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Ji J, Tang M, Zhao Y, Zhang C, Shen Y, Zhou B, Liu C, Maurer M, Jiao Q. In chronic spontaneous urticaria, increased Galectin-9 expression on basophils and eosinophils is linked to high disease activity, endotype-specific markers, and response to omalizumab treatment. Allergy 2024; 79:2435-2447. [PMID: 39021347 DOI: 10.1111/all.16239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-9 (Gal-9) has been implicated in allergic and autoimmune diseases, but its role and relevance in chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) are unclear. OBJECTIVES To characterize the role and relevance of Gal-9 in the pathogenesis of CSU. METHODS We assessed 60 CSU patients for their expression of Gal-9 on circulating eosinophils and basophils as well as T cell expression of the Gal-9 receptor TIM-3, compared them with 26 healthy controls (HCs), and explored possible links with disease features including disease activity (urticaria activity score, UAS), total IgE, basophil activation test (BAT), and response to omalizumab treatment. We also investigated potential drivers of Gal-9 expression by eosinophils and basophils. RESULTS Our CSU patients had markedly increased rates of circulating Gal-9+ eosinophils and basophils and high numbers of lesional Gal-9+ cells. High rates of blood Gal-9+ eosinophils/basophils were linked to high disease activity, IgE levels, and BAT negativity. Serum levels of TNF-α were positively correlated with circulating Gal-9+ eosinophils/basophils, and TNF-α markedly upregulated Gal-9 on eosinophils. CSU patients who responded to omalizumab treatment had more Gal-9+ eosinophils/basophils than non-responders, and omalizumab reduced blood levels of Gal-9+ eosinophils/basophils in responders. Gal-9+ eosinophils/basophils were negatively correlated with TIM-3+TH17 cells. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate a previously unrecognized involvement of the Gal-9/TIM-3 pathway in the pathogenesis CSU and call for studies that explore its relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Ji
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Su Zhou, China
| | - Minhui Tang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Suzhou Kowloon hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Chuqiao Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Su Zhou, China
| | - Yu Shen
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cuiping Liu
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qingqing Jiao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Yang Z, Zhang Z, Li L, Jing Z, Ma Y, Lan T, Li Y, Lin Z, Fang W, Zhang J, Zhang J, Liang X, Wu B, Zheng Y, Zhang X. Bioengineered Artificial Extracellular Vesicles Presenting PD-L1 and Gal-9 Ameliorate New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2024; 73:1325-1335. [PMID: 38771941 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
An important factor in the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is the deficiency of inhibitory immune checkpoint ligands, specifically programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and galectin-9 (Gal-9), in β-cells. Therefore, modulation of pancreas-infiltrated T lymphocytes by exogenous PD-L1 or Gal-9 is an ideal approach for treating new-onset T1D. We genetically engineered macrophage cells to generate artificial extracellular vesicles (aEVs) overexpressing PD-L1 and Gal-9, which could restrict islet autoreactive T lymphocytes and protect β-cells from destruction. Intriguingly, overexpression of Gal-9 stimulated macrophage polarization to the M2 phenotype with immunosuppressive attributes. Alternatively, both PD-L1- and Gal-9-presenting aEVs (PD-L1-Gal-9 aEVs) favorably adhered to T cells via the interaction of programmed cell death protein 1/PD-L1 or T-cell immunoglobulin mucin 3/Gal-9. Moreover, PD-L1-Gal-9 aEVs prominently promoted effector T-cell apoptosis and splenic regulatory T (Treg) cell formation in vitro. Notably, PD-L1-Gal-9 aEVs efficaciously reversed new-onset hyperglycemia in NOD mice, prevented T1D progression, and decreased the proportion and activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells infiltrating the pancreas, which together contributed to the preservation of residual β-cell survival and mitigation of hyperglycemia. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxin Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhirang Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Liyan Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhangyan Jing
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yumeng Ma
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianyu Lan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongda Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenli Fang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinxie Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinling Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Benqing Wu
- Center for Medical Experiments (CME), Benqing Laboratory, Guangming District People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Center for Medical Experiments (CME), Benqing Laboratory, Guangming District People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Jansen SA, Cutilli A, de Koning C, van Hoesel M, Frederiks CL, Saiz Sierra L, Nierkens S, Mokry M, Nieuwenhuis EE, Hanash AM, Mocholi E, Coffer PJ, Lindemans CA. Chemotherapy-induced intestinal epithelial damage directly promotes galectin-9-driven modulation of T cell behavior. iScience 2024; 27:110072. [PMID: 38883813 PMCID: PMC11176658 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The intestine is vulnerable to chemotherapy-induced damage due to the high rate of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) proliferation. We have developed a human intestinal organoid-based 3D model system to study the direct effect of chemotherapy-induced IEC damage on T cell behavior. Exposure of intestinal organoids to busulfan, fludarabine, and clofarabine induced damage-related responses affecting both the capacity to regenerate and transcriptional reprogramming. In ex vivo co-culture assays, prior intestinal organoid damage resulted in increased T cell activation, proliferation, and migration. We identified galectin-9 (Gal-9) as a key molecule released by damaged organoids. The use of anti-Gal-9 blocking antibodies or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Gal-9 knock-out prevented intestinal organoid damage-induced T cell proliferation, interferon-gamma release, and migration. Increased levels of Gal-9 were found early after HSCT chemotherapeutic conditioning in the plasma of patients who later developed acute GVHD. Taken together, chemotherapy-induced intestinal damage can influence T cell behavior in a Gal-9-dependent manner which may provide novel strategies for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suze A. Jansen
- Division of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584GX, the Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht 3584CS, the Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CT, the Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Cutilli
- Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CT, the Netherlands
- Center of Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CG, the Netherlands
| | - Coco de Koning
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht 3584CS, the Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584GX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marliek van Hoesel
- Division of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584GX, the Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CT, the Netherlands
| | - Cynthia L. Frederiks
- Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CT, the Netherlands
- Center of Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CG, the Netherlands
| | - Leire Saiz Sierra
- Division of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584GX, the Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CT, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Nierkens
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht 3584CS, the Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584GX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michal Mokry
- Division of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584GX, the Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584GX, the Netherlands
| | - Edward E.S. Nieuwenhuis
- Division of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584GX, the Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CT, the Netherlands
- University College Roosevelt, Utrecht University, Middelburg 4331CB, the Netherlands
| | - Alan M. Hanash
- Departments of Medicine and Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Enric Mocholi
- Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CT, the Netherlands
- Center of Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CG, the Netherlands
| | - Paul J. Coffer
- Division of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584GX, the Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CT, the Netherlands
- Center of Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CG, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline A. Lindemans
- Division of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584GX, the Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht 3584CS, the Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CT, the Netherlands
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Lee J, Park N, Nicosia M, Park JY, Pruett SB, Seo KS. Stimulation Strength Determined by Superantigen Dose Controls Subcellular Localization of FOXP3 Isoforms and Suppressive Function of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:421-432. [PMID: 38108423 PMCID: PMC10784726 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcal superantigens induce massive activation of T cells and inflammation, leading to toxic shock syndrome. Paradoxically, increasing evidence indicates that superantigens can also induce immunosuppression by promoting regulatory T cell (Treg) development. In this study, we demonstrate that stimulation strength plays a critical role in superantigen-mediated induction of immunosuppressive human CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T cells. Suboptimal stimulation by a low dose (1 ng/ml) of staphylococcal enterotoxin C1 (SEC1) led to de novo generation of Treg-like CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T cells with strong suppressive activity. In contrast, CD4+CD25+ T cells induced by optimal stimulation with high-dose SEC1 (1 µg/ml) were not immunosuppressive, despite high FOXP3 expression. Signal transduction pathway analysis revealed differential activation of the PI3K signaling pathway and expression of PTEN in optimal and suboptimal stimulation with SEC1. Additionally, we identified that FOXP3 isoforms in Treg-like cells from the suboptimal condition were located in the nucleus, whereas FOXP3 in nonsuppressive cells from the optimal condition localized in cytoplasm. Sequencing analysis of FOXP3 isoform transcripts identified five isoforms, including a FOXP3 isoform lacking partial exon 3. Overexpression of FOXP3 isoforms confirmed that both an exon 2-lacking isoform and a partial exon 3-lacking isoform confer suppressive activity. Furthermore, blockade of PI3K in optimal stimulation conditions led to induction of suppressive Treg-like cells with nuclear translocation of FOXP3, suggesting that PI3K signaling impairs induction of Tregs in a SEC1 dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the strength of activation signals determined by superantigen dose regulates subcellular localization of FOXP3 isoforms, which confers suppressive functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyeun Lee
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - Nogi Park
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - Michael Nicosia
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Joo Youn Park
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - Stephen B. Pruett
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - Keun Seok Seo
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
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Blinova VG, Gladilina YA, Abramova AA, Eliseeva DD, Vtorushina VV, Shishparenok AN, Zhdanov DD. Modulation of Suppressive Activity and Proliferation of Human Regulatory T Cells by Splice-Switching Oligonucleotides Targeting FoxP3 Pre-mRNA. Cells 2023; 13:77. [PMID: 38201281 PMCID: PMC10777989 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The maturation, development, and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) are under the control of the crucial transcription factor Forkhead Box Protein 3 (FoxP3). Through alternative splicing, the human FoxP3 gene produces four different splice variants: a full-length variant (FL) and truncated variants with deletions of each of exons 2 (∆2 variant) or 7 (∆7 variant) or a deletion of both exons (∆2∆7 variant). Their involvement in the biology of Tregs as well as their association with autoimmune diseases remains to be clarified. The aim of this work was to induce a single FoxP3 splice variant in human Tregs by splice switching oligonucleotides and to monitor their phenotype and proliferative and suppressive activity. We demonstrated that Tregs from peripheral blood from patients with multiple sclerosis preferentially expressed truncated splice variants, while the FL variant was the major variant in healthy donors. Tregs with induced expression of truncated FoxP3 splice variants demonstrated lower suppressive activity than those expressing FL variants. Reduced suppression was associated with the decreased expression of Treg-associated suppressive surface molecules and the production of cytokines. The deletion of exons 2 and/or 7 also reduced the cell proliferation rate. The results of this study show an association between FoxP3 splice variants and Treg function and proliferation. The modulation of Treg suppressive activity by the induction of the FoxP3 FL variant can become a promising strategy for regenerative immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara G. Blinova
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya st. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (V.G.B.); (Y.A.G.); (A.A.A.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Yulia A. Gladilina
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya st. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (V.G.B.); (Y.A.G.); (A.A.A.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Anna A. Abramova
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya st. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (V.G.B.); (Y.A.G.); (A.A.A.); (A.N.S.)
- Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe Shosse, 80, 125367 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Daria D. Eliseeva
- Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe Shosse, 80, 125367 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Valentina V. Vtorushina
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Academician Oparin st. 4, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anastasia N. Shishparenok
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya st. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (V.G.B.); (Y.A.G.); (A.A.A.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Dmitry D. Zhdanov
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya st. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (V.G.B.); (Y.A.G.); (A.A.A.); (A.N.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, People’s Friendship University of Russia Named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya st. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
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Troncoso MF, Elola MT, Blidner AG, Sarrias L, Espelt MV, Rabinovich GA. The universe of galectin-binding partners and their functions in health and disease. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105400. [PMID: 37898403 PMCID: PMC10696404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins, a family of evolutionarily conserved glycan-binding proteins, play key roles in diverse biological processes including tissue repair, adipogenesis, immune cell homeostasis, angiogenesis, and pathogen recognition. Dysregulation of galectins and their ligands has been observed in a wide range of pathologic conditions including cancer, autoimmune inflammation, infection, fibrosis, and metabolic disorders. Through protein-glycan or protein-protein interactions, these endogenous lectins can shape the initiation, perpetuation, and resolution of these processes, suggesting their potential roles in disease monitoring and treatment. However, despite considerable progress, a full understanding of the biology and therapeutic potential of galectins has not been reached due to their diversity, multiplicity of cell targets, and receptor promiscuity. In this article, we discuss the multiple galectin-binding partners present in different cell types, focusing on their contributions to selected physiologic and pathologic settings. Understanding the molecular bases of galectin-ligand interactions, particularly their glycan-dependency, the biochemical nature of selected receptors, and underlying signaling events, might contribute to designing rational therapeutic strategies to control a broad range of pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María F Troncoso
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB) Prof Alejandro C. Paladini, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María T Elola
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB) Prof Alejandro C. Paladini, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ada G Blidner
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Sarrias
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB) Prof Alejandro C. Paladini, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María V Espelt
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB) Prof Alejandro C. Paladini, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Quilbe A, Mustapha R, Duchêne B, Kumar A, Werkmeister E, Leteurtre E, Moralès O, Jonckheere N, Van Seuningen I, Delhem N. A novel anti-galectin-9 immunotherapy limits the early progression of pancreatic neoplastic lesions in transgenic mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1267279. [PMID: 38098486 PMCID: PMC10720041 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1267279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating disease with an urgent need for therapeutic innovation. Immune checkpoint inhibition has shown promise in a variety of solid tumors, but most clinical trials have failed to demonstrate clinical efficacy in PDAC. This low efficacy is partly explained by a highly immunosuppressive microenvironment, which dampens anti-tumor immunity through the recruitment or induction of immunosuppressive cells, particularly regulatory T cells (Tregs). In this context, our laboratory has developed a novel immunotherapeutic strategy aimed at inhibiting the suppressive activity of Tregs, based on a patented (EP3152234B1) monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting galectin-9 (LGALS9). Materials and methods CD4+ conventional T cells (TCD4 or Tconv), Treg ratio, and LGALS9 expression were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and cytometry in blood and pancreas of K-rasLSL.G12D/+;Pdx-1-Cre (KC) and K-rasWildType (WT);Pdx1-Cre (WT) mice aged 4-13 months. Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasm (PanIN) progression and grade were quantified using FIJI software and validated by pathologists. The anti-galectin-9 mAb was validated for its use in mice on isolated murine C57BL/6 Treg by immunofluorescence staining and cytometry. Its specificity and functionality were validated in proliferation assays on rLGALS9-immunosuppressed murine Tconv and in suppression assays between murine Treg and Tconv. Finally, 2-month-old KC mice were treated with anti-LGALS9 and compared to WT mice for peripheral and infiltrating TCD4, Treg, and PanIN progression. Results IHC and cytometry revealed a significant increase in LGALS9 expression and Treg levels in the blood and pancreas of KC mice proportional to the stages of precancerous lesions. Although present in WT mice, LGALS9 is expressed at a basal level with low and restricted expression that increases slightly over time, while Treg cells are few in number in their circulation and even absent from the pancreas over time. Using our anti-LGALS9 mAb in mice, it is shown that (i) murine Treg express LGALS9, (ii) the mAb could target and inhibit recombinant murine LGALS9, and (iii) neutralize murine Treg suppressive activity. Finally, the anti-LGALS9 mAb in KC mice reduced (i) LGALS9 expression in pancreatic cancer cells, (ii) the Treg ratio, and (iii) the total surface area and grade of PanIN. Conclusion We demonstrate for the first time that an anti-LGALS9 antibody, by specifically targeting endogenous LGALS9 tumor and exogenous LGALS9 produced by Treg, was able to limit the progression of pancreatic neoplastic lesions in mice, opening up new prospects for its use as an immunotherapeutic tool in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Quilbe
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189 - ONCO-THAI - Assisted Laser Therapy and Immunotherapy for Oncology, Lille, France
| | - Rami Mustapha
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189 - ONCO-THAI - Assisted Laser Therapy and Immunotherapy for Oncology, Lille, France
- Department of Cancer Studies and Pharmaceutical Sciences New Hunt’s House, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Belinda Duchêne
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER – Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, France
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189 - ONCO-THAI - Assisted Laser Therapy and Immunotherapy for Oncology, Lille, France
| | - Elisabeth Werkmeister
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 -PLBS, Lille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Leteurtre
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER – Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Moralès
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189 - ONCO-THAI - Assisted Laser Therapy and Immunotherapy for Oncology, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER – Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Jonckheere
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER – Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Van Seuningen
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER – Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, France
| | - Nadira Delhem
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1189 - ONCO-THAI - Assisted Laser Therapy and Immunotherapy for Oncology, Lille, France
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Lv Y, Ma X, Ma Y, Du Y, Feng J. A new emerging target in cancer immunotherapy: Galectin-9 (LGALS9). Genes Dis 2023; 10:2366-2382. [PMID: 37554219 PMCID: PMC10404877 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, advances in immunological knowledge have led to the identification of novel immune checkpoints, reinvigorating cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy, represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors, has become the leader in the precision treatment of cancer, bringing a new dawn to the treatment of most cancer patients. Galectin-9 (LGALS9), a member of the galectin family, is a widely expressed protein involved in immune regulation and tumor pathogenesis, and affects the prognosis of various types of cancer. Galectin-9 regulates immune homeostasis and tumor cell survival through its interaction with its receptor Tim-3. In the review, based on a brief description of the signaling mechanisms and immunomodulatory activities of galectin-9 and Tim-3, we summarize the targeted expression patterns of galectin-9 in a variety of malignancies and the promising mechanisms of anti-galectin-9 therapy in stimulating anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lv
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Yuxin Ma
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Yuxin Du
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Jifeng Feng
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
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9
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Ko FCF, Yan S, Lee KW, Lam SK, Ho JCM. Chimera and Tandem-Repeat Type Galectins: The New Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy. Biomolecules 2023; 13:902. [PMID: 37371482 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, a total of 12 galectins have been identified. Their intracellular and extracellular biological functions are explored and discussed in this review. These galectins play important roles in controlling immune responses within the tumour microenvironment (TME) and the infiltration of immune cells, including different subsets of T cells, macrophages, and neutrophils, to fight against cancer cells. However, these infiltrating cells also have repair roles and are hijacked by cancer cells for pro-tumorigenic activities. Upon a better understanding of the immunomodulating functions of galectin-3 and -9, their inhibitors, namely, GB1211 and LYT-200, have been selected as candidates for clinical trials. The use of these galectin inhibitors as combined treatments with current immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is also undergoing clinical trial investigations. Through their network of binding partners, inhibition of galectin have broad downstream effects acting on CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), Natural Killer (NK) cells, and macrophages as well as playing pro-inflammatory roles, inhibiting T-cell exhaustion to support the fight against cancer cells. Other galectin members are also included in this review to provide insight into potential candidates for future treatment(s). The pitfalls and limitations of using galectins and their inhibitors are also discussed to cognise their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frankie Chi Fat Ko
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sheng Yan
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Wai Lee
- Pathology Department, Baptist Hospital, Waterloo Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sze Kwan Lam
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - James Chung Man Ho
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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10
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Jansen SA, Cutilli A, de Koning C, van Hoesel M, Sierra LS, Nierkens S, Mokry M, Nieuwenhuis EES, Hanash AM, Mocholi E, Coffer PJ, Lindemans CA. Chemotherapy-induced intestinal injury promotes Galectin-9-driven modulation of T cell function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.30.538862. [PMID: 37163028 PMCID: PMC10168344 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.30.538862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The intestine is vulnerable to chemotherapy-induced toxicity due to its high epithelial proliferative rate, making gut toxicity an off-target effect in several cancer treatments, including conditioning regimens for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). In allo-HCT, intestinal damage is an important factor in the development of Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD), an immune complication in which donor immune cells attack the recipient's tissues. Here, we developed a novel human intestinal organoid-based 3D model system to study the direct effect of chemotherapy-induced intestinal epithelial damage on T cell behavior. Chemotherapy treatment using busulfan, fludarabine, and clofarabine led to damage responses in organoids resulting in increased T cell migration, activation, and proliferation in ex- vivo co-culture assays. We identified galectin-9 (Gal-9), a beta-galactoside-binding lectin released by damaged organoids, as a key molecule mediating T cell responses to damage. Increased levels of Gal-9 were also found in the plasma of allo-HCT patients who later developed acute GVHD, supporting the predictive value of the model system in the clinical setting. This study highlights the potential contribution of chemotherapy-induced epithelial damage to the pathogenesis of intestinal GVHD through direct effects on T cell activation and trafficking promoted by galectin-9.
