1
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Muscatello LV, Gobbo F, Avallone G, Innao M, Benazzi C, D'Annunzio G, Romaniello D, Orioles M, Lauriola M, Sarli G. PDL1 immunohistochemistry in canine neoplasms: Validation of commercial antibodies, standardization of evaluation, and scoring systems. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:393-401. [PMID: 37920996 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231209410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Immuno-oncology research has brought to light the paradoxical role of immune cells in the induction and elimination of cancer. Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), expressed by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL1), expressed by tumor cells, are immune checkpoint proteins that regulate the antitumor adaptive immune response. This study aimed to validate commercially available PDL1 antibodies in canine tissue and then, applying standardized methods and scoring systems used in human pathology, evaluate PDL1 immunopositivity in different types of canine tumors. To demonstrate cross-reactivity, a monoclonal antibody (22C3) and polyclonal antibody (cod. A1645) were tested by western blot. Cross-reactivity in canine tissue cell extracts was observed for both antibodies; however, the polyclonal antibody (cod. A1645) demonstrated higher signal specificity. Canine tumor histotypes were selected based on the human counterparts known to express PDL1. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 168 tumors with the polyclonal anti-PDL1 antibody. Only membranous labeling was considered positive. PDL1 labeling was detected both in neoplastic and infiltrating immune cells. The following tumors were immunopositive: melanomas (17 of 17; 100%), renal cell carcinomas (4 of 17; 24%), squamous cell carcinomas (3 of 17; 18%), lymphomas (2 of 14; 14%), urothelial carcinomas (2 of 18; 11%), pulmonary carcinomas (2 of 20; 10%), and mammary carcinomas (1 of 31; 3%). Gastric (0 of 10; 0%) and intestinal carcinomas (0 of 24; 0%) were negative. The findings of this study suggest that PDL1 is expressed in some canine tumors, with high prevalence in melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Giulia D'Annunzio
- University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
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2
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Tang SQ, Xing T, Lyu ZS, Guo LP, Liang M, Li CY, Zhang YY, Wang Y, Xu LP, Zhang XH, Huang XJ, Kong Y. Repair of dysfunctional bone marrow endothelial cells alleviates aplastic anemia. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 66:2553-2570. [PMID: 37289327 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aplastic anemia (AA) is a life-threatening disease characterized by bone marrow (BM) failure and pancytopenia. As an important component of the BM microenvironment, endothelial cells (ECs) play a crucial role in supporting hematopoiesis and regulating immunity. However, whether impaired BM ECs are involved in the occurrence of AA and whether repairing BM ECs could improve hematopoiesis and immune status in AA remain unknown. In this study, a classical AA mouse model and VE-cadherin blocking antibody that could antagonize the function of ECs were used to validate the role of BM ECs in the occurrence of AA. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC, a reactive oxygen species scavenger) or exogenous EC infusion was administered to AA mice. Furthermore, the frequency and functions of BM ECs from AA patients and healthy donors were evaluated. BM ECs from AA patients were treated with NAC in vitro, and then the functions of BM ECs were evaluated. We found that BM ECs were significantly decreased and damaged in AA mice. Hematopoietic failure and immune imbalance became more severe when the function of BM ECs was antagonized, whereas NAC or EC infusion improved hematopoietic and immunological status by repairing BM ECs in AA mice. Consistently, BM ECs in AA patients were decreased and dysfunctional. Furthermore, dysfunctional BM ECs in AA patients led to their impaired ability to support hematopoiesis and dysregulate T cell differentiation toward proinflammatory phenotypes, which could be repaired by NAC in vitro. The reactive oxygen species pathway was activated, and hematopoiesis- and immune-related signaling pathways were enriched in BM ECs of AA patients. In conclusion, our data indicate that dysfunctional BM ECs with impaired hematopoiesis-supporting and immunomodulatory abilities are involved in the occurrence of AA, suggesting that repairing dysfunctional BM ECs may be a potential therapeutic approach for AA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Qian Tang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Tong Xing
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhong-Shi Lyu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Li-Ping Guo
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Mi Liang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Chen-Yuan Li
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Lan-Ping Xu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuan Kong
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China.
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3
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Laera N, Malerba P, Vacanti G, Nardin S, Pagnesi M, Nardin M. Impact of Immunity on Coronary Artery Disease: An Updated Pathogenic Interplay and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2128. [PMID: 38004268 PMCID: PMC10672143 DOI: 10.3390/life13112128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. It is a result of the buildup of atherosclerosis within the coronary arteries. The role of the immune system in CAD is complex and multifaceted. The immune system responds to damage or injury to the arterial walls by initiating an inflammatory response. However, this inflammatory response can become chronic and lead to plaque formation. Neutrophiles, macrophages, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and NKT cells play a key role in immunity response, both with proatherogenic and antiatherogenic signaling pathways. Recent findings provide new roles and activities referring to endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells, which help to clarify the intricate signaling crosstalk between the involved actors. Research is ongoing to explore immunomodulatory therapies that target the immune system to reduce inflammation and its contribution to atherosclerosis. This review aims to summarize the pathogenic interplay between immunity and CAD and the potential therapeutic strategies, and explore immunomodulatory therapies that target the immune system to reduce inflammation and its contribution to atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Laera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
- Second Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Malerba
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
- Division of Medicine, Department of Medicine, ASST Spedali Civili di Montichiari, 25018 Montichiari, Italy
| | - Gaetano Vacanti
- Medical Clinic IV, Department of Cardiology, Municipal Hospital, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany;
| | - Simone Nardin
- U.O. Clinica di Oncologia Medica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy;
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy
| | - Matteo Pagnesi
- Division of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Matteo Nardin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy;
- Third Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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4
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Zhou C, Luo Y, Huang Z, Dong F, Lin J, Luo L, Li X, Cai C, Wu W. ELAVL1 promotes LPS-induced endothelial cells injury through modulation of cytokine storm. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152412. [PMID: 37343439 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening systemic organ dysfunction caused by the host's unregulated response to a widespread bacterial infection. Endothelial injury is a major pathophysiologic symptom of sepsis and is considered a critical factor in promoting the progression of disease severity. ELAV like RNA binding protein 1(ELAVL1) is a ubiquitously expressed RNA-binding protein that may play an important role during sepsis. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms of ELAVL1 on endothelial cell damage in sepsis have not been well defined. Here, we aimed to confirm the role of ELAVL1 in sepsis-induced endothelial cell damage using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced zebrafish and endothelial cells (ECs) models. We found that zebrafish larvae treated with LPS exhibited systemic endothelial cell damage, mostly manifested as pericardial edema, curved tail, and impaired angiogenesis. LPS treatments also significantly induced the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) in vivo. In vitro, we observed the increase of ELAVL1 cytoplasmic translocation with LPS treatment. Mechanistically, targeted disruption of the ELAVL1 gene decreased the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 during induction of sepsis and alleviated LPS-induced blood vessel injury in zebrafish. Taken together, our study indicates that ELAVL1 knockdown may alleviate sepsis-induced endothelial cells injury by suppressing cytokine storm. Our research suggests that inhibition of ELAVL1 could reduce the level of inflammatory cytokine production induced by LPS and protect against endothelial cell injury. ELAVL1 might be a potential therapeutic target to block endothelial cells injury associated with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Zhou
- Intensive Care Unit, The People's Hospital of Yuhuan, Yuhuan, PR China
| | - Yacan Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Zhengwei Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Fubo Dong
- Intensive Care Unit, The People's Hospital of Yuhuan, Yuhuan, PR China
| | - Junliang Lin
- Intensive Care Unit, The People's Hospital of Yuhuan, Yuhuan, PR China
| | - Liwen Luo
- Intensive Care Unit, The People's Hospital of Yuhuan, Yuhuan, PR China
| | - Xi Li
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Chang Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China.
| | - Wenzhi Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China.
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5
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Zhao Y, Qu Y, Hao C, Yao W. PD-1/PD-L1 axis in organ fibrosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1145682. [PMID: 37275876 PMCID: PMC10235450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1145682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathological tissue repair activity in which many myofibroblasts are activated and extracellular matrix are excessively accumulated, leading to the formation of permanent scars and finally organ failure. A variety of organs, including the lung, liver, kidney, heart, and skin, can undergo fibrosis under the stimulation of various exogenous or endogenous pathogenic factors. At present, the pathogenesis of fibrosis is still not fully elucidated, but it is known that the immune system plays a key role in the initiation and progression of fibrosis. Immune checkpoint molecules are key regulators to maintain immune tolerance and homeostasis, among which the programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) axis has attracted much attention. The exciting achievements of tumor immunotherapy targeting PD-1/PD-L1 provide new insights into its use as a therapeutic target for other diseases. In recent years, the role of PD-1/PD-L1 axis in fibrosis has been preliminarily explored, further confirming the close relationship among PD-1/PD-L1 signaling, immune regulation, and fibrosis. This review discusses the structure, expression, function, and regulatory mechanism of PD-1 and PD-L1, and summarizes the research progress of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling in fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wu Yao
- *Correspondence: Wu Yao, ; Changfu Hao,
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6
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Hu M, Alashkar Alhamwe B, Santner-Nanan B, Miethe S, Harb H, Renz H, Potaczek DP, Nanan RK. Short-Chain Fatty Acids Augment Differentiation and Function of Human Induced Regulatory T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105740. [PMID: 35628549 PMCID: PMC9143307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) control immune system activity and inhibit inflammation. While, in mice, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are known to be essential regulators of naturally occurring and in vitro induced Tregs (iTregs), data on their contribution to the development of human iTregs are sparse, with no reports of the successful SCFAs-augmented in vitro generation of fully functional human iTregs. Likewise, markers undoubtedly defining human iTregs are missing. Here, we aimed to generate fully functional human iTregs in vitro using protocols involving SCFAs and to characterize the underlying mechanism. Our target was to identify the potential phenotypic markers best characterizing human iTregs. Naïve non-Treg CD4+ cells were isolated from the peripheral blood of 13 healthy adults and cord blood of 12 healthy term newborns. Cells were subjected to differentiation toward iTregs using a transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-based protocol, with or without SCFAs (acetate, butyrate, or propionate). Thereafter, they were subjected to flow cytometric phenotyping or a suppression assay. During differentiation, cells were collected for chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-based analysis of histone acetylation. The enrichment of the TGF-β-based protocol with butyrate or propionate potentiated the in vitro differentiation of human naïve CD4+ non-Tregs towards iTregs and augmented the suppressive capacity of the latter. These seemed to be at least partly underlain by the effects of SCFAs on the histone acetylation levels in differentiating cells. GITR, ICOS, CD39, PD-1, and PD-L1 were proven to be potential markers of human iTregs. Our results might boost the further development of Treg-based therapies against autoimmune, allergic and other chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjing Hu
- Charles Perkins Centre Nepean, Sydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2747, Australia; (M.H.); (B.S.-N.)
