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Tharmalingam J, Gangadaran P, Rajendran RL, Ahn BC. Impact of Alcohol on Inflammation, Immunity, Infections, and Extracellular Vesicles in Pathogenesis. Cureus 2024; 16:e56923. [PMID: 38665743 PMCID: PMC11043057 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is a widespread social activity with a complex and multifaceted impact on human health. Although moderate alcohol consumption has been associated with certain potential health benefits, excessive or chronic alcohol use can disrupt the body's immune balance, promote inflammation, and increase susceptibility to infections. The deleterious effects associated with alcohol toxicity include the loss of cell integrity. When cells lose their integrity, they also lose the capacity to communicate with other systems. One of the systems disturbed by alcohol toxicity is extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated communication. EVs are critical mediators of cell-to-cell communication. They play a significant role in alcohol-induced pathogenesis, facilitating communication and molecular exchange between cells, thereby potentially contributing to alcohol-related health issues. Investigating their involvement in this context is fundamental to resolving the intricate mechanisms behind the health consequences of alcohol use and may pave the way for innovative approaches for mitigating the adverse effects of alcohol on immune health. Understanding the role of EVs in the context of alcohol-induced pathogenesis is essential for comprehending the mechanisms behind alcohol-related health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, KOR
- Department of Biomedical Science, BK (Brain Korea) 21 FOUR (Fostering Outstanding Universities for Research) Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, KOR
| | | | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, KOR
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, KOR
- Department of Biomedical Science, BK (Brain Korea) 21 FOUR (Fostering Outstanding Universities for Research) Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, KOR
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Ceci FM, Ferraguti G, Petrella C, Greco A, Ralli M, Iannitelli A, Carito V, Tirassa P, Chaldakov GN, Messina MP, Ceccanti M, Fiore M. Nerve Growth Factor in Alcohol Use Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 19:45-60. [PMID: 32348226 PMCID: PMC7903493 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200429003239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The nerve growth factor (NGF) belongs to the family of neurotrophic factors. Initially discovered as a signaling molecule involved in the survival, protection, differentiation, and proliferation of sympathetic and peripheral sensory neurons, it also participates in the regulation of the immune system and endocrine system. NGF biological activity is due to the binding of two classes of receptors: the tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA) and the low-affinity NGF pan-neurotrophin receptor p75. Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD) are one of the most frequent mental disorders in developed countries, characterized by heavy drinking, despite the negative effects of alcohol on brain development and cognitive functions that cause individual’s work, medical, legal, educational, and social life problems. In addition, alcohol consumption during pregnancy disrupts the development of the fetal brain causing a wide range of neurobehavioral outcomes collectively known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). The rationale of this review is to describe crucial findings on the role of NGF in humans and animals, when exposed to prenatal, chronic alcohol consumption, and on binge drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Maria Ceci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University Hospital of Rome, Italy
| | - Giampiero Ferraguti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University Hospital of Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Petrella
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Section of Neurobiology, National Research Council (IBBC-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University Hospital of Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ralli
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University Hospital of Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Iannitelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Valentina Carito
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Section of Neurobiology, National Research Council (IBBC-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Tirassa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Section of Neurobiology, National Research Council (IBBC-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - George N Chaldakov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
| | | | - Mauro Ceccanti
- Centro Riferimento Alcologico Regione Lazio, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Fiore
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Section of Neurobiology, National Research Council (IBBC-CNR), Rome, Italy
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Alvarez Cooper I, Beecher K, Chehrehasa F, Belmer A, Bartlett SE. Tumour Necrosis Factor in Neuroplasticity, Neurogenesis and Alcohol Use Disorder. Brain Plast 2020; 6:47-66. [PMID: 33680846 PMCID: PMC7903009 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-190095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder is a pervasive and detrimental condition that involves changes in neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. Alcohol activates the neuroimmune system and alters the inflammatory status of the brain. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a well characterised neuroimmune signal but its involvement in alcohol use disorder is unknown. In this review, we discuss the variable findings of TNF's effect on neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. Acute ethanol exposure reduces TNF release while chronic alcohol intake generally increases TNF levels. Evidence suggests TNF potentiates excitatory transmission, promotes anxiety during alcohol withdrawal and is involved in drug use in rodents. An association between craving for alcohol and TNF is apparent during withdrawal in humans. While anti-inflammatory therapies show efficacy in reversing neurogenic deficit after alcohol exposure, there is no evidence for TNF's essential involvement in alcohol's effect on neurogenesis. Overall, defining TNF's role in alcohol use disorder is complicated by poor understanding of its variable effects on synaptic transmission and neurogenesis. While TNF may be of relevance during withdrawal, the neuroimmune system likely acts through a larger group of inflammatory cytokines to alter neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. Understanding the individual relevance of TNF in alcohol use disorder awaits a more comprehensive understanding of TNF's effects within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignatius Alvarez Cooper
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kate Beecher
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Chehrehasa
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Arnauld Belmer
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Selena E. Bartlett
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Qu BG, Bi W, Jia YG, Liu YX, Wang H, Su JL, Liu LL, Wang ZD, Wang YF, Han XH, Pan JD, Ren GY, Hu WJ. Association between circulating inflammatory molecules and alcoholic liver disease in men. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:865-72. [PMID: 27329162 PMCID: PMC5003803 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-016-0711-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and the inflammatory response remains controversial. The aim of this study was to explore this association between ALD and inflammation. We enrolled 214 male participants, who were divided into three age-matched groups: ALD (n = 135), chronic alcohol ingestion without ALD (non-ALD; n = 42), and control (n = 37). The BMI was significantly higher in the ALD group than in the non-ALD and control groups (all P = 0.000). Further, the constituent ratio of the liver inflammatory level was significantly higher in the ALD group than in the non-ALD and control groups (P = 0.002 and P = 0.000, respectively). In addition, the median serum ALT, AST, and GGT levels were significantly higher in the ALD group than in the control group (P = 0.023, P = 0.008, and P = 0.000, respectively); these levels were also significantly higher in the ALD group than in the non-ALD group (P = 0.013, P = 0.010, and P = 0.000, respectively). The median serum CRP level was significantly higher in the ALD group than in the non-ALD and control groups (P = 0.006 and P = 0.000, respectively). Further, the median serum TNF-α level was significantly lower in the ALD group than in the non-ALD and control groups (P = 0.004 and P = 0.000, respectively). The median serum sOX40L and HSP70 levels were significantly lower in the ALD group than in the control group (P = 0.008 and P = 0.018, respectively). In addition, the ALT, AST, and GGT levels were positively correlated with the CRP level (r = 0.211, P = 0.002; r = 0.220, P = 0.001 and r = 0.295, P = 0.000, respectively), and the GGT level was negatively correlated with the TNF-α (r = -0.225, P = 0.001), sOX40L (r = -0.165, P = 0.016), and HSP70 levels (r = -0.178, P = 0.009). Further, the Cr level was negatively correlated with the IL-10 level (r = -0.166, P = 0.015). Logistic regression analysis verified that the BMI (OR = 1.637, 95%CI: 1.374-1.951, P = 0.000) and GGT level were significantly higher (OR = 1.039, 95%CI: 1.020-1.059, P = 0.000) and that the TNF-α (OR = 0.998, 95%CI: 0.996-1.000, P = 0.030) and HSP70 levels were significantly lower (OR = 1.017, 95%CI: 1.003-1.031, P = 0.029) in the ALD group than in the non-ALD group. Further, the moderate-to-severe ALD patients had a significantly higher serum CRP level (Or = 1.349, 95%CI: 1.066-1.702, P = 0.013) and significantly lower HSP60 (OR = 0.965, 95%CI: 0.938-0.993, P = 0.014) and HSP70 levels (OR = 0.978, 95%CI: 0.962-0.995, P = 0.010) than the mild ALD patients. These results suggest that ALD patients may present with obesity, liver damage, and an imbalanced inflammatory immune response, mainly manifesting as decreased levels of immune inflammatory cytokines. In addition, they suggest that certain liver and kidney function parameters and ALD severity are either positively or negatively correlated with certain inflammatory cytokines. Hence, ALD patients may be at increased risks of obesity- and inflammation-related diseases. Accordingly, to control the inflammatory response, preventative measures for patients with this disease should include weight control and protection of liver and kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Ge Qu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taishan Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weimin Bi
- Surgery of Gastroenterology, Taian City's Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Guo Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taishan Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, People's Republic of China
- Taishan College, Taian, Shandong, 271000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Xun Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taishan Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, People's Republic of China
- Taishan College, Taian, Shandong, 271000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taishan Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, People's Republic of China
- Taishan College, Taian, Shandong, 271000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Liang Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taishan Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Li Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taishan Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Dong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taishan Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Fei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taishan Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Hai Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taishan Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Dun Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taishan Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Ying Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taishan Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Juan Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taishan Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, People's Republic of China
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O'Halloran EB, Curtis BJ, Afshar M, Chen MM, Kovacs EJ, Burnham EL. Alveolar macrophage inflammatory mediator expression is elevated in the setting of alcohol use disorders. Alcohol 2016; 50:43-50. [PMID: 26781212 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are associated with increased susceptibility to pulmonary diseases, including bacterial pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Alveolar macrophages (AMs) play a vital role in the clearance of pathogens and regulation of inflammation, but these functions may be impaired in the setting of alcohol exposure. We examined the effect of AUDs on profiles of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in human AMs isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from 19 AUD subjects and 20 age-, sex-, and smoking-matched control subjects. By multiplex bead array, the lysates of AMs from subjects with AUDs had significant elevation in the cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), as well as chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 (CXCL8), CXCL10, and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) (p < 0.05). Additionally, a 1.8-fold increase in IL-1β, 2.0-fold increase in IL-6, 2.3-fold increase in interferon gamma (IFN-γ), 1.4-fold increase in CCL3, and a 2.3-fold increase in CCL4 was observed in the AUD group as compared to the control group. We also observed compensatory increases in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1RA (p < 0.05). AUD subjects had 5-fold higher levels of CXCL11 mRNA expression (p < 0.05) and a 2.4-fold increase in IL-6 mRNA expression by RT-PCR as well. In these investigations, alcohol use disorders were associated with functional changes in human AMs, suggesting that chronic alcohol exposure portends a chronically pro-inflammatory profile in these cells.