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11
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Shimodaira Y, More SK, Hamade H, Blackwood AY, Abraham JP, Thomas LS, Miller JH, Stamps DT, Castanon SL, Jacob N, Ha CWY, Devkota S, Shih DQ, Targan SR, Michelsen KS. DR3 Regulates Intestinal Epithelial Homeostasis and Regeneration After Intestinal Barrier Injury. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 16:83-105. [PMID: 37011811 PMCID: PMC10213104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily member tumor necrosis factor-like protein 1A (TL1A) has been associated with the susceptibility and severity of inflammatory bowel diseases. However, the function of the tumor necrosis factor-like protein 1A and its receptor death receptor 3 (DR3) in the development of intestinal inflammation is incompletely understood. We investigated the role of DR3 expressed by intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) during intestinal homeostasis, tissue injury, and regeneration. METHODS Clinical phenotype and histologic inflammation were assessed in C57BL/6 (wild-type), Tl1a-/- and Dr3-/- mice in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. We generated mice with an IEC-specific deletion of DR3 (Dr3ΔIEC) and assessed intestinal inflammation and epithelial barrier repair. In vivo intestinal permeability was assessed by fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran uptake. Proliferation of IECs was analyzed by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. Expression of DR3 messenger RNA was assessed by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Small intestinal organoids were used to determine ex vivo regenerative potential. RESULTS Dr3-/- mice developed more severe colonic inflammation than wild-type mice in DSS-induced colitis with significantly impaired IEC regeneration. Homeostatic proliferation of IECs was increased in Dr3-/- mice, but blunted during regeneration. Cellular localization and expression of the tight junction proteins Claudin-1 and zonula occludens-1 were altered, leading to increased homeostatic intestinal permeability. Dr3ΔIEC mice recapitulated the phenotype observed in Dr3-/- mice with increased intestinal permeability and IEC proliferation under homeostatic conditions and impaired tissue repair and increased bacterial translocation during DSS-induced colitis. Impaired regenerative potential and altered zonula occludens-1 localization also were observed in Dr3ΔIEC enteroids. CONCLUSIONS Our findings establish a novel function of DR3 in IEC homeostasis and postinjury regeneration independent of its established role in innate lymphoid cells and T-helper cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Shimodaira
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shyam K More
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hussein Hamade
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anna Y Blackwood
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jay P Abraham
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lisa S Thomas
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jordan H Miller
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dalton T Stamps
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sofi L Castanon
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Noam Jacob
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Connie W Y Ha
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Suzanne Devkota
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - David Q Shih
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stephan R Targan
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kathrin S Michelsen
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
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12
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Luo S, Liman N, Li C, Crossman A, Wang ECY, Meylan F, Park JH. The cytokine receptor DR3 identifies and promotes the activation of thymic NKT17 cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:76. [PMID: 36847849 PMCID: PMC10838626 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04726-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells correspond to a population of thymus-generated T cells with innate-like characteristics and effector functions. Among the various iNKT subsets, NKT17 is the only subset that produces the proinflammatory cytokine IL-17. But, how NKT17 cells acquire this ability and what would selectively trigger their activation remain incompletely understood. Here, we identified the cytokine receptor DR3 being specifically expressed on thymic NKT17 cells and mostly absent on other thymic iNKT subsets. Moreover, DR3 ligation promoted the in vivo activation of thymic NKT17 cells and provided costimulatory effects upon agonistic α-GalCer stimulation. Thus, we identified a specific surface marker for thymic NKT17 cells that triggers their activation and augments their effector functions both in vivo and in vitro. These findings provide new insights for deciphering the role and function of murine NKT17 cells and for understanding the development and activation mechanisms of iNKT cells in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunqun Luo
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nurcin Liman
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Can Li
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Assiatu Crossman
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Eddie C Y Wang
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Françoise Meylan
- Translational Immunology Section, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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13
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Laderach DJ, Compagno D. Inhibition of galectins in cancer: Biological challenges for their clinical application. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1104625. [PMID: 36703969 PMCID: PMC9872792 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1104625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins play relevant roles in tumor development, progression and metastasis. Accordingly, galectins are certainly enticing targets for medical intervention in cancer. To date, however, clinical trials based on galectin inhibitors reported inconclusive results. This review summarizes the galectin inhibitors currently being evaluated and discusses some of the biological challenges that need to be addressed to improve these strategies for the benefit of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego José Laderach
- Molecular and Functional Glyco-Oncology Laboratory, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facutad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, Argentina,*Correspondence: Diego José Laderach,
| | - Daniel Compagno
- Molecular and Functional Glyco-Oncology Laboratory, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facutad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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14
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Zheng S, Song J, Linghu D, Yang R, Liu B, Xue Z, Chen Q, Liu C, Zhong D, Hung MC, Sun L. Galectin-9 blockade synergizes with ATM inhibition to induce potent anti-tumor immunity. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:981-993. [PMID: 36778120 PMCID: PMC9909994 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.79852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although current cancer immunotherapies that target PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint to reinvigorate exhausted T cells have achieved impressive clinical outcomes, only a small proportion of patients respond. New therapeutic targets are therefore needed to be identified to further unleash the anti-tumor potential of T cells and benefit more patients. Galectin-9 (Gal-9), initially identified as a ligand for TIM-3 to induce T cell death, acts as an immunosuppressive regulator in the tumor microenvironment (TME) but its potential as a therapeutic target remains largely elusive. Here we show that antibody neutralization of Gal-9, in combination with inhibition of Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), a kinase essential for DNA damage response (DDR), is a promising modality for cancer immunotherapy. Genetic depletion of ATM in tumors markedly potentiated anti-Gal-9 therapy in a syngeneic mouse model. Mechanistically, ATM inhibition greatly upregulated Gal-9 expression and secretion in a variety of human and murine tumor cells via the cGAS-STING-interferon β (IFNβ) innate immune pathway. Combination of Gal-9 inhibition with AZD1390, a selective ATM inhibitor currently evaluated in clinical trials, significantly suppressed tumor growth and prolonged survival in multiple syngeneic mouse models, including the poorly-immunogenic LLC lung tumors that do not respond to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade, concomitant with increased T cell infiltration. These results reveal Gal-9 induction via STING/IFNβ signaling as an important mechanism mediating tumor immune escape that could be targeted for cancer immunotherapies, and unveil a novel anti-Gal-9-based combination strategy for cancer immunotherapies in a wide variety of malignancies, including those resistant to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P. R. China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P. R. China
| | - Jiaming Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P. R. China
| | - Dongli Linghu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P. R. China.,Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Riyao Yang
- Antibody Therapeutics, Inc., Hayward, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Boning Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Xue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P. R. China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P. R. China
| | - Qihui Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P. R. China
| | - Chengjie Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P. R. China
| | - Diansheng Zhong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P. R. China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P. R. China
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Linlin Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P. R. China
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15
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Papotti B, Opstad TB, Åkra S, Tønnessen T, Braathen B, Hansen CH, Arnesen H, Solheim S, Seljeflot I, Ronda N. Macrophage polarization markers in subcutaneous, pericardial, and epicardial adipose tissue are altered in patients with coronary heart disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1055069. [PMID: 36937936 PMCID: PMC10017535 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1055069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epicardial and pericardial adipose tissue (EAT and PAT) surround and protect the heart, with EAT directly sharing the microcirculation with the myocardium, possibly presenting a distinct macrophage phenotype that might affect the inflammatory environment in coronary heart disease (CHD). This study aims to investigate the expression of genes in different AT compartments driving the polarization of AT macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory (L-Galectin 9; CD206) or pro-inflammatory (NOS2) phenotype. Methods EAT, PAT, and subcutaneous (SAT) biopsies were collected from 52 CHD patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, and from 22 CTRLs undergoing aortic valve replacement. L-Galectin9 (L-Gal9), CD206, and NOS2 AT gene expression and circulating levels were analyzed through RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Results L-Gal9, CD206, and NOS2 gene expression was similar in all AT compartments in CHD and CTRLs, as were also L-Gal9 and CD206 circulating levels, while NOS2 serum levels were higher in CHD (p = 0.012 vs. CTRLs). In CTRLs, NOS2 expression was lower in EAT vs. SAT (p = 0.007), while in CHD patients CD206 expression was lower in both SAT and EAT as compared to PAT (p = 0.003, p = 0.006, respectively), suggestive of a possible macrophage reprogramming toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype in EAT. In CHD patients, NOS2 expression in SAT correlated to that in PAT and EAT (p = 0.007, both), CD206 expression correlated positively to L-Gal9 (p < 0.001) only in EAT, and CD206 expression associated with that of macrophage identifying markers in all AT compartments (p < 0.001, all). In CHD patients, subjects with LDL-C above 1.8 mmol/L showed significantly higher NOS2 expression in PAT and EAT as compared to subjects with LDL-C levels below (p < 0.05), possibly reflecting increased cardiac AT pro-inflammatory activation. In SAT and PAT, CD206 expression associated with BMI in both CHD and CTRLs (p < 0.05, all), and with L-Gal9 in EAT, however only in CTRLs (p = 0.002). Conclusion CHD seems to be accompanied by an altered cardiac, and especially epicardial AT macrophage polarization. This may represent an important pathophysiological mechanism and a promising field of therapy targeting the excessive AT inflammation, in need of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Papotti
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Clinical Heart Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- *Correspondence: Bianca Papotti,
| | - Trine Baur Opstad
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Clinical Heart Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sissel Åkra
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Clinical Heart Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Theis Tønnessen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Braathen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charlotte Holst Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Clinical Heart Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Arnesen
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Clinical Heart Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Svein Solheim
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Clinical Heart Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingebjørg Seljeflot
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Clinical Heart Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicoletta Ronda
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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16
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Development and characterization of anti-galectin-9 antibodies that protect T cells from galectin-9-induced cell death. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101821. [PMID: 35283189 PMCID: PMC9006662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that target immune checkpoint proteins such as programmed cell death protein 1, programmed death ligand 1, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 in human cancers have achieved impressive clinical success; however, a significant proportion of patients fail to respond to these treatments. Galectin-9 (Gal-9), a β-galactoside-binding protein, has been shown to induce T-cell death and facilitate immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment by binding to immunomodulatory receptors such as T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain–containing molecule 3 and the innate immune receptor dectin-1, suggesting that it may have potential as a target for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we report the development of two novel Gal-9-neutralizing antibodies that specifically react with the N-carbohydrate-recognition domain of human Gal-9 with high affinity. We also show using cell-based functional assays that these antibodies efficiently protected human T cells from Gal-9-induced cell death. Notably, in a T-cell/tumor cell coculture assay of cytotoxicity, these antibodies significantly promoted T cell-mediated killing of tumor cells. Taken together, our findings demonstrate potent inhibition of human Gal-9 by neutralizing antibodies, which may open new avenues for cancer immunotherapy.