- International Inflammation (in-VIVO) Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ 10001, USA; (B.A.A.); (H.H.); (H.R.); (D.P.P.)
- Discipline of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Neonatology, Sydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2747, Australia
- Nepean Hospital, Derby Street, Kingswood, NSW 2747, Australia
| | - Bilal Alashkar Alhamwe
- International Inflammation (in-VIVO) Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ 10001, USA; (B.A.A.); (H.H.); (H.R.); (D.P.P.)
- Institute for Tumor Immunology, Clinic for Hematology, Immunology, and Oncology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University of Marburg-Medical Faculty, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), and the Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35043 Marburg, Germany;
- College of Pharmacy, International University for Science and Technology (IUST), Daraa 15, Syria
| | - Brigitte Santner-Nanan
- Charles Perkins Centre Nepean, Sydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2747, Australia; (M.H.); (B.S.-N.)
- International Inflammation (in-VIVO) Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ 10001, USA; (B.A.A.); (H.H.); (H.R.); (D.P.P.)
| | - Sarah Miethe
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University of Marburg-Medical Faculty, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), and the Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35043 Marburg, Germany;
- Translational Inflammation Research Division & Core Facility for Single Cell Multiomics, Philipps University of Marburg-Medical Faculty, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and the Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Hani Harb
- International Inflammation (in-VIVO) Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ 10001, USA; (B.A.A.); (H.H.); (H.R.); (D.P.P.)
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University of Marburg-Medical Faculty, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), and the Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35043 Marburg, Germany;
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Harald Renz
- International Inflammation (in-VIVO) Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ 10001, USA; (B.A.A.); (H.H.); (H.R.); (D.P.P.)
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University of Marburg-Medical Faculty, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), and the Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Daniel P. Potaczek
- International Inflammation (in-VIVO) Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ 10001, USA; (B.A.A.); (H.H.); (H.R.); (D.P.P.)
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University of Marburg-Medical Faculty, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), and the Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35043 Marburg, Germany;
- Translational Inflammation Research Division & Core Facility for Single Cell Multiomics, Philipps University of Marburg-Medical Faculty, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and the Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralph K. Nanan
- Charles Perkins Centre Nepean, Sydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2747, Australia; (M.H.); (B.S.-N.)
- International Inflammation (in-VIVO) Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ 10001, USA; (B.A.A.); (H.H.); (H.R.); (D.P.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-4734-2612; Fax: +61-2-4734-1144
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Takamatsu A, Nakashima Y, Haji S, Tsuda M, Masuda T, Kimura D, Shiratsuchi M, Ogawa Y. Circulating endothelial cells and endothelial progenitor cells as potential predictors of acute GVHD after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Eur J Haematol Suppl 2022; 109:146-153. [PMID: 35460525 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is a major cause of treatment-related mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Endothelial cell damage may trigger the initiation of aGVHD. METHODS Endothelial damage and repair were evaluated by counting circulating endothelial cells (CECs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in 17 allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients at pre-conditioning, day 0, day 7, day 14, day 30, and day 60 by multicolor flow cytometry. Von Willebrand factor activity was simultaneously measured. RESULTS Eight patients developed aGVHD and were compared to non-aGVHD patients. Patients' characteristics were not different, except for previous treatment courses. There was no difference in von Willebrand factor activity between the two groups. Both CEC and EPC counts were decreased on day 7 and day 14 and then increased thereafter. The CEC count on day 7 was significantly lower in the aGVHD group than in the non-aGVHD group (p = .0401). Restoration of the EPC count on day 60 was significantly suppressed in the aGVHD group (p = .0464). The CEC count on day 7 could predict aGVHD development (AUC 0.8214, p = .0372). CONCLUSION The present results showed that CEC count on day 7 could be a predictor of aGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Takamatsu
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakashima
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shojiro Haji
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mariko Tsuda
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toru Masuda
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daisaku Kimura
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Motoaki Shiratsuchi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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8
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Yang X, Ma L, Zhang X, Huang L, Wei J. Targeting PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia. Exp Hematol Oncol 2022; 11:11. [PMID: 35236415 PMCID: PMC8889667 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-022-00263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are clonal hematopoietic stem cell diseases arising from the bone marrow (BM), and approximately 30% of MDS eventually progress to AML, associated with increasingly aggressive neoplastic hematopoietic clones and poor survival. Dysregulated immune microenvironment has been recognized as a key pathogenic driver of MDS and AML, causing high rate of intramedullary apoptosis in lower-risk MDS to immunosuppression in higher-risk MDS and AML. Immune checkpoint molecules, including programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), play important roles in oncogenesis by maintaining an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Recently, both molecules have been examined in MDS and AML. Abnormal inflammatory signaling, genetic and/or epigenetic alterations, interactions between cells, and treatment of patients all have been involved in dysregulating PD-1/PD-L1 signaling in these two diseases. Furthermore, with the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway activated in immune microenvironment, the milieu of BM shift to immunosuppressive, contributing to a clonal evolution of blasts. Nevertheless, numerous preclinical studies have suggested a potential response of patients to PD-1/PD-L1 blocker. Current clinical trials employing these drugs in MDS and AML have reported mixed clinical responses. In this paper, we focus on the recent preclinical advances of the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling in MDS and AML, and available and ongoing outcomes of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor in patients. We also discuss the novel PD-1/PD-L1 blocker-based immunotherapeutic strategies and challenges, including identifying reliable biomarkers, determining settings, and exploring optimal combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingcheng Yang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.,Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China. .,Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Jia Wei
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China. .,Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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9
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Abstract
The paradigm of surface-expressed programmed death ligand 1 (PDL1) signalling to immune cell programmed death 1 (PD1) to inhibit antitumour immunity has helped to develop effective and revolutionary immunotherapies using antibodies blocking these cell-extrinsic interactions. The recent discovery of cancer cell-intrinsic PDL1 signals has broadened understanding of pathologic tumour PDL1 signal consequences that now includes control of tumour growth and survival pathways, stemness, immune effects, DNA damage responses and gene expression regulation. Many such effects are PD1-independent. These insights demonstrate that the prevailing cell-extrinsic PDL1 signalling paradigm is useful, but incomplete in important respects. This Perspective discusses historical and recent advances in understanding cancer cell-intrinsic PDL1 signals, mechanisms for signal controls and important immunopathologic consequences including resistance to cytotoxic agents, targeted small molecules and immunotherapies. Cancer cell-intrinsic PDL1 signals present novel drug discovery targets and also have potential as reliable treatment response biomarkers. Cancer cell-intrinsic PD1 signals and cell-intrinsic PDL1 signals in non-cancer cells are discussed briefly, as are PDL1 signals from soluble and vesicle-bound PDL1 and PDL1 isoforms. We conclude with suggestions for addressing the most pressing challenges and opportunities in this rapidly developing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand V R Kornepati
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ratna K Vadlamudi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Tyler J Curiel
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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10
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Darragh LB, Karam SD. Amateur antigen-presenting cells in the tumor microenvironment. Mol Carcinog 2022; 61:153-164. [PMID: 34570920 PMCID: PMC9899420 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Presentation of tumor antigens is a critical step in producing a robust antitumor immune response. Classically tumor antigens are thought to be presented to both CD8 and CD4 T cells by professional antigen-presenting cells (pAPCs) like dendritic cells using major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) I and II. But recent evidence suggests that in the tumor microenvironment (TME) cells other than pAPCs are capable of presenting tumor antigens on both MHC I and II. The evidence currently available on tumor antigen presentation by epithelial cells, vascular endothelial cells (VECs), fibroblasts, and cancer cells is reviewed herein. We refer to these cell types in the TME as "amateur" APCs (aAPCs). These aAPCs greatly outnumber pAPCs in the TME and could, potentially, play a significant role in priming an antitumor immune response. This new evidence supports a different perspective on antigen presentation and suggests new approaches that can be taken in designing immunotherapies to increase T cell priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel B. Darragh
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver–Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sana D. Karam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver–Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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11
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Liu J, Wang X, Deng Y, Yu X, Wang H, Li Z. Research Progress on the Role of Regulatory T Cell in Tumor Microenvironment in the Treatment of Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:766248. [PMID: 34868991 PMCID: PMC8636122 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.766248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex ecosystem comprised of cancer cells, stromal cells, and immune cells. Analysis of the composition of TME is essential to assess the prognosis of patients with breast cancer (BC) and the efficacy of different regimes. Treg plays a crucial role in the microenvironment of breast cancer subtypes, and its function contributes to the development and progression of BC by suppressing anti-tumor immunity directly or indirectly through multiple mechanisms. In addition, conventional treatments, such as anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and neo-therapies, such as immune-checkpoint blockades, have a significant impact on the absence of Tregs in BC TME, thus gaining additional anti-tumor effect to some extent. Strikingly, Treg in BC TME revealed the predicted efficacy of some therapeutic strategies. All these results suggest that we can manipulate the abundance of Treg to achieve the ultimate effect of both conventional and novel treatments. In this review, we discuss new insights into the characteristics of Treg in BC TME, the impact of different regiments on Treg, and the possibilities of Treg as a predictive marker of efficacy for certain treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Liu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhan Deng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Zhigao Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
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12