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Gaydos J, McNally A, Guo R, Vandivier RW, Simonian PL, Burnham EL. Alcohol abuse and smoking alter inflammatory mediator production by pulmonary and systemic immune cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L507-18. [PMID: 26747782 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00242.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and tobacco smoking are associated with an increased predisposition for community-acquired pneumonia and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Mechanisms are incompletely established but may include alterations in response to pathogens by immune cells, including alveolar macrophages (AMs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We sought to determine the relationship of AUDs and smoking to expression of IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα by AMs and PBMCs from human subjects after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipoteichoic acid (LTA). AMs and PBMCs from healthy subjects with AUDs and controls, matched on smoking, were cultured with LPS (1 μg/ml) or LTA (5 μg/ml) in the presence and absence of the antioxidant precursor N-acetylcysteine (10 mM). Cytokines were measured in cell culture supernatants. Expression of IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα in AMs and PBMCs was significantly increased in response to stimulation with LPS and LTA. AUDs were associated with augmented production of proinflammatory cytokines, particularly IFNγ and IL-1β, by AMs and PBMCs in response to LPS. Smoking diminished the impact of AUDs on AM cytokine expression. Expression of basal AM and PBMC Toll-like receptors-2 and -4 was not clearly related to differences in cytokine expression; however, addition of N-acetylcysteine with LPS or LTA led to diminished AM and PBMC cytokine secretion, especially among current smokers. Our findings suggest that AM and PBMC immune cell responses to LPS and LTA are influenced by AUDs and smoking through mechanisms that may include alterations in cellular oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Gaydos
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Alicia McNally
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Ruixin Guo
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado School of Public Health, Denver, Colorado; and
| | - R William Vandivier
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Philip L Simonian
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Ellen L Burnham
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado;
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Potential Role of the Gut/Liver/Lung Axis in Alcohol-Induced Tissue Pathology. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2477-503. [PMID: 26437442 PMCID: PMC4693244 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Both Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) and alcohol-related susceptibility to acute lung injury are estimated to account for the highest morbidity and mortality related to chronic alcohol abuse and, thus, represent a focus of intense investigation. In general, alcohol-induced derangements to both organs are considered to be independent and are often evaluated separately. However, the liver and lung share many general responses to damage, and specific responses to alcohol exposure. For example, both organs possess resident macrophages that play key roles in mediating the immune/inflammatory response. Additionally, alcohol-induced damage to both organs appears to involve oxidative stress that favors tissue injury. Another mechanism that appears to be shared between the organs is that inflammatory injury to both organs is enhanced by alcohol exposure. Lastly, altered extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition appears to be a key step in disease progression in both organs. Indeed, recent studies suggest that early subtle changes in the ECM may predispose the target organ to an inflammatory insult. The purpose of this chapter is to review the parallel mechanisms of liver and lung injury in response to alcohol consumption. This chapter will also explore the potential that these mechanisms are interdependent, as part of a gut-liver-lung axis.
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Carignan D, Désy O, Ghani K, Caruso M, de Campos-Lima PO. The size of the unbranched aliphatic chain determines the immunomodulatory potency of short and long chain n-alkanols. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:24948-55. [PMID: 23839943 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.466334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aliphatic n-alkanols are a family of ubiquitous substances that display general anesthetic properties in accordance to their degree of hydrophobicity. In addition, the immunomodulatory activity of one of its members, ethanol, has long been recognized. We reasoned that because unbranched aliphatic n-alkanols are structurally very similar they might have an immunological impact that mirrors their anesthetic potency. We report the impact of the homologous C1-C12 alcohol series on the ability of activated primary human lymphocytes to produce IFN-γ. Methanol enhanced IFN-γ production whereas C2-C10 alcohols reduced the release of this cytokine. The activity of the n-alkanol series was observed within a wide concentration window ranging from millimolar levels for short chain alcohols to micromolar amounts for C7-C10 alcohols. There was a clear correlation between immunomodulatory activity and hydrophobicity of the compounds, but a cutoff effect was evident at C11. n-Alkanols were shown to act downstream of the cell membrane because T cell receptor early signaling was preserved. The activation of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) was down-regulated progressively in accordance to the size of the n-alkanol aliphatic chains with a clear downward trend that was interrupted at C11. The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling was also compromised, but the cutoff appeared earlier at C10. The pattern of immunomodulation and transcriptional dysregulation induced by the n-alkanol series suggested the existence of interaction pockets of defined dimensions within intracellular targets that compromise the activation of NFAT and NF-κB transcription factors and ultimately modulate the effector function of the T lymphocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Carignan
- Laval University Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec G1R 2J6, Canada
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Luna JM, Moon Y, Liu K, Spitalnik S, Paik M, Sacco R, Elkind MSV. Tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 and mortality in a multi-ethnic cohort: the Northern Manhattan Study. Age Ageing 2013; 42:385-90. [PMID: 23321203 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afs175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to study the association between soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 (sTNFR1) levels and mortality in the population-based Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS). METHODS NOMAS is a multi-ethnic, community-based cohort study with mean 8.4 years of follow-up. sTNFR1 was measured using ELISA. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (HR, 95% CI) for the association of sTNFR1 with risk of all-cause mortality after adjusting for relevant confounders. RESULTS sTNFR1 measurements were available in 1,862 participants (mean age 69.2 ± 10.2 years) with 512 all-cause deaths. Median sTNFR1 was 2.28 ng/ml. Those with sTNFR1 levels in the highest quartile (Q4), compared with those with sTNFR1 in the lowest quartile (Q1), were at an increased risk of all-cause mortality (adjusted HR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.4-2.4) and non-vascular mortality (adjusted HR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.5-3.6), but not vascular mortality (adjusted HR: 1.3, 95% CI: 0.9-1.9). There were interactions between sTNFR1 quartiles and medical insurance-status [likelihood ratio test (LRT) with 3 degrees of freedom, Pinteraction = 0.02] and alcohol consumption (LRT with 3 degrees of freedom, Pinteraction < 0.01) for all-cause mortality. In participants with no insurance or Medicaid, those with sTNFR1 in the top quartile had nearly a threefold increased risk of total mortality than the lowest quartile (adjusted HR: 2.9, 95% CI: 1.9-4.4). CONCLUSION in this multi-ethnic cohort, sTNFR1 was associated with all-cause and non-vascular mortality, particularly among those of a lower socioeconomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M Luna
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Gacouin A, Roussel M, Gros A, Sauvadet E, Uhel F, Chimot L, Marque S, Camus C, Fest T, Le Tulzo Y. Chronic alcohol exposure, infection, extended circulating white blood cells differentiated by flow cytometry and neutrophil CD64 expression: a prospective, descriptive study of critically ill medical patients. Ann Intensive Care 2012; 2:50. [PMID: 23272900 PMCID: PMC3539872 DOI: 10.1186/2110-5820-2-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A history of prolonged and excessive consumption of alcohol increases the risk for infections. The goal of this study was to investigate circulating white blood cells (WBC) differentiated by flow cytometry and neutrophil CD64 expression in excessive alcohol drinkers versus abstinent or moderate drinkers, and in those with or without infection, in medical patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods All patients admitted between September 2009 and March 2010 with an ICU-stay of 3 days or more were eligible for inclusion. Upon admission, hematological exams were conducted by flow cytometry. Results Overall, 281 adult were included, with 37% identified as at-risk drinkers. The only significant difference found in circulating WBC between at-risk and not-at-risk drinkers was a lower number of B lymphocytes in at-risk drinkers (P = 0.002). Four groups of patients were defined: not-at-risk drinkers with no infection (n = 66); not-at-risk drinkers with infection (n = 112); at-risk drinkers with no infection (n = 53); and at-risk drinkers with infection (n = 50). Whilst the presence of infection significantly reduced levels of noncytotoxic and cytotoxic T lymphocytes and significantly increased levels of CD16– monocytes in not-at-risk drinkers, with variation related to infection severity, infection had no effect on any of the variables assessed in at-risk drinkers. Post-hoc comparisons showed that B-lymphocyte, noncytotoxic, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte and CD16– counts in at-risk drinkers were similar to those in not-at-risk drinkers with infection and significantly lower than those in not-at-risk drinkers without infection. Neutrophil CD64 index varied significantly between groups, with variations related to infection, not previous alcohol consumption. Conclusions These results show that chronic alcohol exposure has an impact on the immune response to infection in critically ill medical patients. The absence of significant variations in circulating WBC seen in at-risk drinkers according to the severity of infection is suggestive of altered immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Gacouin
- CHU Rennes, Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Rennes, F-35033, France.
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Alcohol exposure alters mouse lung inflammation in response to inhaled dust. Nutrients 2012; 4:695-710. [PMID: 22852058 PMCID: PMC3407989 DOI: 10.3390/nu4070695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol exposure is associated with increased lung infections and decreased mucociliary clearance. Occupational workers exposed to dusts from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) are at risk for developing chronic inflammatory lung diseases. Agricultural worker co-exposure to alcohol and organic dust has been established, although little research has been conducted on the combination effects of alcohol and organic dusts on the lung. Previously, we have shown in a mouse model that exposure to hog dust extract (HDE) collected from a CAFO results in the activation of protein kinase C (PKC), elevated lavage fluid cytokines/chemokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the development of significant lung pathology. Because alcohol blocks airway epithelial cell release of IL-6 in vitro, we hypothesized that alcohol exposure would alter mouse lung inflammatory responses to HDE. To test this hypothesis, C57BL/6 mice were fed 20% alcohol or water ad libitum for 6 weeks and treated with 12.5% HDE by intranasal inhalation method daily during the final three weeks. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), tracheas and lungs were collected. HDE stimulated a 2–4 fold increase in lung and tracheal PKCε (epsilon) activity in mice, but no such increase in PKCε activity was observed in dust-exposed mice fed alcohol. Similarly, alcohol-fed mice demonstrated significantly less IL-6 in lung lavage in response to dust than that observed in control mice instilled with HDE. TNFα levels were also inhibited in the alcohol and HDE-exposed mouse lung tissue as compared to the HDE only exposed group. HDE-induced lung inflammatory aggregates clearly present in the tissue from HDE only exposed animals were not visually detectable in the HDE/alcohol co-exposure group. Statistically significant weight reductions and 20% mortality were also observed in the mice co-exposed to HDE and alcohol. These data suggest that alcohol exposure depresses the ability of the lung to activate PKCε-dependent inflammatory pathways to environmental dust exposure. These data also define alcohol as an important co-exposure agent to consider in the study of inhalation injury responses.
