1
|
Capelle CM, Ciré S, Hedin F, Hansen M, Pavelka L, Grzyb K, Kyriakis D, Hunewald O, Konstantinou M, Revets D, Tslaf V, Marques TM, Gomes CPC, Baron A, Domingues O, Gomez M, Zeng N, Betsou F, May P, Skupin A, Cosma A, Balling R, Krüger R, Ollert M, Hefeng FQ. Early-to-mid stage idiopathic Parkinson's disease shows enhanced cytotoxicity and differentiation in CD8 T-cells in females. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7461. [PMID: 37985656 PMCID: PMC10662447 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation in the brain contributes to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), but the potential dysregulation of peripheral immunity has not been systematically investigated for idiopathic PD (iPD). Here we showed an elevated peripheral cytotoxic immune milieu, with more terminally-differentiated effector memory (TEMRA) CD8 T, CD8+ NKT cells and circulating cytotoxic molecules in fresh blood of patients with early-to-mid iPD, especially females, after analyzing > 700 innate and adaptive immune features. This profile, also reflected by fewer CD8+FOXP3+ T cells, was confirmed in another subcohort. Co-expression between cytotoxic molecules was selectively enhanced in CD8 TEMRA and effector memory (TEM) cells. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis demonstrated the accelerated differentiation within CD8 compartments, enhanced cytotoxic pathways in CD8 TEMRA and TEM cells, while CD8 central memory (TCM) and naïve cells were already more-active and transcriptionally-reprogrammed. Our work provides a comprehensive map of dysregulated peripheral immunity in iPD, proposing candidates for early diagnosis and treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe M Capelle
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 2 Av. de Université, L-4365, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8049, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Séverine Ciré
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Eligo Bioscience, 111 Av. de France, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Hedin
- National Cytometry Platform, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Maxime Hansen
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 Av. du Swing, L-4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Parkinson Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), 4 Rue Nicolas Ernest Barblé, L-1210, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Lukas Pavelka
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 Av. du Swing, L-4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Parkinson Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), 4 Rue Nicolas Ernest Barblé, L-1210, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 1A-B Rue Thomas Edison, L-1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Kamil Grzyb
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 Av. du Swing, L-4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Dimitrios Kyriakis
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 Av. du Swing, L-4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029-5674, USA
| | - Oliver Hunewald
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Maria Konstantinou
- National Cytometry Platform, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Dominique Revets
- National Cytometry Platform, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Vera Tslaf
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 2 Av. de Université, L-4365, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 1A-B Rue Thomas Edison, L-1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Tainá M Marques
- Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 1A-B Rue Thomas Edison, L-1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Clarissa P C Gomes
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 Av. du Swing, L-4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Alexandre Baron
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Olivia Domingues
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Mario Gomez
- National Cytometry Platform, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Ni Zeng
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 2 Av. de Université, L-4365, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Fay Betsou
- Integrated Biobank of Luxembourg (IBBL), Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 1 Rue Louis Rech, L-3555, Dudelange, Luxembourg
- CRBIP, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Patrick May
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 Av. du Swing, L-4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Alexander Skupin
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 Av. du Swing, L-4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Department of Physics and Material Science, University of Luxembourg, 162a Av. de la Faïencerie, L-1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Department of Neurosciences, University California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0662, USA
| | - Antonio Cosma
- National Cytometry Platform, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Rudi Balling
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 Av. du Swing, L-4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, D-53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 Av. du Swing, L-4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Parkinson Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), 4 Rue Nicolas Ernest Barblé, L-1210, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 1A-B Rue Thomas Edison, L-1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Markus Ollert
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis (ORCA), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5000C, Denmark.
| | - Feng Q Hefeng
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
- Data Integration and Analysis Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1445, Strassen, Luxembourg.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Z, Deng C, Zhu P, Yao D, Shi J, Zeng T, Huang W, Huang Z, Wu Z, Li J, Xiao M, Fu L. Single-cell RNA-seq reveals a microenvironment and an exhaustion state of T/NK cells in acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Sci 2023; 114:3873-3883. [PMID: 37591615 PMCID: PMC10551605 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous blood cancer. Effective immunotherapies for AML are hindered by a lack of understanding of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we retrieved published single-cell RNA sequencing data for 128,688 cells derived from 29 bone marrow aspirates, including 21 AML patients and eight healthy donors. We established a global tumor ecosystem including nine main cell types. Myeloid, T, and NK cells were further re-clustered and annotated. Developmental trajectory analysis indicated that exhausted CD8+ T cells might develop via tissue residual memory T cells (TRM) in the AML TME. Significantly higher expression levels of exhaustion molecules in AML TRM cells suggested that these cells were influenced by the TME and entered an exhausted state. Meanwhile, the upregulation of checkpoint molecules and downregulation of granzyme were also observed in AML NK cells, suggesting an exhaustion state. In conclusion, our comprehensive profiling of T/NK subpopulations provides deeper insights into the AML immunosuppressive ecosystem, which is critical for immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of HematologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Medical Innovation Research Division of Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Cong Deng
- Department of HematologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Pei Zhu
- Department of HematologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Danlin Yao
- Department of HematologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Medical Innovation Research Division of Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Tiansheng Zeng
- Department of HematologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Department of HematologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zeyong Huang
- Department of HematologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Wu
- Department of HematologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Junyi Li
- Department of HematologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Min Xiao
- Department of HematologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Lin Fu
- Department of HematologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fung HY, Teryek M, Lemenze AD, Bergsbaken T. CD103 fate mapping reveals that intestinal CD103 - tissue-resident memory T cells are the primary responders to secondary infection. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabl9925. [PMID: 36332012 PMCID: PMC9901738 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abl9925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells remain poised in the tissue and mediate robust protection from secondary infection. TRM cells within the intestine and other tissues are heterogeneous in their phenotype and function; however, the contributions of these TRM subsets to secondary infection remain poorly defined. To address the plasticity of intestinal TRM subsets and their role in local and systemic immunity, we generated mice to fate map intestinal CD103+ TRM cells and track their location and function during secondary infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. We found that CD103+ TRM cells remained lodged in the tissue and were poorly reactivated during secondary challenge. CD103- TRM cells were the primary responders to secondary infection and expanded within the tissue, with limited contribution from circulating memory T cells. The transcriptional profile of CD103- TRM cells demonstrated maintenance of a gene signature similar to circulating T cells along with increased cytokine production and migratory potential. CD103- TRM cells also expressed genes associated with T cell receptor (TCR) activation and displayed enhanced TCR-mediated reactivation both in vitro and in vivo compared with their CD103+ counterparts. These studies reveal the limited recall potential of CD103+ TRM subsets and the role of CD103- TRM cells as central memory-like T cells within peripheral tissues.