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Miyamoto E, Takahagi A, Ohsumi A, Martinu T, Hwang D, Boonstra KM, Joe B, Umana JM, Bei KF, Vosoughi D, Liu M, Cypel M, Keshavjee S, Juvet SC. Ex vivo delivery of regulatory T cells for control of alloimmune priming in the donor lung. Eur Respir J 2021; 59:13993003.00798-2021. [PMID: 34475226 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00798-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Survival after lung transplantation (LTx) is hampered by uncontrolled inflammation and alloimmunity. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are being studied as a cellular therapy in solid organ transplantation. Whether these systemically administered Tregs can function at the appropriate location and time is an important concern. We hypothesized that in vitro expanded, recipient-derived Tregs can be delivered to donor lungs prior to LTx via ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP), maintaining their immunomodulatory ability.In a rat model, Wistar Kyoto (WKy) CD4+CD25high Tregs were expanded in vitro prior to EVLP. Expanded Tregs were administered to Fisher 344 (F344) donor lungs during EVLP; left lungs were transplanted into WKy recipients. Treg localisation and function post-transplant were assessed. In a proof-of-concept experiment, cryopreserved expanded human CD4+CD25+CD127low Tregs were thawed and injected into discarded human lungs during EVLP.Rat Tregs entered the lung parenchyma and retained suppressive function. Expanded Tregs had no adverse effect on donor lung physiology during EVLP; lung water as measured by wet-to-dry weight ratio was reduced by Treg therapy. The administered cells remained in the graft at 3 days post-transplant where they reduced activation of intragraft effector CD4+ T cells; these effects were diminished by day 7. Human Tregs entered the lung parenchyma during EVLP where they expressed key immunoregulatory molecules (CTLA4+, 4-1BB+, CD39+, and CD15s+).Pre-transplant Treg administration can inhibit alloimmunity within the lung allograft at early time points post- transplant. Our organ-directed approach has potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ei Miyamoto
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Akihiro Takahagi
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Akihiro Ohsumi
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tereza Martinu
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Hwang
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristen M Boonstra
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Betty Joe
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juan Mauricio Umana
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ke F Bei
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Vosoughi
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcelo Cypel
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaf Keshavjee
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen C Juvet
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Cross AR, Lion J, Poussin K, Glotz D, Mooney N. Inflammation Determines the Capacity of Allogenic Endothelial Cells to Regulate Human Treg Expansion. Front Immunol 2021; 12:666531. [PMID: 34305898 PMCID: PMC8299527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.666531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During allotransplantation, the endothelium acts as semi-professional antigen-presenting cells with the ability to activate proliferation and to promote differentiation of CD4+-T subsets. These abilities are dependent on the luminal expression of HLA class II antigens by microvascular endothelial cells, which is regulated by inflammatory cytokines. The upregulation of HLA-DR and HLA-DQ during rejection implies significant intragraft inflammation. Furthermore, the microvascular inflammation is an independent determinant for renal allograft failure. In this study, the potential of inflammation to modify endothelial regulation of peripheral CD4+ Treg cells was examined. Microvascular endothelial cells were exposed to pro-inflammatory cytokines for varying durations before co-culture with PBMC from non-HLA matched donors. Proliferation and expansion of CD4+Treg and soluble factor secretion was determined. Early interactions were detected by phosphorylation of Akt. Video microscopy was used to examine spatial and temporal endothelial-CD4+T interactions. Highly inflammatory conditions led to increased endothelial expression of HLA-DR, the adhesion molecule ICAM-1, the costimulatory molecule PD-L1 and de novo expression of HLA-DQ. Treg differentiation was impaired by exposure of endothelial cells to a high level of inflammation. Neither IL-6, IL-2 nor TGFβ were implicated in reducing Treg numbers. High PD-L1 expression interfered with early endothelial cell interactions with CD4+T lymphocytes and led to modified TCR signaling. Blocking endothelial PD-L1 resulted in a partial restoration of Treg. The allogenic endothelial cell-mediated expansion of Treg depends on a critical threshold of inflammation. Manipulation of the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway or endothelial activation post-transplantation may promote or interfere with this intrinsic mechanism of allospecific Treg expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Rachael Cross
- Human Immunology, Pathophysiology and Immunotherapy, INSERM U976, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, INSERM U976, Paris, France
| | - Julien Lion
- Human Immunology, Pathophysiology and Immunotherapy, INSERM U976, Paris, France
| | - Karine Poussin
- Human Immunology, Pathophysiology and Immunotherapy, INSERM U976, Paris, France
| | - Denis Glotz
- Human Immunology, Pathophysiology and Immunotherapy, INSERM U976, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, INSERM U976, Paris, France.,Service de Néphrologie et Transplantation, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Nuala Mooney
- Human Immunology, Pathophysiology and Immunotherapy, INSERM U976, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, INSERM U976, Paris, France
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14
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Toulmin SA, Bhadiadra C, Paris AJ, Lin JH, Katzen J, Basil MC, Morrisey EE, Worthen GS, Eisenlohr LC. Type II alveolar cell MHCII improves respiratory viral disease outcomes while exhibiting limited antigen presentation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3993. [PMID: 34183650 PMCID: PMC8239023 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23619-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II alveolar cells (AT2s) are critical for basic respiratory homeostasis and tissue repair after lung injury. Prior studies indicate that AT2s also express major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecules, but how MHCII expression by AT2s is regulated and how it contributes to host defense remain unclear. Here we show that AT2s express high levels of MHCII independent of conventional inflammatory stimuli, and that selective loss of MHCII from AT2s in mice results in modest worsening of respiratory virus disease following influenza and Sendai virus infections. We also find that AT2s exhibit MHCII presentation capacity that is substantially limited compared to professional antigen presenting cells. The combination of constitutive MHCII expression and restrained antigen presentation may position AT2s to contribute to lung adaptive immune responses in a measured fashion, without over-amplifying damaging inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushila A. Toulmin
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Division of Protective Immunity, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Chaitali Bhadiadra
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Division of Protective Immunity, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Andrew J. Paris
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Lin
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Jeremy Katzen
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Maria C. Basil
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Medicine, Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Edward E. Morrisey
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Medicine, Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Penn Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - G. Scott Worthen
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Division of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Laurence C. Eisenlohr
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Division of Protective Immunity, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
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15
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Certo M, Elkafrawy H, Pucino V, Cucchi D, Cheung KC, Mauro C. Endothelial cell and T-cell crosstalk: Targeting metabolism as a therapeutic approach in chronic inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:2041-2059. [PMID: 31999357 PMCID: PMC8246814 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of metabolic reprogramming in the coordination of the immune response has gained increasing consideration in recent years. Indeed, it has become clear that changes in the metabolic status of immune cells can alter their functional properties. During inflammation, T cells need to generate sufficient energy and biomolecules to support growth, proliferation, and effector functions. Therefore, T cells need to rearrange their metabolism to meet these demands. A similar metabolic reprogramming has been described in endothelial cells, which have the ability to interact with and modulate the function of immune cells. In this overview, we will discuss recent insights in the complex crosstalk between endothelial cells and T cells as well as their metabolic reprogramming following activation. We highlight key components of this metabolic switch that can lead to the development of new therapeutics against chronic inflammatory disorders. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Cellular metabolism and diseases. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.10/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelangelo Certo
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Hagar Elkafrawy
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of MedicineAlexandria UniversityAlexandriaEgypt
| | - Valentina Pucino
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Danilo Cucchi
- Barts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Kenneth C.P. Cheung
- School of Life SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Claudio Mauro
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
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16
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Dadey RE, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA. Regulatory T Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1273:105-134. [PMID: 33119878 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49270-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an immunosuppressive subpopulation of CD4+ T cells that are endowed with potent suppressive activity and function to limit immune activation and maintain homeostasis. These cells are identified by the hallmark transcription factor FOXP3 and the high-affinity interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor chain CD25. Tregs can be recruited to and persist within the tumor microenvironment (TME), acting as a potent barrier to effective antitumor immunity. This chapter will discuss [i] the history and hallmarks of Tregs; [ii] the recruitment, development, and persistence of Tregs within the TME; [iii] Treg function within TME; asnd [iv] the therapeutic targeting of Tregs in the clinic. This chapter will conclude with a discussion of likely trends and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah E Dadey
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Graduate Program of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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17
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Drummer C, Saaoud F, Shao (邵颖) Y, Sun (孙宇) Y, Xu (徐克曼) K, Lu (路一凡) Y, Ni (倪栋) D, Atar D, Jiang (蒋晓华) X, Wang (王虹) H, Yang X. Trained Immunity and Reactivity of Macrophages and Endothelial Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 41:1032-1046. [PMID: 33380171 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune cells can develop exacerbated immunologic response and long-term inflammatory phenotype following brief exposure to endogenous or exogenous insults, which leads to an altered response towards a second challenge after the return to a nonactivated state. This phenomenon is known as trained immunity (TI). TI is not only important for host defense and vaccine response but also for chronic inflammations such as cardiovascular and metabolic diseases such as atherosclerosis. TI can occur in innate immune cells such as monocytes/macrophages, natural killer cells, endothelial cells (ECs), and nonimmune cells, such as fibroblast. In this brief review, we analyze the significance of TI in ECs, which are also considered as innate immune cells in addition to macrophages. TI can be induced by a variety of stimuli, including lipopolysaccharides, BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guerin), and oxLDL (oxidized low-density lipoprotein), which are defined as risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Furthermore, TI in ECs is functional for inflammation effectiveness and transition to chronic inflammation. Rewiring of cellular metabolism of the trained cells takes place during induction of TI, including increased glycolysis, glutaminolysis, increased accumulation of tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites and acetyl-coenzyme A production, as well as increased mevalonate synthesis. Subsequently, this leads to epigenetic remodeling, resulting in important changes in chromatin architecture that enables increased gene transcription and enhanced proinflammatory immune response. However, TI pathways and inflammatory pathways are separated to ensure memory stays when inflammation undergoes resolution. Additionally, reactive oxygen species play context-dependent roles in TI. Therefore, TI plays significant roles in EC and macrophage pathology and chronic inflammation. However, further characterization of TI in ECs and macrophages would provide novel insights into cardiovascular disease pathogenesis and new therapeutic targets. Graphic Abstract: A graphic abstract is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Drummer