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von Maltzan K, Tan W, Pruett SB. Investigation of the role of TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE) in the inhibition of cell surface and soluble TNF-α production by acute ethanol exposure. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29890. [PMID: 22319556 PMCID: PMC3272005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a fundamental role in the immune system by detecting pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to sense host infection. Ethanol at doses relevant for humans inhibits the pathogen induced cytokine response mediated through TLRs. The current study was designed to investigate the mechanisms of this effect by determining whether ethanol inhibits TLR3 and TLR4 mediated TNF-α secretion through inhibition of transcription factor activation or post-transcriptional effects. In NF-κB reporter mice, activation of NF-κB in vivo by LPS was inhibited by ethanol (LPS alone yielded 170,000±35,300 arbitrary units of light emission; LPS plus ethanol yielded 56,120±16880, p = 0.04). Inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide revealed that poly I:C- or LPS-induced secreted TNF-α is synthesized de novo, not released from cellular stores. Using real time RT-PCR, we found inhibition of LPS and poly I:C induced TNF-α gene transcription by ethanol. Using an inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor alpha converting enzyme (TACE), we found that shedding caused by TACE is a prerequisite for TNF-α release after pathogen challenge. Flow cytometry was used to investigate if ethanol decreases TNF-α secretion by inhibition of TACE. In cells treated with LPS, ethanol decreased both TNF-α cell surface expression and secretion. For example, 4.69±0.60% of untreated cells were positive for cell surface TNF-α, LPS increased this to 25.18±0.85%, which was inhibited by ethanol (86.8 mM) to 14.29±0.39% and increased by a TACE inhibitor to 57.88±0.62%. In contrast, cells treated with poly I:C had decreased secretion of TNF-α but not cell surface expression. There was some evidence for inhibition of TACE by ethanol in the case of LPS, but decreased TNF-α gene expression seems to be the major mechanism of ethanol action in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine von Maltzan
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Pruett
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Carignan D, Désy O, de Campos-Lima PO. The dysregulation of the monocyte/macrophage effector function induced by isopropanol is mediated by the defective activation of distinct members of the AP-1 family of transcription factors. Toxicol Sci 2011; 125:144-56. [PMID: 22020770 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Isopropanol is the second most common cause of short-chain alcohol acute intoxication. Nonethanolic short-chain alcohols mediate their immunomodulatory effect by interfering with nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) activation with or without additional activator protein-1 (AP-1) involvement. In the present study, we examined the immunomodulation induced by isopropanol in conditions that are not reliant on NFAT: the inflammatory cytokine response of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated monocytes. Our hypothesis was that isopropanol acute exposure would have an attenuated effect or no consequence in this setting. To our surprise, the impairment of AP-1 activation was sufficient to mediate a severe and dose-dependent phenotype in human monocytes in vitro at alcohol concentrations as low as 0.16% (or 26 mM). There were three outcomes: interleukin (IL)-1β/IL-8 were unaltered; IL-6 was upregulated; and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)/CCL2 were downregulated. The effector function of human monocyte-derived macrophages was also compromised. Our results showed that Toll-like receptor 4 early signaling was preserved, as isopropanol did not change the kinase activity of the IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 in LPS-stimulated cells. The nuclear factor-κB signaling cascade and the p38/c-Jun N-terminal kinase modules of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway were alcohol insensitive. Conversely, the activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase and, ultimately, of c-Fos and JunB were impaired. The alcohol-induced cytokine dysregulation was confirmed in a mouse model of isopropanol intoxication in which the production of TNF-α in response to LPS challenge was virtually abolished. The magnitude of this alcohol effect was sufficiently high to rescue animals from LPS-induced toxic shock. Our data contribute to the dismal body of information on the immunotoxicology of isopropanol, one of the most ubiquitous chemicals to which the general population is significantly exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Carignan
- Laval University Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec G1R 2J6, Canada
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Tang N, Farah B, He M, Fox S, Malouf A, Littner Y, Bearer CF. Ethanol causes the redistribution of L1 cell adhesion molecule in lipid rafts. J Neurochem 2011; 119:859-67. [PMID: 21884525 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is estimated to affect 1% of live births. The similarities between children with fetal alcohol syndrome and those with mutations in the gene encoding L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1) implicates L1 as a target of ethanol developmental neurotoxicity. Ethanol specifically inhibits the neurite outgrowth promoting function of L1 at pharmacologic concentrations. Emerging evidence shows that localized disruption of the lipid rafts reduces L1-mediated neurite outgrowth. We hypothesize that ethanol impairment of the association of L1 with lipid rafts is a mechanism underlying ethanol's inhibition of L1-mediated neurite outgrowth. In this study, we examine the effects of ethanol on the association of L1 and lipid rafts. We show that, in vitro, L1 but not N-cadherin shifts into lipid rafts following treatment with 25 mM ethanol. The ethanol concentrations causing this effect are similar to those inhibiting L1-mediated neurite outgrowth. Increasing chain length of the alcohol demonstrates the same cutoff as that previously shown for inhibition of L1-L1 binding. In addition, in cerebellar granule neurons in which lipid rafts are disrupted with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin, the rate of L1-mediated neurite outgrowth on L1-Fc is reduced to background rate and that this background rate is not ethanol sensitive. These data indicate that ethanol may inhibit L1-mediated neurite outgrowth by retarding L1 trafficking through a lipid raft compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningfeng Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21209, USA
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Pang M, Bala S, Kodys K, Catalano D, Szabo G. Inhibition of TLR8- and TLR4-induced Type I IFN induction by alcohol is different from its effects on inflammatory cytokine production in monocytes. BMC Immunol 2011; 12:55. [PMID: 21962237 PMCID: PMC3203086 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-12-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged alcohol consumption is a significant co-factor in the progression of chronic viral infections including hepatitis C and HIV, which are both single-stranded RNA viruses. Toll like receptor 8 (TLR8), a pattern recognition receptor expressed in monocytes, senses viral single stranded RNA as a danger signal and leads to the induction of Type I interferon (IFN) as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligand, was shown to affect inflammatory cell activation after alcohol consumption and in HIV and HCV infections. Here we hypothesized that alcohol exposure modulates TLR8- and TLR4-ligand-induced monocyte activation and affects both type I IFN and inflammatory cytokine induction. RESULTS The TLR8 ligand, CL075, as well as the TLR4 ligand, LPS, resulted in a significant induction of TNF alpha both at the mRNA and protein levels in human monocytes. We found that both acute and prolonged alcohol treatment resulted in inhibition of type I IFN induction by either TLR8 or TLR4 ligands in human monocytes at the protein and mRNA levels. In contrast to Type I IFN production, the effects of acute and prolonged alcohol were different on inflammatory cytokine activation after TLR8 or TLR4 ligand stimulation. Acute alcohol inhibited TLR8- or TLR4-induced TNF alpha protein and mRNA induction while it augmented IL-10 production in monocytes. In contrast, prolonged alcohol treatment augmented TNF alpha without affecting IL-10 production significantly in response to either TLR8 or TLR4 ligand stimulation. CONCLUSIONS These novel results suggest first, that alcohol has a profound inhibitory effect on Type I IFN induction regardless of intracellular (TLR8) or cell surface-derived (TLR4) danger signals. Second, both acute and prolonged alcohol exposure can inhibit antiviral Type I IFN pathway activation. Third, the opposite effects of acute (inhibitory) and prolonged alcohol (augmentation) treatment on pro-inflammatory cytokine activation extend to TLR8-induced signals beyond the previously shown TLR4/LPS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoyin Pang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Bhatty M, Pruett SB, Swiatlo E, Nanduri B. Alcohol abuse and Streptococcus pneumoniae infections: consideration of virulence factors and impaired immune responses. Alcohol 2011; 45:523-39. [PMID: 21827928 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2011.02.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol is the most frequently abused substance in the world. Both acute and chronic alcohol consumption have diverse and well-documented effects on the human immune system, leading to increased susceptibility to infections like bacterial pneumonia. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacterial etiology of community-acquired pneumonia worldwide. The frequency and severity of pneumococcal infections in individuals with a history of alcohol abuse is much higher than the general population. Despite this obvious epidemiological relevance, very few experimental studies have focused on the interaction of pneumococci with the immune system of a host acutely or chronically exposed to alcohol. Understanding these host-pathogen interactions is imperative for designing effective prophylactic and therapeutic interventions for such populations. Recent advances in pneumococcal research have greatly improved our understanding of pneumococcal pathogenesis and virulence mechanisms. Additionally, a large body of data is available on the effect of alcohol on the physiology of the lungs and the innate and adaptive immune system of the host. The purpose of this review is to integrate the available knowledge in these diverse areas of for a better understanding of the how the compromised immune system derived from alcohol exposure responds to pneumococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minny Bhatty
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS 39762, USA
