cells to IL-1β enhanced their ability to suppress effector T cell response in vitro and ongoing experimental autoimmune thyroidits in vivo. These results show that IL-1β can help enhance/maintain Tregs, which may play an important role in maintaining peripheral tolerance during inflammation to prevent and/or suppress autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji B. Ganesh
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Palash Bhattacharya
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Anupama Gopisetty
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jianrong Sheng
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Chenthamarakshan Vasu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bellur S. Prabhakar
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cardenas PA, Huang Y, Ildstad ST. The role of pDC, recipient T(reg) and donor T(reg) in HSC engraftment: Mechanisms of facilitation. CHIMERISM 2011; 2:65-70. [PMID: 22163063 DOI: 10.4161/chim.2.3.17588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been utilized for treatment of many hematologic malignancies, genetic and metabolic disorders, and hemoglobinopathies such as sickle cell disease and thalassemia. It also induces donor-specific tolerance to organ and tissue transplants. The widespread success of HSCT is hampered by the toxicities of immunosuppression and development of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The mechanism of induction of transplantation tolerance (reciprocal donor/host) is still an elusive challenge in allogeneic HSCT. An understanding of the mechanisms for induction of tolerance and the critical cells involved in this process has resulted in novel cell-based therapies poised to be translated to clinical application. The focus of this review is those cells of interest.Bone marrow-derived plasmacytoid dendritic cells induce naïve T cells to differentiate to become antigen-specific regulatory T cells (T(reg)), creating a milieu for the induction of transplantation tolerance. Recently, CD8(+)/TCR(-) facilitating cells (FC), a novel cell population in mouse bone marrow, have been shown to potently enhance engraftment of allogeneic HSC without causing GVHD. The predominant subpopulation of FC resembles plasmacytoid precursor dendritic cells. FC induce antigen-specific T(reg) in vivo. Notably, FC address one major concern that has prevented the implementation of T(reg) cell therapy in the clinic: to expand T(reg) and have them remain tolerogenic in vivo. FC are novel in that they induce an antigen-specific regulatory milieu in vivo. The discovery of FC has opened new alternatives to expanded criteria in bone marrow transplantation that were previously restricted to human leukocyte antigen-matched recipients. The focus of this review is to cover what is currently known about the mechanism of FC action in inducing tolerance and preventing GVHD and hostversus-graft reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Cardenas
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics; University of Louisville; Louisville, KY USA
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Johnson BA, Baban B, Mellor AL. Targeting the immunoregulatory indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase pathway in immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2011; 1:645-61. [PMID: 20161103 DOI: 10.2217/imt.09.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural immune tolerance is a formidable barrier to successful immunotherapy to treat established cancers and chronic infections. Conversely, creating robust immune tolerance via immunotherapy is the major goal in treating autoimmune and allergic diseases, and enhancing survival of transplanted organs and tissues. In this review, we focus on a natural mechanism that creates local T-cell tolerance in many clinically relevant settings of chronic inflammation involving expression of the cytosolic enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) by specialized subsets of dendritic cells. IDO-expressing dendritic cells suppress antigen-specific T-cell responses directly, and induce bystander suppression by activating regulatory T cells. Thus, manipulating IDO is a promising strategy to treat a range of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burles A Johnson
- Immunotherapy Center & Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Aritomi K, Kuwabara T, Tanaka Y, Nakano H, Yasuda T, Ishikawa F, Kurosawa H, Kakiuchi T. Altered antibody production and helper T cell function in mice lacking chemokines CCL19 and CCL21-Ser. Microbiol Immunol 2011; 54:691-701. [PMID: 21044143 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2010.00266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The roles of chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 in Ab production were investigated using plt mutant mice, which lack expression of CCL19 and CCL21-ser in their lymphoid organs. In these mice, the Th response has been shown to tend towards the Th1 type because of accumulation of inflammatory dendritic cells. When plt mice were immunized with 100 μg OVA in CFA, the number of Ab-forming cells in the draining LN, and serum concentrations of OVA-specific IgM and IgG Ab, were very close to those of the control, yet IgG2a Ab in plt mice was increased. In vitro IFN-γ production by the draining LN cells of plt mice was increased. In addition, the ability of helper T cells from plt mice to stimulate Ab production in vitro was prolonged. Also, in the plt mice, in vivo challenge with OVA in incomplete Freund's adjuvant elicited a stronger IgG2a response and a weaker IgG1 response, which is suggestive of a Th1-dominant response. Similar findings were obtained when mice were immunized with 100 μg OVA in alum, except that with alum the increases observed in plt mice were IgG1 produced in vivo and IL-4 produced in vitro by draining LN cells. Furthermore, immunization with alum adjuvant also induced a prolonged in vitro recall response of IFN-γ and IL-4. These findings indicate that plt mice mount an anti-OVA Ab response, and suggest that CCL19 and CCL21 induce prompt Ab responses to antigen, and negatively regulate helper T cell responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Aritomi