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Centers for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research and Thrombosis Research (C.D., F.S., Y. Shao, Y. Sun, K.X., Y.L., D.N., D.A., X.J., X.Y.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Fatma Saaoud
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Centers for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research and Thrombosis Research (C.D., F.S., Y. Shao, Y. Sun, K.X., Y.L., D.N., D.A., X.J., X.Y.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ying Shao (邵颖)
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Centers for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research and Thrombosis Research (C.D., F.S., Y. Shao, Y. Sun, K.X., Y.L., D.N., D.A., X.J., X.Y.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yu Sun (孙宇)
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Centers for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research and Thrombosis Research (C.D., F.S., Y. Shao, Y. Sun, K.X., Y.L., D.N., D.A., X.J., X.Y.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Keman Xu (徐克曼)
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Centers for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research and Thrombosis Research (C.D., F.S., Y. Shao, Y. Sun, K.X., Y.L., D.N., D.A., X.J., X.Y.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yifan Lu (路一凡)
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Centers for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research and Thrombosis Research (C.D., F.S., Y. Shao, Y. Sun, K.X., Y.L., D.N., D.A., X.J., X.Y.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dong Ni (倪栋)
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Centers for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research and Thrombosis Research (C.D., F.S., Y. Shao, Y. Sun, K.X., Y.L., D.N., D.A., X.J., X.Y.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Diana Atar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Centers for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research and Thrombosis Research (C.D., F.S., Y. Shao, Y. Sun, K.X., Y.L., D.N., D.A., X.J., X.Y.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Xiaohua Jiang (蒋晓华)
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Centers for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research and Thrombosis Research (C.D., F.S., Y. Shao, Y. Sun, K.X., Y.L., D.N., D.A., X.J., X.Y.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA.,Metabolic Disease Research (X.J., H.W., X.Y.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hong Wang (王虹)
- Metabolic Disease Research (X.J., H.W., X.Y.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA.,Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology, and Immunology (H.W., X.Y.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Centers for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research and Thrombosis Research (C.D., F.S., Y. Shao, Y. Sun, K.X., Y.L., D.N., D.A., X.J., X.Y.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA.,Metabolic Disease Research (X.J., H.W., X.Y.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA.,Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology, and Immunology (H.W., X.Y.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
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18
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Zhao L, Zhou X, Zhou X, Wang H, Gu L, Ke Y, Zhang M, Ji X, Yang X. Low expressions of PD-L1 and CTLA-4 by induced CD4+CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs in patients with SLE and their correlation with the disease activity. Cytokine 2020; 133:155119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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19
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Guo N, Wen Y, Wang C, Kang L, Wang X, Liu X, Soulika AM, Liu B, Zhao M, Han X, Lv P, Xing L, Zhang X, Shen H. Lung adenocarcinoma-related TNF-α-dependent inflammation upregulates MHC-II on alveolar type II cells through CXCR-2 to contribute to Treg expansion. FASEB J 2020; 34:12197-12213. [PMID: 33000506 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000166rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MHC-II on alveolar type-II (AT-II) cells is associated with immune tolerance in an inflammatory microenvironment. Recently, we found TNF-α upregulated MHC-II in AT-II in vitro. In this study, we explored whether TNF-α-mediated inflammation upregulates MHC-II on AT-II cells to trigger Treg expansion in inflammation-driven lung adenocarcinoma (IDLA). Using urethane-induced mice IDLA model, we found that IDLA cells mainly arise from AT-II cells, which are the major source of MHC-II. Blocking urethane-induced inflammation by TNF-α neutralization inhibited tumorigenesis and reversed MHC-II upregulation on tumor cells of AT-II cellular origin in IDLA. MHC-II-dependent AT-II cells were isolated from IDLA-induced Treg expansion. In human LA samples, we found high expression of MHC-II in tumor cells of AT-II cellular origin, which was correlated with increased Foxp3+ T cells infiltration as well as CXCR-2 expression. CXCR-2 and MHC-II colocalization was observed in inflamed lung tissue and IDLA cells of AT-II cellular origin. Furthermore, at the pro-IDLA inflammatory stage, TNF-α-neutralization or CXCR-2 deficiency inhibited the upregulation of MHC-II on AT-II cells in inflamed lung tissue. Thus, tumor cells of AT-II cellular origin contribute to Treg expansion in an MHC-II-dependent manner in TNF-α-mediated IDLA. At the pro-tumor inflammatory stage, TNF-α-dependent lung inflammation plays an important role in MHC-II upregulation on AT-II cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningfei Guo
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yue Wen
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Can Wang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lifei Kang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Pathology, Hebei Chest Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiuqing Wang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoyi Liu
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Athena M Soulika
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bowei Liu
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaojing Han
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ping Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lingxiao Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xianghong Zhang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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20
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Waldmann H, Graca L. Infectious tolerance. What are we missing? Cell Immunol 2020; 354:104152. [PMID: 32585469 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Herman Waldmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX13RE, UK.
| | - Luis Graca
- Instituto de Medecina Molecular, Faculdade de medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
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21
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Shao Y, Saredy J, Yang WY, Sun Y, Lu Y, Saaoud F, Drummer C, Johnson C, Xu K, Jiang X, Wang H, Yang X. Vascular Endothelial Cells and Innate Immunity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:e138-e152. [PMID: 32459541 PMCID: PMC7263359 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the roles of endothelial cells (ECs) in physiological processes, ECs actively participate in both innate and adaptive immune responses. We previously reported that, in comparison to macrophages, a prototypic innate immune cell type, ECs have many innate immune functions that macrophages carry out, including cytokine secretion, phagocytic function, antigen presentation, pathogen-associated molecular patterns-, and danger-associated molecular patterns-sensing, proinflammatory, immune-enhancing, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppression, migration, heterogeneity, and plasticity. In this highlight, we introduce recent advances published in both ATVB and many other journals: (1) several significant characters classify ECs as novel immune cells not only in infections and allograft transplantation but also in metabolic diseases; (2) several new receptor systems including conditional danger-associated molecular pattern receptors, nonpattern receptors, and homeostasis associated molecular patterns receptors contribute to innate immune functions of ECs; (3) immunometabolism and innate immune memory determine the innate immune functions of ECs; (4) a great induction of the immune checkpoint receptors in ECs during inflammations suggests the immune tolerogenic functions of ECs; and (5) association of immune checkpoint inhibitors with cardiovascular adverse events and cardio-oncology indicates the potential contributions of ECs as innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shao
- Centers of Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Jason Saredy
- Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - William Y. Yang
- Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Yu Sun
- Centers of Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Yifan Lu
- Centers of Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Fatma Saaoud
- Centers of Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Charles Drummer
- Centers of Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Candice Johnson
- Centers of Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Keman Xu
- Centers of Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Centers of Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
- Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Hong Wang
- Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Centers of Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
- Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
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22
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Farini A, Villa C, Di Silvestre D, Bella P, Tripodi L, Rossi R, Sitzia C, Gatti S, Mauri P, Torrente Y. PTX3 Predicts Myocardial Damage and Fibrosis in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Front Physiol 2020; 11:403. [PMID: 32508664 PMCID: PMC7248204 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a main component of the innate immune system by inducing complement pathway activation, acting as an inflammatory mediator, coordinating the functions of macrophages/dendritic cells and promoting apoptosis/necrosis. Additionally, it has been found in fibrotic regions co-localizing with collagen. In this work, we wanted to investigate the predictive role of PTX3 in myocardial damage and fibrosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). DMD is an X-linked recessive disease caused by mutations of the dystrophin gene that affects muscular functions and strength and accompanying dilated cardiomyopathy. Here, we expound the correlation of PTX3 cardiac expression with age and Toll-like receptors (TLRs)/interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)-MyD88 inflammatory markers and its modulation by the so-called alarmins IL-33, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and S100β. These findings suggest that cardiac levels of PTX3 might have prognostic value and potential in guiding therapy for DMD cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Farini
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Unit of Neurology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Villa
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Unit of Neurology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Di Silvestre
- Institute of Technologies in Biomedicine, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Pamela Bella
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Unit of Neurology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milan, Italy
| | - Luana Tripodi
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Unit of Neurology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milan, Italy
| | - Rossana Rossi
- Institute of Technologies in Biomedicine, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Clementina Sitzia
- Residency Program in Clinical Pathology and Clinical Biochemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Gatti
- Center for Surgical Research, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mauri
- Institute of Technologies in Biomedicine, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Yvan Torrente
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Unit of Neurology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milan, Italy
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23
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Why some organ allografts are tolerated better than others: new insights for an old question. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2020; 24:49-57. [PMID: 30516578 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is great variability in how different organ allografts respond to the same tolerance induction protocol. Well known examples of this phenomenon include the protolerogenic nature of kidney and liver allografts as opposed to the tolerance-resistance of heart and lung allografts. This suggests there are organ-specific factors which differentially drive the immune response following transplantation. RECENT FINDINGS The specific cells or cell products that make one organ allograft more likely to be accepted off immunosuppression than another are largely unknown. However, new insights have been made in this area recently. SUMMARY The current review will focus on the organ-intrinsic factors that contribute to the organ-specific differences observed in tolerance induction with a view to developing therapeutic strategies to better prevent organ rejection and promote tolerance induction of all organs.