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Sears BW, Volkmer D, Yong S, Himes RD, Lauing K, Morgan M, Stover MD, Callaci JJ. Binge alcohol exposure modulates rodent expression of biomarkers of the immunoinflammatory response to orthopaedic trauma. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2011; 93:739-49. [PMID: 21508281 PMCID: PMC3073017 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.j.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol is a known modulator of the immune system and host-defense response. Alcohol abuse is common in trauma patients, although the influence of alcohol intoxication on the inflammatory response following major orthopaedic injury remains unknown. The aim of this investigation was to examine the influence of binge alcohol exposure on biomarkers of the systemic inflammatory response following bilateral traumatic femoral fracture in a rodent model. METHODS Ninety-two Sprague-Dawley rats were administered intraperitoneal injections of either saline solution or alcohol for three days. These animals then underwent a sham procedure or bilateral femoral intramedullary pinning and mid-diaphyseal closed fracture via blunt guillotine. The animals were killed at specific time points after the injury. Serum and lung tissue were collected, and twenty-five inflammatory markers were analyzed by immunoassay. Histological sections of lung tissue were evaluated by a board-certified pathologist. RESULTS Bilateral femoral fracture significantly (p < 0.05) increased multiple serum biomarkers of inflammation. Binge alcohol treatment prior to injury significantly suppressed the increase in serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, white blood cells, IL-2, IL-10, and C-reactive protein after the fracture. However, alcohol-treated animals were found to have increased pulmonary levels of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-2, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α following bilateral femoral fracture. In addition, lung tissue harvested following alcohol treatment and injury demonstrated increased pathologic changes, including parenchymal, alveolar, and peribronchial leukocyte infiltration and significantly elevated pulmonary wet-to-dry ratio, indicative of pulmonary edema. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that acute alcohol intake prior to bilateral femoral fracture with fixation in rats modulates the inflammatory response after injury in a tissue-dependent manner. Although serum biomarkers of inflammation were suppressed in alcohol-treated animals following injury, several measures of pulmonary inflammation including cytokine levels, histological changes, and findings of pulmonary edema were significantly increased following fracture with the presence of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W. Sears
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation (B.W.S., D.V., R.D.H., K.L., M.M., M.D.S., and J.J.C.) and Department of Pathology (S.Y.), Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153. E-mail address for B.W. Sears: . E-mail address for D. Volkmer: . E-mail address for S. Yong: . E-mail address for R.D. Himes: . E-mail address for K. Lauing: . E-mail address for M. Morgan: . E-mail address for M.D. Stover: . E-mail address for J.J. Callaci:
| | - Dustin Volkmer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation (B.W.S., D.V., R.D.H., K.L., M.M., M.D.S., and J.J.C.) and Department of Pathology (S.Y.), Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153. E-mail address for B.W. Sears: . E-mail address for D. Volkmer: . E-mail address for S. Yong: . E-mail address for R.D. Himes: . E-mail address for K. Lauing: . E-mail address for M. Morgan: . E-mail address for M.D. Stover: . E-mail address for J.J. Callaci:
| | - Sherri Yong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation (B.W.S., D.V., R.D.H., K.L., M.M., M.D.S., and J.J.C.) and Department of Pathology (S.Y.), Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153. E-mail address for B.W. Sears: . E-mail address for D. Volkmer: . E-mail address for S. Yong: . E-mail address for R.D. Himes: . E-mail address for K. Lauing: . E-mail address for M. Morgan: . E-mail address for M.D. Stover: . E-mail address for J.J. Callaci:
| | - Ryan D. Himes
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation (B.W.S., D.V., R.D.H., K.L., M.M., M.D.S., and J.J.C.) and Department of Pathology (S.Y.), Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153. E-mail address for B.W. Sears: . E-mail address for D. Volkmer: . E-mail address for S. Yong: . E-mail address for R.D. Himes: . E-mail address for K. Lauing: . E-mail address for M. Morgan: . E-mail address for M.D. Stover: . E-mail address for J.J. Callaci:
| | - Kristen Lauing
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation (B.W.S., D.V., R.D.H., K.L., M.M., M.D.S., and J.J.C.) and Department of Pathology (S.Y.), Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153. E-mail address for B.W. Sears: . E-mail address for D. Volkmer: . E-mail address for S. Yong: . E-mail address for R.D. Himes: . E-mail address for K. Lauing: . E-mail address for M. Morgan: . E-mail address for M.D. Stover: . E-mail address for J.J. Callaci:
| | - Michelle Morgan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation (B.W.S., D.V., R.D.H., K.L., M.M., M.D.S., and J.J.C.) and Department of Pathology (S.Y.), Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153. E-mail address for B.W. Sears: . E-mail address for D. Volkmer: . E-mail address for S. Yong: . E-mail address for R.D. Himes: . E-mail address for K. Lauing: . E-mail address for M. Morgan: . E-mail address for M.D. Stover: . E-mail address for J.J. Callaci:
| | - Michael D. Stover
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation (B.W.S., D.V., R.D.H., K.L., M.M., M.D.S., and J.J.C.) and Department of Pathology (S.Y.), Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153. E-mail address for B.W. Sears: . E-mail address for D. Volkmer: . E-mail address for S. Yong: . E-mail address for R.D. Himes: . E-mail address for K. Lauing: . E-mail address for M. Morgan: . E-mail address for M.D. Stover: . E-mail address for J.J. Callaci:
| | - John J. Callaci
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation (B.W.S., D.V., R.D.H., K.L., M.M., M.D.S., and J.J.C.) and Department of Pathology (S.Y.), Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153. E-mail address for B.W. Sears: . E-mail address for D. Volkmer: . E-mail address for S. Yong: . E-mail address for R.D. Himes: . E-mail address for K. Lauing: . E-mail address for M. Morgan: . E-mail address for M.D. Stover: . E-mail address for J.J. Callaci:
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Qi F, Song J, Yang H, Gao W, Liu NA, Zhang B, Lin S. Mmp23b promotes liver development and hepatocyte proliferation through the tumor necrosis factor pathway in zebrafish. Hepatology 2010; 52:2158-66. [PMID: 21064033 PMCID: PMC3457804 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of proteins degrades extracellular matrix (ECM) components as well as processes cytokines and growth factors. MMPs are involved in regulating ECM homeostasis in both normal physiology and disease pathophysiology. Here we report the critical roles of mmp23b in normal zebrafish liver development. Mmp23b was initially identified as a gene linked to the genomic locus of an enhancer trap transgenic zebrafish line in which green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression was restricted to the developing liver. Follow-up analysis of mmp23b messenger RNA (mRNA) expression confirmed its liver-specific expression pattern. Morpholino knockdown of mmp23b resulted in defective hepatocyte proliferation, causing a reduction in liver size while maintaining relatively normal pancreas and gut development. Genetically, we showed that mmp23b functions through the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway. Antisense knockdown of tnfa or tnfb in zebrafish caused similar reductions of liver size, whereas overexpression of tnfa or tnfb rescued liver defects in mmp23b morphants but not vice versa. Biochemically, MMP23B, the human ortholog of Mmp23b, directly interacts with TNF and mediates its release from the cell membrane in a cell culture system. Because mmp23b/MMP23B is highly conserved, our findings in zebrafish warrant further investigation of its role in regulating liver development in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Qi
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Center of Developmental Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China,Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China,Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jianbo Song
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Hanshuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Center of Developmental Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ning-ai Liu
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Center of Developmental Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuo Lin
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Center of Developmental Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China,Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China,Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095,Corresponding author, , tel.: 310-267-4970, fax: 310-267-4971
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de Wit M, Jones DG, Sessler CN, Zilberberg MD, Weaver MF. Alcohol-use disorders in the critically ill patient. Chest 2010; 138:994-1003. [PMID: 20923804 DOI: 10.1378/chest.09-1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol abuse and dependence, referred to as alcohol-use disorders (AUDs), affect 76.3 million people worldwide and account for 1.8 million deaths per year. AUDs affect 18.3 million Americans (7.3% of the population), and up to 40% of hospitalized patients have AUDs. This review discusses the development and progression of critical illness in patients with AUDs. In contrast to acute intoxication, AUDs have been linked to increased severity of illness in a number of studies. In particular, surgical patients with AUDs experience higher rates of postoperative hemorrhage, cardiac complications, sepsis, and need for repeat surgery. Outcomes from trauma are worse for patients with chronic alcohol abuse, whereas burn patients who are acutely intoxicated may not have worse outcomes. AUDs are linked to not only a higher likelihood of community-acquired pneumonia and sepsis but also a higher severity of illness and higher rates of nosocomial pneumonia and sepsis. The management of sedation in patients with AUDs may be particularly challenging because of the increased need for sedatives and opioids and the difficulty in diagnosing withdrawal syndrome. The health-care provider also must be watchful for the development of dangerous agitation and violence, as these problems are not uncommonly seen in hospital ICUs. Despite studies showing that up to 40% of hospitalized patients have AUDs, relatively few guidelines exist on the specific management of the critically ill patient with AUDs. AUDs are underdiagnosed, and a first step to improving patient outcomes may lie in systematically and accurately identifying AUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein de Wit
- Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0050, USA.
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Gomez M, Raju SV, Viswanathan A, Painter RG, Bonvillain R, Byrne P, Nguyen DH, Bagby GJ, Kolls JK, Nelson S, Wang G. Ethanol upregulates glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper expression and modulates cellular inflammatory responses in lung epithelial cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 184:5715-22. [PMID: 20382889 PMCID: PMC2901557 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse is associated with immunosuppressive and infectious sequelae. Particularly, alcoholics are more susceptible to pulmonary infections. In this report, gene transcriptional profiles of primary human airway epithelial cells exposed to varying doses of alcohol (0, 50, and 100 mM) were obtained. Comparison of gene transcription levels in 0 mM alcohol treatments with those in 50 mM alcohol treatments resulted in 2 genes being upregulated and 16 genes downregulated by at least 2-fold. Moreover, 0 mM and 100 mM alcohol exposure led to the upregulation of 14 genes and downregulation of 157 genes. Among the upregulated genes, glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) responded to alcohol in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, GILZ protein levels also correlated with this transcriptional pattern. Lentiviral expression of GILZ small interfering RNA in human airway epithelial cells diminished the alcohol-induced upregulation, confirming that GILZ is indeed an alcohol-responsive gene. Gene silencing of GILZ in A549 cells resulted in secretion of significantly higher amounts of inflammatory cytokines in response to IL-1beta stimulation. The GILZ-silenced cells were more resistant to alcohol-mediated suppression of cytokine secretion. Further data demonstrated that the glucocorticoid receptor is involved in the regulation of GILZ by alcohol. Because GILZ is a key glucocorticoid-responsive factor mediating the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions of steroids, we propose that similar signaling pathways may play a role in the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla Gomez