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17
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Zargar Balajam N, Shabani M, Aghaei M. Galectin-9 inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in Jurkat and KE-37 acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines via caspase-3 activation. Res Pharm Sci 2021; 16:612-622. [PMID: 34760009 PMCID: PMC8562407 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.327507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a type of cancer of blood and bone marrow characterized by abnormal proliferation of lymphoid progenitor cells. Galectin-9 is a tandem-repeat type galectin expressed in various tumor cells. It seems that the connection between galectin-9 and T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 receptor acts as a negative regulator of cancer cells proliferation. Experimental approach: In this research, the effects of galectin-9 were investigated using MTS cell proliferation colorimetric, colony-forming, annexin V-FITC/PI, and caspase-3 assays in the Jurkat and KE-37 cell lines of ALL. Furthermore, the western blotting technique was used to evaluate the levels of apoptotic proteins such as Bax and Bcl-2 in these cell lines. Findings/Results: Our results indicated that galectin-9 can considerably reduce the cell growth and colony formation ability of both Jurkat and KE-37 cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner. Besides, galectin-9 induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner in ALL cells by a mechanism associated with Bax/Bcl-2 expression and activation of the caspase-3 activation. Conclusion and implications: Galectin-9 inhibited the growth and proliferation of cell lines with increased programmed cell death, therefore it can be considered as a potential factor in the progression of ALL therapeutics that needs more research in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Zargar Balajam
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Mahdi Shabani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Mahmoud Aghaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
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18
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Unraveling How Tumor-Derived Galectins Contribute to Anti-Cancer Immunity Failure. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184529. [PMID: 34572756 PMCID: PMC8469970 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review compiles our current knowledge of one of the main pathways activated by tumors to escape immune attack. Indeed, it integrates the current understanding of how tumor-derived circulating galectins affect the elicitation of effective anti-tumor immunity. It focuses on several relevant topics: which are the main galectins produced by tumors, how soluble galectins circulate throughout biological liquids (taking a body-settled gradient concentration into account), the conditions required for the galectins’ functions to be accomplished at the tumor and tumor-distant sites, and how the physicochemical properties of the microenvironment in each tissue determine their functions. These are no mere semantic definitions as they define which functions can be performed in said tissues instead. Finally, we discuss the promising future of galectins as targets in cancer immunotherapy and some outstanding questions in the field. Abstract Current data indicates that anti-tumor T cell-mediated immunity correlates with a better prognosis in cancer patients. However, it has widely been demonstrated that tumor cells negatively manage immune attack by activating several immune-suppressive mechanisms. It is, therefore, essential to fully understand how lymphocytes are activated in a tumor microenvironment and, above all, how to prevent these cells from becoming dysfunctional. Tumors produce galectins-1, -3, -7, -8, and -9 as one of the major molecular mechanisms to evade immune control of tumor development. These galectins impact different steps in the establishment of the anti-tumor immune responses. Here, we carry out a critical dissection on the mechanisms through which tumor-derived galectins can influence the production and the functionality of anti-tumor T lymphocytes. This knowledge may help us design more effective immunotherapies to treat human cancers.
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Lee BH, Park Y, Kim JH, Kang KW, Lee SJ, Kim SJ, Kim BS. Prognostic Value of Galectin-9 Relates to Programmed Death-Ligand 1 in Patients With Multiple Myeloma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:669817. [PMID: 34195077 PMCID: PMC8238373 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.669817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) expression can be negatively or positively associated with cancer patient prognosis, depending on the cancer type. However, the nature of this relationship remains unclear in multiple myeloma. Therefore, we evaluated the prognostic value of Gal-9 and its relationship with the expression of PD-L1 molecule, the most widely studied immune checkpoint inhibitor, in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Gal-9 and PD-L1 levels in bone marrow aspirate samples were evaluated using immunofluorescence assays. Gal-9 positivity was defined as having ≥1% Gal-9-expressing plasma cells. PD-L1 expression was categorized as low or high based on its median value. The median OS of patients with positive and negative Gal-9 expression was 42 months and not reached, respectively. However, no significant difference was observed in OS between the two groups (P = 0.10). Patients with high PD-L1 expression had OS times of 14 and 43 months in the positive and negative Gal-9 expression groups, respectively. In the high PD-L1 expression group, patients expressing Gal-9 had significantly worse OS than those negative for it (P = 0.019). Multivariable Cox analysis confirmed that Gal-9 expression could independently predict shortened OS (hazard ratio, 1.090; 95% confidence interval, 1.015–1.171; P = 0.018) in patients with high PD-L1 expression. However, in the low PD-L1 expression group, patients with high Gal-9 expression exhibited a trend toward better OS (P = 0.816). Our results indicate that the prognostic value of Gal-9 may be related to PD-L1 expression in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hea Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ka-Won Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Jin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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20
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Slepicka PF, Yazdanifar M, Bertaina A. Harnessing Mechanisms of Immune Tolerance to Improve Outcomes in Solid Organ Transplantation: A Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:688460. [PMID: 34177941 PMCID: PMC8222735 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival after solid organ transplantation (SOT) is limited by chronic rejection as well as the need for lifelong immunosuppression and its associated toxicities. Several preclinical and clinical studies have tested methods designed to induce transplantation tolerance without lifelong immune suppression. The limited success of these strategies has led to the development of clinical protocols that combine SOT with other approaches, such as allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). HSCT prior to SOT facilitates engraftment of donor cells that can drive immune tolerance. Recent innovations in graft manipulation strategies and post-HSCT immune therapy provide further advances in promoting tolerance and improving clinical outcomes. In this review, we discuss conventional and unconventional immunological mechanisms underlying the development of immune tolerance in SOT recipients and how they can inform clinical advances. Specifically, we review the most recent mechanistic studies elucidating which immune regulatory cells dampen cytotoxic immune reactivity while fostering a tolerogenic environment. We further discuss how this understanding of regulatory cells can shape graft engineering and other therapeutic strategies to improve long-term outcomes for patients receiving HSCT and SOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Ferreira Slepicka
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mahboubeh Yazdanifar
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Alice Bertaina
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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21
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Xu WD, Huang Q, Huang AF. Emerging role of galectin family in inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102847. [PMID: 33971347 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Galectin family is a group of glycan-binding proteins. Members in this family are expressed in different tissues, immune or non-immune cells. These molecules are important regulators in innate and adaptive immune response, performing significantly in a broad range of cellular and pathophysiological functions, such as cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and invasion. Findings have shown that expression of galectins is abnormal in many inflammatory autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, sjögren's syndrome, systemic sclerosis. Galectins also function as intracellular and extracellular disease regulators mainly through the binding of their carbohydrate recognition domain to glycoconjugates. Here, we review the state-of-the-art of the role that different galectin family members play in immune cells, contributing to the complex inflammatory diseases. Hopefully collection of the information will provide a preliminary theoretical basis for the exploration of new targets for treatment of the disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Dong Xu
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - An-Fang Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
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22
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Yu Y, Jiang P, Sun P, Su N, Lin F. Analysis of therapeutic potential of preclinical models based on DR3/TL1A pathway modulation (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:693. [PMID: 33986858 PMCID: PMC8111866 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Death receptor 3 (DR3) and its corresponding ligand, tumor necrosis factor-like ligand 1A (TL1A), belong to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily. Signaling via this receptor-ligand pair results in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Effector lymphocytes can be activated to exert pro-inflammatory activity by triggering the DR3/TL1A pathway. By contrast, DR3/TL1A signaling also induces expansion of the suppressive function of regulatory T cells, which serve an important role in exerting anti-inflammatory functions and maintaining immune homeostasis. Preclinical evidence indicates that neutralizing and agonistic antibodies, as well as ligand-based approaches targeting the DR3/TL1A pathway, may be used to treat diseases, including inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases. Accumulating evidence has suggested that modulating the DR3/TL1A pathway is a promising therapeutic approach for patients with these diseases. This review discusses preclinical models to gauge the progress of therapeutic strategies for diseases involving the DR3/TL1A pathway to aid in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhong Yu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610052, P.R. China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610052, P.R. China
| | - Pan Sun
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610052, P.R. China
| | - Na Su
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610052, P.R. China
| | - Fangzhao Lin
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610052, P.R. China
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23
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Targeting galectins in T cell-based immunotherapy within tumor microenvironment. Life Sci 2021; 277:119426. [PMID: 33785342 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, tumor immunotherapy has emerged as an innovative tumor treatment and owned incomparable advantages over other tumor therapy. With unique complexity and uncertainty, immunotherapy still need helper to apply in the clinic. Galectins, modulated in tumor microenvironment, can regulate the disorders of innate and adaptive immune system resisting tumor growth. Considering the role of galectins in tumor immunosuppression, combination therapy of targeted anti-galectins and immunotherapy may be a promising tumor treatment. This brief review summarizes the expression and immune functions of different galectins in tumor microenvironment and discusses the potential value of anti-galectins in combination with checkpoint inhibitors in tumor immunotherapy.