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24
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Gauthier JM, Harrison MS, Krupnick AS, Gelman AE, Kreisel D. The emerging role of regulatory T cells following lung transplantation. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:194-208. [PMID: 31536165 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) have proven to be a powerful immunologic force in nearly every organ system and hold therapeutic potential for a wide range of diseases. Insights gained from non-transplant pathologies, such as infection, cancer, and autoimmunity, are now being translated to the field of solid organ transplantation, particularly for livers and kidneys. Recent insights from animal models of lung transplantation have established that Tregs play a vital role in suppressing rejection and facilitating tolerance of lung allografts, and such discoveries are being validated in human studies and preclinical trials. Given that long-term outcomes following lung transplantation remain profoundly limited by chronic rejection, Treg therapy holds the potential to significantly improve patient outcomes and should be aggressively investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Gauthier
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - M Shea Harrison
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexander S Krupnick
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Andrew E Gelman
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel Kreisel
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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25
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Leone P, Di Lernia G, Solimando AG, Cicco S, Saltarella I, Lamanuzzi A, Ria R, Frassanito MA, Ponzoni M, Ditonno P, Dammacco F, Racanelli V, Vacca A. Bone marrow endothelial cells sustain a tumor-specific CD8 + T cell subset with suppressive function in myeloma patients. Oncoimmunology 2018; 8:e1486949. [PMID: 30546939 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1486949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (EC) line the bone marrow microvasculature and are in close contact with CD8+ T cells that come and go across the permeable capillaries. Because of these intimate interactions, we investigated the capacity of EC to act as antigen-presenting cells (APC) and modulate CD8+ T cell activation and proliferation in bone marrow of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. We found that EC from MM patients show a phenotype of semi-professional APC given that they express low levels of the co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80 and CD86, and of the inducible co-stimulator ligand (ICOSL). In addition, they do not undergo the strong switch from immunoproteasome to standard proteasome subunit expression which is typical of mature professional APC such as dendritic cells. EC can trap and present antigen to CD8+ T cells, stimulating a central memory CD8+ T cell population that expresses Foxp3 and produces high amounts of IL-10 and TGF-β. Another CD8+ T cell population is stimulated by professional APC, produces IFN-γ, and exerts antitumor activity. Thus, two distinct CD8+ T cell populations coexist in the bone marrow of MM patients: the first population is sustained by EC, expresses Foxp3, produces IL-10 and TGF-β, and exerts pro-tumor activity by negatively regulating the second population. This study adds new insight into the role that EC play in MM biology and describes an additional immune regulatory mechanism that inhibits the development of antitumor immunity and may impair the success of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Leone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Unit of Internal Medicine "Guido Baccelli", University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Lernia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Unit of Internal Medicine "Guido Baccelli", University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Giovanni Solimando
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Unit of Internal Medicine "Guido Baccelli", University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Cicco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Unit of Internal Medicine "Guido Baccelli", University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Ilaria Saltarella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Unit of Internal Medicine "Guido Baccelli", University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Aurelia Lamanuzzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Unit of Internal Medicine "Guido Baccelli", University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Ria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Unit of Internal Medicine "Guido Baccelli", University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Antonia Frassanito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Unit of Internal Medicine "Guido Baccelli", University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Maurilio Ponzoni
- Pathology Unit & Leukemia Unit, San Raffaele Hospital Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Ditonno
- Hematology Unit, IRCCS "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Franco Dammacco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Unit of Internal Medicine "Guido Baccelli", University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Racanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Unit of Internal Medicine "Guido Baccelli", University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Vacca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Unit of Internal Medicine "Guido Baccelli", University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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26
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Manes TD, Wang V, Pober JS. Divergent TCR-Initiated Calcium Signals Govern Recruitment versus Activation of Human Alloreactive Effector Memory T Cells by Endothelial Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:3167-3174. [PMID: 30341183 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Early human allograft rejection can be initiated when circulating human host versus graft Ag-specific CD8 and CD4 effector memory T cells directly recognize MHC class I and II, respectively, expressed on the luminal surface by endothelium lining graft blood vessels. TCR engagement triggers both graft entry (TCR-driven transendothelial migration or TEM) and production of proinflammatory cytokines. Both TCR-driven TEM and cytokine expression are known to depend on T cell enzymes, myosin L chain kinase, and calcineurin, respectively, that are activated by cytoplasmic calcium and calmodulin, but whether the sources of calcium that control these enzymes are the same or different is unknown. Using superantigen or anti-CD3 Ab presented by cultured human dermal microvascular cells to freshly isolated peripheral blood human effector memory T cells under conditions of flow (models of alloantigen recognition in a vascularized graft), we tested the effects of pharmacological inhibitors of TCR-activated calcium signaling pathways on TCR-driven TEM and cytokine expression. We report that extracellular calcium entry via CRAC channels is the dominant contributor to cytokine expression, but paradoxically these same inhibitors potentiate TEM. Instead, calcium entry via TRPV1, L-Type Cav, and pannexin-1/P2X receptors appear to control TCR-driven TEM. These data reveal new therapeutic targets for immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Manes
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | | | - Jordan S Pober
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
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27
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Gianchecchi E, Fierabracci A. Inhibitory Receptors and Pathways of Lymphocytes: The Role of PD-1 in Treg Development and Their Involvement in Autoimmunity Onset and Cancer Progression. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2374. [PMID: 30386337 PMCID: PMC6199356 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells represent a subpopulation of suppressor CD4+ T cells critically involved in the establishment of peripheral tolerance through the inhibition of effector T (Teff) cells and the suppression of the immune-mediated tissue destruction toward self-antigens. Treg generation, their suppressive properties and also Treg-Teff cell interactions could be modulated at least in part by programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) expression on their surface and through binding between PD-1 and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1). Defects involving PD-1 and Tregs can lead to the development of pathological conditions, including autoimmune disorders or promote cancer progression by favoring tumor evasion from the host immune response. At the same time, PD-1 and Tregs could represent attractive targets for treatment, as demonstrated by the therapeutic blockade of PD-L1 applied for the management of different cancer conditions in humans. In the present Review, we focus specifically the role of PD-1/PD-L1 on Treg development and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gianchecchi
- Infectivology and Clinical Trials Research Department, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy.,VisMederi S.r.l., Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fierabracci
- Infectivology and Clinical Trials Research Department, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
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28
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Guo Y, Krupnick AS. There and back again: An immunotherapy tale. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018; 155:1771-1774. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.11.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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29
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Lim WC, Olding M, Healy E, Millar TM. Human Endothelial Cells Modulate CD4 + T Cell Populations and Enhance Regulatory T Cell Suppressive Capacity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:565. [PMID: 29628925 PMCID: PMC5876242 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) line the luminal surface of blood vessels and have an active role in the recruitment of leukocytes, including immune cell activation. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are immune suppressor cells that maintain peripheral tolerance and must interact with the endothelium as they traffic into tissue. We hypothesized that human ECs could modulate Tregs and their suppressor function. Cocultures of CD4+ T cells with human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) or dermal microvascular ECs (HDMECs) were conducted and analyzed for activation and proliferation after 72 and 120 h using flow cytometry. In monocyte-depleted cultures, human ECs were found to support CD4+ T cell proliferation in the presence of external mitogens phytohemagglutinin or anti-CD3/28 antibodies (aCD3/28). Activation was shown by CD25 expression in these cells that also transiently expressed the Treg transcription factor FOXP3. HUVECs supported the specific concurrent proliferation of both effector T cells and Tregs when cocultured with aCD3/28. Purified Tregs were also functionally activated by prior coculture with EC to suppress effector T (Teff) cell proliferation. Both direct coculture and indirect coculture of EC and Treg showed activation of the Treg suppressive phenotype. However, whereas HUVEC showed enhancement of suppression by both mechanisms, HDMEC only supported Treg suppressive activity via the contact-independent mechanism. In the contact-independent cultures, the soluble mediators IL-6, GM-CSF, or G-CSF released from ECs following interferon-γ activation were not responsible for the enhanced Treg suppressor function. Following direct coculture, Treg expression of inhibitory receptors PD-1 and OX40 was elevated while activated EC expressed the counter ligands programmed death ligand (PD-L)1 and PD-L2. Therefore, human ECs have a role in supporting T cell proliferation and increasing Treg suppressor function. This ability of EC to enhance Treg function could offer novel targets to boost Treg activity during inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chean Lim