- Alcohol Research Center and Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Sammeta V. Raju
- Alcohol Research Center and Gene Therapy Program, Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Anand Viswanathan
- Alcohol Research Center and Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Richard G. Painter
- Alcohol Research Center and Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Ryan Bonvillain
- Alcohol Research Center and Gene Therapy Program, Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Patrick Byrne
- Alcohol Research Center and Gene Therapy Program, Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Doan H. Nguyen
- Alcohol Research Center and Gene Therapy Program, Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Gregory J. Bagby
- Alcohol Research Center and Gene Therapy Program, Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jay K. Kolls
- Alcohol Research Center and Gene Therapy Program, Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Steve Nelson
- Alcohol Research Center and Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Guoshun Wang
- Alcohol Research Center and Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Alcohol Research Center and Gene Therapy Program, Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Forsyth CB, Tang Y, Shaikh M, Zhang L, Keshavarzian A. Alcohol stimulates activation of Snail, epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, and biomarkers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colon and breast cancer cells. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 34:19-31. [PMID: 19860811 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol consumption is associated with the risk of progressive cancers including colon and breast cancer. The mechanisms for the alcohol-induced aggressive behavior of these epithelial cancer cells have not been fully identified. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental program recently shown to play a role in cancer progression and metastases. We hypothesized that alcohol might promote cancer progression by inducing EMT in cancer cells and tested this hypothesis by assessing alcohol-stimulated changes in phenotypic markers of EMT as well as the EMT transcription factor Snail and its related cell signaling. METHODS Colon and breast cancer cell lines and a normal intestinal epithelial cell line were tested as well as colonic mucosal biopsy samples from alcoholic subjects. Cells were treated with alcohol and assessed for EMT-related changes using immunofluorescent microscopy, western blotting, reporter assays, RT-PCR, and knockdown of Snail with siRNA. RESULTS We show alcohol upregulated the signature EMT phenotypic marker vimentin as well as matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-2, MMP-7, and MMP-9 and cell migration in colon and breast cancer cells-all characteristics of EMT. Alcohol also stimulated nuclear localization of Snail phosphorylated at Ser246, transcription from a Snail reporter plasmid, and Snail mRNA expression by RT-PCR. Snail siRNA knockdown prevented alcohol-stimulated vimentin expression. In vivo, Snail expression was significantly elevated in colonic mucosal biopsies from alcoholics. Also, we found alcohol stimulated activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and an EGFR inhibitor blocked alcohol-induced cell migration and Snail mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data support a novel mechanism for alcohol promoting cancer progression through stimulating the EMT program in cancer cells via an EGFR-Snail mediated pathway. This study reveals new pathways for alcohol-mediated promotion of cancer that could be targeted for therapy or prevention of alcohol-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Forsyth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Yaghoubian A, Kaji A, Putnam B, De Virgilio N, De Virgilio C. Elevated Blood Alcohol Level May be Protective of Trauma Patient Mortality. Am Surg 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/000313480907501019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether a positive blood alcohol level (BAL) affects morbidity and mortality at a Level I trauma center, a retrospective review of trauma patients 18 years of age and older was performed. There were 7985 trauma patients and 8 per cent (645) had a positive BAL. BAL(+) patients had lower Injury Severity Score (ISS) (8 vs 11, P < 0.01), lower rate of penetrating injury (9 vs 25%, P < 0.01), and were older (38 vs 32 years, P = 0.01). Overall there were 559 deaths (7%); (1% mortality in BAL(+) patients and 7% in BAL(-) patients; P < 0.0001). There were 352 (4.4%) complications with similar rates among BAL(-) and (+) patients. On univariate analysis, a positive BAL was inversely associated with death (OR, 0.17) as was blunt trauma (OR, 0.29), whereas older age (OR 1.009) and increased ISS (OR 1.13) were associated with death. On multivariable analysis, after adjusting for age, ISS, and mechanism of injury, a positive BAL remained protective against death (OR 0.35) as did blunt trauma (OR 0.2). Age (OR 1.04) and increased ISS (OR 1.19) were associated with mortality. In conclusion, a positive BAL was associated with a decreased mortality risk in trauma patients, which persisted after adjusting for multiple confounding variables.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Kaji
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Torrance, California
- Department of Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Brant Putnam
- Department of Surgery, Torrance, California
- Department of Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | | | - Christian De Virgilio
- Department of Surgery, Torrance, California
- Department of Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
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Balamayooran G, Batra S, Fessler MB, Happel KI, Jeyaseelan S. Mechanisms of neutrophil accumulation in the lungs against bacteria. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 43:5-16. [PMID: 19738160 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0047tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lung diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality both in immunocompromised and in immunocompetent individuals. Neutrophil accumulation, a pathological hallmark of bacterial diseases, is critical to host defense, but may also cause acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. Toll-like receptors, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, transcription factors, cytokines, and chemokines play essential roles in neutrophil sequestration in the lungs. This review highlights our current understanding of the role of these molecules in the lungs during bacterial infection and their therapeutic potential. We also discuss emerging data on cholesterol and ethanol as environmentally modifiable factors that may impact neutrophil-mediated pulmonary innate host defense. Understanding the precise molecular mechanisms leading to neutrophil influx in the lungs during bacterial infection is critical for the development of more effective therapeutic and prophylactic strategies to control the excessive host response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathriy Balamayooran
- D.V.M., Pathobiolgical Sciences and Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, LSU, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Siggins RW, Bagby GJ, Molina P, Dufour J, Nelson S, Zhang P. Alcohol exposure impairs myeloid dendritic cell function in rhesus macaques. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 33:1524-31. [PMID: 19485975 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.00980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol intoxication suppresses both the innate and adaptive immunities. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the major cell type bridging the innate and acquired immune responses. At the present time, the effects of alcohol on DC development in hematopoietic tissues and the functional activities of DCs are incompletely elucidated. This study investigated the impact of chronic alcohol exposure on the alteration of hematopoietic precursor cell and DC populations in the bone marrow and peripheral blood of rhesus macaques. METHODS Rhesus macaques were administered alcohol or isocaloric sucrose daily for a period of 3 months through surgically implanted gastric catheters. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and bone marrow cells (BMCs) were isolated for flow cytometric analysis after 3 months. Monocytes were cultured with human IL-4 (10 ng/ml) and GM-CSF (50 ng/ml) in the absence and presence of alcohol (50 mM). On day 6 of the culture, a cocktail of stimulants including IL-1beta (18 ng), IL-6 (1800 U), TNF-alpha (18 ng), and PGE(2) (1.8 microg) were added to the designated wells for transformation of immature dendritic cells (iDCs) to mature myeloid DCs. The cells were analyzed on day 8 by flow cytometry for expression of DC costimulatory molecule expression. RESULTS EtOH-treated animals had significantly lower numbers of myeloid DCs (lineage-HLA-DR+CD11c+CD123-) in both the PBMCs and BMCs compared to controls (5,654 +/- 1,273/10(6) vs. 2,353 +/- 660/10(6) PBMCs and 503 +/- 34 vs. 195 +/- 44/10(6) BMCs). Under culture conditions, the number of lineage-HLA-DR+CD83+ cells was low in control wells (0.38 +/- 0.08%). Alcohol inhibited the increase in the number of lineage-HLA-DR+CD83+ cells in iDC wells (2.30 +/- 0.79% vs. 5.73 +/- 1.40%). Alcohol also inhibited the increase in the number of lineage-HLA-DR+CD83+ cells in mature DC wells (1.23 +/- 0.15% vs. 4.13 +/- 0.62%). CONCLUSIONS Chronic EtOH decreases the bone marrow and circulating pools of myeloid DCs. Additionally, EtOH suppresses costimulatory molecule CD83 expression during DC transformation, which may attenuate the ability of DCs to initiate T-cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Siggins
- Alcohol Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112-1393, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple line of clinical and experimental evidence demonstrates that both acute, moderate, and chronic, excessive alcohol use result in various abnormalities in the functions of the immune system. METHODS Medline and PubMed databases were used to identify published reports with particular interest in the period of 2000-2008 in the subject of alcohol use, infection, inflammation, innate, and adaptive immunity. RESULTS This review article summarizes recent findings relevant to acute or chronic alcohol use-induced immunomodulation and its consequences on host defense against microbial pathogens and tissue injury. Studies with in vivo and in vitro alcohol administration are both discussed. The effects of alcohol on lung infections, trauma and burn injury, liver, pancreas, and cardiovascular diseases are evaluated with respect to the role of immune cells. Specific changes in innate immune response and abnormalities in adaptive immunity caused by alcohol intake are detailed. CONCLUSION Altered inflammatory cell and adaptive immune responses after alcohol consumption result in increased incidence and poor outcome of infections and other organ-specific immune-mediated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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27
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Antigen-presenting cells under the influence of alcohol. Trends Immunol 2008; 30:13-22. [PMID: 19059005 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The negative influence of alcohol (ethanol) and its metabolites on innate and adaptive immunity is well-recognized. Much attention has recently been focused on the impact of acute and chronic alcohol exposure on antigen-presenting cells (APC). In particular, insights have been gained into how the properties of human blood monocytes and rodent macrophages are influenced by alcohol in vitro and in vivo. Here, we review the impact of alcohol on various aspects of APC function and the underlying mechanisms, including its effects on intracellular signaling events. We also discuss new information regarding the influence of alcohol on various APC populations in the liver, a primary site of alcohol metabolism.