Collapse
|
4
|
Li M, Garforth SJ, O’Connor KE, Su H, Lee DM, Celikgil A, Chaparro RJ, Seidel RD, Jones RB, Arav-Boger R, Almo SC, Goldstein H. T cell receptor-targeted immunotherapeutics drive selective in vivo HIV- and CMV-specific T cell expansion in humanized mice. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e141051. [PMID: 34673568 PMCID: PMC8631598 DOI: 10.1172/jci141051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To delineate the in vivo role of different costimulatory signals in activating and expanding highly functional virus-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, we designed synTacs, infusible biologics that recapitulate antigen-specific T cell activation signals delivered by antigen-presenting cells. We constructed synTacs consisting of dimeric Fc-domain scaffolds linking CD28- or 4-1BB-specific ligands to HLA-A2 MHC molecules covalently tethered to HIV- or CMV-derived peptides. Treatment of HIV-infected donor PBMCs with synTacs bearing HIV- or CMV-derived peptides induced vigorous and selective ex vivo expansion of highly functional HIV- and/or CMV-specific CD8+ T cells, respectively, with potent antiviral activities. Intravenous injection of HIV- or CMV-specific synTacs into immunodeficient mice intrasplenically engrafted with donor PBMCs markedly and selectively expanded HIV-specific (32-fold) or CMV-specific (46-fold) human CD8+ T cells populating their spleens. Notably, these expanded HIV- or CMV-specific CD8+ T cells directed potent in vivo suppression of HIV or CMV infections in the humanized mice, providing strong rationale for consideration of synTac-based approaches as a therapeutic strategy to cure HIV and treat CMV and other viral infections. The synTac platform flexibility supports facile delineation of in vivo effects of different costimulatory signals on patient-derived virus-specific CD8+ T cells, enabling optimization of individualized therapies, including HIV cure strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyan Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Scott J. Garforth
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Hang Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | | | - Alev Celikgil
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - R. Brad Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ravit Arav-Boger
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Steven C. Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Harris Goldstein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Department of Pediatrics, and
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Roy RK, Yadav R, Jain A, Tripathi V, Jain M, Singh S, Prakash H. Yin and yang of immunological memory in controlling infections: Overriding self defence mechanisms. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:240-252. [PMID: 33872093 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1912037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunological memory is critical for host immunity and decisive for individual to respond exponentially to previously encountered infection. Both T and B cell memory are known to orchestrate immunological memory with their central and effector memory arms contributing in prolonged immunity/defence mechanisms of host. While central memory helps in maintaining prolonged immunity for a particular infection, effector memory helps in keeping local/seasonal infection in control. In addition to this, generation of long-lived plasma cells is pivotal for generating neutralizing antibodies which can enhance recall and B cell memory to control re-infection. In view of this, scaling up memory response is one of the major objectives for the expected outcome of vaccination. In this line, this review deals with the significance of memory cells, molecular pathways of their development, maintenance, epigenetic regulation and negative regulation in various infections. We have also highlighted the significance of both T and B cell memory responses in the vaccination approaches against range of infections which is not fully explored so far.[Box: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Kumar Roy
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Rakhi Yadav
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Aklank Jain
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Vishwas Tripathi
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, India
| | - Manju Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Sandhya Singh
- Amity Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Hridayesh Prakash
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University, Noida, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pathan-Chhatbar S, Drechsler C, Richter K, Morath A, Wu W, OuYang B, Xu C, Schamel WW. Direct Regulation of the T Cell Antigen Receptor's Activity by Cholesterol. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:615996. [PMID: 33490080 PMCID: PMC7820176 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.615996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological membranes consist of hundreds of different lipids that together with the embedded transmembrane (TM) proteins organize themselves into small nanodomains. In addition to this function of lipids, TM regions of proteins bind to lipids in a very specific manner, but the function of these TM region-lipid interactions is mostly unknown. In this review, we focus on the role of plasma membrane cholesterol, which directly binds to the αβ T cell antigen receptor (TCR), and has at least two opposing functions in αβ TCR activation. On the one hand, cholesterol binding to the TM domain of the TCRβ subunit keeps the TCR in an inactive, non-signaling conformation by stabilizing this conformation. This assures that the αβ T cell remains quiescent in the absence of antigenic peptide-MHC (the TCR's ligand) and decreases the sensitivity of the T cell toward stimulation. On the other hand, cholesterol binding to TCRβ leads to an increased formation of TCR nanoclusters, increasing the avidity of the TCRs toward the antigen, thus increasing the sensitivity of the αβ T cell. In mouse models, pharmacological increase of the cholesterol concentration in T cells caused an increase in TCR clustering, and thereby enhanced anti-tumor responses. In contrast, the γδ TCR does not bind to cholesterol and might be regulated in a different manner. The goal of this review is to put these seemingly controversial findings on the impact of cholesterol on the αβ TCR into perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salma Pathan-Chhatbar
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carina Drechsler
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Richter
- Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Ophthalmology Disease Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Morath
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo OuYang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wolfgang W Schamel
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Martínez-Rey D, Carmona-Rodríguez L, Fernández-Aceñero MJ, Mira E, Mañes S. Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase, the Endothelial Basement Membrane, and the WNT Pathway: New Players in Vascular Normalization and Tumor Infiltration by T-Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:579552. [PMID: 33250894 PMCID: PMC7673374 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are major players in the immune-mediated control of cancer and the response to immunotherapy. In primary cancers, however, TILs are commonly absent, suggesting T-cell entry into the tumor microenvironment (TME) to be selectively restricted. Blood and lymph vessels are the first barriers that circulating T-cells must cross to reach the tumor parenchyma. Certainly, the crossing of the endothelial cell (EC) basement membrane (EC-BM)—an extracellular matrix underlying EC—is a limiting step in T-cell diapedesis. This review highlights new data suggesting the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase-3 (SOD3) to be a regulator of EC-BM composition in the tumor vasculature. In the EC, SOD3 induces vascular normalization and endows the EC-BM with the capacity for the extravasation of effector T-cells into the TME, which it achieves via the WNT signaling pathway. However, when activated in tumor cells, this same pathway is reported to exclude TILs. SOD3 also regulates TIL density in primary human colorectal cancers (CRC), thus affecting the relapse rate and patient survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Martínez-Rey
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Jesús Fernández-Aceñero
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Fundación de Investigación Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilia Mira
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Santos Mañes
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Martín-Leal A, Blanco R, Casas J, Sáez ME, Rodríguez-Bovolenta E, de Rojas I, Drechsler C, Real LM, Fabrias G, Ruíz A, Castro M, Schamel WW, Alarcón B, van Santen HM, Mañes S. CCR5 deficiency impairs CD4 + T-cell memory responses and antigenic sensitivity through increased ceramide synthesis. EMBO J 2020; 39:e104749. [PMID: 32525588 PMCID: PMC7396835 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CCR5 is not only a coreceptor for HIV‐1 infection in CD4+ T cells, but also contributes to their functional fitness. Here, we show that by limiting transcription of specific ceramide synthases, CCR5 signaling reduces ceramide levels and thereby increases T‐cell antigen receptor (TCR) nanoclustering in antigen‐experienced mouse and human CD4+ T cells. This activity is CCR5‐specific and independent of CCR5 co‐stimulatory activity. CCR5‐deficient mice showed reduced production of high‐affinity class‐switched antibodies, but only after antigen rechallenge, which implies an impaired memory CD4+ T‐cell response. This study identifies a CCR5 function in the generation of CD4+ T‐cell memory responses and establishes an antigen‐independent mechanism that regulates TCR nanoclustering by altering specific lipid species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martín-Leal
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Blanco
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefina Casas
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Liver and Digestive Diseases (CIBER-EDH), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María E Sáez
- Centro Andaluz de Estudios Bioinformáticos (CAEBi), Seville, Spain
| | - Elena Rodríguez-Bovolenta
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Itziar de Rojas
- Alzheimer Research Center, Memory Clinic of the Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carina Drechsler
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Luis Miguel Real
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Hospital Universitario de Valme, Seville, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Gemma Fabrias
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Liver and Digestive Diseases (CIBER-EDH), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Ruíz
- Alzheimer Research Center, Memory Clinic of the Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Castro
- Interdisciplinary Group of Complex Systems, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Wa Schamel
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Balbino Alarcón
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Hisse M van Santen
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Santos Mañes
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bretscher PA, Al‐Yassin G, Anderson CC. On T cell development, T cell signals, T cell specificity and sensitivity, and the autoimmunity facilitated by lymphopenia. Scand J Immunol 2020; 91:e12888. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Bretscher
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology College of Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - Ghassan Al‐Yassin
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology College of Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - Colin C. Anderson
- Department of Surgery Alberta Diabetes Institute Alberta Transplant Institute University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology Alberta Diabetes Institute Alberta Transplant Institute University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu Q, Sun Z, Chen L. Memory T cells: strategies for optimizing tumor immunotherapy. Protein Cell 2020; 11:549-564. [PMID: 32221812 PMCID: PMC7381543 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00707-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that memory T cells including stem cell memory (Tscm) T cells and central memory (Tcm) T cells show superior persistence and antitumor immunity compared with effector memory T (Tem) cells and effector T (Teff) cells. Furthermore, the Tcm/Teff ratio has been reported to be a predictive biomarker of immune responses against some tumors. Thus, a system-level understanding of the mechanisms underlying the differentiation of effector and memory T cells is of increasing importance for developing immunological strategies against various tumors. This review focuses on recent advances in efficacy against tumors, the origin, formation mechanisms of memory T cells, and the role of the gut microbiota in memory T cell formation. Furthermore, we summarize strategies to generate memory T cells in (ex) vivo that, might be applicable in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingjun Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Newish Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Xihuan South Road 18, Economic & Technical Development Zone, Beijing, 100176, China.,Moon (Guangzhou) Biotech Co., Ltd., Room 301, Building B5, Enterprise Accelerator, No. 11 Kaiyuan Avenue, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Zhongjie Sun
- Newish Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Xihuan South Road 18, Economic & Technical Development Zone, Beijing, 100176, China.