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Olding
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Eugene Healy
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Dermatology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy M Millar
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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30
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Cross AR, Glotz D, Mooney N. The Role of the Endothelium during Antibody-Mediated Rejection: From Victim to Accomplice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:106. [PMID: 29434607 PMCID: PMC5796908 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) of solid organ transplants is characterized by the activation and injury of the allograft endothelium. Histological and transcriptomic studies have associated microvascular inflammation and endothelial lesions with the severity of rejection and poor graft outcomes. The allograft endothelium forms the physical barrier between the donor organ and the recipient; this position directly exposes the endothelium to alloimmune responses. However, endothelial cells are not just victims and can actively participate in the pathogenesis of rejection. In healthy tissues, the endothelium plays a major role in vascular and immune homeostasis. Organ transplantation, however, subjects the endothelium to an environment of inflammation, alloreactive lymphocytes, donor-specific antibodies, and potentially complement activation. As a result, endothelial cells become activated and have modified interactions with the cellular effectors of allograft damage: lymphocytes, natural killer, and myeloid cells. Activated endothelial cells participate in leukocyte adhesion and recruitment, lymphocyte activation and differentiation, as well as the secretion of cytokines and chemokines. Ultimately, highly activated endothelial cells promote pro-inflammatory alloresponses and become accomplices to AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Rachael Cross
- INSERM U1160, Paris, France.,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Denis Glotz
- INSERM U1160, Paris, France.,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Département de Néphrologie, Paris, France.,LabEx Transplantex, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nuala Mooney
- INSERM U1160, Paris, France.,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,LabEx Transplantex, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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31
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Pober JS, Merola J, Liu R, Manes TD. Antigen Presentation by Vascular Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1907. [PMID: 29312357 PMCID: PMC5744398 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation by cells of the vessel wall may initiate rapid and localized memory immune responses in peripheral tissues. Peptide antigens displayed on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of endothelial cells (ECs) can be recognized by T cell receptors on circulating effector memory T cells (TEM), triggering both transendothelial migration and activation. The array of co-stimulatory receptors, adhesion molecules, and cytokines expressed by ECs serves to modulate T cell activation responses. While the effects of these interactions vary among species, vascular beds, and vascular segments within the same tissue, they are capable of triggering allograft rejection without direct involvement of professional antigen-presenting cells and may play a similar role in host defense against infections and in autoimmunity. Once across the endothelium, extravasating TEM then contact mural cells of the vessel wall, including pericytes or vascular smooth muscle cells, which may also present antigens and provide signals that further regulate T cell responses. Collectively, these interactions provide an unexplored opportunity in which targeting of vascular cells can be used to modulate immune responses. In organ transplantation, targeting ECs with siRNA to reduce expression of MHC molecules may additionally mitigate perioperative injuries by preformed alloantibodies, further reducing the risk of graft rejection. Similarly, genetic manipulation of vascular cells to minimize antigen-dependent responses can be used to increase perfusion of tissue engineered organs without triggering rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S Pober
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jonathan Merola
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Rebecca Liu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Thomas D Manes
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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Lion J, Burbach M, Cross A, Poussin K, Taflin C, Kaveri S, Haziot A, Glotz D, Mooney N. Endothelial Cell Amplification of Regulatory T Cells Is Differentially Modified by Immunosuppressors and Intravenous Immunoglobulin. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1761. [PMID: 29312302 PMCID: PMC5735077 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressive treatment is a prerequisite for both organ transplantation and tolerance of the allograft. However, long-term immunosuppression has been associated with a higher incidence of malignancies and infections. Immunosuppressors mainly target circulating immune cells and little is known of their “off-target” effects, such as their impact on endothelial cells (ECs). In chronic antibody-mediated rejection (AMR), the allograft endothelium is a target of damage, histologically detected as transplant glomerulopathy, and which correlates with poor graft survival. Under inflammatory conditions, EC expression of HLA class II antigens can lead to CD4+-T lymphocyte alloactivation and selective expansion of pro-inflammatory Th17 and pro-tolerance Treg subsets. This response can be modified and preactivation of the EC by HLA-DR antibody binding promoted a proinflammatory Th17 response. However, whether or not immunosuppressors alter EC immunogenicity has not been examined. In alloimmunized patients with AMR, cyclosporine A (CsA) and mycophenolic acid (MPA) are often combined with intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIgs). This study reports changes in the microvascular EC phenotype and function after treatment with CsA, MPA, or IVIg. Both CsA and MPA decreased HLA-DR and increased CD54 expression, whereas IVIg increased HLA-DR expression. Interleukin 6 secretion was reduced by all three immunomodulators. Preincubation of ECs with CsA or MPA limited, while IVIg amplified, Treg expansion. Because CsA, MPA, and IVIg are known for their ability to act upon leukocytes, we confirmed that ECs maintained their immunoregulatory role when allogeneic leukocytes were pretreated with CsA, MPA, or IVIg. The results reveal that individual immunosuppressors, used in the induction and maintenance of renal allograft tolerance, had direct and distinct effects on ECs. Results of experiments associating IVIg with either CsA or MPA underlined the differences observed using individual immunosuppressors. Paradoxically, CsA or MPA may increase EC mediated inflammatory responses and long-term exposure may contribute to limitation of allograft tolerance. In contrast, IVIg interaction with the endothelium may mediate some of its immunosuppressive effects through promotion of Treg expansion, contributing to the maintenance of allograft tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Lion
- U1160, Alloimmunité-Autoimmunité-Transplantation, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Maren Burbach
- U1160, Alloimmunité-Autoimmunité-Transplantation, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, APHP, Hopital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Amy Cross
- U1160, Alloimmunité-Autoimmunité-Transplantation, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Karine Poussin
- U1160, Alloimmunité-Autoimmunité-Transplantation, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Taflin
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, APHP, Hopital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Srini Kaveri
- U1138, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Alain Haziot
- U1160, Alloimmunité-Autoimmunité-Transplantation, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Denis Glotz
- U1160, Alloimmunité-Autoimmunité-Transplantation, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, APHP, Hopital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,LabEx Transplantex, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nuala Mooney
- U1160, Alloimmunité-Autoimmunité-Transplantation, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,LabEx Transplantex, Strasbourg, France
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The intragraft microenvironment as a central determinant of chronic rejection or local immunoregulation/tolerance. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2016; 22:55-63. [PMID: 27898465 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic rejection is associated with persistent mononuclear cell recruitment, endothelial activation and proliferation, local tissue hypoxia and related biology that enhance effector immune responses. In contrast, the tumor microenvironment elicits signals/factors that inhibit effector T cell responses and rather promote immunoregulation locally within the tissue itself. The identification of immunoregulatory check points and/or secreted factors that are deficient within allografts is of great importance in the understanding and prevention of chronic rejection. RECENT FINDINGS The relative deficiency of immunomodulatory molecules (cell surface and secreted) on microvascular endothelial cells within the intragraft microenvironment, is of functional importance in shaping the phenotype of rejection. These regulatory molecules include coinhibitory and/or intracellular regulatory signals/factors that enhance local activation of T regulatory cells. For example, semaphorins may interact with endothelial cells and CD4 T cells to promote local tolerance. Additionally, metabolites and electrolytes within the allograft microenvironment may regulate local effector and regulatory cell responses. SUMMARY Multiple factors within allografts shape the microenvironment either towards local immunoregulation or proinflammation. Promoting the expression of intragraft cell surface or secreted molecules that support immunoregulation will be critical for long-term graft survival and/or alloimmune tolerance.
