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Elguindy DAS, Ashour DS, Elmarhoumy SM, El-Guindy DM, Ismail HIH. The efficacy of cercarial antigen loaded on nanoparticles as a potential vaccine candidate in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice. J Parasit Dis 2024; 48:381-399. [PMID: 38840868 PMCID: PMC11147980 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-024-01677-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality from parasitic diseases. Mass treatment has proven to be insufficient because of repeated infection after treatment and the appearance of strains resistant to drug therapy. Hence, immunization is a new approach to control the disease and limit the pathological consequences of schistosomiasis. To evaluate the prophylactic effect of Cercarial antigen (CAP) loaded on chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) as a potential vaccine against Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice. 130 mice divided into 2 groups were used: Group I: Control groups (50 mice) subdivided into subgroup Ia (10 mice): Non-infected mice (normal control), subgroup Ib (20 mice): Schistosoma infected mice (infected control) and subgroup Ic (20 mice): Non-infected mice receiving NPs only. Group II: Vaccinated group (80 mice) subdivided equally into subgroup IIa (CAP): Received cercarial antigen and subgroup IIb (CAP + CSNP): Received cercarial antigen loaded on chitosan NPs then both vaccinated groups were infected with S. mansoni 3 weeks following the initial vaccination dose. CAP + CSNP and CAP groups showed significant reduction in adult worms count, hepatic egg count, hepatic granulomas number and size in comparison to the infected control group. Elevation of serum IgG and IgM levels, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell frequencies, IL-4, IL-10 and INF-γ levels was more significant in CAP + CSNP group than CAP group. CAP + CSNP is a promising new preparation of Schistosomal antigens that gave better results than immunization with CAP alone. CSNPs enhanced the immune and protective effect of CAP as validated by parasitological, histopathological and immunohistochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina A. S. Elguindy
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Dalia S. Ashour
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Sirria M. Elmarhoumy
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Dina M. El-Guindy
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Howaida I. H. Ismail
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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2
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Hong A, Umar A, Chen H, Yu Z, Huang J. Advances in the study of the interaction between schistosome infections and the host's intestinal microorganisms. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:185. [PMID: 38600604 PMCID: PMC11007984 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06245-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, also called bilharziasis, is a neglected tropical disease induced by schistosomes that infects hundreds of millions of people worldwide. In the life cycle of schistosomiasis, eggs are regarded as the main pathogenic factor, causing granuloma formation in the tissues and organs of hosts, which can cause severe gastrointestinal and liver granulomatous immune responses and irreversible fibrosis. Increasing evidence suggests that the gut microbiome influences the progression of schistosomiasis and plays a central role in liver disease via the gut-liver axis. When used as pharmaceutical supplements or adjunctive therapy, probiotics have shown promising results in preventing, mitigating, and even treating schistosomiasis. This review elucidates the potential mechanisms of this three-way parasite-host-microbiome interaction by summarizing schistosome-mediated intestinal flora disorders, local immune changes, and host metabolic changes, and elaborates the important role of the gut microbiome in liver disease after schistosome infection through the gut-liver axis. Understanding the mechanisms behind this interaction may aid in the discovery of probiotics as novel therapeutic targets and sustainable control strategies for schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Hong
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Human Microbiome and Health Group, Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Abdulrahim Umar
- Human Microbiome and Health Group, Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Human Microbiome and Health Group, Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zheng Yu
- Human Microbiome and Health Group, Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Human Microbiome and Health Group, Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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3
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Ghezellou P, von Bülow V, Luh D, Badin E, Albuquerque W, Roderfeld M, Roeb E, Grevelding CG, Spengler B. Schistosoma mansoni infection induces hepatic metallothionein and S100 protein expression alongside metabolic dysfunction in hamsters. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae104. [PMID: 38562583 PMCID: PMC10983833 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, a widespread neglected tropical disease, presents a complex and multifaceted clinical-pathological profile. Using hamsters as final hosts, we dissected molecular events following Schistosoma mansoni infection in the liver-the organ most severely affected in schistosomiasis patients. Employing tandem mass tag-based proteomics, we studied alterations in the liver proteins in response to various infection modes and genders. We examined livers from female and male hamsters that were: noninfected (control), infected with either unisexual S. mansoni cercariae (single-sex) or both sexes (bisex). The infection induced up-regulation of proteins associated with immune response, cytoskeletal reorganization, and apoptotic signaling. Notably, S. mansoni egg deposition led to the down-regulation of liver factors linked to energy supply and metabolic processes. Gender-specific responses were observed, with male hamsters showing higher susceptibility, supported by more differentially expressed proteins than found in females. Of note, metallothionein-2 and S100a6 proteins exhibited substantial up-regulation in livers of both genders, suggesting their pivotal roles in the liver's injury response. Immunohistochemistry and real-time-qPCR confirmed strong up-regulation of metallothionein-2 expression in the cytoplasm and nucleus upon the infection. Similar findings were seen for S100a6, which localized around granulomas and portal tracts. We also observed perturbations in metabolic pathways, including down-regulation of enzymes involved in xenobiotic biotransformation, cellular energy metabolism, and lipid modulation. Furthermore, lipidomic analyses through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging identified extensive alterations, notably in cardiolipin and triacylglycerols, suggesting specific roles of lipids during pathogenesis. These findings provide unprecedented insights into the hepatic response to S. mansoni infection, shedding light on the complexity of liver pathology in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parviz Ghezellou
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Verena von Bülow
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - David Luh
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Elisa Badin
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Wendell Albuquerque
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Roderfeld
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Elke Roeb
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph G Grevelding
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Spengler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Li QF, Li YX, Yang YY, Dong PP, Mei CJ, Lu JL, Zhang JF, Hua HY, Xiong CR, Yu CX, Song LJ, Yang K. The egg ribonuclease SjCP1412 accelerates liver fibrosis caused by Schistosoma japonicum infection involving damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Parasitology 2024; 151:260-270. [PMID: 38105713 PMCID: PMC11007278 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023001361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, a parasite infectious disease caused by Schistosoma japonicum, often leads to egg granuloma and fibrosis due to the inflammatory reaction triggered by egg antigens released in the host liver. This study focuses on the role of the egg antigens CP1412 protein of S. japonicum (SjCP1412) with RNase activity in promoting liver fibrosis. In this study, the recombinant egg ribonuclease SjCP1412, which had RNase activity, was successfully prepared. By analysing the serum of the population, it has been proven that the anti-SjCP1412 IgG in the serum of patients with advanced schistosomiasis was moderately correlated with liver fibrosis, and SjCP1412 may be an important antigen associated with liver fibrosis in schistosomiasis. In vitro, the rSjCP1412 protein induced the human liver cancer cell line Hep G2 and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells apoptosis and necrosis and the release of proinflammatory damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). In mice infected with schistosomes, rSjCP1412 immunization or antibody neutralization of SjCP1412 activity significantly reduced cell apoptosis and necroptosis in liver tissue, thereby reducing inflammation and liver fibrosis. In summary, the SjCP1412 protein plays a crucial role in promoting liver fibrosis during schistosomiasis through mediating the liver cells apoptosis and necroptosis to release DAMPs inducing an inflammatory reaction. Blocking SjCP1412 activity could inhibit its proapoptotic and necrotic effects and alleviate hepatic fibrosis. These findings suggest that SjCP1412 may be served as a promising drug target for managing liver fibrosis in schistosomiasis japonica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Feng Li
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214064, China
| | - Yi-Xin Li
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214064, China
| | - Ying-Ying Yang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214064, China
| | - Pan-Pan Dong
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214064, China
| | - Cong-Jin Mei
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214064, China
| | - Ju-Lu Lu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214064, China
| | - Jian-Feng Zhang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214064, China
| | - Hai-Yong Hua
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214064, China
| | - Chun-Rong Xiong
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214064, China
| | - Chuan-Xin Yu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214064, China
| | - Li-Jun Song
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214064, China
| | - Kun Yang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214064, China
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5
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Sharaf-El-Deen S, Soliman S, Brakat R. Evaluation of the antiparasitic and antifibrotic effects of gallic acid on experimental hepatic schistosomiasis mansoni. J Helminthol 2024; 98:e3. [PMID: 38167243 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis afflicts approximately 120 million individuals globally. The hepatic pathology that occurs due to egg-induced granuloma and fibrosis is commonly attributed to this condition. However, there is currently no efficacious treatment available for either of these conditions.Our study aimed to investigate the potential antifibrotic and antiparasitic properties of different doses of gallic acid (GA) in experimental schistosomiasis mansoni. In addition, we investigated the outcomes of co-administering it with the standard anti-schistosomiasis treatment, praziquantel (PZQ).In experiment I, Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice were administered GA at doses of 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg. Their effectiveness was evaluated through parasitological (worm and egg loads, granuloma number and diameter), pathological (fibrosis percentage and H-score of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs)), and functional (liver enzymes) tests. In experiment II, we investigated the optimal dosage that yielded the best outcomes. This dosage was administered in conjunction with PZQ and was evaluated regarding the parasitological, pathological, functional, and immunological (fibrosis-regulating cytokines) activities.Our findings indicate that the administration of 40 mg/kg GA exhibited the highest level of effectiveness in experiment I. In experiment II, it exhibited lower antiparasitic efficacy in comparison to PZQ. However, it surpassed PZQ in other tests. It showed enhanced outcomes when combined with PZQ.In conclusion, our findings reveal that GA only slightly increased the antischistosomal activity of PZQ. However, it was linked to decreased fibrosis, particularly when administrated with PZQ. Our pilot study identifies GA as a natural antifibrotic agent, which could be administered with PZQ to mitigate the development of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sharaf-El-Deen
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin-el-kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - S Soliman
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin-el-kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - R Brakat
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin-el-kom, Menoufia, Egypt
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Gomides TAR, de Souza MLM, de Figueiredo AB, Lima MR, Silveira AMS, de Assis GFM, Fraga LAO, Silveira-Nunes G, Martucci L, Garcia JD, Afonso LCC, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Leite PM. Expression of SmATPDases 1 and 2 in Schistosoma mansoni eggs favours IL-10 production in infected individuals. Parasite Immunol 2024; 46:e13017. [PMID: 37922505 DOI: 10.1111/pim.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
A role of IL-10 is down-regulating T-cell responses to schistosome antigens. Since SmATPDases can be correlated to modulation of the immune response, we evaluated the expression of enzymes in S. mansoni eggs. Faecal samples were collected from 40 infected individuals to detect coding regions of the SmATPDases. The cytokines were measured in supernatants of PBMC. The analysis was performed by the global median determination and set up high producers (HP) of cytokines. Six individuals expressed SmATPDase1, six expressed SmATPDase2 and six expressed both enzymes. The group who expressed only SmATPDase1 showed a high frequency of IFN-γ, TNF IL-4 HP; individuals who expressed only SmATPDase2 showed a high frequency of IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-4 HP; and individuals who expressed both enzymes showed a high frequency of IL-10 HP. The comparison of the IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio presented higher indices in the group who had SmATPDase 2 expression than those who had the expression of both enzymes. The positive correlation between infection intensity and IL-10 levels remained only in the positive SmATPDase group. The IL-10 is the only cytokine induced by the expression of both enzymes. Our data suggest that the expression of both enzymes seems to be a factor that modulates the host immune response by inducing high IL-10 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalisson Artur Ribeiro Gomides
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunologia da Universidade Vale do Rio Doce, Govenador Valadares, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Braga de Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Alda Maria Soares Silveira
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Campus Avançado de Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | | | - Lúcia Alves Oliveira Fraga
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Campus Avançado de Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Silveira-Nunes
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Campus Avançado de Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Letícia Martucci
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Campus Avançado de Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Delgado Garcia
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Campus Avançado de Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Luís Carlos Crocco Afonso
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pauline Martins Leite
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Campus Avançado de Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Brazil
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El-Shorbagy AA, Shafaa MW, Salah Elbeltagy R, El-Hennamy RE, Nady S. Liposomal IL-22 ameliorates liver fibrosis through miR-let7a/STAT3 signaling in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:111015. [PMID: 37827055 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic effect of liposomal IL-22 versus non-liposomal IL-22 on liver fibrosis was investigated. IL-22 (5 µg/ml) was incorporated into negative charged liposomes. Schistosoma mansoni infected mice were treated with liposomal IL-22 for either 7 or 14 days before decapitation. Liver and spleen were removed and splenocytes were isolated for in vitro investigations. TNF-α, IL-17, IL-22 and IgE levels were assessed. Hepatic granulomas were counted, granuloma index and its developmental stages were calculated. Hepatic expressions of STAT3, β-catenin and let-7a miRNA were evaluated. Liposomal IL-22 size was clustered around 425.9 ± 58.0 nm with negative zeta potential (-18.8 ± 1.3 mV). After 14 days, 65.5% of IL-22 was released from liposomal IL-22 as was gradually observed in vitro. Liposomal IL-22 significantly (p < 0.05) decreased IL-17 level (-33.1%) of healthy splenocytes compared to non-liposomal IL-22. In vivo therapeutic effect of liposomal IL-22 revealed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in hepatic granuloma index (-22.1%) and levels of TNF-α (-49.2%) and IL-17 (-57.3%), but a marked increase in IL-22 (64.2%) and IgE (196.1%) levels comparing to non-liposomal IL-22. Three developmental stages of hepatic granuloma (NE, EP, and P) were observed in liposomal and non-liposomal IL-22 groups (79.6 ± 1.7 and 81.8 ± 8.7, respectively, P < 0.05), with higher relative frequency of EP stage. Additionally, liposomal IL-22 treatment increased hepatic expression of STAT3 (21.7 fold change) and let-7a (3.6 fold change) and reduced β-catenin expression (0.6 fold change) compared to healthy mice. Conclusively, liposomal IL-22 seems more effective in the treatment of liver fibrosis resulting from S. mansoni infection than non-liposomal IL-22.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Medhat W Shafaa