| | - Ligong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hurst KE, Lawrence KA, Robino RA, Ball LE, Chung D, Thaxton JE. Remodeling Translation Primes CD8 + T-cell Antitumor Immunity. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:587-595. [PMID: 32075802 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The requisites for protein translation in T cells are poorly understood and how translation shapes the antitumor efficacy of T cells is unknown. Here we demonstrated that IL15-conditioned T cells were primed by the metabolic energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase to undergo diminished translation relative to effector T cells. However, we showed that IL15-conditioned T cells exhibited a remarkable capacity to enhance their protein translation in tumors, which effector T cells were unable to duplicate. Studying the modulation of translation for applications in cancer immunotherapy revealed that direct ex vivo pharmacologic inhibition of translation elongation primed robust T-cell antitumor immunity. Our work elucidates that altering protein translation in CD8+ T cells can shape their antitumor capability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Hurst
- Department of Orthopedics and Physical Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Kiley A Lawrence
- Department of Orthopedics and Physical Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Rob A Robino
- Department of Orthopedics and Physical Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Lauren E Ball
- Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Dongjun Chung
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jessica E Thaxton
- Department of Orthopedics and Physical Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina. .,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Piccirillo AR, Cattley RT, D'Cruz LM, Hawse WF. Histone acetyltransferase CBP is critical for conventional effector and memory T-cell differentiation in mice. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:2397-2406. [PMID: 30573679 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with naïve T cells, memory CD8+ T cells have a transcriptional landscape and proteome that are optimized to generate a more rapid and robust response to secondary infection. Additionally, rewired kinase signal transduction pathways likely contribute to the superior recall response of memory CD8+ T cells, but this idea has not been experimentally confirmed. Herein, we utilized an MS approach to identify proteins that are phosphorylated on tyrosine residues in response to Listeria-induced T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation in both naïve and memory CD8+ T cells from mice and separated by fluorescence- and flow cytometry-based cell sorting. This analysis identified substantial differences in tyrosine kinase signaling networks between naïve and memory CD8+ T cells. We also observed that an important axis in memory CD8+ T cells couples Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) hyperactivation to the phosphorylation of CREB-binding protein (CBP). Functionally, JAK2-catalyzed phosphorylation enabled CBP to bind with higher affinity to acetylated histone peptides, indicating a potential epigenetic mechanism that could contribute to rapid initiation of transcriptional programs in memory CD8+ T cells. Moreover, we found that CBP itself is essential for conventional effector and memory CD8+ T-cell formation. These results indicate how signaling pathways are altered to promote CD8+ memory cell formation and rapid responses to and protection from repeat infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann R Piccirillo
- From the Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Richard T Cattley
- From the Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Louise M D'Cruz
- From the Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - William F Hawse
- From the Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tu WJ, Hardy K, Sutton CR, McCuaig R, Li J, Dunn J, Tan A, Brezar V, Morris M, Denyer G, Lee SK, Turner SJ, Seddiki N, Smith C, Khanna R, Rao S. Priming of transcriptional memory responses via the chromatin accessibility landscape in T cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44825. [PMID: 28317936 PMCID: PMC5357947 DOI: 10.1038/srep44825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory T cells exhibit transcriptional memory and “remember” their previous pathogenic encounter to increase transcription on re-infection. However, how this transcriptional priming response is regulated is unknown. Here we performed global FAIRE-seq profiling of chromatin accessibility in a human T cell transcriptional memory model. Primary activation induced persistent accessibility changes, and secondary activation induced secondary-specific opening of previously less accessible regions associated with enhanced expression of memory-responsive genes. Increased accessibility occurred largely in distal regulatory regions and was associated with increased histone acetylation and relative H3.3 deposition. The enhanced re-stimulation response was linked to the strength of initial PKC-induced signalling, and PKC-sensitive increases in accessibility upon initial stimulation showed higher accessibility on re-stimulation. While accessibility maintenance was associated with ETS-1, accessibility at re-stimulation-specific regions was linked to NFAT, especially in combination with ETS-1, EGR, GATA, NFκB, and NR4A. Furthermore, NFATC1 was directly regulated by ETS-1 at an enhancer region. In contrast to the factors that increased accessibility, signalling from bHLH and ZEB family members enhanced decreased accessibility upon re-stimulation. Interplay between distal regulatory elements, accessibility, and the combined action of sequence-specific transcription factors allows transcriptional memory-responsive genes to “remember” their initial environmental encounter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Juan Tu
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology &Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2617, Australia
| | - Kristine Hardy
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology &Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2617, Australia
| | - Christopher R Sutton
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology &Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2617, Australia
| | - Robert McCuaig
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology &Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2617, Australia
| | - Jasmine Li
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Department of Microbiology &Immunology, The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jenny Dunn
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology &Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2617, Australia
| | - Abel Tan
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology &Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2617, Australia
| | - Vedran Brezar
- INSERM U955 Eq16 Faculte de medicine Henri Mondor and Universite Paris-Est, Creteil/Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil 94010, France
| | - Melanie Morris
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology &Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2617, Australia
| | - Gareth Denyer
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sau Kuen Lee
- QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen J Turner
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Department of Microbiology &Immunology, The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nabila Seddiki
- INSERM U955 Eq16 Faculte de medicine Henri Mondor and Universite Paris-Est, Creteil/Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil 94010, France
| | - Corey Smith
- QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sudha Rao
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology &Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2617, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gonzalez-Perez G, Lamousé-Smith ESN. Gastrointestinal Microbiome Dysbiosis in Infant Mice Alters Peripheral CD8 + T Cell Receptor Signaling. Front Immunol 2017; 8:265. [PMID: 28337207 PMCID: PMC5340779 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that maternal antibiotic treatment (MAT) of mice in the last days of pregnancy and during lactation dramatically alters the density and composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota of their infants. MAT infants also exhibited enhanced susceptibility to a systemic viral infection and altered adaptive immune cell activation phenotype and function. CD8+ effector T cells from MAT infants consistently demonstrate an inability to sustain interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production in vivo following vaccinia virus infection and in vitro upon T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. We hypothesize that T cells developing in infant mice with gastrointestinal microbiota dysbiosis and insufficient toll-like receptor (TLR) exposure alters immune responsiveness associated with intrinsic T cell defects in the TCR signaling pathway and compromised T cell effector function. To evaluate this, splenic T cells from day of life 15 MAT infant mice were stimulated in vitro with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies prior to examining the expression of ZAP-70, phosphorylated ZAP-70, phospho-Erk-1/2, c-Rel, total protein tyrosine phosphorylation, and IFN-γ production. We determine that MAT infant CD8+ T cells fail to sustain total protein tyrosine phosphorylation and Erk1/2 activation. Lipopolysaccharide treatment in vitro and in vivo, partially restored IFN-γ production in MAT effector CD8+ T cells and reduced mortality typically observed in MAT mice following systemic viral infection. Our results demonstrate a surprising dependence on the gastrointestinal microbiome and TLR ligand stimulation toward shaping optimal CD8+ T cell function during infancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Gonzalez-Perez
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center , New York, NY , USA
| | - Esi S N Lamousé-Smith
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center , New York, NY , USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bevington SL, Cauchy P, Withers DR, Lane PJL, Cockerill PN. T Cell Receptor and Cytokine Signaling Can Function at Different Stages to Establish and Maintain Transcriptional Memory and Enable T Helper Cell Differentiation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:204. [PMID: 28316598 PMCID: PMC5334638 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Experienced T cells exhibit immunological memory via a rapid recall response, responding to restimulation much faster than naïve T cells. The formation of immunological memory starts during an initial slow response, when naïve T cells become transformed to proliferating T blast cells, and inducible immune response genes are reprogrammed as active chromatin domains. We demonstrated that these active domains are supported by thousands of priming elements which cooperate with inducible transcriptional enhancers to enable efficient responses to stimuli. At the conclusion of this response, a small proportion of these cells return to the quiescent state as long-term memory T cells. We proposed that priming elements can be established in a hit-and-run process dependent on the inducible factor AP-1, but then maintained by the constitutive factors RUNX1 and ETS-1. This priming mechanism may also function to render genes receptive to additional differentiation-inducing factors such as GATA3 and TBX21 that are encountered under polarizing conditions. The proliferation of recently activated T cells and the maintenance of immunological memory in quiescent memory T cells are also dependent on various cytokine signaling pathways upstream of AP-1. We suggest that immunological memory is established by T cell receptor signaling, but maintained by cytokine signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Bevington