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Buttari B, Profumo E, Mancinelli R, Incani UC, Tosti M, Attilia M, Ceccanti M, Riganò R. Chronic and Acute Alcohol Exposure Prevents Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells from Differentiating and Maturing. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2008; 21:929-39. [DOI: 10.1177/039463200802100417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that alcohol abuse may be linked to adverse immunomodulatory effects on immune responses. Our study was undertaken to clarify the immunological consequences of chronic and acute alcohol exposure on differentiation and maturation of human dendritic cells (DCs). Using immunochemical and cytofluorimetric analysis we determined the phenotype and functions of monocyte-derived DCs from alcoholics and healthy subjects and analyzed their ability to respond to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence or absence of ethanol (EtOH) exposure. Our results showed that alcoholics' monocytes differentiated to immature DCs with altered phenotype and functions (alc-iDCs). Alc-iDCs showed fewer CD1a+ cells, weaker CD86 expression and higher HLA-DR expression associated with lower endocytosis and allostimulatory functions than iDCs from healthy subjects (control-iDCs). Despite these impairments, alc-iDCs produced TNF-α and IL-6 in large amounts. LPS stimulation failed to induce full phenotypical and functional alc-iDC maturation. In vitro acute EtOH exposure also prevented alc-iDCs and control-iDCs from maturing in response to LPS. T-cell priming experiments showed that EtOH treatment prevented LPS-stimulated control-iDCs from priming and polarizing naïve allogeneic T cells into Th1 cells, thus favouring a predominant Th2 environment. Collectively, our results provide evidence that chronic and acute alcohol exposure prevents DCs from differentiating and maturing in response to a microbial stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R. Mancinelli
- Centro Nazionale Sostanze Chimiche, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome
| | | | - M.E. Tosti
- Centro Nazionale di Epidemiologia, Sorveglianza e Promozione della Salute, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome
| | - M.L. Attilia
- Centro Riferimento Alcologico Regione Lazio, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Ceccanti
- Centro Riferimento Alcologico Regione Lazio, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Serwin AB, Sokolowska M, Dylejko E, Chodynicka B. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) alpha converting enzyme and soluble TNF-alpha receptor type 1 in psoriasis patients in relation to the chronic alcohol consumption. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008; 22:712-7. [PMID: 18312327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.02584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour necrosis factor alpha converting enzyme (TACE) is a major sheddase of TNF-alpha and its receptors, essential for the generation of soluble, mature molecules. The regulation of the TACE activity by ethanol in vitro has been suggested recently. The alcohol abuse is a frequent problem among psoriasis patients. The aim of the study was to analyse the relationship between long-term alcohol consumption and the concentration of TACE in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and its substrate--soluble TNF-alpha receptor type 1 (sTNF-R1) in plasma in psoriasis patients. METHODS The study has been conducted among 44 patients (aged 30-59 years) with early-onset, plaque-type psoriasis. Thirty-eight patients (aged 29-61 years) with other than psoriasis chronic dermatologic disorders were controls. The data on alcohol consumption during previous 10 years were obtained with a structured questionnaire. The severity of the disease was assessed using Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), and concentrations of TACE in PBMC lysate and sTNF-R1 in plasma was assessed with a quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique. RESULTS The TACE concentration correlated to that of sTNF-R1 (R = 0.52 in psoriasis patients and R = 0.56 in controls, P < 0.05). The concentrations of TACE were 2.62 +/- 0.32 ng/mL in patients and 1.29 +/- 0.25 ng/mL in controls (P < 0.05), and corresponding sTNF-R1 concentrations were 2.54 +/- 0.27 ng/mL and 1.79 +/- 0.14 ng/mL (P < 0.05), respectively. The concentrations of TACE and sTNF-R1 in patients correlated to the intensity of alcohol consumption (R = 0.56, and R = 0.52, P < 0.05, respectively) and were the highest in excessive drinking psoriasis patients (2.94 +/- 0.34 and 2.67 +/- 0.13 ng/mL). CONCLUSION The alcohol abuse may contribute to the increase of TACE expression in PBMC and also to the elevated plasma sTNF-R1 concentration in psoriasis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Serwin
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Laso FJ, Vaquero JM, Almeida J, Marcos M, Orfao A. Production of inflammatory cytokines by peripheral blood monocytes in chronic alcoholism: relationship with ethanol intake and liver disease. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2007; 72:408-15. [PMID: 17266151 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controversial results have been reported about the effects of alcoholism on the functionality of monocytes. In the present study we analyze the effects of chronic alcoholism on the intracellular production of inflammatory cytokines by peripheral blood (PB) monocytes. METHODS Spontaneous and in vitro-stimulated production of interleukin (IL) 1alpha (TNFalpha) by PB monocytes was analyzed at the single level by flow cytometry in chronic alcoholics without liver disease and active ethanol (EtOH) intake (AWLD group), as well as in patients with alcohol liver cirrhosis (ALC group), who were either actively drinking (ALCET group) or with alcohol withdrawal (ALCAW group). RESULTS A significantly increased spontaneous production of IL1beta, IL6, IL12, and TNFalpha was observed on PB monocytes among AWLD individuals. Conversely, circulating monocytes form ALCET patients showed an abnormally low spontaneous and stimulated production of inflammatory cytokines. No significant changes were observed in ALCAW group as regards production of IL1beta, IL6, IL12, and TNFalpha. CONCLUSION Our results show an altered pattern of production of inflammatory cytokines in PB monocytes from chronic alcoholic patients, the exact abnormalities observed depending on both the status of EtOH intake and the existence of alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Laso
- Unidad de Alcoholismo, Servicio de Medicina Interna II, Hospital Universitario, Salamanca, Spain.
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Lanzke N, Kleinwächter R, Kerschischnik S, Sargsyan L, Groneberg DA, Kamradt T, Liesenfeld O, Krenn V, Sander M, Spies C. Differential effects of ethanol on IFN-gamma- and TNF-alpha-producing splenic T lymphocytes in a murine model of gram-negative pneumonia. Addict Biol 2007; 12:59-68. [PMID: 17407498 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2006.00042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of bacterial pneumonia is increased in alcoholic patients. Alcohol consumption has been shown to impair cytokine production. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) are critical for host defense against Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae). In order to examine the influence of alcohol on the immune response to infection, we investigated the frequency of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma produced by splenic T-lymphocytes in a murine model of gram-negative pneumonia initiated after 8 days of alcohol treatment. Thirty-two Balb/c mice were pretreated with ethanol (3 mg/g body weight) or saline intraperitoneally over 8 days. On day 7 half of each group was administered K. pneumoniae. Mice were sacrificed 24 hours later to excise lungs and liver for histological assessment and spleens for cell isolation. IFN-gamma- and TNF-alpha-producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes were determined by FACS analysis. In mice with Klebsiella infection, the percentages of IFN-gamma-producing CD4(+) (P < 0.01) and CD8(+) (P < 0.01) were significantly decreased, the percentages of TNF-alpha-producing CD4(+) (P = 0.01) and CD8(+) (P < 0.01) T cells were significantly elevated after alcohol treatment compared with mice with saline treatment. The histological assessment showed an aggravation of K. pneumoniae-induced pneumonia in alcohol-treated mice. Alcohol differentially affects IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha production in Klebsiella-infected mice. Both effects obviously led to a weakened immune response as seen by increased histological damage. This suggests a role of T cells in the increased susceptibility of the alcoholic host to nosocomial infection due to inadequate cytokine response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Lanzke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Campus Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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Brown LAS, Cook RT, Jerrells TR, Kolls JK, Nagy LE, Szabo G, Wands JR, Kovacs EJ. Acute and chronic alcohol abuse modulate immunity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 30:1624-31. [PMID: 16930226 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article represents the proceedings of the Alcohol and Immunology Research Interest Group (AIRIG) meeting, a satellite workshop held at the 37th Annual Meeting of the Society for Leukocyte Biology. The meeting was sponsored by the AIRIG and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. The presentations were as follows: (1) Effects of Ethanol on Immune Response to Hepatitis C Virus by Jack R. Wands, (2) Alcohol and Alveolar Macrophage Dysfunction: The Role of Chronic Oxidant Stress by Lou Ann S. Brown, (3) T Cell Responses to Listeria monocytogenes in Mice on a Chronic Ethanol Exposure Protocol by Robert T. Cook, (4) Mechanisms of Acute and Chronic Alcohol Consumption on Severity of Viral Infections by the Liver and Pancreas by Thomas R. Jerrells, (5) Acute and Chronic Effects on Macrophage Ectodomain Shedding: Implications for Lung Host Defenses by Jay K. Kolls, (6) Increased Susceptibility to Pseudomonas Infection of Burn-Injured Mice Given Alcohol Before Injury by Elizabeth J. Kovacs, (7) Regulation of Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha Expression in Macrophages by Chronic Ethanol by Laura E. Nagy, and (8) Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Alcohol Use by Gyongyi Szabo. Meeting coorganizers were Elizabeth J. Kovacs, Lou Ann S. Brown, Thomas R. Jerrells, and Robert T. Cook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lou Ann S Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Gobejishvili L, Barve S, Joshi-Barve S, Uriarte S, Song Z, McClain C. Chronic ethanol-mediated decrease in cAMP primes macrophages to enhanced LPS-inducible NF-kappaB activity and TNF expression: relevance to alcoholic liver disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 291:G681-8. [PMID: 16751174 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00098.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Increased plasma and hepatic TNF-alpha activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). We previously reported that monocytes from alcoholic patients show enhanced constitutive as well as LPS-inducible NF-kappaB activation and TNF-alpha production. Studies in monocytes have shown that cAMP plays an important role in regulating TNF-alpha expression, and elevation of cellular cAMP suppresses TNF-alpha production. The effects of chronic ethanol exposure on the cellular levels of cAMP as well as TNF expression in monocytes were examined in vitro and in rat primary hepatic Kupffer cells obtained from a clinically relevant enteral alcohol feeding model of ALD. Chronic ethanol exposure significantly decreased cellular cAMP levels in both LPS-stimulated and unstimulated monocytes. Consistent with the decrease in cAMP levels, ethanol led to an increase in LPS-inducible TNF-alpha production by affecting NF-kappaB activation and induction of TNF mRNA expression, without any change in TNF mRNA stability. Enhancement of cellular cAMP with dibutyryl cAMP abrogated LPS-mediated TNF-alpha expression in ethanol-treated cells. Importantly, cAMP did not affect LPS-inducible NF-kappaB activation but significantly decreased its transcriptional activity. Together, these data strongly suggest that ethanol can synergize with LPS to upregulate the induction of TNF gene expression and consequent TNF overproduction by decreasing the cellular cAMP levels in monocytes/macrophages. Furthermore, these data also support the notion that cAMP-elevating agents could constitute an effective therapeutic approach in attenuating or preventing the progression of liver disease in alcoholic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Gobejishvili