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rasha Salah Elbeltagy
- Departments of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rehab E El-Hennamy
- Departments of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Soad Nady
- Departments of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Pham K, Mtalitinya GS, Aristide C, Airewele EA, Nyakaru DK, McMahon P, Mulaki GM, Corstjens PLAM, J de Dood C, van Dam GJ, Changalucha JM, Mazigo HD, Lee MH, Jaka H, Downs JA. Effects of Schistosoma mansoni and praziquantel treatment on the lower gastrointestinal mucosa: A cohort study in Tanzania. Acta Trop 2023; 238:106752. [PMID: 36410422 PMCID: PMC9884117 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomes infect over 200 million people worldwide, but few studies have characterized the effects of Schistosoma mansoni infection and effective treatment on the lower gastrointestinal mucosa. In this prospective cohort study, we compared the clinical findings on sigmoidoscopy and laboratory measures in Tanzanian adults with and without S. mansoni infection at baseline and 6 months after praziquantel treatment. Grading of the endoscopic findings was done using the Mayo Scoring System for Assessment of Ulcerative Colitis Activity. Schistosome infection was confirmed by stool microscopy and serum circulating anodic antigen (CAA). Baseline comparisons were performed in Stata using Fisher's exact and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, and pre- and post-treatment comparisons using Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank and McNemar's tests. We investigated the clinical characteristics of 48 individuals: 32 with and 16 without S. mansoni infection. Infected individuals had greater severity of sigmoid and rectal mucosal abnormalities and higher Mayo scores and serum eosinophils (all p < 0.05) than uninfected individuals at initial evaluation. At 6 months, 28 individuals completed repeat blood tests and sigmoidoscopy. Of these, 14 cleared their baseline infection (n = 7) or experienced a greater than 7-fold decrease in serum CAA (n = 7). Follow-up sigmoidoscopies revealed some improvements in sigmoid and rectal mucosal findings, although Mayo scores were not significantly lower. Both the median erythrocyte sedimentation rates (32.5→12.5 mm/hr) and percent of eosinophils (7.1→3.1%) decreased in this group from baseline to follow-up. S. mansoni infection was associated with mild-to-moderate lower gastrointestinal mucosal abnormalities that were grossly visible during sigmoidoscopy, and these improved partially 6 months after effective treatment with praziquantel. Additional studies, of longer duration and focused on both clinical and mucosal immunologic effects of S. mansoni, could provide additional insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh Pham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - Paige McMahon
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Paul L A M Corstjens
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia J de Dood
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Govert J van Dam
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Humphrey D Mazigo
- Department of Parasitology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Myung Hee Lee
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hyasinta Jaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania; Department of Internal Medicine, Mwanza College of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Jennifer A Downs
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania
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9
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Fattori ACM, Montija EDA, Fragelli BDDL, Correia RDO, de Castro CA, Romanello L, Nogueira CT, Allegretti SM, Soares EG, Pereira HD, Anibal FDF. Effects of Immunization with Recombinant Schistosoma mansoni Enzymes AK and HGPRT: Murine Infection Control. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010069. [PMID: 36678417 PMCID: PMC9866087 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is one of the most important human helminthiases worldwide. Praziquantel is the current treatment, and no vaccine is available until the present. Thus, the presented study aimed to evaluate the immunization effects with recombinant Schistosoma mansoni enzymes: Adenosine Kinase (AK) and Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), as well as a MIX of the two enzymes. Female Balb/c mice were immunized in three doses, and 15 days after the last immunization, animals were infected with S. mansoni. Our results showed that the group MIX presented a reduction in the eggs in feces by 30.74% and 29%, respectively, in the adult worms. The groups AK, HGPRT and MIX could produce IgG1 antibodies, and the groups AK and MIX produced IgE antibodies anti-enzymes and anti-S. mansoni total proteins. The groups AK, HGPRT and MIX induced a reduction in the eosinophils in the peritoneal cavity. Besides, the group AK showed a decrease in the number of hepatic granulomas (41.81%) and the eggs present in the liver (42.30%). Therefore, it suggests that immunization with these enzymes can contribute to schistosomiasis control, as well as help to modulate experimental infection inducing a reduction of physiopathology in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Maragno Fattori
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
- Correspondence: (A.C.M.F.); (F.d.F.A.)
| | - Elisandra de A. Montija
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Bruna D. de L. Fragelli
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de O. Correia
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Aparecida de Castro
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Larissa Romanello
- Departamento de Saúde e Psicologia, Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Ituiutaba 38302-192, Brazil
| | - Camila T. Nogueira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Silmara M. Allegretti
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Edson G. Soares
- Laboratório de Citopatologia, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Humberto D. Pereira
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de F. Anibal
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
- Correspondence: (A.C.M.F.); (F.d.F.A.)
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10
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Nogueira RA, Lira MGS, Licá ICL, Frazão GCCG, Dos Santos VAF, Filho ACCM, Rodrigues JGM, Miranda GS, Carvalho RC, Nascimento FRF. Praziquantel: An update on the mechanism of its action against schistosomiasis and new therapeutic perspectives. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2022; 252:111531. [PMID: 36375598 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2022.111531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Praziquantel (PZQ) is the drug of choice for the treatment of all forms of schistosomiasis, although its mechanisms of action are not completely understood. PZQ acts largely on adult worms. This narrative literature review describes what is known about the mechanisms of action of PZQ against schistosomes from in vitro and in vivo studies and highlights the molecular targets in parasites and immune responses induced in definitive hosts by this drug. Moreover, new therapeutic uses of PZQ are discussed. Studies have demonstrated that in addition to impacting voltage-operated Ca2 + channels, PZQ may interact with other schistosome molecules, such as myosin regulatory light chain, glutathione S-transferase, and transient receptor potential channels. Following PZQ administration, increased T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cell differentiation and decreased inflammation were observed, indicating that PZQ promotes immunoregulatory pathways. Although PZQ is widely used in mass drug administration schemes, the existence of resistant parasites has not been proven; however, it is a concern that should be constantly investigated in human populations. In addition, we discuss studies that evaluate health applications of PZQ (other than helminth infection), such as its effect in cancer therapy and its adjuvant action in vaccines against viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranielly Araujo Nogueira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Maria Gabriela Sampaio Lira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil; Department of Education, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão, Zé Doca, MA, Brazil
| | - Irlla Correia Lima Licá
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | | | - Vitor Augusto Ferreira Dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | | | - João Gustavo Mendes Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Silva Miranda
- Department of Education, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão, São Raimundo das Mangabeiras, MA, Brazil
| | - Rafael Cardoso Carvalho
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Flávia Raquel Fernandes Nascimento
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
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11
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Miranda GS, Rodrigues JGM, de Rezende MC, Resende SD, Camelo GMA, de Oliveira Silva JKA, Maggi L, Rodrigues VF, de Oliveira VG, Negrão-Corrêa DA. Experimental infection with Schistosoma mansoni isolated from the wild rodent Holochilus sciureus shows a low parasite burden but induces high schistosomiasis severity in BALB/c mice. Parasitology 2022; 149:1381-1396. [PMID: 35641335 PMCID: PMC11010505 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Wild mammals, especially rodents, can participate in the life cycle of Schistosoma mansoni; however, the impact of these parasite strains on the severity of schistosomiasis remains unclear. The aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate the parasitological and immunopathological alterations induced by an S. mansoni strain isolated from the wild rodent Holochilus sciureus (HS strain) and a parasite strain isolated from a human (LE strain) in experimentally infected mice. Male BALB/c mice were subcutaneously infected with 50 cercariae/mouse of either the HS or the LE strain and were evaluated for 12 weeks. In the experimental groups, the parasite burden was estimated by worm and egg (feces and tissues) count, and immunopathological alterations were evaluated in the liver and intestines. Compared to experimental infection with the LE parasite strain, HS-infected mice showed reduced number of parasite worms but higher fecundity rate, significant reduction in IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13 concentrations, lower EPO-activity in liver homogenate and higher concentrations of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-12 and IL-17 in the small intestine homogenate. Moreover, HS infection resulted in higher concentrations of NO end-products in both the liver and intestine, suggesting a predominance of the Th1/Th17 immune response. HS-infected mice also showed higher plasma transaminase levels, formed larger granulomas, and had a higher mortality rate in comparison with LE-infected mice. Data indicate that BALB/c mice infected with the HS strain of S. mansoni showed reduced susceptibility to the parasite but stronger tissue inflammation and high disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Silva Miranda
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of Biological Sciences, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Biology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão, São Raimundo das Mangabeiras, Brazil
| | - João Gustavo Mendes Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of Biological Sciences, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Michelle Carvalho de Rezende
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of Biological Sciences, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Samira Diniz Resende
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of Biological Sciences, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Genil Mororó Araújo Camelo
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of Biological Sciences, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of Biological Sciences, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Fernandes Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of Biological Sciences, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Gustavo de Oliveira
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of Biological Sciences, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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12
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Ogongo P, Nyakundi RK, Chege GK, Ochola L. The Road to Elimination: Current State of Schistosomiasis Research and Progress Towards the End Game. Front Immunol 2022; 13:846108. [PMID: 35592327 PMCID: PMC9112563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.846108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The new WHO Roadmap for Neglected Tropical Diseases targets the global elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem. To date, control strategies have focused on effective diagnostics, mass drug administration, complementary and integrative public health interventions. Non-mammalian intermediate hosts and other vertebrates promote transmission of schistosomiasis and have been utilized as experimental model systems. Experimental animal models that recapitulate schistosomiasis immunology, disease progression, and pathology observed in humans are important in testing and validation of control interventions. We discuss the pivotal value of these models in contributing to elimination of schistosomiasis. Treatment of schistosomiasis relies heavily on mass drug administration of praziquantel whose efficacy is comprised due to re-infections and experimental systems have revealed the inability to kill juvenile schistosomes. In terms of diagnosis, nonhuman primate models have demonstrated the low sensitivity of the gold standard Kato Katz smear technique. Antibody assays are valuable tools for evaluating efficacy of candidate vaccines, and sera from graded infection experiments are useful for evaluating diagnostic sensitivity of different targets. Lastly, the presence of Schistosomes can compromise the efficacy of vaccines to other infectious diseases and its elimination will benefit control programs of the other diseases. As the focus moves towards schistosomiasis elimination, it will be critical to integrate treatment, diagnostics, novel research tools such as sequencing, improved understanding of disease pathogenesis and utilization of experimental models to assist with evaluating performance of new approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ogongo
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ruth K Nyakundi
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gerald K Chege
- Primate Unit & Delft Animal Centre, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lucy Ochola
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Environmental Health, School of Behavioural and Lifestyle Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
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13
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Kraemer L, McKay DM, Russo RC, Fujiwara RT. Chemokines and chemokine receptors: insights from human disease and experimental models of helminthiasis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 66:38-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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14
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Pence B, Zhang Y, Antwi I, Cory TJ. Senescent macrophages alter fibroblast fibrogenesis in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 2022; 1:37-42. [PMID: 36534613 PMCID: PMC9726213 DOI: 10.1515/nipt-2022-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has, since its emergence in 2019, become a global pandemic. Disease outcomes are worsened in older patients who are infected. The causes for this is multifactorial, but one potential cause for this disparity is increased rates of cellular senescence in older individuals, particularly in immune cells. Cellular senescence, the accumulation of factors resulting in cell growth arrest and apoptosis resistance, increases as individuals age. In immune cells, senescence is associated with increased inflammation, and alterations in immune response. We utilized a co-culture system consisting of senescent or non-senescent macrophages directly cultured with fibroblasts, and infected with SARS-CoV-2. We assessed the expression of collagen and fibronectin, important molecules in the extracellular matrix, as well as a number of fibrogenic factors. We observed that infection with SARS-CoV-2 induced collagen production in co-cultures with senescent, but not non-senescent macrophages. Fibronectin expression was decreased in both co-culture conditions. While significant results were not observed, concentrations of other fibrogenic molecules were consistent with the collagen results. These data demonstrate that senescence in macrophages alters the production of fibrotic molecules from fibroblasts in a SARS-CoV-2 infection model. As collagen and fibronectin expression are generally directly correlated, this suggests that senescence dysregulates fibrogenesis in response to infection with SARS-CoV-2. There is a need to further investigate the mechanisms for these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandt Pence