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Pierre Cauchy
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - David R Withers
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Peter J L Lane
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Peter N Cockerill
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bonifer C, Cockerill PN. Chromatin priming of genes in development: Concepts, mechanisms and consequences. Exp Hematol 2017; 49:1-8. [PMID: 28185904 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
During ontogeny, cells progress through multiple alternate differentiation states by activating distinct gene regulatory networks. In this review, we highlight the important role of chromatin priming in facilitating gene activation during lineage specification and in maintaining an epigenetic memory of previous gene activation. We show that chromatin priming is part of a hugely diverse repertoire of regulatory mechanisms that genes use to ensure that they are expressed at the correct time, in the correct cell type, and at the correct level, but also that they react to signals. We also emphasize how increasing our knowledge of these principles could inform our understanding of developmental failure and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Bonifer
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Peter N Cockerill
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Barski A, Cuddapah S, Kartashov AV, Liu C, Imamichi H, Yang W, Peng W, Lane HC, Zhao K. Rapid Recall Ability of Memory T cells is Encoded in their Epigenome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39785. [PMID: 28054639 PMCID: PMC5215294 DOI: 10.1038/srep39785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation together with co-stimulation is sufficient for the activation of both naïve and memory T cells, the memory cells are capable of producing lineage specific cytokines much more rapidly than the naïve cells. The mechanisms behind this rapid recall response of the memory cells are still not completely understood. Here, we performed epigenetic profiling of human resting naïve, central and effector memory T cells using ChIP-Seq and found that unlike the naïve cells, the regulatory elements of the cytokine genes in the memory T cells are marked by activating histone modifications even in the resting state. Therefore, the ability to induce expression of rapid recall genes upon activation is associated with the deposition of positive histone modifications during memory T cell differentiation. We propose a model of T cell memory, in which immunological memory state is encoded epigenetically, through poising and transcriptional memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artem Barski
- Divisions of Allergy &Immunology and Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Suresh Cuddapah
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, NY, 10987, USA
| | - Andrey V Kartashov
- Divisions of Allergy &Immunology and Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Chong Liu
- Divisions of Allergy &Immunology and Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Hiromi Imamichi
- Clinical and Molecular Retrovirology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Department of Physics, The George Washington University, D.C., 20052, USA
| | - Weiqun Peng
- Department of Physics, The George Washington University, D.C., 20052, USA
| | - H Clifford Lane
- Clinical and Molecular Retrovirology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Keji Zhao
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bevington SL, Cauchy P, Cockerill PN. Chromatin priming elements establish immunological memory in T cells without activating transcription: T cell memory is maintained by DNA elements which stably prime inducible genes without activating steady state transcription. Bioessays 2016; 39. [PMID: 28026028 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We have identified a simple epigenetic mechanism underlying the establishment and maintenance of immunological memory in T cells. By studying the transcriptional regulation of inducible genes we found that a single cycle of activation of inducible factors is sufficient to initiate stable binding of pre-existing transcription factors to thousands of newly activated distal regulatory elements within inducible genes. These events lead to the creation of islands of active chromatin encompassing nearby enhancers, thereby supporting the accelerated activation of inducible genes, without changing steady state levels of transcription in memory T cells. These studies also highlighted the need for more sophisticated definitions of gene regulatory elements. The chromatin priming elements defined here are distinct from classical enhancers because they function by maintaining chromatin accessibility rather than directly activating transcription. We propose that these priming elements are members of a wider class of genomic elements that support correct developmentally regulated gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Bevington
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| | - Pierre Cauchy
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| | - Peter N Cockerill
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
CD45-mediated control of TCR tuning in naïve and memory CD8 + T cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13373. [PMID: 27841348 PMCID: PMC5114568 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous contact with self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ligands is essential for survival of naïve T cells but not memory cells. This surprising finding implies that T cell subsets may vary in their relative T-cell receptor (TCR) sensitivity. Here we show that in CD8+T cells TCR sensitivity correlates inversely with levels of CD5, a marker for strong self-MHC reactivity. We also show that TCR sensitivity is lower in memory CD8+ T cells than naïve cells. In both situations, TCR hypo-responsiveness applies only to short-term TCR signalling events and not to proliferation, and correlates directly with increased expression of a phosphatase, CD45 and reciprocal decreased expression of activated LCK. Inhibition by high CD45 on CD8+ T cells may protect against overt TCR auto-MHC reactivity, while enhanced sensitivity to cytokines ensures strong responses to foreign antigens. Naïve T cells establish self-tolerance via negative selection of cells with strong reactivity for self-peptide/MHC complexes, but undergo T-cell receptor (TCR) desensitisation when leaving the thymus. Here, Cho et al. show that TCR desensitisation correlates with cell-surface density of the phosphatase CD45.
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang F, Beck-García K, Zorzin C, Schamel WWA, Davis MM. Inhibition of T cell receptor signaling by cholesterol sulfate, a naturally occurring derivative of membrane cholesterol. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:844-50. [PMID: 27213689 PMCID: PMC4916016 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most adaptive immune responses require the activation of specific T cells through the T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex. Here we show that cholesterol sulfate (CS), a naturally occurring analog of cholesterol, inhibits CD3 ITAM phosphorylation, a crucial first step in T cell activation. In biochemical studies, CS disrupted TCR multimers, apparently by displacing cholesterol, which is known to bind TCRβ. Moreover, CS-deficient mice showed heightened sensitivity to a self-antigen, whereas increasing CS content by intrathymic injection inhibited thymic selection, indicating that this molecule is an intrinsic regulator of thymocyte development. These results reveal a regulatory role for CS in TCR signaling and thymic selection, highlighting the importance of the membrane microenvironment in modulating cell surface receptor activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Katharina Beck-García
- Center for Biological Signaling Studies (BIOSS) and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carina Zorzin
- Center for Biological Signaling Studies (BIOSS) and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W A Schamel
- Center for Biological Signaling Studies (BIOSS) and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mark M Davis
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sarkar S, Hewison M, Studzinski GP, Li YC, Kalia V. Role of vitamin D in cytotoxic T lymphocyte immunity to pathogens and cancer. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2015; 53:132-45. [PMID: 26479950 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2015.1094443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression in immune cells has opened up a new area of research into immunoregulation by vitamin D, a niche that is distinct from its classical role in skeletal health. Today, about three decades since this discovery, numerous cellular and molecular targets of vitamin D in the immune system have been delineated. Moreover, strong clinical associations between vitamin D status and the incidence/severity of many immune-regulated disorders (e.g. infectious diseases, cancers and autoimmunity) have prompted the idea of using vitamin D supplementation to manipulate disease outcome. While much is known about the effects of vitamin D on innate immune responses and helper T (T(H)) cell immunity, there has been relatively limited progress on the frontier of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immunity--an arm of host cellular adaptive immunity that is crucial for the control of such intracellular pathogens as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis (TB), malaria, and hepatitis C virus (HCV). In this review, we discuss the strong historical and clinical link between vitamin D and infectious diseases that involves cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immunity, present our current understanding as well as critical knowledge gaps in the realm of vitamin D regulation of host CTL responses, and highlight potential regulatory connections between vitamin D and effector and memory CD8 T cell differentiation events during infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surojit Sarkar
- a Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology , University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle , WA , USA .,b Seattle Children's Research Institute, Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Martin Hewison
- c Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), The University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - George P Studzinski
- d Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Rutgers New Jersey Medical School , Newark , NJ , USA , and
| | - Yan Chun Li
- e Department of Medicine, Division of Biological Sciences , The University of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Vandana Kalia