- Dept. of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Univ. of Louisville Medical Center, 550 S. Jackson St., ACB 3rd Floor, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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Hoek J, Thiele GM, Klassen LW, Mandrekar P, Zakhari S, Cook RT, Ray NB, Happel KI, Kolls JK, Kovacs EJ, Szab G. RSA 2004: Combined Basic Research Satellite Symposium-Mechanisms of Alcohol-Mediated Organ and Tissue Damage: Inflammation and Immunity and Alcohol and Mitochondrial Metabolism: At the Crossroads of Life and Death Session One: Alcohol, Cellular and Organ. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 29:1735-43. [PMID: 16205374 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000179313.64522.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This article summarizes content proceedings of a satellite meeting held at the 2004 Research Society on Alcoholism Annual Scientific Meeting in Vancouver, Canada. The aim of the satellite conference was to facilitate the interaction of scientists investigating the mechanisms of alcohol-mediated organ or tissue damage, and enable the discussion and sharing of new ideas and concepts that may be common in each of the organs or tissues affected by chronic ethanol consumption. The original planned program on immunity was expanded to incorporate a session on a closely related topic "Alcohol and Mitochondrial Metabolism: At the Crossroads of Life and Death" organized by Dr. Jan Hoek and Dr. Sam Zakhari. The conference was arranged into four sessions: 1) Alcohol, Cellular and Organ Damage 2) Toll-like receptors and Organ Damage 3) Alcohol and Mitochondrial Metabolism: At the Crossroads of Life and Death and 4) Hepatitis virus and alcohol interactions in Immunity and Liver Disease. The keynote address was given by Dr. Bruce Beutler from the Scripps Institute on "TLRs in Inflammation and Immunity."The Combined Basic Research Satellite Symposium entitled, "Mechanisms of Alcohol-Mediated Organ and Tissue Damage: Inflammation and Immunity and Alcohol and Mitochondrial Metabolism: At the Crossroads of Life and Death" was convened at the 2004 Research Society on Alcoholism meeting in Vancouver, BC. Session One featured five speakers who discussed various aspects of the role of the immune system in initiating or exacerbating cellular and organ damage following alcohol consumption. The presentations were (1) Innate Immune responses of Alcohol-exposed mice and macrophage-like cells following infections with Listeria monocytogenes by Robert T. Cook 2) Alcohol, cytokines and host defense by Kyle Happel 3) Decreased antigen presentation and anergy induced by alcohol in myeloid dendritic cells by Pranoti Mandrekar 4) Transcriptional regulation of TNF-alpha in human monocytes by chronic ethanol: role of the cellular redox state by Jay Kolls 5) Estrogen and gender differences in inflammatory responses after alcohol and burn injury by Elizabeth Kovacs. This session highlighted the growing information on the role of pattern recognition molecules in alcohol-mediated tissue damage or dysfunction. The new techniques and ideas presented will be helpful in future studies in this area of research, and should result in some exciting avenues of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hoek
- Department of The University of Massachusetts Medical Center (GS and PM), Department of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605-2324, USA
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Kato H, Negoro M, Wakabayashi I. Effects of acute ethanol administration on LPS-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat alveolar macrophages. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 29:285S-93S. [PMID: 16385238 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000191809.29775.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of alveolar macrophages acts as a primary defense mechanism of lung with immunologic and inflammatory processes. Incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been reported to be higher in alcoholics than that in nonalcoholics. Both cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) are induced by inflammatory stimuli such as LPS and cytokines and are involved in host defense. COX-2 and iNOS have been reported to play important roles in pathophysiology of ARDS. The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether acute ethanol administration to rats affects on COX-2 and iNOS expression in isolated alveolar macrophages. METHODS Ethanol (4.5 g per kg body weight as a 20% solution) was intraperitoneally injected to male Wistar rats. At 2.5 hrs after the injection, alveolar macrophages were collected from rats by bronchoalveolar lavage and were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 mug/ml). Expression of COX-2 and iNOS and activation of MAPKs was evaluated by Western blotting. RESULTS In alveolar macrophages isolated from ethanol-treated rats, LPS-stimulated production of both prostaglandin E2 and nitrite was significantly lower than that in macrophages isolated from vehicle-treated control rats. LPS-induced expression of both COX-2 and iNOS was significantly lower in macrophages from ethanol-treated rats than that in macrophages from the control rats, while expression of beta-actin was not different in these groups. LPS increased phosphorylation of both extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The levels of phosphorylated ERK and p38 were significantly lower in macrophages from ethanol-treated rats compared with those from the control rats. Treatment of macrophages with ethanol (100 - 400 mM) in vitro significantly inhibited expression of COX-2 in a concentration-dependent manner, while only a high concentration (400 mM) of ethanol significantly inhibited expression of iNOS. Ethanol also inhibited COX-2 expression in the presence of Tiron. Expression of COX-2 and iNOS was significantly inhibited by U0126 but not by SB203580. CONCLUSION In rat alveolar macrophages, LPS-induced expression of COX-2 and iNOS is mediated by ERK MAPK but not by p38 MAPK. Acute ethanol administration to rats attenuates induction of both COX-2 and iNOS in alveolar macrophages by inhibiting phosphorylation of ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Kato
- Department of Hygiene & Preventive Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Japan
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Abstract
Alcohol misuse, when combined with the right circumstances, culminates in a "Perfect Storm" that has catastrophic results. Alcohol misuse impairs judgment and increases the likelihood of serious injury. Once injured, the intoxicated patient is more likely to be hypotensive and less likely to be able to protect his or her airway. Alcohol also impairs multiple compensatory responses to injury that are critical to survival, thereby increasing the likelihood of serious complications. When complications do occur, they may be more severe for intoxicated patients because both acute and chronic ethanol use adversely affect immunity. Thus, all phases of trauma care are potentially affected by excessive alcohol use. This paper presents facts about trauma care and the physiologic consequences and clinical implications of alcohol intoxication. Further, it shows how health-care costs increase when evaluating and managing an intoxicated trauma patient. This financial burden further escalates in the surgical ICU because the care of an intoxicated patient falls outside the realm of standard care. Trauma surgeons, perhaps more than other health-care providers, have a unique opportunity and a responsibility to address potential alcohol misuse with their patients. They witness the Perfect Storm almost daily and are fully aware of the short- and long-term consequences of alcohol misuse. A trauma center visit provides an opportune time and place to incorporate alcohol screening and brief interventions as a part of standard trauma care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest E Moore
- Department of Surgery Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO 80204, USA.
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Lau AH, Abe M, Thomson AW. Ethanol affects the generation, cosignaling molecule expression, and function of plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cell subsets in vitro and in vivo. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 79:941-53. [PMID: 16478920 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0905517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of ethanol (EtOH) on multiple dendritic cell (DC) subsets, in the steady state or following their mobilization in vivo, has not been characterized. Herein, generation of mouse bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC) in response to fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand was inhibited by physiologically relevant concentrations of EtOH with selective suppression of plasmacytoid (p)DC. EtOH reduced surface expression of costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, CD86) but not that of coinhibitory CD274 (B7-H1) on resting or CpG-stimulated DC subsets. Interleukin (IL)-12p70 production by activated DC was impaired. Consistent with these findings, EtOH-exposed BMDC exhibited a reduced capacity to induce naïve, allogeneic T cell proliferation and impaired ability to prime T cells in vivo. DC subsets freshly isolated from EtOH-fed mice were also examined. Liver DC, inherently immature and resistant to maturation, exhibited little change in their low surface cosignaling molecule expression, whereas splenic DC showed reduced expression of surface costimulatory molecules in response to CpG stimulation in vivo. These splenic DC elicited reduced naïve, allogeneic T cell proliferation in vitro, and the stimulatory capacity of resting but not CpG-activated liver DC was reduced by chronic EtOH administration. T cells from animals primed with EtOH-exposed DC produced elevated levels of IL-10 following ex vivo challenge with donor alloantigen. Thus, EtOH impairs cytokine-driven differentiation and function of myeloid DC and pDC in vitro. Hepatic DC from chronic EtOH-fed mice are less affected than splenic DC, which exhibit impaired functional maturation following CpG stimulation. These results indicate a potential mechanism by which alcohol consumption is associated with immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey H Lau
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Fisker S. Physiology and pathophysiology of growth hormone-binding protein: methodological and clinical aspects. Growth Horm IGF Res 2006; 16:1-28. [PMID: 16359897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Revised: 10/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Circulating GH is partly bound to a high-affinity binding protein (GHBP), which in humans is derived from cleavage of the extracellular domain of the GH receptor. The precise biological function GHBP is unknown, although a regulation of GH bioactivity appears plausible. GHBP levels are determined by GH secretory status, body composition, age, and sex hormones, but the cause-effect relationships remain unclarified. In addition to the possible in vivo significance of GHBP, the interaction between GH and GHBP has methodological implications for both GH and GHBP assays. The present review concentrates on methodological aspects of GHBP measurements, GHBP levels in certain clinical conditions with a special emphasis on disturbances in the GH-IGF axis, and discusses the possible relationship between plasma GHBP and GH receptor status in peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Fisker
- Medical Department M (Endocrinology and Diabetes), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus Sygehus, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Song K, Zhao XJ, Marrero L, Oliver P, Nelson S, Kolls JK. Alcohol reversibly disrupts TNF-alpha/TACE interactions in the cell membrane. Respir Res 2005; 6:123. [PMID: 16246259 PMCID: PMC1291403 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-6-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2005] [Accepted: 10/24/2005] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol abuse has long been known to adversely affect innate and adaptive immune responses and pre-dispose to infections. One cellular mechanism responsible for this effect is alcohol-induced suppression of TNF-α (TNF) by mononuclear phagocytes. We have previously shown that alcohol in part inhibits TNF-α processing by TNF converting enzyme (TACE) in human monocytes. We hypothesized that the chain length of the alcohol is critical for post-transcriptional suppression of TNF secretion. Methods Due to the complex transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of TNF in macrophages, to specifically study TNF processing at the cell membrane we performed transient transfections of A549 cells with the TNF cDNA driven by the heterologous CMV promoter. TNF/TACE interactions at the cell surface were assessed using fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy. Results The single carbon alcohol, methanol suppressed neither TNF secretion nor FRET efficiency between TNF and TACE. However, 2, 3, and 4 carbon alcohols were potent suppressors of TNF processing and FRET efficiency. The effect of ethanol, a 2-carbon alcohol was reversible. Conclusion These data show that inhibition of TNF-α processing by acute ethanol is a direct affect of ethanol on the cell membrane and is reversible upon cessation or metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejing Song
- LSUHSC Gene Therapy Program and the LSUHSC Alcohol Research Center, LSU Health Sciences Center, CSRB Rm. 601, 533 Bolivar St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Xue-Jun Zhao
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh/University of Pittsburgh, Rm. 3765, 3705 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Luis Marrero
- LSUHSC Gene Therapy Program and the LSUHSC Alcohol Research Center, LSU Health Sciences Center, CSRB Rm. 601, 533 Bolivar St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Peter Oliver
- LSUHSC Gene Therapy Program and the LSUHSC Alcohol Research Center, LSU Health Sciences Center, CSRB Rm. 601, 533 Bolivar St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Steve Nelson
- LSUHSC Gene Therapy Program and the LSUHSC Alcohol Research Center, LSU Health Sciences Center, CSRB Rm. 601, 533 Bolivar St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jay K Kolls
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh/University of Pittsburgh, Rm. 3765, 3705 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Dai Q, Zhang J, Pruett SB. Ethanol alters cellular activation and CD14 partitioning in lipid rafts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 332:37-42. [PMID: 15896296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption interferes with innate immunity. In vivo EtOH administration suppresses cytokine responses induced through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and inhibits TLR4 signaling. Actually, EtOH exhibits a generalized suppressive effect on signaling and cytokine responses induced by through most TLRs. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. RAW264.7 cells were treated with LPS or co-treated with EtOH or with lipid raft-disrupting drugs. TNF-alpha production, IRAK-1 activation, and CD14 partition were evaluated. EtOH or nystatin, a lipid raft-disrupting drug, suppressed LPS-induced production of TNF-alpha. The suppressive effect of EtOH on LPS-induced TNF-alpha production was additive with that of methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MCD), another lipid raft-disrupting drug. EtOH interfered with IRAK-1 activation, an early TLR4 intracellular signaling event. Cell fractionation analyses show that acute EtOH altered LPS-related partition of CD14, a critical component of the LPS receptor complex. These results suggest a novel mechanism of EtOH action that involves interference with lipid raft clustering induced by LPS. This membrane action of EtOH might be one of the mechanisms by which EtOH acts as a generalized suppressor for TLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Dai