- University of Memphis College of Health Sciences, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- University of Memphis College of Health Sciences, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ivy Antwi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Theodore James Cory
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, TN, USA
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15
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Sr R, Arya LK, Siva Ganesa Karthikeyan R, Sen S. Aqueous humor cytokines and cellular profiles in pediatric ocular granulomas caused by theTrematode Fluke Procerovum sp. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2021; 30:930-939. [PMID: 33792498 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2020.1855356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Children from coastal areas of South India develop granulomatous eye disease after swimming in their village ponds, the causative organism being trematode Procerovum.Aim: To understand the pathogenesis by analyzing the cellular profile, cytokines, and chemokines of aqueous fluid.Methods: This was a prospective study over 1 year on pediatric patients with ocular granuloma caused by a Trematode Fluke Procerovum sp. Granuloma was aspirated along with 100 µl volume of aqueous humor. Immunohistochemical analysis of granuloma was performed. Bio-Plex Pro™ Human Cytokine 17-plex Assay (M5000031YV) was used to measure cytokine and chemokines.Results: The immunohistochemistry revealed predominantly eosinophils, followed by macrophages (CD68+) and T - lymphocytes (CD4+). Both T-helper (Th) 1 and 2 mediated cytokines and chemokine levels were significantly high. As the disease duration increased, direct Th1 response reduced and was replaced by IL-12 and IL-17 mediated secondary Th1 response.Conclusion: Procerovum associated granulomatous disease is immunologically characterized by Th1 and Th2 cell-mediated responses. A balance between both arms maintains the eyes between granulomatous inflammation and healing by fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rathinam Sr
- Aravind Eye Hospital & PG Institute of Ophthalmology, Madurai, India
| | - Lalan Kumar Arya
- Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | | | - Sagnik Sen
- Aravind Eye Hospital & PG Institute of Ophthalmology, Madurai, India
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16
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Labuda LA, Adegnika AA, Rosa BA, Martin J, Ateba-Ngoa U, Amoah AS, Lima HM, Meurs L, Mbow M, Manurung MD, Zinsou JF, Smits HH, Kremsner PG, Mitreva M, Yazdanbakhsh M. A Praziquantel Treatment Study of Immune and Transcriptome Profiles in Schistosoma haematobium-Infected Gabonese Schoolchildren. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:2103-2113. [PMID: 31844885 PMCID: PMC7661769 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although Schistosoma haematobium infection has been reported to be associated with alterations in immune function, in particular immune hyporesponsiveness, there have been only few studies that have used the approach of removing infection by drug treatment to establish this and to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods Schistosoma haematobium-infected schoolchildren were studied before and after praziquantel treatment and compared with uninfected controls. Cellular responses were characterized by cytokine production and flow cytometry, and in a subset of children RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) transcriptome profiling was performed. Results Removal of S haematobium infection resulted in increased schistosome-specific cytokine responses that were negatively associated with CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T-cells and accompanied by increased frequency of effector memory T-cells. Innate responses to Toll like receptor (TLR) ligation decreased with treatment and showed positive association with CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T-cells. At the transcriptome level, schistosome infection was associated with enrichment in cell adhesion, whereas parasite removal was associated with a more quiescent profile. Further analysis indicated that alteration in cellular energy metabolism was associated with S haematobium infection and that the early growth response genes 2 and 3 (EGR 2 and EGR3), transcription factors that negatively regulate T-cell activation, may play a role in adaptive immune hyporesponsiveness. Conclusions Using a longitudinal study design, we found contrasting effects of schistosome infection on innate and adaptive immune responses. Whereas the innate immune system appears more activated, the adaptive immunity is in a hyporesponsive state reflected in alterations in CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T-cells, cellular metabolism, and transcription factors involved in anergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucja A Labuda
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ayola A Adegnika
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bruce A Rosa
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John Martin
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ulysse Ateba-Ngoa
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Abena Serwaa Amoah
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Honorine Mbenkep Lima
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lynn Meurs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Moustapha Mbow
- Service d'Immunologie du Département de Pharmacie, FMPO, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Fann- Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mikhael D Manurung
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeannot F Zinsou
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Hermelijn H Smits
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G Kremsner
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Maciel PS, Gonçalves R, Antonelli LRDV, Fonseca CT. Schistosoma mansoni Infection Is Impacted by Malnutrition. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:635843. [PMID: 33815321 PMCID: PMC8017134 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.635843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains one of the most important neglected tropical diseases in the world. It mainly affects developing countries, where it often coexists with malnutrition. Despite this, few studies have investigated the relationship between schistosomiasis and malnutrition. Herein, we evaluate the impact of malnutrition on experimental S. mansoni infection. Mice were divided into 5 groups: Control (Ctrl) diet (14% protein and 10% lipids), low-protein 3% (LP 3%), low-protein 8% (LP 8%), low-fat 2.5% (LF 2.5%), and low-fat 5% (LF 5%). Mice were fed with their respective diets and were infected when a difference of approximately 20% in the body weight between mice from any experimental group and mice from the control group was achieved. Nutritional, parasitological, and immunological parameters were assessed either just before infection and/or approximately 50 days later before mice were perfused. Our results showed that the 3% low-protein diet was the only one capable of establishing malnutrition in mice. Mice fed with this diet showed: (i) significant reduction in body weight and serum albumin levels before infection, (ii) decreased levels of all biochemical parameters evaluated before perfusion, (iii) decreased numbers of schistosome eggs trapped in intestines and impaired parasite fecundity, (iv) a delay in the granuloma development with a smaller granuloma area, and (v) reduced levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ in the liver. Our findings demonstrate that low protein supply leads to malnutrition in mice and impacts the cytokine milieu in the liver and granuloma formation. Additionally, the establishment of our murine malnutrition model will enable future studies aiming to better understand the complex relationships between nutrition, immune responses, and infection outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poliane Silva Maciel
- Laboratório de Biologia e Imunologia de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Biologia de Monócitos e Macrófagos, Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lis Ribeiro do Valle Antonelli
- Laboratório de Biologia e Imunologia de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cristina Toscano Fonseca
- Laboratório de Biologia e Imunologia de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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18
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Mawa PA, Kincaid-Smith J, Tukahebwa EM, Webster JP, Wilson S. Schistosomiasis Morbidity Hotspots: Roles of the Human Host, the Parasite and Their Interface in the Development of Severe Morbidity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:635869. [PMID: 33790908 PMCID: PMC8005546 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.635869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is the second most important human parasitic disease in terms of socioeconomic impact, causing great morbidity and mortality, predominantly across the African continent. For intestinal schistosomiasis, severe morbidity manifests as periportal fibrosis (PPF) in which large tracts of macro-fibrosis of the liver, visible by ultrasound, can occlude the main portal vein leading to portal hypertension (PHT), sequelae such as ascites and collateral vasculature, and ultimately fatalities. For urogenital schistosomiasis, severe morbidity manifests as pathology throughout the urinary system and genitals, and is a definitive cause of squamous cell bladder carcinoma. Preventative chemotherapy (PC) programmes, delivered through mass drug administration (MDA) of praziquantel (PZQ), have been at the forefront of schistosomiasis control programmes in sub-Saharan Africa since their commencement in Uganda in 2003. However, despite many successes, 'biological hotspots' (as distinct from 'operational hotspots') of both persistent high transmission and morbidity remain. In some areas, this failure to gain control of schistosomiasis has devastating consequences, with not only persistently high infection intensities, but both "subtle" and severe morbidity remaining prevalent. These hotspots highlight the requirement to revisit research into severe morbidity and its mechanisms, a topic that has been out of favor during times of PC implementation. Indeed, the focality and spatially-structured epidemiology of schistosomiasis, its transmission persistence and the morbidity induced, has long suggested that gene-environmental-interactions playing out at the host-parasite interface are crucial. Here we review evidence of potential unique parasite factors, host factors, and their gene-environmental interactions in terms of explaining differential morbidity profiles in the human host. We then take the situation of schistosomiasis mansoni within the Albertine region of Uganda as a case study in terms of elucidating the factors behind the severe morbidity observed and the avenues and directions for future research currently underway within a new research and clinical trial programme (FibroScHot).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice A. Mawa
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council-Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Immunology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Kincaid-Smith
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED), Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences (PPS), Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Herts, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joanne P. Webster
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED), Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences (PPS), Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Shona Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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19
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Santana JB, de Almeida TVVS, Lopes DM, Page B, Oliveira SC, Souza I, Ribeiro LEVS, Gutiérrez NAG, Carvalho EM, Cardoso LS. Phenotypic Characterization of CD4 + T Lymphocytes in Periportal Fibrosis Secondary to Schistosomiasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:605235. [PMID: 33692784 PMCID: PMC7937650 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.605235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that affects about 166 million people around the world. It is estimated that 5%-10% of individuals with schistosomiasis develop severe forms of the disease, which are characterized by pulmonary hypertension, ascites, periportal fibrosis, and other significant complications. The chronic phase of the disease is associated with a Th2 type immune response, but evidence also suggests there are roles for Th1 and Th17 in the development of severe disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the CD4+ T lymphocyte profile of patients with different degrees of periportal fibrosis secondary to schistosomiasis. These individuals had been treated for schistosomiasis, but since they live in a S. mansoni endemic area, they are at risk of reinfection. They were evaluated in relation to the degree of periportal fibrosis and classified into three groups: without fibrosis or with incipient fibrosis (WF/IFNE), n=12, possible periportal fibrosis/periportal fibrosis, n=13, and advanced periportal fibrosis/advanced periportal fibrosis with portal hypertension, n=4. We observed in the group without fibrosis a balance between the low expression of Th2 cytokines and high expression of T reg cells. As has already been described in the literature, we found an increase of the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in the group with periportal fibrosis. In addition, this group showed higher expression of IL-17 and IL-10 but lower IL-10/IL-13 ratio than patients in the WF/IFNE group. Cells from individuals who present any level of fibrosis expressed more TGF-β compared to the WF/IFNE group and a positive correlation with left lobe enlargement and portal vein wall thickness. There was a negative correlation between IL-17 and the thickness of the portal vein wall, but more studies are necessary in order to explore the possible protective role of this cytokine. Despite the fibrosis group having presented a higher expression of pro-fibrotic molecules compared to WF/IFNE patients, it seems there is a regulation through IL-10 and T reg cells that is able to maintain the low morbidity of this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana Batista Santana
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Diego Mota Lopes
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Brady Page
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sergio Costa Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT–DT/CNPq), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT–DT/CNPq), Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Luciana Santos Cardoso
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT–DT/CNPq), Salvador, Brazil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
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20
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Zhang L, Huang C, Fan S. Mangiferin and organ fibrosis: A mini review. Biofactors 2021; 47:59-68. [PMID: 33217771 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is the end stage of many chronic diseases, which results in organ function failure and high mortality. Mangiferin is a major constituent in mango and other 16 plants, and has been shown a variety of pharmacological effects, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-tumor, anti-inflammation. The emerging evidence has shown that mangiferin can improve renal interstitial fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, myocardial fibrosis and hepatic fibrosis through the inhibition of inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrogenesis effects, indicating that mangiferin is promising therapeutic choice for organ fibrosis. The aim of this review is to summarize the therapeutic effects of mangiferin on fibrosis of various organs and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengjie Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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21
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Albendazole-Schisandrin B Co-Therapy on Angiostrongylus cantonensis-Induced Meningoencephalitis in Mice. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071001. [PMID: 32635653 PMCID: PMC7407957 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, Angiostrongylus cantonensis infections are predominantly treated with albendazole. However, the use of albendazole can provoke certain neurological symptoms as a result of the immune response triggered by the dead worms. Therefore, treatment usually involves co-administration of corticosteroids to limit the inflammatory reaction. Corticosteroids play a useful role in suppressing inflammation in the brain; however, long-term usage or high dosage may make it problematic.Schisandrin B, an active ingredient from Schisandra chinensis, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects on the brain. This study aimed to investigate the effects and potential of schisandrin B in combination with albendazole to treat Angiostrongylus-induced meningoencephalitis. Here, we show that albendazole-schisandrin B co-treatment suppressed neuroinflammation in Angiostrongylus-infected mice and increased the survival of the mice. Accordingly, albendazole-schisandrin B co-treatment significantly inhibited inflammasome activation, pyroptosis, and apoptosis. The sensorimotor functions of the mice were also repaired after albendazole-schisandrin B treatment. Immune response was shown to shift from Th2 to Th1, which reduces inflammation and enhances immunity against A. cantonensis. Collectively, our study showed that albendazole-schisandrin B co-therapy may be used as an encouraging treatment for Angiostrongylus-induced meningoencephalitis.