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24
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Iwasaki-Hozumi H, Chagan-Yasutan H, Ashino Y, Hattori T. Blood Levels of Galectin-9, an Immuno-Regulating Molecule, Reflect the Severity for the Acute and Chronic Infectious Diseases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030430. [PMID: 33804076 PMCID: PMC7998537 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a β-galactoside-binding lectin capable of promoting or suppressing the progression of infectious diseases. This protein is susceptible to cleavage of its linker-peptides by several proteases, and the resulting cleaved forms, N-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) and C-terminal CRD, bind to various glycans. It has been suggested that full-length (FL)-Gal-9 and the truncated (Tr)-Gal-9s could exert different functions from one another via their different glycan-binding activities. We propose that FL-Gal-9 regulates the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, HIV co-infected with opportunistic infection (HIV/OI), dengue, malaria, leptospirosis, and tuberculosis (TB). We also suggest that the blood levels of FL-Gal-9 reflect the severity of dengue, malaria, and HIV/OI, and those of Tr-Gal-9 markedly reflect the severity of HIV/OI. Recently, matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) was suggested to be an indicator of respiratory failure from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as well as useful for differentiating pulmonary from extrapulmonary TB. The protease cleavage of FL-Gal-9 may lead to uncontrolled hyper-immune activation, including a cytokine storm. In summary, Gal-9 has potential to reflect the disease severity for the acute and chronic infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Iwasaki-Hozumi
- Department of Health Science and Social Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan; (H.I.-H.); (H.C.-Y.)
| | - Haorile Chagan-Yasutan
- Department of Health Science and Social Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan; (H.I.-H.); (H.C.-Y.)
- Mongolian Psychosomatic Medicine Department, International Mongolian Medicine Hospital of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010065, China
| | - Yugo Ashino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sendai City Hospital, Sendai 982-8502, Japan;
| | - Toshio Hattori
- Department of Health Science and Social Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan; (H.I.-H.); (H.C.-Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-866-22-9454
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25
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Kucka K, Wajant H. Receptor Oligomerization and Its Relevance for Signaling by Receptors of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:615141. [PMID: 33644033 PMCID: PMC7905041 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.615141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the exception of a few signaling incompetent decoy receptors, the receptors of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) are signaling competent and engage in signaling pathways resulting in inflammation, proliferation, differentiation, and cell migration and also in cell death induction. TNFRSF receptors (TNFRs) become activated by ligands of the TNF superfamily (TNFSF). TNFSF ligands (TNFLs) occur as trimeric type II transmembrane proteins but often also as soluble ligand trimers released from the membrane-bound form by proteolysis. The signaling competent TNFRs are efficiently activated by the membrane-bound TNFLs. The latter recruit three TNFR molecules, but there is growing evidence that this is not sufficient to trigger all aspects of TNFR signaling; rather, the formed trimeric TNFL–TNFR complexes have to cluster secondarily in the cell-to-cell contact zone for full TNFR activation. With respect to their response to soluble ligand trimers, the signaling competent TNFRs can be subdivided into two groups. TNFRs of one group, designated as category I TNFRs, are robustly activated by soluble ligand trimers. The receptors of a second group (category II TNFRs), however, failed to become properly activated by soluble ligand trimers despite high affinity binding. The limited responsiveness of category II TNFRs to soluble TNFLs can be overcome by physical linkage of two or more soluble ligand trimers or, alternatively, by anchoring the soluble ligand molecules to the cell surface or extracellular matrix. This suggests that category II TNFRs have a limited ability to promote clustering of trimeric TNFL–TNFR complexes outside the context of cell–cell contacts. In this review, we will focus on three aspects on the relevance of receptor oligomerization for TNFR signaling: (i) the structural factors which promote clustering of free and liganded TNFRs, (ii) the signaling pathway specificity of the receptor oligomerization requirement, and (iii) the consequences for the design and development of TNFR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Kucka
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Harald Wajant
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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26
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Chen P, Zhang L, Zhang W, Sun C, Wu C, He Y, Zhou C. Galectin-9-based immune risk score model helps to predict relapse in stage I-III small cell lung cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-001391. [PMID: 33082168 PMCID: PMC7577067 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For small cell lung cancer (SCLC) therapy, immunotherapy might have unique advantages to some extent. Galectin-9 (Gal-9) plays an important role in antitumor immunity, while little is known of its function in SCLC. Materials and methods By mean of immunohistochemistry (IHC), we tested the expression level of Gal-9 and other immune markers on both tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in 102 surgical-resected early stage SCLC clinical samples. On the basis of statistical analysis and machine learning results, the Gal-9-based immune risk score model was constructed and its predictive performance was evaluated. Then, we thoroughly explored the effects of Gal-9 and immune risk score on SCLC immune microenvironment and immune infiltration in different cohorts and platforms. Results In the SCLC cohort for IHC, the expression level of Gal-9 on TILs was statistically correlated with the levels of program death-1 (p=0.001), program death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) (p<0.001), CD3 (p<0.001), CD4 (p<0.001), CD8 (p<0.001), and FOXP3 (p=0.047). High Gal-9 protein expression on TILs indicated better recurrence-free survival (30.4 months, 95% CI: 23.7–37.1 vs 39.4 months, 95% CI: 31.6–47.3, p=0.009). The immune risk score model which consisted of Gal-9 on TILs, CD4, and PD-L1 on TILs was established and validated so as to differentiate high-risk or low-risk patients with SCLC. The prognostic predictive performance of immune risk score model was better than single immune biomarker (area under the curve 0.671 vs 0.621–0.644). High Gal-9-related enrichment pathways in SCLC were enriched in immune system diseases and rheumatic disease. Furthermore, we found that patients with SCLC with low immune risk score presented higher fractions of activated memory CD4 T cells than patients with high immune risk score (p=0.048). Conclusions Gal-9 is markedly related to tumor-immune microenvironment and immune infiltration in SCLC. This study emphasized the predictive value and promising clinical applications of Gal-9 in stage I–III SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital,Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.,Tongji University, No 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chenglong Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital,Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.,Tongji University, No 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yayi He
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital,Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital,Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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27
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Zhang CX, Huang DJ, Baloche V, Zhang L, Xu JX, Li BW, Zhao XR, He J, Mai HQ, Chen QY, Zhang XS, Busson P, Cui J, Li J. Galectin-9 promotes a suppressive microenvironment in human cancer by enhancing STING degradation. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:65. [PMID: 32632113 PMCID: PMC7338349 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-00248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is known to enhance the expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in murine models. Its contribution to the expansion of MDSCs in human malignancies remain to be investigated. We here report that Gal-9 expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells enhances the generation of MDSCs (CD33+CD11b+HLA-DR−) from CD33+ bystander cells. The underlying mechanisms involve both the intracellular and secreted Gal-9. Inside carcinoma cells, Gal-9 up-regulates the expression of a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines which are critical for MDSC differentiation, including IL-1β and IL-6. This effect is mediated by accelerated STING protein degradation resulting from direct interaction of the Gal-9 carbohydrate recognition domain 1 with the STING C-terminus and subsequent enhancement of the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM29-mediated K48-linked ubiquitination of STING. Moreover, we showed that extracellular Gal-9 secreted by carcinoma cells can enter the myeloid cells and trigger the same signaling cascade. Consistently, high concentrations of tumor and plasma Gal-9 are associated with shortened survival of NPC patients. Our findings unearth that Gal-9 induces myeloid lineage-mediated immunosuppression in tumor microenvironments by suppressing STING signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Xia Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dai-Jia Huang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Valentin Baloche
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Gustave Roussy and Université Paris-Saclay 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Xiao Xu
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bo-Wen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin-Rui Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia He
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Qiang Mai
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiu-Yan Chen
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Shi Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pierre Busson
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Gustave Roussy and Université Paris-Saclay 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, F-94805, Villejuif, France.