- Department of Immunology, Toho University School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Švajger U, Obermajer N, Jeras M. Novel Findings in Drug-Induced Dendritic Cell Tolerogenicity. Int Rev Immunol 2010; 29:574-607. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2010.522280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Huang L, Baban B, Johnson BA, Mellor AL. Dendritic cells, indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase and acquired immune privilege. Int Rev Immunol 2010; 29:133-55. [PMID: 20367139 DOI: 10.3109/08830180903349669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized to stimulate T cell immunity. Paradoxically, some DCs suppress T cell responses and activate regulatory T cells. In this review, we focus on a potent counter-regulatory pathway mediated by plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) expressing the immunosuppressive enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO). IDO-expressing pDCs inhibit effector T cell responses, activate regulatory T cells, and attenuate pro-inflammatory responses in settings of chronic inflammation that manifest in clinical syndromes, such as infectious, allergic, and autoimmune diseases; cancer; and transplantation. Thus, IDO-expressing pDCs create immune privilege and provide novel opportunities to improve immunotherapy in multiple disease syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Immunotherapy Center and Department of Radiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
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Taher YA, Henricks PA, van Oosterhout AJ. Allergen-specific subcutaneous immunotherapy in allergic asthma: immunologic mechanisms and improvement. Libyan J Med 2010; 5:10.3402/ljm.v5i0.5303. [PMID: 21483568 PMCID: PMC3071166 DOI: 10.3402/ljm.v5i0.5303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a disease characterized by persistent allergen-driven airway inflammation, remodeling, and airway hyperresponsiveness. CD4(+) T-cells, especially T-helper type 2 cells, play a critical role in orchestrating the disease process through the release of the cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) is currently the only treatment with a long-term effect via modifying the natural course of allergy by interfering with the underlying immunological mechanisms. However, although SIT is effective in allergic rhinitis and insect venom allergy, in allergic asthma it seldom results in complete alleviation of the symptoms. Improvement of SIT is needed to enhance its efficacy in asthmatic patients. Herein, the immunoregulatory mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of SIT are discussed with the ultimate aim to improve its treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef A. Taher
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Fateh Medical University, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Paul A.J. Henricks
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Antoon J.M. van Oosterhout
- Laboratory of Allergology and Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Pallotta MT, Orabona C, Volpi C, Grohmann U, Puccetti P, Fallarino F. Proteasomal Degradation of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase in CD8 Dendritic Cells is Mediated by Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 (SOCS3). Int J Tryptophan Res 2010; 3:91-7. [PMID: 22084591 PMCID: PMC3195250 DOI: 10.4137/ijtr.s3971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) catalyzes the initial and rate-limiting step of tryptophan catabolism in a specific pathway, resulting in a series of extracellular messengers collectively known as kynurenines. IDO has been recognized as an authentic regulator of immunity not only in mammalian pregnancy, but also in infection, autoimmunity, inflammation, allergy, transplantation, and neoplasia. Its suppressive effects are mostly mediated by dendritic cells (DCs) and involve tryptophan deprivation and/or production of kynurenines, which act on IDO-negative DCs as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. We have found that mouse IDO contains two tyrosine residues within two distinct putative immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs, VPY115CEL and LLY253EGV. We have also found that Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 (SOCS3)—known to interact with phosphotyrosine-containing peptides and be selectively induced by interleukin 6 (IL-6)—binds mouse IDO, recruits the ECS (Elongin-Cullin-SOCS) E3 ligase, and targets the IDO/SOCS3 complex for proteasomal degradation. This event underlies the ability of IL-6 to convert otherwise tolerogenic, IDO-competent DCs into immunogenic cells. Thus onset of immunity in response to antigen within an early inflammatory context demands that IDO be degraded in tolerogenic DCs. These studies support the finding that IDO is regulated by proteasomal degradation in response to immunogenic and inflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Pallotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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Kavousanaki M, Makrigiannakis A, Boumpas D, Verginis P. Novel role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in humans: induction of interleukin-10-producing Treg cells by plasmacytoid dendritic cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis responding to therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:53-63. [PMID: 20039433 DOI: 10.1002/art.25037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reestablishing immune tolerance and long-term suppression of disease represent major therapeutic goals in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Dendritic cells (DCs) likely play a central role in such regulation via the expansion and/or induction of Treg cells. The present study was undertaken to explore the contribution of DCs to the development of Treg cells in a human autoimmune disease setting. METHODS DC subsets were characterized by flow cytometry in the peripheral blood and synovial fluid of patients with RA. Proliferation of and cytokine release by naive CD4+CD25- T cells were measured in cocultures of these cells with DCs from patients with RA and healthy controls. The suppressive capacity of DC-polarized T cells was explored in vitro by a standard suppression assay. RESULTS Only very low numbers of both plasmacytoid DCs (CD303+) and myeloid DCs (CD1c+) were present in the peripheral blood of patients with active RA. In contrast, patients with therapy-induced remission of RA exhibited higher numbers of circulating plasmacytoid DCs. Mature plasmacytoid DCs from RA patients with low disease activity, but not those from healthy controls, expressed high levels of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and promoted the differentiation of allogeneic naive CD4+CD25- T cells into interleukin-10-secreting Treg cells, or Tr1 cells, that showed poor proliferation in vitro. Importantly, these plasmacytoid DC-primed Treg cells potently suppressed the proliferation of autologous naive CD4+ T cells, in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate, for the first time, that human plasmacytoid DCs may be educated within the rheumatoid microenvironment to acquire a tolerogenic phenotype. Modulation of the immune response by plasmacytoid DCs might provide novel immune-based therapies in autoimmunity and transplantation.