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Gene expression in human liver fibrosis associated with Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2177-2187. [PMID: 32377911 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06700-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a dynamic process that occurs in response to chronic liver disease resulting from factors such as chronic infections, autoimmune reactions, allergic responses, toxins, radiation, and infectious agents. Among the infectious agents, multicellular parasites cause chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Twenty-five patients with different stages of cystic echinococcosis (CE) were enrolled in the study. The expression of ACTA2, COL3A1, IFN-γ, MMP2, MMP9, TGF-β1, and TNF-α genes was determined by qRT-PCR in healthy and fibrotic liver tissue of the CE patients. TGF-β1 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and histology was conducted to assess the development of liver fibrosis. Expression of MMP9, ACTA2, COL3A1, and MMP2 was found significantly higher in the fibrotic tissue compared to healthy tissue. We observed a significant correlation between TGF-β1 and TNF-α gene expressions and liver fibrosis. The mRNA level of IFN-γ was lower in the fibrotic than in the healthy hepatic tissue. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed TGF-β1 upregulation in the fibrotic tissue. Histology showed inflammation and fibrosis to be significantly higher in the fibrotic tissue. The findings of this study suggest that Echinococcus granulosussensu lato can promotes fibrosis through the overexpression of TGF-β1, MMP9, ACTA2, COL3A1, and MMP2. The downregulation of IFN-γ mRNA in fibrotic samples is probably due to the increased production of TGF-β1 and the suppression of potential anti-fibrotic role of IFN-γ during advanced liver injury caused by E. granulosussensu lato.
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23
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El-Waseef DAEDA. A highlight on CD4 + T-cells in the spleen in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis and possible therapeutic effect of omega-3. Histological and Immunofluorescence study. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 81:106283. [PMID: 32044655 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a primary chronic articular disease with wide range of extra-articular and systemic effects. The spleen is one of the most affected organs in RA. CD4+ T cells play an important role in initiation, maintenance and control of the disease. AIM OF THE WORK This work was designed to study the histological changes occurring in the spleen in a rat model of RA and to assess the effect of treatment with omega-3 alone, with special refer to the role of CD4+ T-cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty male albino rats were divided into four groups; control group, early and progressive RA groups and omega-3 treated group. RA was induced in rats of groups II, III and IV by a single subcutaneous injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Samples were taken after two and four weeks of the CFA injection (in early and progressive RA groups respectively). Treatment with omega-3 (300 mg/kg/day in a single, daily oral dose) started two weeks after CFA injection in rats of group IV and continued for another two weeks. Spleen specimens were collected at the appropriate times and processed to obtain paraffin blocks. Sections were then stained for histological and immunofluorescence studies. RESULTS Both, early and progressive RA induced noticeable structural changes in the spleen. Thickened capsule and trabeculae and marked congestion of the blood sinusoids of the red pulp were evident. Expansion of the white pulp and areas of mononuclear cellular infiltration were seen, especially in progressive RA. Affection of blood vessel walls was also noticed. Immunofluorescence study showed extensive expression of Anti-CD4 Monoclonal Antibodies especially in progressive RA. Treatment with omega-3 significantly improved the structure of the spleen as detected by both histological and immunofluorescence studies. CONCLUSION Omega-3 treatment ameliorated the structural damage of the spleen caused by experimental induction of RA.
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24
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Kamdem SD, Konhawa F, Kuemkon EM, Meyo Kamguia L, Tchanana GK, Nche F, Oumarou A, Hamza M, Ouratou Y, Tcheutchoua MN, Ghislain Essomba R, Ngogang MP, Kengne M, Netongo PM, Ondigui BE, Okomo Assoumou MC, Brombacher F, Nono JK. Negative Association of Interleukin-33 Plasma Levels and Schistosomiasis Infection in a Site of Polyparasitism in Rural Cameroon. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2827. [PMID: 31849991 PMCID: PMC6901687 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to investigate the association of plasma levels of IL-33, a mucosal alarmin known to elicit type-2 immunity, with infection and liver fibrosis profiles of school children from an endemic area for Schistosoma mansoni, malaria and hepatitis (B & C) in rural Cameroon. Methods: A cross-sectional study enrolling schoolchildren from 5 public schools was conducted. Single schistosomiasis, malaria and hepatitis infections or co-infections were assessed by kato katz, microscopy, and rapid diagnostic tests, respectively. Hepatic fibrosis was assessed by ultrasound according to WHO Niamey guidelines and plasma levels of Interleukin 33 were determined by ELISA. All statistics were performed using R studio software. Principal findings: We found a prevalence of 13.5% (37/275), 18.2% (50/275), and 8% (22/275), respectively for schistosomiasis, malaria and hepatitis (B or C) single infections. Only 7.6% (21/275) of co-infections were reported. Although Plasma IL-33 showed a minimal negative risk for schistosomiasis infection (AOR 0.99; 95% CI 0.97–1.01), S. mansoni infected participants had lower levels of plasma IL-33 (p = 0.003) which decreased significantly as eggs burdens increased (p = 0.01) with a negative Pearson coefficient of r = −0.22. Hepatic fibrosis occurred in 47.3% (130/275) of our study population independently from plasma levels of IL-33 (AOR 1.00; 95% CI 0.99–1.01). Conclusion/Significance: Our data failed to show an association between plasma IL-33 levels and liver disease but convincingly report on a negative association between plasma IL-33 levels and schistosomiasis infection and egg burden in school children from a polyparasitic schistosomiasis endemic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severin Donald Kamdem
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Cape Town Component, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa.,Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, South African Medical Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Francis Konhawa
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Erve Martial Kuemkon
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Leonel Meyo Kamguia
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Gladys K Tchanana
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,CIAB EXACT Medical Laboratory, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Frungwa Nche
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Yasmine Ouratou
- Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - René Ghislain Essomba
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Michel Kengne
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Palmer Masumbe Netongo
- Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Frank Brombacher
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Cape Town Component, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa.,Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, South African Medical Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Justin Komguep Nono
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Cape Town Component, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa.,Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, South African Medical Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa.,The Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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25
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Yegorov S, Joag V, Galiwango RM, Good SV, Okech B, Kaul R. Impact of Endemic Infections on HIV Susceptibility in Sub-Saharan Africa. TROPICAL DISEASES TRAVEL MEDICINE AND VACCINES 2019; 5:22. [PMID: 31798936 PMCID: PMC6884859 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-019-0097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a leading cause of global morbidity with the highest burden in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). For reasons that are incompletely understood, the likelihood of HIV transmission is several fold higher in SSA than in higher income countries, and most of these infections are acquired by young women. Residents of SSA are also exposed to a variety of endemic infections, such as malaria and various helminthiases that could influence mucosal and systemic immunology. Since these immune parameters are important determinants of HIV acquisition and progression, this review explores the possible effects of endemic infections on HIV susceptibility and summarizes current knowledge of the epidemiology and underlying immunological mechanisms by which endemic infections could impact HIV acquisition. A better understanding of the interaction between endemic infections and HIV may enhance HIV prevention programs in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Yegorov
- 1Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,2Department of Pedagogical Mathematics and Natural Science, Faculty of Education and Humanities, Suleyman Demirel University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Vineet Joag
- 3Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Ronald M Galiwango
- 1Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sara V Good
- 4Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON Canada.,5Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
| | | | - Rupert Kaul
- 1Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,7Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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26
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Tedla MG, Nahar MF, Hagen J, Every AL, Scheerlinck JPY. Recognition of Schistosoma mansoni egg-expressed ovalbumin by T cell receptor transgenic mice. Exp Parasitol 2019; 206:107767. [PMID: 31520603 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni eggs can influence immune responses directed at them, and the mechanisms by which this is achieved are being unravelled. Going towards, developing effective tools for the study of how S. mansoni influences naïve T cells, we have developed S. mansoni eggs expressing chicken ovalbumin (OVA), using a lentiviral transduction system. Indeed, such a parasite could be used in conjunction with cells from OT-II transgenic mice as a source of naïve, antigen-specific T cells. The expression of the transgenic protein was confirmed by real-time RT-PCR of OVA-specific mRNA and western blotting using polyclonal antibodies specific for OVA. T cells from OT-II transgenic mice expressing a T cell receptor specific for the OVA323-339 peptide recognised the OVA-transduced S. mansoni eggs. Using flow cytometry on CFSE-labelled OT-II splenocytes, we demonstrated that OVA-transduced eggs elicit higher OT-II proliferative responses than untransduced eggs. The OT-II T cells also produced TNF-α and IFN-γ following exposure to OVA-transduced eggs. In addition, moderate amounts of IL-6 and IL-17A were also detected. In contrast, no IL-10, IL-4 and IL-2 were detected in cultures, whether the cells were stimulated with transduced or untransduced eggs. Thus, the cytokine signatures showed the transfected eggs induced predominantly a Th1 response, with a small amount of IL-6 and IL-17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mebrahtu G Tedla
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Musammat F Nahar
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jana Hagen
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Alison L Every
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jean-Pierre Y Scheerlinck
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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Ma Y, Guo Y, Ye H, Huang K, Lv Z, Ke Y. Different effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles instillation in young and adult mice on DNA methylation related with lung inflammation and fibrosis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 176:1-10. [PMID: 30903973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wide use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) as white pigments induces unintentionally release in environment which increases concerns about their adverse health effects on respiratory system. So it is crucial to get a deep understanding of the disease process and molecular mechanism. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, have been found to play a role in the development of lung diseases by affecting expression of key genes. In addition, there could be potential different toxic effects of TiO2 NPs between young and adult. Thus, the comparative toxicity of TiO2 NPs in 5-week (young) and 10-week (adult) old NIH mice is investigated in this study following nasal inhalation of TiO2 NPs at dose of 20 mg/kg (body weight)/day for 30 days. Global DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in lung were measured. Promoter methylation of inflammatory genes (IFN-γ and TNF-α) and tissue fibrosis gene (Thy-1) were determined. Additional, RNA-sequencing runs were performed on the pulmonic libraries. We found the induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis were more severe in young mice. Decreased global methylation and hydroxymethylation were only found in the young group. The altered methylation in promoter of TNF-α and Thy-1 were found to play a role in the inflammatory response and fibration. RNA-sequencing showed that in pathways in cancer expression of 197 genes was up-regulated in the young mice more that in the adult mice. All these results suggested that the young ages are more sensitive to TiO2 NP exposure and the potential of abnormal DNA methylation might be used as biomarkers of both exposure and disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yinsheng Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hailing Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China; School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kaiqin Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China; School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ziquan Lv
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuebin Ke
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China.