| | - Jun Cui
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, P. R. China. .,MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen International Biological Valley-Life Science Industrial Park, Dapeng New District, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
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28
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Mo R, Feng XX, Wu YN, Wang H, He YP, Sun HH, Guo F, Chen Q, Yan W, Li PY, Liu M, Zhang GM, Tian DA, Feng ZH. Hepatocytes paradoxically affect intrahepatic IFN-γ production in autoimmune hepatitis due to Gal-9 expression and TLR2/4 ligand release. Mol Immunol 2020; 123:106-115. [PMID: 32485469 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocytes are the targets in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) that results in T cell-dependent liver injury. However, hepatocytes may also affect the hepatic T cells in AIH, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we report that hepatocytes could secrete galectin-9 (Gal-9) to suppress the intrahepatic production of Th1 cytokine IFN-γ and restrict AIH development, but hepatocyte damage resulted in opposite effects due to release of TLR2/4 ligands that promoted the intrahepatic production of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12. Through Tim-3, Gal-9 could efficiently suppress the intrahepatic T cell activation despite presence of TLR2/4 ligands, thus attenuating Th1 response in AIH. Intriguingly, intrahepatic IL-6/IL-12 suppressed the effect of TGF-β on Treg cells. Therefore, in AIH, Gal-9 promoted Foxp3 expression and function of hepatic Treg cells through TL1A signaling, although Treg function was still impaired, compared with that in naive state. Due to its promoting effect on Treg function, together with its effect on T effector cells in a Tim-3-independent way, Gal-9 could attenuate intrahepatic IFN-γ production by hindering the increase of hepatic CD4+CD43+ T cells resulting from extrahepatic T cell activation. TLR2/4 ligands attenuated the effects of Gal-9 on Treg cells and CD4+CD43+ T cells by increasing intrahepatic IL-6 and IL-12. Blocking TLR2/4 ligands could efficiently suppress intrahepatic IFN-γ production, liver injury, and hepatic fibrosis. These findings suggest that hepatocytes paradoxically affect Th1 response in AIH due to Gal-9 expression and TLR2/4 ligands release, and that targeting TLR2/4 signaling may provide an important approach in the therapeutic strategy for AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Mo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Xia Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ya-Nan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Pei He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan-Huan Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Yuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Mei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - De-An Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuo-Hua Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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Chen HY, Wu YF, Chou FC, Wu YH, Yeh LT, Lin KI, Liu FT, Sytwu HK. Intracellular Galectin-9 Enhances Proximal TCR Signaling and Potentiates Autoimmune Diseases. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1158-1172. [PMID: 31969388 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-9 is a risk gene in inflammatory bowel disease. By transcriptomic analyses of ileal biopsies and PBMCs from inflammatory bowel disease patients, we identified a positive correlation between galectin-9 expression and colitis severity. We observed that galectin-9-deficient T cells were less able to induce T cell-mediated colitis. However, several mouse-based studies reported that galectin-9 treatment induces T cell apoptosis and ameliorates autoimmune diseases in an exogenously modulated manner, indicating a complicated regulation of galectin-9 in T cells. We found that galectin-9 is expressed mainly inside T cells, and its secreted form is barely detected under physiological conditions. Endogenous galectin-9 was recruited to immune synapses upon T cell activation. Moreover, proximal TCR signaling was impaired in galectin-9-deficient T cells, and proliferation of these cells was decreased through an intracellularly modulated manner. Th17 cell differentiation was downregulated in galectin-9-deficient T cells, and this impairment can be rescued by strong TCR signaling. Taken together, these findings suggest that intracellular galectin-9 is a positive regulator of T cell activation and modulates the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Yi Chen
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan.,National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Fei Wu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Cheng Chou
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan.,Laboratory of Translational Medicine Office, Development Center for Biotechnology, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Wu
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; and
| | - Li-Tzu Yeh
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-I Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan; .,National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan.,Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
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30
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Castro LL, Kitoko JZ, Xisto DG, Olsen PC, Guedes HLM, Morales MM, Lopes-Pacheco M, Cruz FF, Rocco PRM. Multiple doses of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells induce immunosuppression in experimental asthma. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 9:250-260. [PMID: 31746562 PMCID: PMC6988761 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In experimental house dust mite (HDM)‐induced allergic asthma, therapeutic administration of a single dose of adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) ameliorates lung inflammation but is unable to reverse remodeling. We hypothesized that multiple doses of MSCs might exert better therapeutic effects by reducing lung inflammation and remodeling but might also result in immunosuppressive effects in experimental asthma. HDM was administered intranasally in C57BL/6 mice. After the last HDM challenge, mice received two or three doses of MSCs (105 cells per day) or saline intravenously. An additional cohort of mice received dexamethasone as a positive control for immunosuppression. Two and three doses of MSCs reduced lung inflammation, levels of interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐13, and eotaxin; total leukocyte, CD4+ T‐cell, and eosinophil counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; and total leukocyte counts in bone marrow, spleen, and mediastinal lymph nodes. Two and three doses of MSCs also reduced collagen fiber content and transforming growth factor‐β levels in lung tissue; however, the three‐dose regimen was more effective, and reduced these parameters to control levels, while also decreasing α‐actin content in lung tissue. Two and three doses of MSCs improved lung mechanics. Dexamethasone, two and three doses of MSCs similarly increased galectin levels, but only the three‐dose regimen increased CD39 levels in the thymus. Dexamethasone and the three‐dose, but not the two‐dose regimen, also increased levels of programmed death receptor‐1 and IL‐10, while reducing CD4+CD8low cell percentage in the thymus. In conclusion, multiple doses of MSCs reduced lung inflammation and remodeling while causing immunosuppression in HDM‐induced allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia L Castro
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jamil Z Kitoko
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology and Immunology, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Debora G Xisto
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Priscilla C Olsen
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology and Immunology, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Herbert L M Guedes
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo M Morales
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Miquéias Lopes-Pacheco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Cruz
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia R M Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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31
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He Y, Jia K, Dziadziuszko R, Zhao S, Zhang X, Deng J, Wang H, Hirsch FR, Zhou C. Galectin-9 in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2019; 136:80-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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32
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Li J, Shi W, Sun H, Ji Y, Chen Y, Guo X, Sheng H, Shu J, Zhou L, Cai T, Qiu J. Activation of DR3 signaling causes loss of ILC3s and exacerbates intestinal inflammation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3371. [PMID: 31358760 PMCID: PMC6662828 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF-like ligand 1 A (TL1A) and death receptor 3 (DR3) are a ligand-receptor pair involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) regulate intestinal immunity and highly express DR3. Here, we report that activation of DR3 signaling by an agonistic anti-DR3 antibody increases GM-CSF production from ILC3s through the p38 MAPK pathway. GM-CSF causes accumulation of eosinophils, neutrophils and CD11b+CD11c+ myeloid cells, resulting in loss of ILC3s from the intestine in an IL-23-dependent manner and exacerbating colitis. Blockade of GM-CSF or IL-23 reverses anti-DR3 antibody-driven ILC3 loss, whereas overexpression of IL-23 induces loss of ILC3s in the absence of GM-CSF. Neutralization of TL1A by soluble DR3 ameliorates both DSS and anti-CD40 antibody-induced colitis. Moreover, ILC3s are required for the deleterious effect of anti-DR3 antibodies on innate colitis. These findings clarify the process and consequences of DR3 signaling-induced intestinal inflammation through regulation of ILC3s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Wenli Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Hanxiao Sun
- Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Yan Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yuqin Chen
- Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Xiaohuan Guo
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huiming Sheng
- Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Jie Shu
- Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Ting Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Ju Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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Copsel S, Wolf D, Komanduri KV, Levy RB. The promise of CD4 +FoxP3 + regulatory T-cell manipulation in vivo: applications for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Haematologica 2019; 104:1309-1321. [PMID: 31221786 PMCID: PMC6601084 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.198838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a non-redundant population critical for the maintenance of self-tolerance. Over the past decade, the use of these cells for therapeutic purposes in transplantation and autoimmune disease has emerged based on their capacity to inhibit immune activation. Basic science discoveries have led to identifying key receptors on Tregs that can regulate their proliferation and function. Notably, the understanding that IL-2 signaling is crucial for Treg homeostasis promoted the hypothesis that in vivo IL-2 treatment could provide a strategy to control the compartment. The use of low-dose IL-2 in vivo was shown to selectively expand Tregs versus other immune cells. Interestingly, a number of other Treg cell surface proteins, including CD28, CD45, IL-33R and TNFRSF members, have been identified which can also induce activation and proliferation of this population. Pre-clinical studies have exploited these observations to prevent and treat mice developing autoimmune diseases and graft-versus-host disease post-allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. These findings support the development of translational strategies to expand Tregs in patients. Excitingly, the use of low-dose IL-2 for patients suffering from graft-versus-host disease and autoimmune disease has demonstrated increased Treg levels together with beneficial outcomes. To date, promising pre-clinical and clinical studies have directly targeted Tregs and clearly established the ability to increase their levels and augment their function in vivo. Here we review the evolving field of in vivo Treg manipulation and its application to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Krishna V Komanduri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Division of Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine
| | - Robert B Levy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology .,Division of Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine.,Department of Ophthalmology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL, USA
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34
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Abel WF, Funk CR, Blenda AV. Galectins in the Pathogenesis of Cerebrovascular Accidents: An Overview. J Exp Neurosci 2019; 13:1179069519836794. [PMID: 31007530 PMCID: PMC6458655 DOI: 10.1177/1179069519836794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to limitations of neuroimaging, such as the isodense appearance of blood to neuronal tissue in subacute hemorrhagic stroke, a body of studies have been performed to evaluate candidate biomarkers which may aid in accurate determination of cerebrovascular accident type. Beyond aiding in the delineation of stroke cause, biomarkers could also confer useful prognostic information to help clinicians plan use of resources. One of the candidate biomarkers studied for detection of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) includes a class of proteins called galectins. Galectins bind β-galactoside through a highly conserved carbohydrate recognition domain, endowing an ability to interact with carbohydrate moieties on glycoproteins, some of which are relevant to CVA response. Furthermore, galectins-1, -2, -3, -9, and -12 are expressed in tissues relevant to CVA, and some exhibit characteristics (eg, extracellular secretion) that could render feasible their detection in serum. Galectins-1 and -3 appear to have the largest amounts of preclinical evidence, consistently demonstrating increased activity and expression levels during CVA. However, a lack of standardization of biochemical assays across cohort studies limits further translation of these basic science studies. This review aims to increase awareness of the biochemical roles of galectins in CVA, while also highlighting challenges and remaining questions preventing the translation of basic science observations into a clinically useful test.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Abel
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Greenville, SC, USA
| | | | - Anna V Blenda
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Greenville, SC, USA
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35
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de Castro LL, Lopes-Pacheco M, Weiss DJ, Cruz FF, Rocco PRM. Current understanding of the immunosuppressive properties of mesenchymal stromal cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:605-618. [PMID: 30903229 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01776-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory potential of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) isolated from bone marrow, adipose tissue, placenta, and other sources. Nevertheless, MSCs may also induce immunosuppression when administered systemically or directly to injured environments, as shown in different preclinical disease models. MSCs express certain receptors, including toll-like receptors and the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor, that are activated by the surrounding environment, thus leading to modulation of their immunosuppressive activity. Once MSCs are activated, they can affect a wide range of immune cells (e.g., neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, T and B lymphocytes), a phenomenon that has been correlated to secretion of several mediators (e.g., indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase, galectins, prostaglandin E2, nitric oxide, and damage- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns) and stimulation of certain signaling pathways (e.g., protein kinase R, signal transducer and activator of transcription-1, nuclear factor-κB). Additionally, MSC manipulation and culture conditions, as well as the number of passages, duration of cryopreservation, and O2 content available, can significantly affect the immunosuppressive properties of MSCs. This review sheds light on current knowledge regarding the mechanisms by which MSCs exert immunosuppressive effects both in vitro and in vivo, focusing on the receptors expressed by MSCs, the correlation between soluble factors secreted by MSCs and their immunosuppressive effects, and interactions between MSCs and immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia Lins de Castro
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Miquéias Lopes-Pacheco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel Jay Weiss
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Fernanda Ferreira Cruz
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Rieken Macêdo Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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36
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Colomb F, Giron LB, Premeaux TA, Mitchell BI, Niki T, Papasavvas E, Montaner LJ, Ndhlovu LC, Abdel-Mohsen M. Galectin-9 Mediates HIV Transcription by Inducing TCR-Dependent ERK Signaling. Front Immunol 2019; 10:267. [PMID: 30842775 PMCID: PMC6391929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous plasma levels of the immunomodulatory carbohydrate-binding protein galectin-9 (Gal-9) are elevated during HIV infection and remain elevated after antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppression. We recently reported that Gal-9 regulates HIV transcription and potently reactivates latent HIV. However, the signaling mechanisms underlying Gal-9-mediated viral transcription remain unclear. Given that galectins are known to modulate T cell receptor (TCR)-signaling, we hypothesized that Gal-9 modulates HIV transcriptional activity, at least in part, through inducing TCR signaling pathways. Gal-9 induced T cell receptor ζ chain (CD3ζ) phosphorylation (11.2 to 32.1%; P = 0.008) in the J-Lat HIV latency model. Lck inhibition reduced Gal-9-mediated viral reactivation in the J-Lat HIV latency model (16.8-0.9%; P < 0.0001) and reduced both Gal-9-mediated CD4+ T cell activation (10.3 to 1.65% CD69 and CD25 co-expression; P = 0.0006), and IL-2/TNFα secretion (P < 0.004) in primary CD4+ T cells from HIV-infected individuals on suppressive ART. Using phospho-kinase antibody arrays, we found that Gal-9 increased the phosphorylation of the TCR-downstream signaling molecules ERK1/2 (26.7-fold) and CREB (6.6-fold). ERK and CREB inhibitors significantly reduced Gal-9-mediated viral reactivation (16.8 to 2.6 or 12.6%, respectively; P < 0.0007). Given that the immunosuppressive rapamycin uncouples HIV latency reversal from cytokine-associated toxicity, we also investigated whether rapamycin could uncouple Gal-9-mediated latency reactivation from its concurrent pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Rapamycin reduced Gal-9-mediated secretion of IL-2 (4.4-fold, P = 0.001) and TNF (4-fold, P = 0.02) without impacting viral reactivation (16.8% compared to 16.1%; P = 0.2). In conclusion, Gal-9 modulates HIV transcription by activating the TCR-downstream ERK and CREB signaling pathways in an Lck-dependent manner. Our findings could have implications for understanding the role of endogenous galectin interactions in modulating TCR signaling and maintaining chronic immune activation during ART-suppressed HIV infection. In addition, uncoupling Gal-9-mediated viral reactivation from undesirable pro-inflammatory effects, using rapamycin, may increase the potential utility of recombinant Gal-9 within the reversal of HIV latency eradication framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Colomb
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Leila B. Giron
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Thomas A. Premeaux
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Brooks I. Mitchell
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Toshiro Niki
- GalPharma Co. Ltd., Takamatsu-shi, Takamatsu, Japan
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Emmanouil Papasavvas
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Luis J. Montaner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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37
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Restriction of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection by Galectin-9. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01746-18. [PMID: 30487283 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01746-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus. While HCMV infection is generally asymptomatic in the immunocompetent, it can have devastating consequences in those with compromised or underdeveloped immune systems, including transplant recipients and neonates. Galectins are a widely expressed protein family that have been demonstrated to modulate both antiviral immunity and regulate direct host-virus interactions. The potential for galectins to directly modulate HCMV infection has not previously been studied, and our results reveal that galectin-9 (Gal-9) can potently inhibit HCMV infection. Gal-9-mediated inhibition of HCMV was dependent upon its carbohydrate recognition domains and thus dependent on glycan interactions. Temperature shift studies revealed that Gal-9 specific inhibition was mediated primarily at the level of virus-cell fusion and not binding. Additionally, we found that during reactivation of HCMV in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients soluble Gal-9 is upregulated. This study provides the first evidence for Gal-9 functioning as a potent antiviral defense effector molecule against HCMV infection and identifies it as a potential clinical candidate to restrict HCMV infections.IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) continues to cause serious and often life-threatening disease in those with impaired or underdeveloped immune systems. This virus is able to infect and replicate in a wide range of human cell types, which enables the virus to spread to other individuals in a number of settings. Current antiviral drugs are associated with a significant toxicity profile, and there is no vaccine; these factors highlight a need to identify additional targets for the development of anti-HCMV therapies. We demonstrate for the first time that secretion of a member of the galectin family of proteins, galectin-9 (Gal-9), is upregulated during natural HCMV-reactivated infection and that this soluble cellular protein possesses a potent capacity to block HCMV infection by inhibiting virus entry into the host cell. Our findings support the possibility of harnessing the antiviral properties of Gal-9 to prevent HCMV infection and disease.
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Signal Transduction Via Co-stimulatory and Co-inhibitory Receptors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1189:85-133. [PMID: 31758532 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9717-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated antigen-specific stimulation is essential for initiating T-cell activation. However, signaling through the TCR alone is not sufficient for inducing an effective response. In addition to TCR-mediated signaling, signaling through antigen-independent co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory receptors is critically important not only for the full activation and functional differentiation of T cells but also for the termination and suppression of T-cell responses. Many studies have investigated the signaling pathways underlying the function of each molecular component. Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors have no kinase activity, but their cytoplasmic region contains unique functional motifs and potential phosphorylation sites. Engagement of co-stimulatory receptors leads to recruitment of specific binding partners, such as adaptor molecules, kinases, and phosphatases, via recognition of a specific motif. Consequently, each co-stimulatory receptor transduces a unique pattern of signaling pathways. This review focuses on our current understanding of the intracellular signaling pathways provided by co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules, including B7:CD28 family members, immunoglobulin, and members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily.