- a Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology , University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle , WA , USA .,b Seattle Children's Research Institute, Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research , Seattle , WA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dunn J, McCuaig R, Tu WJ, Hardy K, Rao S. Multi-layered epigenetic mechanisms contribute to transcriptional memory in T lymphocytes. BMC Immunol 2015; 16:27. [PMID: 25943594 PMCID: PMC4422045 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-015-0089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens, a key feature of adaptive immunity. The capacity of memory T cells to “remember” previous cellular responses to specific antigens ultimately resides in their unique patterns of gene expression. Following re-exposure to an antigen, previously activated genes are transcribed more rapidly and robustly in memory T cells compared to their naïve counterparts. The ability for cells to remember past transcriptional responses is termed “adaptive transcriptional memory”. Results Recent global epigenome studies suggest that epigenetic mechanisms are central to establishing and maintaining transcriptional memory, with elegant studies in model organisms providing tantalizing insights into the epigenetic programs that contribute to adaptive immunity. These epigenetic mechanisms are diverse, and include not only classical acetylation and methylation events, but also exciting and less well-known mechanisms involving histone structure, upstream signalling pathways, and nuclear localisation of genomic regions. Conclusions Current global health challenges in areas such as tuberculosis and influenza demand not only more effective and safer vaccines, but also vaccines for a wider range of health priorities, including HIV, cancer, and emerging pathogens such as Ebola. Understanding the multi-layered epigenetic mechanisms that underpin the rapid recall responses of memory T cells following reactivation is a critical component of this development pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Dunn
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology & Maths, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Robert McCuaig
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology & Maths, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Wen Juan Tu
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology & Maths, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Kristine Hardy
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology & Maths, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Sudha Rao
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology & Maths, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gammaherpesvirus latency differentially impacts the generation of primary versus secondary memory CD8+ T cells during subsequent infection. J Virol 2014; 88:12740-51. [PMID: 25142586 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02106-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Unlike laboratory animals, humans are infected with multiple pathogens, including the highly prevalent herpesviruses. The purpose of these studies was to determine the effect of gammaherpesvirus latency on T cell number and differentiation during subsequent heterologous viral infections. Mice were first infected with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68), a model of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, and then after latency was established, they were challenged with the Armstrong strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). The initial replication of LCMV was lower in latently infected mice, and the maturation of dendritic cells was abated. Although the number of LCMV-specific effector CD8(+) T cells was not altered, they were skewed to a memory phenotype. In contrast, LCMV-specific effector CD4(+) T cells were increased in latently infected mice compared to those in mice infected solely with LCMV. When the memory phase was reached, latently infected mice had an LCMV-specific memory T cell pool that was increased relative to that found in singly infected mice. Importantly, LCMV-specific memory CD8(+) T cells had decreased CD27 and increased killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1) expression. Upon secondary challenge, LCMV-specific secondary effector CD8(+) T cells expanded and cleared the infection. However, the LCMV-specific secondary memory CD8(+) T cell pool was decreased in latently infected animals, abrogating the boosting effect normally observed following rechallenge. Taken together, these results demonstrate that ongoing gammaherpesvirus latency affects the number and phenotype of primary versus secondary memory CD8(+) T cells during acute infection. IMPORTANCE CD8(+) T cells are critical for the clearance of intracellular pathogens, including viruses, certain bacteria, and tumors. However, current models for memory CD8(+) T cell differentiation are derived from pathogen-free laboratory mice challenged with a single pathogen or vaccine vector. Unlike laboratory animals, all humans are infected with multiple acute and chronic pathogens, including the highly prevalent herpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex viruses (HSV), and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). The purpose of these studies was to determine the effect of gammaherpesvirus latency on T cell number and differentiation during subsequent heterologous viral infections. We observed that ongoing gammaherpesvirus latency affects the number and phenotype of primary versus secondary memory CD8(+) T cells during acute infection. These results suggest that unlike pathogen-free laboratory mice, infection or immunization of latently infected humans may result in the generation of T cells with limited potential for long-term protection.
Collapse
|
24
|
Peptide Dose and/or Structure in Vaccines as a Determinant of T Cell Responses. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:537-48. [PMID: 26344744 PMCID: PMC4494221 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2030537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
While T cells recognise the complex of peptide and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) at the cell surface, changes in the dose and/or structure of the peptide component can have profound effects on T cell activation and function. In addition, the repertoire of T cells capable of responding to any given peptide is variable, but broader than a single clone. Consequently, peptide parameters that affect the interaction between T cells and peptide/MHC have been shown to select particular T cell clones for expansion and this impacts on clearance of disease. T cells with high functional avidity are selected on low doses of peptide, while low avidity T cells are favoured in high peptide concentrations. Altering the structure of the peptide ligand can also influence the selection and function of peptide-specific T cell clones. In this review, we will explore the evidence that the choice of peptide dose or the structure of the peptide are critical parameters in an effective vaccine designed to activate T cells.
Collapse
|
25
|
Castro M, van Santen HM, Férez M, Alarcón B, Lythe G, Molina-París C. Receptor Pre-Clustering and T cell Responses: Insights into Molecular Mechanisms. Front Immunol 2014; 5:132. [PMID: 24817867 PMCID: PMC4012210 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation, initiated by T cell receptor (TCR) mediated recognition of pathogen-derived peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex class I or II molecules (pMHC), shows exquisite specificity and sensitivity, even though the TCR-pMHC binding interaction is of low affinity. Recent experimental work suggests that TCR pre-clustering may be a mechanism via which T cells can achieve such high sensitivity. The unresolved stoichiometry of the TCR makes TCR-pMHC binding and TCR triggering, an open question. We formulate a mathematical model to characterize the pre-clustering of T cell receptors (TCRs) on the surface of T cells, motivated by the experimentally observed distribution of TCR clusters on the surface of naive and memory T cells. We extend a recently introduced stochastic criterion to compute the timescales of T cell responses, assuming that ligand-induced cross-linked TCR is the minimum signaling unit. We derive an approximate formula for the mean time to signal initiation. Our results show that pre-clustering reduces the mean activation time. However, additional mechanisms favoring the existence of clusters are required to explain the difference between naive and memory T cell responses. We discuss the biological implications of our results, and both the compatibility and complementarity of our approach with other existing mathematical models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Castro
- Grupo de Dinámica No-Lineal and Grupo Interdisciplinar de Sistemas Complejos (GISC), Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería (ICAI), Universidad Pontificia Comillas , Madrid , Spain
| | - Hisse M van Santen
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - María Férez
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Balbino Alarcón
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Grant Lythe
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| | - Carmen Molina-París
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mehlhop-Williams ER, Bevan MJ. Memory CD8+ T cells exhibit increased antigen threshold requirements for recall proliferation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:345-56. [PMID: 24493801 PMCID: PMC3920562 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Memory CD8+ T cells require stronger TCR stimulation than naive cells to enter cell cycle due to reduced Zap70 activation and increased levels of protein tyrosine phosphatases. A hallmark of immunological memory is the ability of previously primed T cells to undergo rapid recall responses upon antigen reencounter. Classic work has suggested that memory T cells proliferate in response to lower doses of antigen than naive T cells and with reduced requirements for co-stimulation. In contrast to this premise, we observed that naive but not memory T cells proliferate in vivo in response to limited antigen presentation. To reconcile these observations, we tested the antigen threshold requirement for cell cycle entry in naive and central memory CD8+ T cells. Although both naive and memory T cells detect low dose antigen, only naive T cells activate cell cycle effectors. Direct comparison of TCR signaling on a single cell basis indicated that central memory T cells do not activate Zap70, induce cMyc expression, or degrade p27 in response to antigen levels that activate these functions in naive T cells. The reduced sensitivity of memory T cells may result from both decreased surface TCR expression and increased expression of protein tyrosine phosphatases as compared with naive T cells. Our data describe a novel aspect of memory T cell antigen threshold sensitivity that may critically regulate recall expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Mehlhop-Williams
- Department of Immunology and 2 the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Reproducible selection of high avidity CD8+ T-cell clones following secondary acute virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:1485-90. [PMID: 24474775 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323736111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recall of memory CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), elicited by prior virus infection or vaccination, is critical for immune protection. The extent to which this arises as a consequence of stochastic clonal expansion vs. active selection of particular clones remains unclear. Using a parallel adoptive transfer protocol in combination with single cell analysis to define the complementarity determining region (CDR) 3α and CDR3β regions of individual T-cell receptor (TCR) heterodimers, we characterized the antigen-driven recall of the same memory CTL population in three individual recipients. This high-resolution analysis showed reproducible enrichment (or diminution) of particular TCR clonotypes across all challenged animals. These changes in clonal composition were TCRα- and β chain-dependent and were directly related to the avidity of the TCR for the virus-derived peptide (p) + major histocompatibility complex class I molecule. Despite this shift in clonotype representation indicative of differential selection, there was no evidence of overall repertoire narrowing, suggesting a strategy to optimize CTL responses while safeguarding TCR diversity.