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Smith C, McLachlan G, Al Shehri H, Adriko M, Arinaitwe M, Atuhaire A, Muheki Tukahebwa E, LaCourse EJ, Stanton M, Stothard JR, Bustinduy AL. Schistosoma mansoni Infection as a Predictor of Low Aerobic Capacity in Ugandan Children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 100:1498-1506. [PMID: 30994097 PMCID: PMC6553905 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the 20-meter shuttle run test (20mSRT) as a morbidity metric, we assessed whether Schistosoma mansoni infection was associated with decreased aerobic capacity in Ugandan children across a range of altitudes, either at low (∼600 m) or high (∼1,000 m) altitudes. A total of 305 children were recruited from six schools within the Buliisa District, Lake Albert, Uganda. A subset (n = 96) of these had been previously assessed and treated for schistosomiasis ± malaria 2 weeks prior. Fitness scores on the 20mSRT were translated into VO2max using a standardized equation. Unadjusted and multivariable-adjusted analyses were performed using VO2max as the primary outcome. Analysis of fitness scores from 304 children, inclusive of the subset follow-up cohort, revealed a median VO2max of 45.4 mL kg-1 min-1 (interquartile range: 42.9-48.0 mL kg-1 min-1). Children residing at high altitudes demonstrated increased aerobic capacities (46.3 versus 44.8 mL kg-1 min-1, P = 0.031). The prevalence of stunting, wasting, S. mansoni egg patent infection, malaria, giardiasis, anemia, and fecal occult blood were 36.7%, 16.1%, 44.3%, 65.2%, 21.4%, 50.6%, and 41.2%, respectively. Median VO2max was elevated in those previously treated, compared with those newly recruited (46.3 versus 44 mL kg-1 min-1, P < 0.001). Multivariable-adjusted analysis revealed a strong negative association between S. mansoni egg patent infection and VO2max at low altitude (beta coefficient: -3.96, 95% CI: -6.56 to -137, P = 0.004). This is the first study to document a negative association between S. mansoni infection and aerobic capacity at low altitudes using the 20mSRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Smith
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georgia McLachlan
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Hajri Al Shehri
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Moses Adriko
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses Arinaitwe
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Aaron Atuhaire
- Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - E. James LaCourse
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Stanton
- Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - J. Russell Stothard
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Amaya L. Bustinduy
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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29
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El-Kady AM, Ahmad AA, Hassan TM, El-Deek HEM, Fouad SS, Althagfan SS. Eugenol, a potential schistosomicidal agent with anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects against Schistosoma mansoni, induced liver pathology. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:709-719. [PMID: 30992676 PMCID: PMC6445185 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s196544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Schistosomiasis is one of the most prevalent parasitic infections in developing countries. Although chemotherapy is one of the main strategies in controlling the disease, it is less effective in reversal of schistosome-induced pathology especially in the chronic and advanced stages of schistosomiasis. New strategies and prospective therapeutic agents with antifibrotic effects are needed. Eugenol has a wide anti-inflammatory effect. In the present study, we investigated the possible antischistosomal effect of eugenol on Schistosoma mansoni. Materials and methods The murine model of S. mansoni was established in three groups of adult male Balb-c mice; group I (infected non-treated group) and groups II and III (infected groups) treated orally with eugenol and praziquantel (PZQ), respectively. The expression of the sensitive immunohistochemical marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in schistosome-infected tissues was determined. In addition, parasitological, biochemical, and histological parameters that reflect disease severity and morbidity were examined. Results Eugenol treatment showed significant reduction in total worm burden by 19.2%; however, the oogram pattern showed no marked difference compared to that of the PZQ group. Yet, eugenol significantly reduced the serum levels of hepatic enzymes: aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. Histopathological examination revealed a significant reduction in both numbers and diameters of hepatic granulomata, which was consistent with reduction in collagen fiber deposition. Additionally, the antifibrotic effect of eugenol was validated by its considerable reduction in the expression of the sensitive marker α-SMA in both eugenol- and PZQ-treated groups. Conclusion Although eugenol could not totally eradicate adults of S. mansoni, the significant amelioration of liver enzymes and hepatic fibrosis potentiate eugenol’s role as a promising antifibrotic and a complementary antischistosomal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa M El-Kady
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt,
| | | | - Tasneem M Hassan
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Heba E M El-Deek
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Samer S Fouad
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Sultan S Althagfan
- Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
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Arndts K, Elfaki TEM, Jelden N, Ritter M, Wiszniewsky A, Katawa G, Goreish IA, Atti El Mekki MEYA, Doenhoff MJ, Hoerauf A, Layland LE. Schistosoma mansoni PCR + -infected individuals in the Sudan present elevated systemic levels of chemokines when compared to uninfected and egg + cohorts. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 196:364-373. [PMID: 30724349 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with Schistosoma mansoni remain a major health problem in the Sudan where endemic communities, such as those in Kassala and Khartoum states, continue to face severe social-economic difficulties. Our previous immunoepidemiological findings revealed different immune [cytokine and S. mansoni egg (SEA) antibody] profiles in individuals with active infections (eggs in stool n = 110), individuals positive for S. mansoni via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using sera (SmPCR+ n = 63) and those uninfected (Sm uninf). As antibody responses to eggs and worms are known to change during infection, we have expanded the profiling further by determining levels of adult worm (SWA) antibodies and nine chemokines in the serum of each individual in the three different cohorts. With the exception of C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)2, all measured chemokines were significantly higher in SmPCR+ individuals when compared to the egg+ group and in addition they also presented elevated levels of SWA-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G2. Multivariable regression analysis further revealed that infection per se was strongly linked to SWA-specific IgG3 levels and CCL5 was strongly associated with a SmPCR+ diagnostic state. In the absence of PCR diagnostics that recognize juvenile worms or schistosomulae motives, identifying schistosome-specific traits should provide better insights into current prevalence rates in endemic communities and, in doing so, take into consideration PCR+ non-egg+ individuals in current treatment programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Arndts
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - T E M Elfaki
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - N Jelden
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Ritter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - A Wiszniewsky
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - G Katawa
- Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires (ESTBA)/Unité d'Immunologie, Université de Lomé, Lome, Togo
| | - I A Goreish
- Animal Resources Research Corporation, Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Rangelands, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - M E Y A Atti El Mekki
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - M J Doenhoff
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - A Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - L E Layland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
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Haplotypes of TNF α/ β Genes Associated with Sex-Specific Paranoid Schizophrenic Risk in Tunisian Population. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:3502564. [PMID: 30627222 PMCID: PMC6304811 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3502564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Several medical research findings have announced a strong association between the biology of cytokines and various brain activities. Since growing evidences suggest the crucial and complex role of the tumor necrosis factor in the CNS, we have hypothesized that functional genetic variants of the LTA and TNFA genes (LTA +252A/G (rs909253) and TNFA -857C/T (rs1799724) and TNFA -238G/A (rs361525)) may be involved in the predisposition to schizophrenia. This research is based on a case-control study. The RFLP-PCR genotyping was conducted on a Tunisian population composed of 208 patients and 208 controls. We found a strong significant overrepresentation of the minor alleles (G, T, and A, respectively) in all patients compared with controls (p = 0.003, OR = 1.55; p = 0.005, OR = 1.78; and p = 0.0001, OR = 1.74, respectively). This correlation was confirmed for male but not for female patients. Interestingly, the frequencies of the minor alleles were significantly more common among patients with paranoid schizophrenia when compared with controls (p = 0.003, OR = 1.75; p = 5 · 10-6, OR = 3.04; and p = 4 · 10-6, OR = 2.35, respectively). This potential association was confirmed by a logistic binary regression analysis only for the development of the paranoid form of schizophrenia (p = 0.001/OR = 2.6; p = 0.0002/OR = 3.2; and p = 0.0004/OR = 3.1, respectively) and remained not significant for the other subtypes. Moreover, our study showed an important association between GCA haplotype and the development of this pathological form (p = 10-4, OR = 3.71). In conclusion, our results proved a significant association between the three polymorphisms and paranoid schizophrenia, at least in the Tunisian population, suggesting a substantially increased risk for paranoid schizophrenia with dominant inheritance of these three minor alleles.