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Sakai T, Aokage K, Neri S, Nakamura H, Nomura S, Tane K, Miyoshi T, Sugano M, Kojima M, Fujii S, Kuwata T, Ochiai A, Iyoda A, Tsuboi M, Ishii G. Link between tumor-promoting fibrous microenvironment and an immunosuppressive microenvironment in stage I lung adenocarcinoma. Lung Cancer 2018; 126:64-71. [PMID: 30527194 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Podoplanin-positive cancer-associated fibroblasts [PDPN (+) CAFs] play an important role in cancer progression in non-small-cell lung cancer. The aim of this study was to clarify the correlation between a fibrous microenvironment containing PDPN (+) CAFs and an immune microenvironment. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 174 patients with pathological stage I lung adenocarcinoma were analyzed. We evaluated PDPN (+) CAFs and immune-related cells, CD 204-positive tumor-associated macrophages [CD204 (+) TAMs], CD8-positive T cells, and FOXP3-positive T cells, in cancer stroma by using immunohistochemical staining. We compared the expression levels of immune-regulatory cytokines between the PDPN high and low expression groups by analyzing the gene expression profiles of lung adenocarcinoma (n = 442). RESULTS Presence of PDPN (+) CAFs was a risk factor for recurrence (P = 0.042). The number of CD204 (+) TAMs was significantly higher (P < 0.001) and the CD8/FOXP3 T cell ratio was significantly lower in PDPN (+) CAFs cases than in PDPN (-) CAFs cases (P = 0.027). Within the same tumor, the number of CD 204 (+) TAMs was significantly higher (P < 0.001) and CD8/FOXP3 T cell ratio tended to be lower (P = 0.062) in PDPN (+) CAF areas. Microarray analysis revealed that the PDPN expression-high group had significantly higher gene expression levels of cytokines that inducing M2 macrophage polarization and suppressing immune-related lymphocytes. CONCLUSION The current results show that lung adenocarcinoma with PDPN (+) CAFs is typified by the immunosuppressive microenvironment, suggesting a close link between the tumor-promoting fibrous microenvironment and the immunosuppressive microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sakai
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan; Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan; Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan; Division of Chest Surgery, Department of Surgery, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 6-11-1, Omorinishi, Ota, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Keiju Aokage
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Shinya Neri
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakamura
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Shogo Nomura
- Biostatistics Division Center for Research Administration and Support, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
| | - Kenta Tane
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Miyoshi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Masato Sugano
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kojima
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujii
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kuwata
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ochiai
- Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
| | - Akira Iyoda
- Division of Chest Surgery, Department of Surgery, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 6-11-1, Omorinishi, Ota, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsuboi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Genichiro Ishii
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan.
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Lhuillier C, Barjon C, Baloche V, Niki T, Gelin A, Mustapha R, Claër L, Hoos S, Chiba Y, Ueno M, Hirashima M, Wei M, Morales O, Raynal B, Delhem N, Dellis O, Busson P. Characterization of neutralizing antibodies reacting with the 213-224 amino-acid segment of human galectin-9. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202512. [PMID: 30204750 PMCID: PMC6133441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Extra-cellular galectin-9 (gal-9) is an immuno-modulatory protein with predominant immunosuppressive effects. Inappropriate production of gal-9 has been reported in several human malignancies and viral diseases like nasopharyngeal, pancreatic and renal carcinomas, metastatic melanomas and chronic active viral hepatitis. Therefore therapeutic antibodies neutralizing extra-cellular gal-9 are expected to contribute to immune restoration in these pathological conditions. Two novel monoclonal antibodies targeting gal-9 –Gal-Nab 1 and 2—have been produced and characterized in this study. We report a protective effect of Gal-Nab1 and Gal-Nab2 on the apoptotic cell death induced by gal-9 in primary T cells. In addition, they inhibit late phenotypic changes observed in peripheral T cells that survive gal-9-induced apoptosis. Gal-Nab1 and Gal-Nab2 bind nearly identical, overlapping linear epitopes contained in the 213–224 amino-acid segments of gal-9. Nevertheless, they have some distinct functional characteristics suggesting that their three-dimensional epitopes are distinct. These differences are best demonstrated when gal-9 is applied on Jurkat cells where Gal-Nab1 is less efficient than Gal-Nab2 in the prevention of apoptotic cell death. In addition, Gal-Nab1 stimulates non-lethal phosphatidylserine translocation at the plasma membrane and calcium mobilization triggered by gal-9 in these cells. Both Gal-Nab1 and 2 cross-react with murine gal-9. They bind its natural as well as its recombinant form. This cross-species recognition will be an advantage for their assessment in pre-clinical tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lhuillier
- CNRS, UMR 8126, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Cellvax, Romainville, France
| | - Clément Barjon
- CNRS, UMR 8126, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Cellvax, Romainville, France
| | - Valentin Baloche
- CNRS, UMR 8126, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
- GalPharma Co., Ltd., Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Aurore Gelin
- CNRS, UMR 8126, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Rami Mustapha
- CNRS, UMR 8161, IRCV group, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Sylviane Hoos
- Plate-forme de Biophysique Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Yoichi Chiba
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Ueno
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- GalPharma Co., Ltd., Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology & Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | | | - Olivier Morales
- CNRS, UMR 8161, IRCV group, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Bertrand Raynal
- Plate-forme de Biophysique Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nadira Delhem
- CNRS, UMR 8161, IRCV group, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Dellis
- INSERM, UMR-S 1174, Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Pierre Busson
- CNRS, UMR 8126, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- * E-mail:
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Aris M, Bravo AI, Pampena MB, Blanco PA, Carri I, Koile D, Yankilevich P, Levy EM, Barrio MM, Mordoh J. Changes in the TCRβ Repertoire and Tumor Immune Signature From a Cutaneous Melanoma Patient Immunized With the CSF-470 Vaccine: A Case Report. Front Immunol 2018; 9:955. [PMID: 29774030 PMCID: PMC5944263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The allogeneic therapeutic vaccine CSF-470 has demonstrated a significant benefit over medium-dose IFNα2b in the distant metastasis-free survival for stages IIB-IIC-III cutaneous melanoma patients in a randomized phase II/III clinical trial (CASVAC-0401, NCT01729663). At the end of the 2-year CSF-470 immunization protocol, patient #006 developed several lung and one subcutaneous melanoma metastases; this later was excised. In this report, we analyzed the changes throughout vaccination of immune populations in blood and in the tumor tissue, with special focus on the T-cell repertoire. Immunohistochemistry revealed a marked increase in CD8+, CD4+, and CD20+ lymphocytes infiltrating the metastasis relative to the primary tumor. Lymphocytes were firmly attached to dying-tumor cells containing Granzyme-B granules. Whole-exon sequencing assessment indicated a moderate-to-high tumor mutational burden, with BRAFV600E as the main oncogenic driver. Mutational signature presented large numbers of mutations at dipyrimidines, typical of melanoma. Relevant tumor and immune-related genes from the subcutaneous metastasis were addressed by RNA-Seq analysis, revealing expression of typical melanoma antigens and proliferative tumor-related genes. Stimulatory and inhibitory immune transcripts were detected as well as evidence of active T-cell effector function. Peripheral blood monitoring revealed an increase in CD4+ and CD8+ cells by the end of the immunization protocol. By CDR3-T-cell receptor β (TCRβ) sequencing, generation of new clones and an increase in oligoclonality was observed in the peripheral T-cells immune repertoire throughout immunization. A shift, with the expansion of selected preexisting and newly arising clones with reduction of others, was detected in blood. In tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, prevalent clones (50%) were both new and preexisting that were expanded in blood following CSF-470 immunization. These clones persisted in time, since 2 years after completing the immunization, 51% of the clones present in the metastasis were still detected in blood. This is the first report of the modulation of the TCRβ repertoire from a melanoma patient immunized with the CSF-470 vaccine. After immunization, the changes observed in peripheral immune populations as well as in the tumor compartment suggest that the vaccine can induce an antitumor adaptive immune repertoire that can reach tumor lesions and persists in blood for at least 2 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Aris
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas-Fundación Cáncer, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Inés Bravo
- Unidad de Inmunopatología, Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Eva Perón, San Martín, Argentina
| | | | | | - Ibel Carri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas (IIB-INTECH) - CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Koile
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricio Yankilevich
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - José Mordoh
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas-Fundación Cáncer, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Médico Especializado Alexander Fleming, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA) - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Zhou X, Sun L, Jing D, Xu G, Zhang J, Lin L, Zhao J, Yao Z, Lin H. Galectin-9 Expression Predicts Favorable Clinical Outcome in Solid Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:452. [PMID: 29765332 PMCID: PMC5939667 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is one of the galectin family members which are known as proteins with β-galactoside-binding affinity. Accumulative evidence suggest that Gal-9 plays multifaceted roles in tumor biology. However, the prognostic significance of Gal-9 in solid cancer patients remains controversial. The objective of the study was to clarify the prognostic significance of Gal-9 in solid tumors via meta-analysis. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane library for studies that report the correlation between Gal-9 expression and prognosis or clinicopathological parameters in solid cancer patients from inception to October 2017, with no language restriction. We calculated pooled hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to investigate the prognostic significance of Gal-9 expression in solid tumors. We also calculated Odds ratio (OR) to explore the association between Gal-9 expression and clinicopathological features. Results: We included Fourteen studies with 2326 patients in our meta-analysis. The synthetic results revealed that high Gal-9 expression indicated improved overall survival (OS; HR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.51-0.71, P = 0.006) but had no correlation with disease-free survival (DFS)/recurrence-free survival (RFS) (HR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.51-1.41, P = 0.527) in solid tumors. In stratified analyses, high Gal-9 expression was significantly correlated with improved OS in hepatocellular carcinoma and colon cancer and with improved DFS/RFS in gastric cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. In addition, ethnicity and the method of data extraction didn't affect the positive prognostic values of high Gal-9 expression. Moreover, high Gal-9 expression was significantly correlated with a smaller depth of invasion (TI/TII vs. TIII/TIV, OR = 2.80, 95% CI = 1.97-3.96, P < 0.001), an earlier histopathological stage (I/II vs. III/IV, OR = 3.00, 95% CI = 2.04-4.42, P < 0.001), negative lymph node metastasis (Presence vs. Absence, OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.25-0.89, P = 0.020) and negative distal tumor metastasis (Presence vs. Absence, OR = 13.85, 95% CI = 3.50-54.76, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Gal-9 expression indicates beneficial outcome in patients with solid tumors and is correlated with the pathogenesis of solid tumors. Gal-9 may serve as a prognostic biomarker and an emerging therapeutic target against solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lejia Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Jing
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinmei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Zhuoran Yao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongfeng Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
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Toscano MA, Martínez Allo VC, Cutine AM, Rabinovich GA, Mariño KV. Untangling Galectin-Driven Regulatory Circuits in Autoimmune Inflammation. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:348-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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