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Zamani MR, Aslani S, Salmaninejad A, Javan MR, Rezaei N. PD-1/PD-L and autoimmunity: A growing relationship. Cell Immunol 2016; 310:27-41. [PMID: 27660198 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligands, namely PD-L1 and PD-L2, are one of the key factors responsible for inhibitory T cell signaling, mediating the mechanisms of tolerance and providing immune homeostasis. Mounting evidence demonstrates that impaired PD-1:PD-L function plays an important role in a variety of autoimmune diseases such as Type 1 diabetes (T1D), encephalomyelitis, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), Behcet's disease (BD), myasthenia gravis (MG), autoimmune uveitis (AU), Sjögren's syndrome (SjS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), myocarditis, and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). By investigating the candidate genes, genome-wide association studies, and identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in PD-1 gene in humans, it has been shown that there is a higher risk in relevant genetic associations with developing autoimmune diseases in certain ethnic groups. In this review we have tried to present a comprehensive role of PD-1:PD-L in all recently studied autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Zamani
- Department of Immunology and Biology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Aslani
- Department of Immunology and Biology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Salmaninejad
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Medical Genetics Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Javan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Department of Immunology and Biology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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van Herk EH, Te Velde AA. Treg subsets in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal carcinoma: Characteristics, role, and therapeutic targets. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31:1393-404. [PMID: 26990130 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
T regulatory cells (Tregs) play an important role in the regulation of autoimmunity, autoinflammation, allergic diseases, infection, and the tumor environment. Different subsets are characterized that use a number of regulatory mechanisms. Tregs can influence the progression of inflammatory bowel disease and the development of colorectal cancer. Knowledge of Tregs and their regulatory mechanisms can provide new targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egbert H van Herk
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anje A Te Velde
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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36
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Abstract
Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules direct the "second signal," which largely determines the outcome of the "first signal" generated by the interaction of T cell receptor (TCR) with cognate MHC-peptide complex. The co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory signals are key mechanistic contributors to the regulation of adaptive immunity, especially the T cell-mediated immune response. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a special population of T cells, which unlike other T cells function as "attenuators" to suppress T cell immunity. Dysregulation of either the "second signal" or Tregs leads to an unbalanced immune system, which can result in a range of immune-related disorders, including autoimmune diseases, chronic infections, and tumors. In contrast, precise manipulation of these two systems offers tremendous clinical opportunities to treat these same diseases. Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules modulate immunity at molecular level, whereas Tregs delicately control the immune response at cellular level. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that these two regulatory strategies converge and synergize with each other. This review discusses recent progress on the roles of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory signals in the context of Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Liu
- a Department of Biochemistry , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - Steven C Almo
- a Department of Biochemistry , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - Xingxing Zang
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA.,c Department of Medicine , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA.,d Department of Urology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA
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37
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Borges CM, Reichenbach DK, Kim BS, Misra A, Blazar BR, Turka LA. Regulatory T cell expressed MyD88 is critical for prolongation of allograft survival. Transpl Int 2016; 29:930-40. [PMID: 27112509 DOI: 10.1111/tri.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
MyD88 signaling directly promotes T-cell survival and is required for optimal T-cell responses to pathogens. To examine the role of T-cell-intrinsic MyD88 signals in transplantation, we studied mice with targeted T-cell-specific MyD88 deletion. Contrary to expectations, we found that these mice were relatively resistant to prolongation of graft survival with anti-CD154 plus rapamycin in a class II-mismatched system. To specifically examine the role of MyD88 in Tregs, we created a Treg-specific MyD88-deficient mouse. Transplant studies in these animals replicated the findings observed with a global T-cell MyD88 knockout. Surprisingly, given the role of MyD88 in conventional T-cell survival, we found no defect in the survival of MyD88-deficient Tregs in vitro or in the transplant recipients and also observed intact cell homing and expression of Treg effector molecules. MyD88-deficient Tregs also fail to protect allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients from chronic graft-versus-host disease, confirming the observations of defective regulation seen in a solid organ transplant system. Together, our data define MyD88 as having a divergent requirement for cell survival in non-Tregs and Tregs, and a yet-to-be defined survival-independent requirement for Treg function during the response to alloantigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Borges
- Center for Transplantation Science, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Program in Immunology, Harvard University Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dawn K Reichenbach
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Beom Seok Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Aditya Misra
- Summer Immunology Research Program, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Laurence A Turka
- Center for Transplantation Science, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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38
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Li Z, Dong P, Ren M, Song Y, Qian X, Yang Y, Li S, Zhang X, Liu F. PD-L1 Expression Is Associated with Tumor FOXP3(+) Regulatory T-Cell Infiltration of Breast Cancer and Poor Prognosis of Patient. J Cancer 2016; 7:784-93. [PMID: 27162536 PMCID: PMC4860794 DOI: 10.7150/jca.14549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Expression of PD-L1 has been estimated to predict the therapeutic potential of PD-L1 inhibition in solid tumors. Recent studies have demonstrated that PD-L1 plays a critical role in regulatory T-cell (Treg) development and functional maintenance. Although increases in FOXP3+Treg infiltration and PD-L1 expression have been revealed in several malignancies, their correlation in human breast tumors is as yet unclear. Methods: Whole-tissue sections from 501 patients with breast cancer were examined for PD-L1 and FOXP3 expression by immunohistochemistry. Correlation between their expressions and the association with clinicopathological features, intrinsic tumor subtypes and patient's prognosis were studied. Results: PD-L1 expression and FOXP3+Treg infiltrates in tumor tissue demonstrated a high correlation (rs=0.334, p<0.001) in this cohort of breast cancer patients. High PD-L1 expression and increased FOXP3+Treg infiltrates were both associated with high histological grade, negative ER and PR status, and aggressive intrinsic tumor subtypes, especially the basal-like subtype. Tumors with concomitant high expressions of the two markers had the worst prognosis. Multivariate analysis proved both markers to be the independent predictors for decreased overall survival of patients, particularly in the basal-like subtype. Conclusions: The results suggest that PD-L1 and FOXP3+Tregs may work synergistically and their up-regulated expressions promote tumor immune evasion in breast cancer. Combinatorial immunotherapeutic approaches aiming on blocking PD-L1 and depleting Tregs might improve therapeutic efficacy in breast cancer patients, especially those with basal-like carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Li
- 1. Department of Breast Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Pengzhi Dong
- 2. Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Meijing Ren
- 1. Department of Breast Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yawen Song
- 1. Department of Breast Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xiaolong Qian
- 1. Department of Breast Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yiling Yang
- 1. Department of Breast Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Shuai Li
- 1. Department of Breast Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xinmin Zhang
- 3. Department of Pathology, Cooper University Hospital, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey 08103, USA
| | - Fangfang Liu
- 1. Department of Breast Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
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Madariaga MLL, Spencer PJ, Michel SG, La Muraglia GM, O’Neil MJ, Mannon EC, Leblang C, Rosales IA, Colvin RB, Sachs DH, Allan JS, Madsen JC. Effects of Lung Cotransplantation on Cardiac Allograft Tolerance Across a Full Major Histocompatibility Complex Barrier in Miniature Swine. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:979-86. [PMID: 26469344 PMCID: PMC5010442 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A 12-day course of high-dose tacrolimus induces tolerance of major histocompatibility complex-mismatched lung allografts in miniature swine but does not induce tolerance of heart allografts unless a kidney is cotransplanted. To determine whether lungs share with kidneys the ability to induce cardiac allograft tolerance, we investigated heart-lung cotransplantation using the same induction protocol. Hearts (n = 3), heart-kidneys (n = 3), lungs (n = 6), and hearts-lungs (n = 3) were transplanted into fully major histocompatibility complex-mismatched recipients treated with high-dose tacrolimus for 12 days. Serial biopsy samples were used to evaluate rejection, and in vitro assays were used to detect donor responsiveness. All heart-kidney recipients and five of six lung recipients demonstrated long-term graft survival for longer than 272 days, while all heart recipients rejected their allografts within 35 days. Tolerant recipients remained free of alloantibody and showed persistent donor-specific unresponsiveness by cell-mediated lympholysis/mixed-lymphocyte reaction. In contrast, heart-lung recipients demonstrated rejection of both allografts (days 47, 55, and 202) and antidonor responsiveness in vitro. In contrast to kidneys, lung cotransplantation leads to rejection of both heart and lung allografts, indicating that lungs do not have the same tolerogenic capacity as kidneys. We conclude that cells or cell products present in kidney, but not heart or lung allografts, have a unique capacity to confer unresponsiveness on cotransplanted organs, most likely by amplifying host regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. L. L. Madariaga
- Center for Transplantation Science, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - P. J. Spencer
- Center for Transplantation Science, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - S. G. Michel
- Center for Transplantation Science, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - G. M. La Muraglia
- Center for Transplantation Science, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - M. J. O’Neil
- Center for Transplantation Science, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - E. C. Mannon
- Center for Transplantation Science, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - C. Leblang
- Center for Transplantation Science, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - I. A. Rosales
- Center for Transplantation Science, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - R. B. Colvin
- Center for Transplantation Science, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - D. H. Sachs
- Center for Transplantation Science, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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40
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Silva R, Gullo I, Carneiro F. The PD-1:PD-L1 immune inhibitory checkpoint in Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer: a comprehensive review and future perspectives. Porto Biomed J 2016; 1:4-11. [PMID: 32258540 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbj.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the GLOBOCAN, gastric cancer is the fifth most common cause of cancer and the third most frequent cause of cancer-related death, in both sexes, all over the world. It often presents late in life, bearing a poor overall survival. Mass screening programs are not cost-effective in most countries and therefore primary prevention and personalized treatment are regarded as the best options to reduce gastric cancer mortality. Immune inhibitory checkpoints, such as Programmed cell Death-1 (PD-1):Programmed cell Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1), allow the tumor to evade immune destruction - a potential new hallmark of cancer, through innate and adaptive immune resistance mechanisms. PD-1 monoclonal antibodies, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, are already approved therapies for advanced stage melanoma. This review addresses PD-L1 significance in Helicobacter pylori infection persistence and gastric cancer development, providing rationale for PD-L1 targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Silva