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Kamdem SD, Moyou-Somo R, Brombacher F, Nono JK. Host Regulators of Liver Fibrosis During Human Schistosomiasis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2781. [PMID: 30546364 PMCID: PMC6279936 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a wound-healing process purposely aimed at restoring organ integrity after severe injury caused by autoimmune reactions, mechanical stress or infections. The uncontrolled solicitation of this process is pathogenic and a pathognomonic feature of diseases like hepatosplenic schistosomiasis where exacerbated liver fibrosis is centrally positioned among the drivers of the disease morbidity and mortality. Intriguingly, however, liver fibrosis occurs and progresses dissimilarly in schistosomiasis-diseased individuals with the same egg burden and biosocial features including age, duration of residence in the endemic site and gender. This suggests that parasite-independent and currently poorly defined host intrinsic factors might play a defining role in the regulation of liver fibrosis, the hallmark of morbidity, during schistosomiasis. In this review, we therefore provide a comprehensive overview of all known host candidate regulators of liver fibrosis reported in the context of human schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severin Donald Kamdem
- Cape Town Component, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, South African Medical Research Center, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Roger Moyou-Somo
- The Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Cape Town Component, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, South African Medical Research Center, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Justin Komguep Nono
- Cape Town Component, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, South African Medical Research Center, Cape Town, South Africa
- The Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Rodrigues Oliveira JL, Teixeira MM, Lambertucci JR, Antunes CMF, Carneiro M, Negrão-Corrêa D. Plasma levels of innate immune mediators are associated with liver fibrosis in low parasite burden Schistosoma mansoni-infected individuals. Scand J Immunol 2018; 87. [PMID: 29363152 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In the murine model, it was demonstrated that pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are essential to the formation and modulation of Schistosoma-induced granulomatous inflammation. However, the relationship of these immune mediators and disease severity is hard to be established in naturally infected individuals. The current study evaluates the association between plasma concentrations of MIF, sTNF-R1, CCL3, CCL7 and CCL24 and schistosomiasis morbidity in Schistosoma mansoni-infected patients with a low parasite burden. For this propose, 97 S. mansoni-infected individuals were subjected to abdominal ultrasound analysis and clinical examination. Among them, 88 had plasma concentration of immune mediators estimated by ELISA assay. Multivariate linear regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between the plasma concentration of immune mediators and the variables investigated. Although most individuals presented low parasite burden, over 30% of them showed signs of fibrosis defined by ultrasound measurements and 2 patients had a severe form of schistosomiasis. No association between parasite burden and the plasma levels of chemokine/cytokines or disease severity was observed. There was a positive association between plasma concentration of CCL4, sTNF-R1, CCL3 and MIF with gall bladder thickness and/or with portal vein thickness that are liver fibrosis markers. In contrast, no association was found between CCL7 plasma concentrations with any of the schistosomiasis morbidity parameters evaluated. The data showed that CCL24, sTNFR1, MIF and CCL3 can be detected in plasma of S. mansoni-infected individuals and their concentration would be used as prognostic makers of Schistosoma-induced liver fibrosis, even in individuals with low parasite burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Rodrigues Oliveira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - M M Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - J R Lambertucci
- Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - C M F Antunes
- Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - M Carneiro
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - D Negrão-Corrêa
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Mutengo MM, Mduluza T, Kelly P, Mwansa JCL, Kwenda G, Musonda P, Chipeta J. Low IL-6, IL-10, and TNF- α and High IL-13 Cytokine Levels Are Associated with Severe Hepatic Fibrosis in Schistosoma mansoni Chronically Exposed Individuals. J Parasitol Res 2018; 2018:9754060. [PMID: 29610679 PMCID: PMC5828471 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9754060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have attributed the etiopathogenesis of chronic Schistosoma mansoni related hepatic fibrosis to unregulated immune responses against trapped parasite ova in the host. However, there is limited data on immune profiles associated with varying degrees of the disease in a population under chronic exposure to the parasite. We therefore investigated the role of selected T-helper (Th)1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines in relation to hepatic fibrosis severity among individuals resident in a hyper-Schistosoma mansoni endemic region of Western Zambia. Two hundred and forty-four S. mansoni infected individuals with and without fibrosis were analysed for cytokine profiles. Based on hepatic fibrosis stage as determined by ultrasound, participants were categorized into Group 0, Group I, Group II, and Group III. Cytokines were measured in S. mansoni egg stimulated whole blood culture supernatants using the BD Cytometric Bead Array kits. Compared to the nonfibrotic group, participants in the severe hepatic fibrotic group produced less interleukin- (IL-) 6, IL-10, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). On the other hand, IL-13 was significantly elevated in this group compared to the nonfibrotic group (p < 0.001). Our results suggest that low IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α and high IL-13 levels may influence S. mansoni disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mable M. Mutengo
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
- University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Takafira Mduluza
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Paul Kelly
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - James C. L. Mwansa
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
- University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Geoffrey Kwenda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Patrick Musonda
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - James Chipeta
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
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Nalugwa A, Nuwaha F, Tukahebwa EM, Olsen A. Schistosoma mansoni-Associated Morbidity among Preschool-Aged Children along the Shores of Lake Victoria in Uganda. Trop Med Infect Dis 2017; 2:E58. [PMID: 30270915 PMCID: PMC6082064 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed2040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni causes morbidity in human beings, with the highest prevalence in rural sub-Saharan Africa. Prolonged S. mansoni infection with egg deposition in intestinal blood vessels leads to liver and spleen enlargement, and thus chronic morbidity. The objective of this study was to assess whether preschool-aged children develop severe S. mansoni-related morbidity. Parasitological, clinical, and ultrasonographic examinations were carried out in 916 preschool-aged children in five schistosomiasis-endemic districts (Bugiri, Buikwe, Jinja, Mayuge, and Namayingo) along the Lake Victoria shoreline in east-central Uganda. Anaemia and anthropometry measurements were also taken. Using the Kato-Katz technique on one stool sample collected on three consecutive days, 74.9% (686/916) were found infected with S. mansoni; the majority were lightly infected (57.9%), while 22.7% and 19.4% were moderately and heavily infected, respectively. The overall geometric mean intensity (GMI) of infected children was 294.2 eggs per gram faeces. Mayuge and Jinja districts had the highest (51.2%) and lowest (2.2%) number of infected children, respectively. Hookworm infection was found in 7.8% (71/916) of the children. Both liver and spleen were significantly more enlarged in the infected children than in the uninfected children (p < 0.0005), as measured by ultrasonography. Physical palpation of the spleen was more often detected in the uninfected children. A significantly (p < 0.0005) higher proportion of S. mansoni-positive children were anaemic (359/686; 52.3%) compared to the children who had no eggs in their stool samples (81/230; 35.2%). Schistosoma mansoni infection did not have any severe effect on the nutrition status of preschool-aged children. Neither infected nor uninfected children were found to be underweight or stunted. Liver fibrosis with distinct Symmer's 'pipe stems' was found in a few heavily-infected children (0.3%). In a linear multivariable regression analysis, age of the child, anaemia, liver fibrosis, and size of the left liver lobe were associated with S. mansoni intensity of infection (adjusted R² = 0.11; p < 0.0005). Our results demonstrate that S. mansoni-related morbidity does develop in children less than six years of age, and that older children (37⁻60 months) are at higher risk (regression coefficient 0.33; p <0.0005) compared to younger ones (12⁻36 months). We recommend that preschool-aged children be included in the target population for schistosomiasis mass treatment so as to prevent the childhood chronic form of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Nalugwa
- Child Health and Development Centre, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 6717 Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Fred Nuwaha
- Disease Control and Prevention, School of Public Health, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062 Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Edridah Muheki Tukahebwa
- Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 1661 Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Annette Olsen
- Parasitology and Aquatic Pathobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Silva PCV, Gomes AV, de Britto LRPB, de Lima ELS, da Silva JL, Montenegro SML, Muniz MTC, Domingues ALC. Influence of a TNF-α Polymorphism on the Severity of Schistosomiasis Periportal Fibrosis in the Northeast of Brazil. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2017; 21:658-662. [PMID: 29087736 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2017.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is an essential component in the host immune response to infection, and it has been reported to be an important mediator in severe periportal fibrosis (PPF). We hypothesized that the (-G308A) polymorphism of the TNF-α gene is associated with the severity of PPF and that these polymorphisms influence TNF-α expression. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we genotyped these polymorphisms within the TNF-α gene in 256 Brazilian subjects infected with Schistosoma mansoni, with different patterns of PPF. RESULTS The genotype (-308) AA was associated with a significant increase in the risk to advanced PPF (OR = 4.60; p = 0.009). In addition, median levels of TNF-α were higher in patients with moderate to advanced PPF, compared with mild fibrosis (20 and 17.3 pg/mL, respectively; p = 0.040). There was no association between average serum levels of TNF-α and (-G308A) TNF-α polymorphism. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest the (-308) AA genotype may be a risk factor for severity in advanced PPF, in this Brazilian population, and could potentially be used to predict the severity of advanced PPF in schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Carolina Valença Silva
- 1 Departamento de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE) , Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil .,2 Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Oncohematologia Pediátrica, Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz , Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Adriana Vieira Gomes
- 2 Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Oncohematologia Pediátrica, Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz , Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil .,3 Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE) , Recife, Brazil
| | - Lidiane Régia Pereira Braga de Britto
- 2 Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Oncohematologia Pediátrica, Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz , Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil .,4 Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE) , Petrolina, Brazil
| | - Elker Lene Santos de Lima
- 2 Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Oncohematologia Pediátrica, Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz , Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jamile Luciana da Silva
- 1 Departamento de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE) , Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Tereza Cartaxo Muniz
- 2 Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Oncohematologia Pediátrica, Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz , Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil .,3 Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE) , Recife, Brazil
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Jemli A, Inoubli O, Trifa F, Mechri A, Zaafrane F, Gaha L, Jrad BBH. IFNGR2 genetic polymorphism associated with sex-specific paranoid schizophrenia risk. Nord J Psychiatry 2017; 71:42-47. [PMID: 27563937 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2016.1216595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering current scientific evidence about the significant role of chronic low grade inflammation in the physiopathology of schizophrenia, it has been hypothesized that changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon gamma may have a significant role in the predisposition to schizophrenia. AIM This study focuses on identifying whether the functional polymorphism of interferon gamma receptor 2 (IFNGR2) is a risk factor for the development of schizophrenia. METHODS This study was conducted by the RFLP-PCR on a Tunisian population composed of 225 patients with different sub-types of schizophrenia and 166 controls. RESULTS The IFNGR2 (Q64R) polymorphism analysis showed higher frequencies of minor homozygous genotype (RR) and allele (R) in all patients compared to controls (21.8% vs 10.2%; p = .006, OR = 2.54) and (44% vs 34.9%; p = .01; OR = 1.46), respectively. This correlation was confirmed only for males. This study also noted a significant increase of the mutated homozygous (RR) genotype and (R) allele frequencies of IFNGR2 in paranoid schizophrenics compared to controls (31.4% vs 10.2%; p = .001; OR = 3.34 and 47.2% vs 34.9%; p = .009; OR = 1.66, respectively). This increase remains significant after using binary logistic regression to eliminate confounding factors such as age and sex. Additionally, carriers of RR genotype have significant lower scores on the Scale of Assessment of Positive (SAPS) and negative (SANS) symptoms comparatively to the carrier of the QQ + QR genotypes, suggesting that the R recessive allele carriers could have milder symptoms. CONCLUSION The IFNGR2Q64R polymorphism is correlated with male sex and paranoid schizophrenia. It is suggested that a chronic neuroinflammation may predispose to the paranoid schizophrenia development in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achraf Jemli
- a Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bio-Resources , Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Oumaima Inoubli
- a Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bio-Resources , Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Fatma Trifa
- b Department of Biostatistics , Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia.,c Laboratory of Biomass Valorization and Production of Eucaryotic Proteins , Center of Biotechnology of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Anouar Mechri
- d Laboratory of Psychiatry and Vulnerability to Psychoses - CHU Fatouma Bourguiba Monastir , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Ferid Zaafrane
- d Laboratory of Psychiatry and Vulnerability to Psychoses - CHU Fatouma Bourguiba Monastir , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Lotfi Gaha
- d Laboratory of Psychiatry and Vulnerability to Psychoses - CHU Fatouma Bourguiba Monastir , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Besma Bel Hadj Jrad
- a Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bio-Resources , Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
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38