Collapse
|
28
|
CD8 memory T cells have a bioenergetic advantage that underlies their rapid recall ability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:14336-41. [PMID: 23940348 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1221740110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A characteristic of memory T (TM) cells is their ability to mount faster and stronger responses to reinfection than naïve T (TN) cells do in response to an initial infection. However, the mechanisms that allow this rapid recall are not completely understood. We found that CD8 TM cells have more mitochondrial mass than CD8 TN cells and, that upon activation, the resulting secondary effector T (TE) cells proliferate more quickly, produce more cytokines, and maintain greater ATP levels than primary effector T cells. We also found that after activation, TM cells increase oxidative phosphorylation and aerobic glycolysis and sustain this increase to a greater extent than TN cells, suggesting that greater mitochondrial mass in TM cells not only promotes oxidative capacity, but also glycolytic capacity. We show that mitochondrial ATP is essential for the rapid induction of glycolysis in response to activation and the initiation of proliferation of both TN and TM cells. We also found that fatty acid oxidation is needed for TM cells to rapidly respond upon restimulation. Finally, we show that dissociation of the glycolysis enzyme hexokinase from mitochondria impairs proliferation and blocks the rapid induction of glycolysis upon T-cell receptor stimulation in TM cells. Our results demonstrate that greater mitochondrial mass endows TM cells with a bioenergetic advantage that underlies their ability to rapidly recall in response to reinfection.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Despite the low affinity of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) for its peptide/major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) ligand, T cells are very sensitive to their antigens. This paradox can be resolved if we consider that the TCR may be organized into pre-existing oligomers or nanoclusters. Such structures could improve antigen recognition by increasing the functional affinity (avidity) of the TCR-pMHC interaction and by allowing cooperativity between individual TCRs. Up to approximately 20 TCRs become tightly apposed in these nanoclusters, often in a linear manner, and such structures could reflect a relatively generalized phenomenon: the non-random concentration of membrane receptors in specific areas of the plasma membrane known as protein islands. The association of TCRs into nanoclusters can explain the enhanced kinetics of the pMHC-TCR interaction in two dimensional versus three dimensional systems, but also their existence calls for a revision of the TCR triggering models based on pMHC-induced TCR clustering. Interestingly, the B-cell receptor and the FcεRI have also been shown to form nanoclusters, suggesting that the formation of pre-existing receptor oligomers could be widely used in the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang W A Schamel
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
MEK inhibitors selectively suppress alloreactivity and graft-versus-host disease in a memory stage-dependent manner. Blood 2013; 121:4617-26. [PMID: 23575444 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-12-476218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressive strategies currently used in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation reliably decrease graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) rates, but also impair pathogen-specific immunity. Experimental transplant studies indicate that GVHD-initiating alloreactive T cells reside primarily in naive and central memory T-cell compartments. In contrast, virus-specific T cells comprise a more differentiated memory population. After finding that the rat sarcoma/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular receptor kinase (RAS/MEK/ERK) pathway is preferentially activated in naive and central memory human T cells, we hypothesized that MEK inhibitors would preferentially inhibit alloreactive T cells, while sparing more differentiated virus-specific T cells. Confirming our hypothesis, we found that MEK inhibitors including selumetinib preferentially inhibited cytokine production and alloreactivity mediated by naive and central memory human CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells while sparing more differentiated T cells specific for the human herpesviruses cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus. We then demonstrated that short-term posttransplant administration of selumetinib in a major histocompatibility complex major- and minor-mismatched murine model significantly delayed the onset of GVHD-associated mortality without compromising myeloid engraftment, demonstrating the in vivo potential of MEK inhibitors in the setting of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. These findings demonstrate that targeting memory-dependent differences in T-cell signaling is a potent and selective approach to inhibition of alloreactivity.
Collapse
|
31
|
Paul S, Schaefer BC. A new look at T cell receptor signaling to nuclear factor-κB. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:269-81. [PMID: 23474202 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antigen stimulation of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling to nuclear factor (NF)-κB is required for T cell proliferation and differentiation of effector cells. The TCR-to-NF-κB pathway is generally viewed as a linear sequence of events in which TCR engagement triggers a cytoplasmic cascade of protein-protein interactions and post-translational modifications, ultimately culminating in the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. However, recent findings suggest a more complex picture in which distinct signalosomes, previously unrecognized proteins, and newly identified regulatory mechanisms play key roles in signal transmission. In this review, we evaluate recent data and suggest areas of future emphasis in the study of this important pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Paul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rossy J, Williamson DJ, Benzing C, Gaus K. The integration of signaling and the spatial organization of the T cell synapse. Front Immunol 2012. [PMID: 23189081 PMCID: PMC3504718 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Engagement of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) triggers signaling pathways that lead to T cell selection, differentiation and clonal expansion. Superimposed onto the biochemical network is a spatial organization that describes individual receptor molecules, dimers, oligomers and higher order structures. Here we discuss recent findings and new concepts that may regulate TCR organization in naïve and memory T cells. A key question that has emerged is how antigen-TCR interactions encode spatial information to direct T cell activation and differentiation. Single molecule super-resolution microscopy may become an important tool in decoding receptor organization at the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Rossy
- Centre for Vascular Research and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kannan A, Huang W, Huang F, August A. Signal transduction via the T cell antigen receptor in naïve and effector/memory T cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:2129-34. [PMID: 22981631 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
T cells play an indispensable role in immune defense against infectious agents, but can also be pathogenic. These T cells develop in the thymus, are exported into the periphery as naïve cells and participate in immune responses. Upon recognition of antigen, they are activated and differentiate into effector and memory T cells. While effector T cells carry out the function of the immune response, memory T cells can last up to the life time of the individual, and are activated by subsequent antigenic exposure. Throughout this life cycle, the T cell uses the same receptor for antigen, the T cell Receptor, a complex multi-subunit receptor. Recognition of antigen presented by peptide/MHC complexes on antigen presenting cells unleashes signaling pathways that control T cell activation at each stage. In this review, we discuss the signals regulated by the T cell receptor in naïve and effector/memory T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kannan
- The Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zehn D, King C, Bevan MJ, Palmer E. TCR signaling requirements for activating T cells and for generating memory. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:1565-75. [PMID: 22527712 PMCID: PMC11114768 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0965-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying T cell activation, expansion, differentiation, and memory formation have been intensively investigated. These studies revealed that the generation of memory T cells is critically impacted by a number of factors, including the magnitude of the inflammatory response and cytokine production, the type of dendritic cell [DC] that presents the pathogen derived antigen, their maturation status, and the concomitant provision of costimulation. Nevertheless, the primary stimulus leading to T cell activation is generated through the T cell receptor [TCR] following its engagement with a peptide MHC ligand [pMHC]. The purpose of this review is to highlight classical and recent findings on how antigen recognition, the degree of TCR stimulation, and intracellular signal transduction pathways impact the formation of effector and memory T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Zehn
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Centre des Laboratoires d'Epalinges-CLE, Bipole 3, Ch. des Boveresses 155, Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mechanisms behind functional avidity maturation in T cells. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:163453. [PMID: 22611418 PMCID: PMC3351025 DOI: 10.1155/2012/163453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During an immune response antigen-primed B-cells increase their antigen responsiveness by affinity maturation mediated by somatic hypermutation of the genes encoding the antigen-specific B-cell receptor (BCR) and by selection of higher-affinity B cell clones. Unlike the BCR, the T-cell receptor (TCR) cannot undergo affinity maturation. Nevertheless, antigen-primed T cells significantly increase their antigen responsiveness compared to antigen-inexperienced (naïve) T cells in a process called functional avidity maturation. This paper covers studies that describe differences in T-cell antigen responsiveness during T-cell differentiation along with examples of the mechanisms behind functional avidity maturation in T cells.