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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Duryee MJ, Klassen LW, Freeman TL, Willis MS, Tuma DJ, Thiele GM. Lipopolysaccharide is a cofactor for malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde adduct-mediated cytokine/chemokine release by rat sinusoidal liver endothelial and Kupffer cells. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005; 28:1931-8. [PMID: 15608611 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000148115.90045.c5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nonparenchymal cells of the liver have been suggested to play a significant role in the inflammatory processes observed in the development and/or progression of alcoholic liver disease. Our laboratories have shown that malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde (MAA)-modified proteins can induce immune responses, cytokine/chemokine secretion, and antigen processing and presentation by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs). Another molecule that has been shown to induce similar types of responses in Kupffer cells (KCs) is lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Because these materials induce similar responses, it was the purpose of this study to investigate the relationship between LPS and MAA-modified proteins in the development of proinflammatory responses by SECs and KCs. METHODS For these studies, SECs and KCs were isolated from chow-fed, pair-fed, and ethanol-fed rats. Cells were stimulated with media alone, bovine serum albumin (Alb), or MAA-modified Alb (MAA-Alb) in the presence or absence of LPS 1 ng/ml, and the supernatants were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for tumor necrosis factor alpha, macrophage chemotactic protein 1, and macrophage inhibitory protein. RESULTS All three cytokines/chemokines were 3 to 5 times higher when SECs or KCs were stimulated by MAA-Alb in the presence of LPS, in contrast to cells stimulated with Alb or media in the presence of LPS. Chronic ethanol consumption (6 weeks) had variable effects on the secretion of these cytokines/chemokines but in general did not alter the increased secretion in response to MAA-Alb in the presence of LPS. CONCLUSIONS These studies strongly suggest that the sensitization of SECs and KCs by LPS plays a significant role in the development and/or progression of alcoholic liver disease, and the subsequent activation by MAA-modified proteins may be a mechanism by which proinflammatory processes are initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Duryee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Goral J, Kovacs EJ. In vivo ethanol exposure down-regulates TLR2-, TLR4-, and TLR9-mediated macrophage inflammatory response by limiting p38 and ERK1/2 activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:456-63. [PMID: 15611271 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.1.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol is known to increase susceptibility to infections, in part, by suppressing macrophage function. Through TLRs, macrophages recognize pathogens and initiate inflammatory responses. In this study, we investigated the effect of acute ethanol exposure on murine macrophage activation mediated via TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9. Specifically, the study focused on the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha and activation of p38 and ERK1/2 MAPKs after a single in vivo exposure to physiologically relevant level of ethanol followed by ex vivo stimulation with specific TLR ligands. Acute ethanol treatment inhibited IL-6 and TNF-alpha synthesis and impaired p38 and ERK1/2 activation induced by TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 ligands. We also addressed the question of whether ethanol treatment modified activities of serine/threonine-specific, tyrosine-specific phosphatases, and MAPK phosphatase type 1. Inhibitors of three families of protein phosphatases did not restore ethanol-impaired proinflammatory cytokine production nor p38 and ERK1/2 activation. However, inhibitors of serine/threonine protein phosphatase type 1 and type 2A significantly increased IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels, and prolonged activation of p38 and ERK1/2 when triggered by TLR4 and TLR9 ligands. In contrast, with TLR2 ligand stimulation, TNF-alpha production was reduced, whereas IL-6 levels, and p38 and ERK1/2 activation were not affected. In conclusion, acute ethanol exposure impaired macrophage responsiveness to multiple TLR agonists by inhibiting IL-6 and TNF-alpha production. Mechanism responsible for ethanol-induced suppression involved inhibition of p38 and ERK1/2 activation. Furthermore, different TLR ligands stimulated IL-6 and TNF-alpha production via signaling pathways, which showed unique characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Goral
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 20153, USA
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Saeed RW, Varma S, Peng T, Tracey KJ, Sherry B, Metz CN. Ethanol blocks leukocyte recruitment and endothelial cell activation in vivo and in vitro. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:6376-83. [PMID: 15528377 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.10.6376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Immune system impairment and increased susceptibility to infection among alcohol abusers is a significant but not well-understood problem. We hypothesized that acute ethanol administration would inhibit leukocyte recruitment and endothelial cell activation during inflammation and infection. Using LPS and carrageenan air pouch models in mice, we found that physiological concentrations of ethanol (1-5 g/kg) significantly blocked leukocyte recruitment (50-90%). Because endothelial cell activation and immune cell-endothelial cell interactions are critical regulators of leukocyte recruitment, we analyzed the effect of acute ethanol exposure on endothelial cell activation in vivo using the localized Shwartzman reaction model. In this model, ethanol markedly suppressed leukocyte accumulation and endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, we examined the direct effects of ethanol on endothelial cell activation and leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in vitro. Ethanol, at concentrations within the range found in human blood after acute exposure and below the levels that induce cytotoxicity (0.1-0.5%), did not induce endothelial cell activation, but significantly inhibited TNF-mediated endothelial cell activation, as measured by adhesion molecule (E-selectin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1) expression and chemokine (IL-8, MCP-1, RANTES) production and leukocyte adhesion in vitro. Studies exploring the potential mechanism by which ethanol suppresses endothelial cell activation revealed that ethanol blocked NF-kappaB nuclear entry in an IkappaBalpha-dependent manner. These findings support the hypothesis that acute ethanol overexposure may increase the risk of infection and inhibit the host inflammatory response, in part, by blocking endothelial cell activation and subsequent immune cell-endothelial cell interactions required for efficient immune cell recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina W Saeed
- Laboratories of Medical Biochemistry, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Research Institute, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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Zhao XJ, Oliver P, Song K, Schurr J, Zhang Z, Kolls JK. Chronic ethanol enhances ectodomain shedding in T cells and monocytes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004; 28:1399-407. [PMID: 15365312 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000139819.46514.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic ethanol (EtOH) has been shown to augment tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production, and this has been associated with EtOH-induced liver injury. We have recently described a chronic in vitro cell culture model where chronic ethanol exposure results in significantly augmented TNF production in Mono Mac 6 cells, a human monocytic cell line. This enhanced TNF production was redox regulated and associated with increased levels of TNF messenger RNA (mRNA) as well as increased processing of TNF by TNF converting enzyme (TACE), the enzymatic activity of which is regulated by the cellular redox state. We hypothesized that chronic ethanol through oxidative stress activates TACE-mediated ectodomain shedding of the preformed substrates p75 and p55 TNF receptors in Mono Mac 6 cells and L-selectin in Jurkat T cells. METHODS Mono Mac 6 or Jurkat T cells were treated with EtOH (0, 50, or 100 mM) for 4 to 6 days. Shedding of p75 and p55 TNF receptors (Mono Mac 6 cells) or L-selectin (Jurkat T cells) was induced by stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and phorbol myristate acetate for Mono Mac 6 cells and PMA alone for Jurkat T cells. Shedding was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for shed molecules in the cell supernatant as well as the cell-associated proteins recovered from cell pellets. Steady-state mRNA levels for p75 TNF receptor and L-selectin were determined by ribonuclease protection assay. Cell surface L-selectin and TACE were measured by flow cytometry, and cell associated p55 and p75 TNF receptors were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Chronic EtOH exposure for 6 days resulted in a significant dose-dependent increase in shedding of p75 and p55 TNF receptors from Mono Mac 6 cells and L-selectin from Jurkat T-cells. The enhanced shedding was correlated with an alcohol-induced increase in mRNA levels and cell surface protein levels for these TACE substrates. Although chronic EtOH exposure increased the total amount of p75 and p55 TNF receptor and L-selectin shed into the media, the efficiency of shedding was suppressed by EtOH. In the case of Mono Mac 6 cells, the EtOH exposure increased superoxide production. Inhibition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form) oxidase and hydrogen peroxide partially prevented the increased production of p75 TNF receptor in these cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that chronic EtOH up-regulates p75 and p55 TNF receptors on monocytes and L-selectin on T-cells. However, the TACE-mediated shedding efficiency of these substrates may be inhibited in the presence of EtOH. These results may have implications in monocyte signaling and T-cell trafficking, which may, in part, contribute to immune dysregulation associated with chronic ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jun Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Caroleo MC, Costa N, Tirassa P, Aloe L. Nerve growth factor produced by activated human monocytes/macrophages is severely affected by ethanol. Alcohol 2004; 34:107-14. [PMID: 15902903 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2004.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol intake impairs immune function and increases the incidence of infection in the host. Although the precise cellular target of this immunotoxic action is still unknown, findings of several studies have shown that ethanol acts on the immune response predominantly by interfering with the ability of blood monocyte-derived macrophages to produce cytokines and growth factors. Nerve growth factor (NGF) represents a key molecule in monocyte/macrophage-mediated responses. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that exposure to ethanol would affect NGF synthesis as well as expression of NGF receptor trkA in this cell population. Because NGF has been reported to affect the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines, we also evaluated whether the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha would be affected by ethanol-mediated changes in NGF synthesis. The study results demonstrated that the acute exposure of lipopolysaccharide-activated human monocyte/macrophage cultures to ethanol led to a sharp decrease in endogenous-produced NGF, which is associated with a reduced expression of high-affinity NGF receptor on cell membrane, and to a concomitant impairment of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production. Taken together, the current findings support the suggestion that a new mechanism exists by which ethanol can compromise the efficiency of the mononuclear phagocyte system in dealing with infection and host inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Caroleo
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Calabria, 87036 Cosenza, Italy
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Su TR, Chang KL, Lee CH, Chen CH, Yang YH, Shieh TY. Expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and its soluble receptors in betel-quid-chewing patients at different stages of treatment for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2004; 40:804-10. [PMID: 15288835 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2004.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2004] [Accepted: 02/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) can inhibit tumor progression. It can be regulated by its soluble receptors (sTNF-Rs). We examined the expression of TNF-alpha and sTNF-Rs and the TNF-alpha/sTNF-R ratios in betel-quid-chewing patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) to see if these parameters are associated with disease progression according to the treatment stage. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 116 OSCC patients at different treatment stages and 19 betel-quid chewers with normal mucosa were assayed with ELISA. Levels of sTNF-RII in the OSCC patients were significantly higher than normal controls, with the recurrence group having the highest levels. After controlling for age and use of alcohol and tobacco, the TNF-alpha/sTNF-RII ratio showed significant differences comparing OSCC patients at each treatment stage with normal controls. Our results suggest that sTNF-RII and TNF-alpha/sTNF-RII ratio may be informative for the diagnosis and prognosis of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Rong Su
- Department of Biochemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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