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Jemli A, Eshili A, Trifa F, Mechri A, Zaafrane F, Gaha L, Juckel G, Tensaout BBHJ. Association of the IFN-γ (+874A/T) Genetic Polymorphism with Paranoid Schizophrenia in Tunisian Population. Immunol Invest 2016; 46:159-171. [PMID: 27819519 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2016.1237523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Since growing evidence suggests a significant role of chronic low-grade inflammation in the physiopathology of schizophrenia, we have hypothesized that functional genetic variant of the IFN gamma (IFN-γ; +874A/T; rs2430561) gene may be involved in the predisposition to schizophrenia. This research is based on a case-control study which aims to identify whether polymorphism of the IFN-γ gene is a risk factor for the development of schizophrenia. The RFLP-PCR genotyping of the IFN-γ gene was conducted on a Tunisian population composed of 218 patients and 162 controls. The IFN-γ (+874A/T) polymorphism analysis showed higher frequencies of minor homozygous genotype (TT) and allele (T) in all patients compared with controls (11.5 vs. 4.9%; p = 0.03, OR = 2.64 and 30.7 vs. 24.1%, p = 0.04, OR = 1.4, respectively). This correlation was confirmed for male but not for female patients. Also, the T allele was significantly more common among patients with paranoid schizophrenia when compared with controls (25.8 vs. 4.9%, p = 0.0001; OR = 6.7). Using the binary regression analysis to eliminate confounding factors as age and sex, only this last association remained significant (p = 0.03; OR = 1.76, CI = 1.05-2.93). In conclusion, our results showed a significant association between +874A/T polymorphism of IFN-γ and paranoid schizophrenia, suggesting that this single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) or another at proximity could predispose to paranoid schizophrenia. Since the minor allele of this polymorphism was correlated with an increased expression of their product, our study validates the hypothesis of excessive pro-inflammatory cytokine in the physiopathology of paranoid schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achraf Jemli
- a Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Bioresource Valorization, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Awatef Eshili
- a Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Bioresource Valorization, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Fatma Trifa
- b Department of Biostatistics , Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia.,c Laboratory of Biomass Valorization and Production of Eucaryotic Proteins, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Anouar Mechri
- d Department of Psychiatry and Vulnerability to Psychoses Laboratory - CHU Monastir , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Ferid Zaafrane
- d Department of Psychiatry and Vulnerability to Psychoses Laboratory - CHU Monastir , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Lotfi Gaha
- d Department of Psychiatry and Vulnerability to Psychoses Laboratory - CHU Monastir , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - George Juckel
- e Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Ruhr University, Bochum LWL University Hospital Bochum , Bochum , Germany
| | - Besma Bel Hadj Jrad Tensaout
- a Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Bioresource Valorization, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
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Elbakry KA, Abdelaziz MM. Myrrh and artesunate modulate some Th1 and Th2 cytokines secretion in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice. Cent Eur J Immunol 2016; 41:138-42. [PMID: 27536198 PMCID: PMC4967647 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2016.60986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of artesunate and myrrh on S. mansoni infection and the levels of some Th1 and Th2 cytokines were evaluated in the present study. Six weeks after infection, a group of mice was treated with 4 mg/kg of artesunate and other group was treated with 10 mg/kg of myrrh for 3 successive days. Worm burden was reduced with a percentage of 53.7% and 58.78% after treatment with myrrh and artesunate respectively as well as the levels of IgG antibodies were significantly reduced compared with infected group. No obvious changes were observed in the level of interferon γ after treatment. After treatment with artesunate, interleukin 2 (IL-2) level was significantly decreased, while no significant difference was observed in myrrh-treated group compared with the infected group. On the other hand, the level of IL-10 was not significantly decreased after treatment with artesunate, but it was significantly increased after treatment with myrrh. However, IL-12 levels were significantly decreased after treatment with artesunate. The results demonstrated that, artesunate or myrrh treatment could give a level of protection against S. mansoni infection and modulate the levels of some Th1 and Th2 cytokines in mice infected with S. mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadry A. Elbakry
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
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Ramalingam TR, Gieseck RL, Acciani TH, M Hart K, Cheever AW, Mentink-Kane MM, Vannella KM, Wynn TA. Enhanced protection from fibrosis and inflammation in the combined absence of IL-13 and IFN-γ. J Pathol 2016; 239:344-54. [PMID: 27125685 DOI: 10.1002/path.4733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Persistent or dysregulated IL-13 responses are key drivers of fibrosis in multiple organ systems, and this identifies this cytokine as an important therapeutic target. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which IL-13 blockade leads to the amelioration of fibrosis remain unclear. Because IFN-γ exhibits potent anti-fibrotic activity, and IL-4Rα signalling antagonizes IFN-γ effector function, compensatory increases in IFN-γ activity following IL-13/IL-4Rα blockade might contribute to the reduction in fibrosis. To investigate the role of IFN-γ, we developed novel IL-13(-/-) /IFN-γ(-/-) double cytokine-deficient mice and examined disease progression in models of type 2-driven fibrosis. As predicted, we showed that fibrosis in the lung and liver are both highly dependent on IL-13. We also observed increased IFN-γ production and inflammatory activity in the tissues of IL-13-deficient mice. Surprisingly, however, an even greater reduction in fibrosis was observed in IL-13/IFN-γ double deficient mice, most notably in the livers of mice chronically infected with Schistosoma mansoni. The increased protection was associated with marked decreases in Tgfb1, Mmp12, and Timp1 mRNA expression in the tissues; reduced inflammation; and decreased expression of important pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α. Experiments conducted with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to IL-13 and IFN-γ validated the findings with the genetically deficient mice. Together, these studies demonstrate that the reduction in fibrosis observed when IL-13 signalling is suppressed is not dependent on increased IFN-γ activity. Instead, by reducing compensatory increases in type 1-associated inflammation, therapeutic strategies that block IFN-γ and IL-13 activity simultaneously can confer greater protection from progressive fibrosis than IL-13 blockade alone. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirumalai R Ramalingam
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard L Gieseck
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas H Acciani
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin M Hart
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Allen W Cheever
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Kevin M Vannella
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas A Wynn
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Russell SB, Smith JC, Huang M, Trupin JS, Williams SM. Pleiotropic Effects of Immune Responses Explain Variation in the Prevalence of Fibroproliferative Diseases. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005568. [PMID: 26540410 PMCID: PMC4634921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many diseases are differentially distributed among human populations. Differential selection on genetic variants in ancestral environments that coincidentally predispose to disease can be an underlying cause of these unequal prevalence patterns. Selected genes may be pleiotropic, affecting multiple phenotypes and resulting in more than one disease or trait. Patterns of pleiotropy may be helpful in understanding the underlying causes of an array of conditions in a population. For example, several fibroproliferative diseases are more prevalent and severe in populations of sub-Saharan ancestry. We propose that this disparity is due to selection for an enhanced Th2 response that confers resistance to helminthic infections, and concurrently increases susceptibility to fibrosis due to the profibrotic action of Th2 cytokines. Many studies on selection of Th2-related genes for host resistance to helminths have been reported, but the pleiotropic impact of this selection on the distribution of fibrotic disorders has not been explicitly investigated. We discuss the disproportionate occurrence of fibroproliferative diseases in individuals of African ancestry and provide evidence that adaptation of the immune system has shaped the genetic structure of these human populations in ways that alter the distribution of multiple fibroproliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley B. Russell
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SBR); , (SMW)
| | - Joan C. Smith
- Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Minjun Huang
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Joel S. Trupin
- Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Williams
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SBR); , (SMW)
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Oliveira JB, Silva PCV, Vasconcelos LM, Gomes AV, Coêlho MRCD, Cahu GGOM, Muniz MTC, Domingues ALC. Influence of Polymorphism (-G308A) TNF-α on the Periportal Fibrosis Regression of Schistosomiasis After Specific Treatment. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2015; 19:598-603. [PMID: 26406299 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2015.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a proinflammatory cytokine and important mediator of severity for periportal fibrosis (PPF). We hypothesized that the (-G380A) polymorphism in the TNF-α gene is associated with regression of PPF after treatment for schistosomiasis mansoni. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study, involving 124 Brazilian patients infected with Schistosoma mansoni, who were followed for 2 years after treatment to estimate the likelihood of PPF regression. Sociodemographic and clinical factors were also identified, with emphasis on specific treatment. RESULTS No statistical difference was observed between sociodemographic and clinical factors among the exposed groups. Genotypes (-308) GA/AA were positively associated with the degree of PFF regression (relative risk [RR] = 0.52; ρ = 0.025), as well as in the image pattern of PPF (RR = 0.56; ρ = 0.048), when compared with the genotype (-308) GG. There was no statistical difference in TNF-α serum levels between the exposed groups. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the (-G308A) polymorphism of the TNF-α gene may be one of the factors that prevents the regression of the degree and pattern of PPF in the Brazilian population, and thus it may potentially be a predictive factor of PPF intensity in schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana B Oliveira
- 1 Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clínicas , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Paula C V Silva
- 2 Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil .,3 Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Oncohematologia Pediátrica, Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz , Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Leticia M Vasconcelos
- 2 Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Adriana V Gomes
- 3 Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Oncohematologia Pediátrica, Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz , Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil .,4 Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Pernambuco , Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Maria Rosãngela C D Coêlho
- 5 Setor de Virologia do Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo-Asami (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil .,6 Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Georgea G O M Cahu
- 5 Setor de Virologia do Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo-Asami (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Maria Tereza Cartaxo Muniz
- 3 Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Oncohematologia Pediátrica, Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz , Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil .,4 Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Pernambuco , Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil .,7 Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Pernambuco , Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia C Domingues
- 8 Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Brown TA, Lee JW, Holian A, Porter V, Fredriksen H, Kim M, Cho YH. Alterations in DNA methylation corresponding with lung inflammation and as a biomarker for disease development after MWCNT exposure. Nanotoxicology 2015; 10:453-61. [PMID: 26375518 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2015.1078852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Use of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) is growing which increases occupational exposures to these materials. Their toxic potential makes it important to have an in-depth understanding of the inflammation and disease that develops due to exposure. Epigenetics is one area of interest that has been quickly developing to assess disease processes due to its ability to change gene expression and thus the lung environment after exposure. In this study, promoter methylation of inflammatory genes (IFN-γ and TNF-α) was measured after MWCNT exposure using the pyrosequencing assay and found to correlate with initial cytokine production. In addition, methylation of a gene involved in tissue fibrosis (Thy-1) was also altered in a way that matched collagen deposition. In addition to using epigenetics to better understand disease processes, it has also been used as a biomarker of exposure and disease. In this study, global methylation was determined in the lung to ascertain whether MWCNT alter global methylation at the site of exposure and if those alterations coincide with disease development. Then, global methylation levels were determined in the blood to ascertain whether global methylation could be used as a biomarker of exposure in a more easily accessible tissue. Using the LuUminometric Methylation Assay (LUMA) and 5-Methylcytosine (5-mC) Quantification assay, we found that MWCNT lead to DNA hypomethylation in the lung and blood, which coincided with disease development. This study provides initial data showing that alterations in gene-specific methylation correspond with an inflammatory response to MWCNT exposure. In addition, global DNA methylation in the lung and blood coincides with MWCNT-induced disease development, suggesting its potential as a biomarker of both exposure and disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci A Brown
- a Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula , MT , USA and
| | - Joong Won Lee
- a Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula , MT , USA and
| | - Andrij Holian
- a Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula , MT , USA and
| | - Virginia Porter
- a Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula , MT , USA and
| | - Harley Fredriksen
- b College of Letters and Science, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point , Stevens Point , WI , USA
| | - Minju Kim
- a Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula , MT , USA and
| | - Yoon Hee Cho
- a Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula , MT , USA and