Collapse
|
36
|
Li B, Liu S, Niu Y, Fang S, Wu X, Yu Z, Chen S, Yang L, Li Y. Altered expression of the TCR signaling related genes CD3 and FcεRIγ in patients with aplastic anemia. J Hematol Oncol 2012; 5:6. [PMID: 22401598 PMCID: PMC3359239 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-5-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aplastic anemia (AA) is characterized by pancytopenia and bone marrow hypoplasia, which results from immune-mediated hematopoiesis suppression. Understanding the pathophysiology of the immune system, particularly T cells immunity, has led to improved AA treatment over the past decades. However, primary and secondary failure after immunosuppressive therapy is frequent. Thus, knowledge of the immune mechanisms leading to AA is crucial to fundamentally understand the disease. Findings To elucidate the T cell receptor (TCR) signal transduction features in AA, the expression levels of CD3γ, δ, ε and ζ chain and FcεRIγ genes, which are involved in TCR signal transduction, and the negative correlation of the expression levels between the CD3ζ and FcεRIγ genes in T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were analyzed. Real-time RT-PCR using the SYBR Green method was used to detect the expression level of these genes in PBMCs from 18 patients with AA and 14 healthy individuals. The β2microglobulin gene (β2M) was used as an endogenous reference. The expression levels of the CD3γ, CD3δ, CD3ε and CD3ζ genes in patients with AA were significantly increased compared to a healthy control group, whereas the FcεRIγ gene expression level was significantly decreased in patients with AA in comparison with the healthy control group. Moreover, the negative correlation of the expression levels between the CD3ζ and FcεRIγ genes was lost. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report of the CD3γ, CD3δ, CD3ε, CD3ζ and FcεRIγ gene expression in patients with AA. The abnormally expressed TCR signaling related genes may relate to T cells dysfunction in AA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Institute of Hematology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Martin MD, Condotta SA, Harty JT, Badovinac VP. Population dynamics of naive and memory CD8 T cell responses after antigen stimulations in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:1255-65. [PMID: 22205031 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The extent to which the progeny of one primary memory CD8 T cell differs from the progeny of one naive CD8 T cell of the same specificity remains an unresolved question. To explore cell-autonomous functional differences between naive and memory CD8 T cells that are not influenced by differences in the priming environment, an experimental model has been developed in which physiological numbers of both populations of cells were cotransferred into naive hosts before Ag stimulation. Interestingly, naive CD8 T cells undergo greater expansion in numbers than do primary memory CD8 T cells after various infections or immunizations. The intrinsic ability of one naive CD8 T cell to give rise to more effector CD8 T cells than one memory CD8 T cell is independent of the number and quality of primary memory CD8 T cells present in vivo. The sustained proliferation of newly activated naive CD8 T cells contributed to their greater magnitude of expansion. Additionally, longitudinal analyses of primary and secondary CD8 T cell responses revealed that on a per-cell basis naive CD8 T cells generate higher numbers of long-lived memory cells than do primary memory CD8 T cells. This enhanced "memory generation potential" of responding naive CD8 T cells occurred despite the delayed contraction of secondary CD8 T cell responses. Taken together, the data in this study revealed previously unappreciated differences between naive and memory CD8 T cells and will help further define the functional potential for both cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Martin
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kumar R, Ferez M, Swamy M, Arechaga I, Rejas MT, Valpuesta JM, Schamel WWA, Alarcon B, van Santen HM. Increased sensitivity of antigen-experienced T cells through the enrichment of oligomeric T cell receptor complexes. Immunity 2011; 35:375-87. [PMID: 21903423 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although memory T cells respond more vigorously to stimulation and they are more sensitive to low doses of antigen than naive T cells, the molecular basis of this increased sensitivity remains unclear. We have previously shown that the T cell receptor (TCR) exists as different-sized oligomers on the surface of resting T cells and that large oligomers are preferentially activated in response to low antigen doses. Through biochemistry and electron microscopy, we now showed that previously stimulated and memory T cells have more and larger TCR oligomers at the cell surface than their naive counterparts. Reconstitution of cells and mice with a point mutant of the CD3ζ subunit, which impairs TCR oligomer formation, demonstrated that the increased size of TCR oligomers was directly responsible for the increased sensitivity of antigen-experienced T cells. Thus, we propose that an "avidity maturation" mechanism underlies T cell antigenic memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Kumar
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhang EY, Parker BL, Yankee TM. Gads regulates the expansion phase of CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:4579-89. [PMID: 21411729 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Gads adaptor protein is critical for TCR-mediated Ca(2+) mobilization. We investigated the effect of Gads deficiency on the proliferation of CD8(+) T cells following peptide stimulation and in the context of infection with an intracellular pathogen. We stimulated CD8(+) T cells from Gads(+/+) OT-I and Gads(-/-) OT-I mice with cognate Ag (SIINFEKL) or altered peptide ligand. In vitro experiments revealed that Gads was required for optimal proliferation of CD8(+) T cells. This defect was most evident at the early time points of proliferation and when low doses of Ag were used as stimuli. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated that Gads(-/-) CD8(+) T cells had impaired TCR-mediated exit from the G(0) phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, Gads(-/-) CD8(+) T cells had delayed expression of c-myc and CD69 upon the stimulation with SIINFEKL. We then investigated how Gads deficiency would impact CD8(+) T cell-mediated immunity in the context of infection with an intracellular pathogen. At early time points, Gads(+/+) and Gads(-/-) CD8(+) T cells proliferated to a similar extent, despite the fact that expression of CD69 and CD25 was reduced in the absence of Gads. After 5 d postinfection, Gads was required to sustain the expansion phase of the immune response; the peak response of Gads(-/-) cells was significantly lower than for Gads(+/+) cells. However, Gads was not required for the differentiation of naive CD8(+) T cells into memory cells. We conclude that the primary function of Gads is to regulate the sensitivity of the TCR to Ag ligation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Yan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
T-cell receptor ligation induces distinct signaling pathways in naive vs. antigen-experienced T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:1549-54. [PMID: 21205892 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1017340108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Naïve T lymphocytes display weaker and slower responses than antigen-experienced cells for reasons that are not well understood. Here we show that T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation induces distinct ERK and p38 phosphorylation patterns in naïve and antigen-experienced human T cells, and that these contribute to the differential responses shown by these cells. Specifically, TCR ligation triggers the activation of the ERK pathway in naïve cells. This phosphorylation of ERK attenuates subsequent calcium influx and accelerates the degradation of the signalsome. In contrast, anti-CD3 stimulation of experienced cells results in the phosphorylation of p38 via an association with Discs large (Dlg). Thus, there are distinct signaling pathways triggered by TCR ligation that impair signaling in naïve cells and facilitate it in antigen-experienced cells.