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Tang G, Qin Q, Zhang P, Wang G, Liu M, Ding Q, Qin Y, Shen Q. Reverse signaling using an inducible costimulator to enhance immunogenic function of dendritic cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:3067-80. [PMID: 19603141 PMCID: PMC11115656 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A costimulatory signal from an inducible costimulator (ICOS) of T cells plays a critical role in immunological homeostasis. This study shows that the interaction of ICOSIg and its ligand (ICOSL) on mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) induces a p38-MAPK dependent elevation of interleukin 6 (IL-6). It also enhances phagocytosis and the antigen-presentation function of DCs in vitro, further favoring cell-mediated immunity in vivo. As seen for other types of costimulator molecules expressed in the T cells in the CD28 family, it is shown here for the first time that ICOS can also deliver reverse signals through its ligand to ICOSL-expressing cells. These reverse signals in turn transfer positive immunogenic information to bone marrow-derived DCs. Our work therefore provides new recognition of an ICOSL/ICOS signal pathway in immunity and also supplies more evidence that this ICOSL/ICOS signal pathway is a reasonable target for therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gusheng Tang
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Room 701, Building of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, Number 168, Changhai Road, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Qin
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Room 701, Building of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, Number 168, Changhai Road, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Room 701, Building of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, Number 168, Changhai Road, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Guifang Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Number 415, Fengyang Road, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Menglei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Room 701, Building of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, Number 168, Changhai Road, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Qingli Ding
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Room 701, Building of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, Number 168, Changhai Road, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Yanghua Qin
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Room 701, Building of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, Number 168, Changhai Road, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Shen
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Room 701, Building of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, Number 168, Changhai Road, 200433 Shanghai, China
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Qian F, Villella J, Wallace PK, Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Tario JD, Andrews C, Matsuzaki J, Valmori D, Ayyoub M, Frederick PJ, Beck A, Liao J, Cheney R, Moysich K, Lele S, Shrikant P, Old LJ, Odunsi K. Efficacy of levo-1-methyl tryptophan and dextro-1-methyl tryptophan in reversing indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-mediated arrest of T-cell proliferation in human epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2009; 69:5498-504. [PMID: 19491279 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that levo-1-methyl tryptophan (L-1MT) can block indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) expressed by human dendritic cells (DC), whereas dextro-1-methyl tryptophan (D-1MT) is inefficient. However, whether L-1MT or D-1MT can efficiently reverse IDO-induced arrest of human T-cell proliferation has not been clarified. Here, we show a marked immunosuppressive effect of IDO derived from INDO-transfected 293 cell, IDO+ ovarian cancer cells, and monocyte-derived DCs on CD4+ Th1 cells, CD8+ T cells, and natural killer cells derived from peripheral blood, ascites, and tumors of ovarian cancer patients. We found that, whereas L-1MT and D/L-1MT can restore proliferation of tumor-derived and peripheral blood T-cell subsets, D-1MT does not effectively restore IDO-induced arrest of T-cell proliferation. Although D-1MT inhibited kynurenine production at high concentrations, L-1MT was more effective in abrogating kynurenine generation and tryptophan depletion, whereas tryptophan was completely depleted by IDO even in the presence of high amounts of D-1MT. Together, the results indicate that, whereas the generation of tryptophan metabolites (kynurenines) by IDO is important in mediating suppression of T-cell proliferation, the degree to which tryptophan depletion is restored by 1MT is also critical in overcoming IDO-induced arrest of T-cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qian
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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Abstract
The expression of inhibitory immunoglobulin-like transcripts (ILTs) on dendritic cells (DCs) is a biomarker of tolerogenic DCs. In this article we discuss current knowledge on the function of ILTs and explore the molecular mechanisms involved in modulation of DCs via the inhibitory receptor and its natural ligand, rendering these cells tolerogenic. We propose a method to enhance targeting of inhibitory receptors on DCs using microparticles containing a preferential ligand, HLA-G, and monoclonal antibody against the pan-DCs marker CD11c. The double-coated microparticles increase the binding of ILT4 receptor and improve modulation of DCs in vitro and in vivo. This targeting concept can be used for regulation of specific immune responses to antigens in transplantation, autoimmunity, allergy, and cancer.
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