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Bustinduy AL, Sutherland LJ, Chang-Cojulun A, Malhotra I, DuVall AS, Fairley JK, Mungai PL, Muchiri EM, Mutuku FM, Kitron U, King CH. Age-Stratified Profiles of Serum IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α Cytokines Among Kenyan Children with Schistosoma haematobium, Plasmodium falciparum, and Other Chronic Parasitic Co-Infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 92:945-51. [PMID: 25758654 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In a study of children having polyparasitic infections in a Schistosoma haematobium-endemic area, we examined the hypothesis that S. haematobium-positive children, compared with S. haematobium-negative children (anti-soluble worm antigen preparation [SWAP] negative and egg negative) have increased systemic production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) and decreased down-regulatory IL-10. A total of 804 children, 2-19 years of age, were surveyed between July and December 2009 and tested for S. haematobium, Plasmodium falciparum, filariasis, and soil-transmitted helminth infections. Plasma levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 were compared for S. haematobium-positive and S. haematobium-negative children, adjusting for malaria, filaria, and hookworm co-infections, and for nutritional status, age group, sex, and geographic location. IL-10 was significantly elevated among children infected with S. haematobium, showing bimodal peaks in 7-8 and 13-14 years age groups. IL-10 was also higher among children who were acutely malnourished, whereas IL-10 levels were lower in the presence of S. haematobium-filaria co-infection. After adjustment for co-factors, IL-6 was significantly elevated among children of 5-6 years and among those with P. falciparum infection. Lower levels of IL-6 were found in malaria-hookworm co-infection. High levels of TNF-α were found in children aged 11-12 years regardless of infection status. In addition, village of residence was a strong predictor of IL-6 and IL-10 plasma levels. In adolescent children infected with S. haematobium, there is an associated elevation in circulating IL-10 that may reduce the risk of later morbidity. Although we did not find a direct link between S. haematobium infection and circulating pro-inflammatory IL-6 and TNF-α levels, future T-cell stimulation studies may provide more conclusive linkages between infection and cytokine responses in settings that are endemic for multiple parasites and multiple co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya L Bustinduy
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Institute of Immunity and Infection, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Laura J Sutherland
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Institute of Immunity and Infection, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alicia Chang-Cojulun
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Institute of Immunity and Infection, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Indu Malhotra
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Institute of Immunity and Infection, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Adam S DuVall
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Institute of Immunity and Infection, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jessica K Fairley
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Institute of Immunity and Infection, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Peter L Mungai
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Institute of Immunity and Infection, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Eric M Muchiri
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Institute of Immunity and Infection, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Francis M Mutuku
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Institute of Immunity and Infection, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Uriel Kitron
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Institute of Immunity and Infection, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Charles H King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Institute of Immunity and Infection, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Zhu D, Song K, Chen J, Wang J, Sun X, Qian H, Gu X, Zhang L, Qin Y, Duan Y. Expression of Septin4 in Schistosoma japonicum-infected mouse livers after praziquantel treatment. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:19. [PMID: 25582427 PMCID: PMC4298944 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0640-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Septin4 (SEPT4) exists widely in human tissues and is related to mechanical stability, actin dynamics, membrane trafficking, viral replication and apoptosis. Data from many studies have suggested that SEPT4 plays a significant role in liver fibrosis. SEPT4 is down-regulated in the model of CCl4 and BDL treated liver fibrosis. However, it is up-regulated and peaked at 12 weeks post-infection (p.i.), and then decreased subsequently in Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) egg-induced liver fibrosis. The aim of this study was to observe the dynamic alteration of SEPT4 after the treatment of praziquantel (PZQ) in ICR mice infected with S. japonicum. Methods Expression of SEPT4 was determined by western blot, immunofluorescence and qRT-PCR. And pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α were detected by qRT-PCR. The number of eggs, the diameter of egg granulomas and fibrosis-associated genes were also measured. Results Our results showed that the granulomatous inflammation was reduced, whereafter the expression of SEPT4 on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) was decreased after PZQ anti-schistosome therapy. And the variation tendency of SEPT4 had positive correlation with the inflammatory response in the area of S. japonicum egg granulomas. Conclusions Based on these findings, the inhibition of the expression of the SEPT4 by PZQ might be due to alleviation of the inflammatory response at the chronic and advanced stage of S. japonicum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ke Song
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinling Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Laboratory Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaolei Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongyan Qian
- Cancer Research Center, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xijuan Gu
- Nantong University Xinglin College, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lingbo Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongwei Qin
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yinong Duan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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El-Sayed NM, Fathy GM, Abdel-Rahman SAR, El-Shafei MAA. Cytokine patterns in experimental schistosomiasis mansoni infected mice treated with silymarin. J Parasit Dis 2014; 40:922-9. [PMID: 27605811 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0606-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine cytokine patterns in experimental schistosomiasis mansoni infected mice treated with silymarin. The study was conducted upon 100 mice that were divided into five groups; 20 each: uninfected control group, Schistosoma mansoni infected untreated mice (infected control), infected mice treated with praziquantel (PZQ), infected mice treated with silymarin and infected mice treated with both praziquantel and silymarin. 10 mice from each group were sacrificed at 10th and 18th weeks post infection respectively. Histopathological investigations were performed. Liver sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome stain to evaluate changes of granuloma sizes and numbers. Serum levels of the cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4 and TGF-β1) were assessed in the sera of all groups by immunoassay. The measured levels of cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-4, TNF-α, TGF-β1) were found to be significantly increased in infected mice compared to normal control. At the same time, treated groups with silymarin alone or combined with PZQ showed significant decrease in IL-4, TNF-α and TGF-β1 levels compared to infected control. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in IFN-γ level observed in all treated groups compared to infected control. In addition, the histopathological examination of the liver in the group treated with PZQ showed a reduction in the number of livers eggs granuloma at all periods of sacrification compared with the infected untreated group. However, there was more decrease in granulomas diameter in both silymarin treated group or combined with PZQ at all periods of sacrification when compared to infected untreated group. In conclusion; treatment with silymarin combined with PZQ in murine schistosomiasis could reduce hepatic fibrosis by their action on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa Mostafa El-Sayed
- Parasitology Department, Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Ministry of Scientific Research & Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ghada Mahmoud Fathy
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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The WHO ultrasonography protocol for assessing hepatic morbidity due to Schistosoma mansoni. Acceptance and evolution over 12 years. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:3915-25. [PMID: 25260691 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to review the worldwide acceptance of the World Health Organization (WHO) ultrasound protocol for assessing hepatosplenic morbidity due to Schistosoma mansoni since its publication in 2000. A PubMed literature research using the keywords "schistosomiasis and ultrasound," "schistosomiasis and ultrasonography," and "S. mansoni and ultrasound" from 2001 to 2012 was performed. Case reports, reviews, reports on abnormalities due to parasites other than S. mansoni, organ involvement other than the human liver, and reports where ultrasound method was not described were excluded. Six studies were retrieved from other Brazilian sources. Sixty studies on 37,424 patients from 15 countries were analyzed. The WHO protocol was applied with increasing frequency from 43.75% in the years 2001 to 2004 to 84.61% in 2009 to 2012. Results obtained using the pictorial image pattern approach of the protocol are reported in 38/41 studies, whereas measurements of portal branch walls were applied in 19/41 and results reported in 2/41 studies only. The practical usefulness of the pictorial approach of the WHO protocol is confirmed by its wide acceptance. This approach alone proved satisfactory in terms of reproducibility, assessment of evolution of pathology, and comparability between different settings. The measurements of portal branches, also part of the protocol, may be omitted without losing relevant information since results obtained by these measurements are nonspecific. This would save resources by reducing the time required for each examination. It is also more feasible for examiners who are not specialized in medical imaging. As with all protocols, incipient liver fibrosis is difficult to distinguish from normal ultrasound findings of the liver. The ability of this protocol to predict complications in severe cases should be further evaluated in a higher number of patients.
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Ashour DS, Shohieb ZS, Sarhan NI. Upregulation of Toll-like receptor 2 and nuclear factor-kappa B expression in experimental colonic schistosomiasis. J Adv Res 2014; 6:877-84. [PMID: 26644925 PMCID: PMC4642167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Role of different mediators was described in the development of the granulomatous response and fibrosis observed in intestinal schistosomiasis. However, both Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) have not yet been investigated in intestinal schistosomiasis. This study aimed to characterize the role of TLR2 and NF-κB in the pathogenesis of intestinal schistosomiasis. Experimental animals were divided into two groups; group I: non-infected control group and group II: mice infected subcutaneously with S. mansoni cercariae. Colon samples were taken from infected mice, every two weeks, starting from the 6th week postinfection (PI) till 18th week PI. Samples were subjected to histopathological and immunohistochemical studies. Colon of S. mansoni infected mice showed histopathological changes in the form of mucosal degeneration, transmural mononuclear cellular infiltration and granulomas formation. Immunostained sections revealed significant increase in TLR2 and NF-κB positive cells in all layers of the colon, cells of the granuloma and those of the lymphoid follicles 10 weeks PI. All these changes decreased gradually starting from 12 weeks PI onward to be localized focally at 18 weeks PI. In conclusion, recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells to the colonic mucosa in intestinal schistosomiasis are multifactorial events involving TLR2 that can trigger the NF-κB pathways. Hence, down-regulation of both TLR2 and NF-κB could be exploited in the treatment of colonic schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia S Ashour
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Zeinab S Shohieb
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Naglaa I Sarhan
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
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Chen QR, Guan F, Song SM, Jin JK, Lei DS, Chen CM, Lei JH, Chen ZW, Niu AO. Allograft inflammatory factor-1 alleviates liver disease of BALB/c mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:2629-39. [PMID: 24816816 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3915-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) plays an important role in various inflammatory conditions. Our previous study demonstrated that AIF-1 was over-expressed in the liver of BALB/c mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum and played significant role in the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis. The aim of this study was to focus on the effect of AIF-1 treatment on liver fibrosis and necrosis of BALB/c mice infected with S. japonicum. Seventy-two BALB/c mice were infected with cercariae of S. japonicum and then divided into three groups: AIF-1-treated group, saline-treated group, and control group. The vital signs, liver function, egg load, and hepatic pathological changes of the mice were assessed, and the levels of AIF-1 and TNF-α in the liver and spleen were measured at 5, 8, and 14 weeks postinfection. The treatment of AIF-1 on the mice infected with S. japonicum suppressed the expression of TNF-α and increased the effectiveness of AIF-1 in the liver and spleen at 14 weeks postinfection. Histopathological analysis and Masson trichrome staining for the liver tissues showed that the liver fibrosis and necrosis were alleviated previously compared with other infected mice at 14 weeks postinfection. The treatment of AIF-1 on the mice infected with S. japonicum can alleviate hepatic fibrosis and necrosis which indicate that AIF-1 use may prevent and cure the liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong-Rong Chen
- Department of Pathology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, China
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A new mouse model for female genital schistosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2825. [PMID: 24786606 PMCID: PMC4006711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 112 million people worldwide are infected with Schistosoma haematobium, one of the most prevalent schistosome species affecting humans. Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) occurs when S. haematobium eggs are deposited into the female reproductive tract by adult worms, which can lead to pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding, genital disfigurement and infertility. Recent evidence suggests co-infection with S. haematobium increases the risks of contracting sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV. The associated mechanisms remain unclear due to the lack of a tractable animal model. We sought to create a mouse model conducive to the study of immune modulation and genitourinary changes that occur with FGS. METHODS To model FGS in mice, we injected S. haematobium eggs into the posterior vaginal walls of 30 female BALB/c mice. A control group of 20 female BALB/c mice were injected with uninfected LVG hamster tissue extract. Histology, flow cytometry and serum cytokine levels were assessed at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks post egg injection. Voiding studies were performed at 1 week post egg injection. RESULTS Vaginal wall injection with S. haematobium eggs resulted in synchronous vaginal granuloma development within 2 weeks post-egg injection that persisted for at least 6 additional weeks. Flow cytometric analysis of vaginal granulomata revealed infiltration by CD4+ T cells with variable expression of the HIV co-receptors CXCR4 and CCR5. Granulomata also contained CD11b+F4/80+ cells (macrophages and eosinophils) as well as CXCR4+MerTK+ macrophages. Strikingly, vaginal wall-injected mice featured significant urinary frequency despite the posterior vagina being anatomically distant from the bladder. This may represent a previously unrecognized overactive bladder response to deposition of schistosome eggs in the vagina. CONCLUSION We have established a new mouse model that could potentially enable novel studies of genital schistosomiasis in females. Ongoing studies will further explore the mechanisms by which HIV target cells may be drawn into FGS-associated vaginal granulomata.
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