Collapse
|
41
|
Fowler CC, Pao LI, Blattman JN, Greenberg PD. SHP-1 in T cells limits the production of CD8 effector cells without impacting the formation of long-lived central memory cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:3256-67. [PMID: 20696858 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During responses against viruses and malignancies, naive CD8 T lymphocytes expand to form both short-lived effector cells and a population containing cells with the potential to be long-lived and participate in memory responses (memory precursor effector cells). The strength of antigenic, costimulatory, and cytokine signals during responses impacts the magnitude and type of CD8 populations formed. In vitro studies have revealed that the tyrosine phosphatase Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) regulates signal transduction from receptors on T cells including the TCR, helping set the activation threshold, and therefore may shape responses of mature CD8 T cells in vivo. Analysis of CD8 T cells from motheaten mice, which are globally deficient in SHP-1, proved problematic due to cell-extrinsic effects of SHP-1 deficiency in non-T cells on CD8 T cells. Therefore, a conditional knockout of SHP-1 in mature single-positive T cells was developed to analyze cell-intrinsic consequences of complete and partial SHP-1 deficiency on CD8 T cell responses to acute viral infection. The results demonstrated that SHP-1 has disparate effects on subpopulations of responding cells, limiting the magnitude and quality of primary and secondary responses by reducing the number of short-lived effector cells generated without affecting the size of the memory precursor effector cell pool that leads to formation of long-term memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla C Fowler
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195- 6425, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kovalovsky D, Alonzo ES, Uche OU, Eidson M, Nichols KE, Sant'Angelo DB. PLZF induces the spontaneous acquisition of memory/effector functions in T cells independently of NKT cell-related signals. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:6746-55. [PMID: 20495068 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The broad complex, tramtrack, bric-a-brac-zinc finger (BTB-ZF) transcription factor promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) is required for development of the characteristic innate/effector functions of NKT cells. In this study, we report the characterization and functional analysis of transgenic mouse T cells with forced expression of PLZF. PLZF expression was sufficient to provide some memory/effector functions to T cells without the need for Ag stimulation or proliferation. The acquisition of this phenotype did not require the proliferation typically associated with T cell activation. Furthermore, PLZF transgenic cells maintained a diverse TCR repertoire, indicating that there was no preferential expansion of specific clones. Functionally, PLZF transgenic CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes were similar to wild type memory cells, in that they had similar requirements for costimulation and exhibited a similar pattern of cytokine secretion, with the notable exception that transgenic T cells produced significantly increased levels of IL-17. Whereas transgene-mediated PLZF expression was not sufficient to rescue NKT cell development in Fyn- or signaling lymphocytic activation-associated protein (SAP)-deficient mice, the acquisition of memory/effector functions induced by PLZF in conventional T cells was independent of Fyn and SAP. These data show that PLZF is sufficient to promote T cell effector functions and that PLZF acts independently of SAP- and Fyn-mediated signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damian Kovalovsky
- Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kalia V, Sarkar S, Subramaniam S, Haining WN, Smith KA, Ahmed R. Prolonged interleukin-2Ralpha expression on virus-specific CD8+ T cells favors terminal-effector differentiation in vivo. Immunity 2010; 32:91-103. [PMID: 20096608 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2009.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
CD25, the high-affinity interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor alpha chain, is rapidly upregulated by antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells after T cell receptor stimulation. Here, we demonstrate that during an acute viral infection, CD25 expression is quite dynamic-after initial upregulation, a subset of virus-specific T cells sustains CD25 expression longer than the rest. At this time when there is distinct heterogeneity in CD25 expression, examination of the in vivo fate of effector cells revealed that CD25(lo) cells, which are relatively less sensitive to IL-2, preferentially upregulate CD127 and CD62L and give rise to functional long-lived memory cells. In contrast, CD25(hi) cells perceiving prolonged IL-2 signals proliferate more rapidly, are prone to apoptosis, exhibit a more pronounced effector phenotype, and appear to be terminally differentiated. Consistent with this, sustained IL-2 receptor signaling during expansion drove terminal-effector differentiation. These data support the hypothesis that prolonged IL-2 signals during priming promote terminal-effector differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Kalia
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Increased antigen responsiveness of naive CD8 T cells exposed to IL‐7 and IL‐21 is associated with decreased CD5 expression. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 88:451-60. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
45
|
Kalia V, Sarkar S, Ahmed R. CD8 T-Cell Memory Differentiation during Acute and Chronic Viral Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 684:79-95. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6451-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
46
|
Abstract
The functional roles of memory B and T lymphocytes underlie the phenomenal success of prophylactic vaccinations, which have decreased morbidities and mortalities from infectious diseases globally over the last 50 years. However, it is becoming increasingly appreciated that memory cells are also capable of mediating the pathology associated with autoimmune disorders and transplant rejection, and may pose a significant barrier to future clinical advancement in immunoregulation. Therefore, understanding the unique properties of memory lymphocytes (as compared to their naive precursors) is a major area of investigation. Here, we focus on one of those singular properties of memory T cells (T(M))-rapid recall. As will be discussed in more detail, rapid recall refers to the ability of quiescent T(M) cells to efficiently and robustly express 'effector functions' following stimulation. Studies that have advanced our understanding of T(M) cells' rapid recall using CD4(+) T cells have been expertly reviewed elsewhere, so we will focus primarily on studies of CD8(+) T cells. We will first review the different ways that CD8(+) T(M) cells can be generated, followed by discussing how this influences their functional properties in the settings of immune protection and pathology. Then, rapid recall ability will be discussed, with emphasis placed on what is currently known about the mechanisms that underlie this unique property of T(M) cells.
Collapse
|
47
|
Priatel JJ, Chen X, Huang YH, Chow MT, Zenewicz LA, Coughlin JJ, Shen H, Stone JC, Tan R, Teh HS. RasGRP1 regulates antigen-induced developmental programming by naive CD8 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:666-76. [PMID: 20007535 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ag encounter by naive CD8 T cells initiates a developmental program consisting of cellular proliferation, changes in gene expression, and the formation of effector and memory T cells. The strength and duration of TCR signaling are known to be important parameters regulating the differentiation of naive CD8 T cells, although the molecular signals arbitrating these processes remain poorly defined. The Ras-guanyl nucleotide exchange factor RasGRP1 has been shown to transduce TCR-mediated signals critically required for the maturation of developing thymocytes. To elucidate the role of RasGRP1 in CD8 T cell differentiation, in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed with 2C TCR transgenic CD8 T cells lacking RasGRP1. In this study, we report that RasGRP1 regulates the threshold of T cell activation and Ag-induced expansion, at least in part, through the regulation of IL-2 production. Moreover, RasGRP1(-/-) 2C CD8 T cells exhibit an anergic phenotype in response to cognate Ag stimulation that is partially reversible upon the addition of exogenous IL-2. By contrast, the capacity of IL-2/IL-2R interactions to mediate Ras activation and CD8 T cell expansion and differentiation appears to be largely RasGRP1-independent. Collectively, our results demonstrate that RasGRP1 plays a selective role in T cell signaling, controlling the initiation and duration of CD8 T cell immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Priatel
- Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sadegh-Nasseri S, Dalai SK, Korb Ferris LC, Mirshahidi S. Suboptimal engagement of the T-cell receptor by a variety of peptide-MHC ligands triggers T-cell anergy. Immunology 2009; 129:1-7. [PMID: 20002785 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells recognize antigen via the T-cell receptor (TCR) and produce a spectrum of responses that range from activation to anergy or cell death. The variety of outcomes may be dictated by the strength of the signals transmitted upon cognate recognition of the TCR. The physiological outcome of TCR engagement is determined by several factors, including the avidity of the ligand for TCR, the duration of engagement, and the presence and nature of accessory molecules present on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In this review, we discuss a model of anergy induced by presentation of low densities of peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ligand in CD4(+) T cells and compare it to anergy induced by altered peptide ligands in an effort to identify a unifying mechanism. We suggest that altered peptide ligand (APL) and low densities of agonist ligands induce anergy by engaging less than optimal numbers of TCRs. The physiological impacts of anergy in memory CD4(+) T cells are discussed.
Collapse
|
49
|
Riquelme E, Carreño LJ, González PA, Kalergis AM. The duration of TCR/pMHC interactions regulates CTL effector function and tumor-killing capacity. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:2259-69. [PMID: 19637198 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Effector CTL contribute to tumoral immunity by killing tumor cells through secretion of cytotoxic granules and cytokines. Activation of CTL requires specific recognition of cognate peptide-MHC-I (pMHC) complexes on the tumor cell surface by the CTL TCR. It has been suggested that the half-life (t(1/2)) of the TCR/pMHC interaction modulates the activation of naïve CD8(+) T cells; however, it remains unknown whether CTL effector function can also be regulated by the TCR/pMHC t(1/2). Here, we have studied CTL activity in response to tumor cells loaded with pMHC that bind the TCR with different t(1/2). We observed that the TCR/pMHC t(1/2) can differentially regulate CTL effector function during the interaction with tumor cells and defines the nature of anti-tumoral CTL responses in vivo. Although prolonged TCR/pMHC t(1/2) promoted only partial expression of cytotoxic molecules, short t(1/2) induced partial polarization of lytic machinery toward target cells. In contrast, intermediate TCR/pMHC t(1/2) induced strong expression of cytotoxic molecules, efficient polarization of lytic machinery and subsequent release of toxic granules by CTL that killed tumor cells. Consistently, efficient in vivo CTL-mediated tumor clearance was only observed for tumors expressing intermediate t(1/2) pMHC ligands. These data suggest that there is an optimal TCR/pMHC t(1/2) for efficient CTL activity.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lysosomal Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Lysosomal Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Tumor Burden/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erick Riquelme
- Millennium Nucleus on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Biochemical signaling pathways for memory T cell recall. Semin Immunol 2009; 21:84-91. [PMID: 19298946 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Memory T cells exhibit low activation thresholds and rapid effector responses following antigen stimulation, contrasting naive T cells with high activation thresholds and no effector responses. Signaling mechanisms for the distinct properties of naive and memory T cells remain poorly understood. Here, I will discuss new results on signal transduction in naive and memory T cells that suggest proximal control of activation threshold and a distinct biochemical pathway to rapid recall. The signaling and transcriptional pathways controlling immediate effector function in memory T cells closely resemble pathways for rapid effector cytokine production in innate immune cells, suggesting memory T cells use innate pathways for efficacious responses.
Collapse
|