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Irene Gullo
- São João Hospital Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Carneiro
- São João Hospital Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (Ipatimup), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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41
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Zhou H, Xiong L, Wang Y, Ding L, Hu S, Zhao M, Zhou L. Treatment of murine lupus with PD-LIg. Clin Immunol 2016; 162:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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42
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Peligero C, Argilaguet J, Güerri-Fernandez R, Torres B, Ligero C, Colomer P, Plana M, Knobel H, García F, Meyerhans A. PD-L1 Blockade Differentially Impacts Regulatory T Cells from HIV-Infected Individuals Depending on Plasma Viremia. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005270. [PMID: 26633181 PMCID: PMC4669187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway has emerged as a potential therapy to restore impaired immune responses in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. Most reports have studied the impact of the PD-L1 blockade on effector cells and neglected possible effects on regulatory T cells (Treg cells), which play an essential role in balancing immunopathology and antiviral effector responses. The aim of this study was to define the consequences of ex vivo PD-L1 blockade on Treg cells from HIV-infected individuals. We observed that HIV infection led to an increase in PD-1+ and PD-L1+ Treg cells. This upregulation correlated with disease progression and decreased under antiretroviral treatment. Treg cells from viremic individuals had a particularly high PD-1 expression and impaired proliferative capacity in comparison with Treg cells from individuals under antiretroviral treatment. PD-L1 blockade restored the proliferative capacity of Treg cells from viremic individuals but had no effect on its suppressive capacity. Moreover, it increased the viral production in cell cultures from viremic individuals. This increase in viral production correlated with an increase in Treg cell percentage and a reduction in the CD4/Treg and CD8/Treg cell ratios. In contrast to the effect of the PD-L1 blockade on Treg cells from viremic individuals, we did not observe a significant effect on the proliferative capacity of Treg cells from individuals in whom viremia was controlled (either spontaneously or by antiretroviral treatment). However, PD-L1 blockade resulted in an increased proliferative capacity of HIV-specific-CD8 T cells in all subjects. Taken together, our findings suggest that manipulating PD-L1 in vivo can be expected to influence the net gain of effector function depending on the subject’s plasma viremia. HIV infection causes a progressive impairment of effector immune responses, contributing to virus persistence. The restoration of these responses is essential to achieve a drug-free control over HIV. One strategy that could restore effector immune responses is the relief of the inhibitory signal displayed by the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway on effector cells. However, the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway also plays a role in the biology of regulatory T cells, which in turn suppress effector responses. Here we show that ex vivo PD-L1 blockade on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-infected individuals differentially increases the proliferative capacity of regulatory- and effector- T cells depending on the subject’s plasma viremia. Our results suggest that PD-L1 blockade will skew the effector-to-regulatory T cell ratio in favour of effector cells only in patients in whom viremia is controlled. In patients with uncontrolled viremia, PD-L1 blockade will not favour effector- T cells over regulatory- T cells, and might also boost virus reactivation. Our findings support the rationale to combine a PD-L1 blockade with antiretroviral treatment to restore effector responses in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Peligero
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Argilaguet
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (JA); (AM)
| | | | - Berta Torres
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Ligero
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Colomer
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Plana
- Retrovirology and Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, AIDS Research Group, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hernando Knobel
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe García
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreas Meyerhans
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (JA); (AM)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW When it comes to tolerance induction, kidney allografts behave differently from heart allografts that behave differently from lung allografts. Here, we examine how and why different organ allografts respond differently to the same tolerance induction protocol. RECENT FINDINGS Allograft tolerance has been achieved in experimental and clinical kidney transplantation. Inducing tolerance in experimental recipients of heart and lung allografts has, however, proven to be more challenging. New protocols being developed in nonhuman primates based on mixed chimerism and cotransplantation of tolerogenic organs may provide mechanistic insights to help overcome these challenges. SUMMARY Tolerance induction protocols that are successful in patients transplanted with 'tolerance-prone' organs such as kidneys and livers will most likely not succeed in recipients of 'tolerance-resistant' organs such as hearts and lungs. Separate clinical trials using more robust tolerance protocols will be required to achieve tolerance in heart and lung recipients.
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae Modulates Immunity by Polarizing Human Macrophages to a M2 Profile. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130713. [PMID: 26125939 PMCID: PMC4488386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Current data suggest that Neisseria gonorrhoeae is able to suppress the protective immune response at different levels, such as B and T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells. The present report is focused on gonococcus evasion mechanism on macrophages (MФ) and its impact in the subsequent immune response. In response to various signals MФ may undergo classical-M1 (M1-MФ) or alternative-M2 (M2-MФ) activation. Until now there are no reports of the gonococcus effects on human MФ polarization. We assessed the phagocytic ability of monocyte-derived MФ (MDM) upon gonococcal infection by immunofluorescence and gentamicin protection experiments. Then, we evaluated cytokine profile and M1/M2 specific-surface markers on MФ challenged with N. gonorrhoeae and their proliferative effect on T cells. Our findings lead us to suggest N. gonorrhoeae stimulates a M2-MФ phenotype in which some of the M2b and none of the M1-MФ-associated markers are induced. Interestingly, N. gonorrhoeae exposure leads to upregulation of a Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1), widely known as an immunosuppressive molecule. Moreover, functional results showed that N. gonorrhoeae-treated MФ are unable to induce proliferation of human T-cells, suggesting a more likely regulatory phenotype. Taken together, our data show that N. gonorroheae interferes with MФ polarization. This study has important implications for understanding the mechanisms of clearance versus long-term persistence of N. gonorroheae infection and might be applicable for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Abrahimi P, Chang WG, Kluger MS, Qyang Y, Tellides G, Saltzman WM, Pober JS. Efficient gene disruption in cultured primary human endothelial cells by CRISPR/Cas9. Circ Res 2015; 117:121-8. [PMID: 25940550 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.306290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The participation of endothelial cells (EC) in many physiological and pathological processes is widely modeled using human EC cultures, but genetic manipulation of these untransformed cells has been technically challenging. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 nuclease (Cas9) technology offers a promising new approach. However, mutagenized cultured cells require cloning to yield homogeneous populations, and the limited replicative lifespan of well-differentiated human EC presents a barrier for doing so. OBJECTIVE To create a simple but highly efficient method using CRISPR/Cas9 to generate biallelic gene disruption in untransformed human EC. METHODS AND RESULTS To demonstrate proof-of-principle, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to disrupt the gene for the class II transactivator. We used endothelial colony forming cell-derived EC and lentiviral vectors to deliver CRISPR/Cas9 elements to ablate EC expression of class II major histocompatibility complex molecules and with it, the capacity to activate allogeneic CD4(+) T cells. We show the observed loss-of-function arises from biallelic gene disruption in class II transactivator that leaves other essential properties of the cells intact, including self-assembly into blood vessels in vivo, and that the altered phenotype can be rescued by reintroduction of class II transactivator expression. CONCLUSIONS CRISPR/Cas9-modified human EC provides a powerful platform for vascular research and for regenerative medicine/tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parwiz Abrahimi
- From the Department of Immunobiology (P.A., M.S.K., J.S.P.), Department of Internal Medicine (W.G.C., Y.Q.), Department of Surgery (G.T.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (W.M.S.), Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - William G Chang
- From the Department of Immunobiology (P.A., M.S.K., J.S.P.), Department of Internal Medicine (W.G.C., Y.Q.), Department of Surgery (G.T.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (W.M.S.), Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Martin S Kluger
- From the Department of Immunobiology (P.A., M.S.K., J.S.P.), Department of Internal Medicine (W.G.C., Y.Q.), Department of Surgery (G.T.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (W.M.S.), Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Yibing Qyang
- From the Department of Immunobiology (P.A., M.S.K., J.S.P.), Department of Internal Medicine (W.G.C., Y.Q.), Department of Surgery (G.T.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (W.M.S.), Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - George Tellides
- From the Department of Immunobiology (P.A., M.S.K., J.S.P.), Department of Internal Medicine (W.G.C., Y.Q.), Department of Surgery (G.T.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (W.M.S.), Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - W Mark Saltzman
- From the Department of Immunobiology (P.A., M.S.K., J.S.P.), Department of Internal Medicine (W.G.C., Y.Q.), Department of Surgery (G.T.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (W.M.S.), Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Jordan S Pober
- From the Department of Immunobiology (P.A., M.S.K., J.S.P.), Department of Internal Medicine (W.G.C., Y.Q.), Department of Surgery (G.T.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (W.M.S.), Yale University, New Haven, CT.
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Lina TT, Alzahrani S, House J, Yamaoka Y, Sharpe AH, Rampy BA, Pinchuk IV, Reyes VE. Helicobacter pylori cag pathogenicity island's role in B7-H1 induction and immune evasion. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121841. [PMID: 25807464 PMCID: PMC4373751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection CD4+ T cells in the gastric lamina propria are hyporesponsive and polarized by Th1/Th17 cell responses controlled by Treg cells. We have previously shown that H. pylori upregulates B7-H1 expression on GEC, which, in turn, suppress T cell proliferation, effector function, and induce Treg cells in vitro. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanisms and the functional relevance of B7-H1 induction by H. pylori infection to chronic infection. Using H. pylori wild type (WT), cag pathogenicity island (cag PAI-) and cagA- isogenic mutant strains we demonstrated that H. pylori requires its type 4 secretion system (T4SS) as well as its effector protein CagA and peptidoglycan (PG) fragments for B7-H1 upregulation on GEC. Our study also showed that H. pylori uses the p38 MAPK pathway to upregulate B7-H1 expression in GEC. In vivo confirmation was obtained when infection of C57BL/6 mice with H. pylori PMSS1 strain, which has a functional T4SS delivery system, but not with H. pylori SS1 strain lacking a functional T4SS, led to a strong upregulation of B7-H1 expression in the gastric mucosa, increased bacterial load, induction of Treg cells in the stomach, increased IL-10 in the serum. Interestingly, B7-H1-/- mice showed less Treg cells and reduced bacterial loads after infection. These studies demonstrate how H. pylori T4SS components activate the p38 MAPK pathway, upregulate B7-H1 expression by GEC, and cause Treg cell induction; thus, contribute to establishing a persistent infection characteristic of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taslima T. Lina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States Of America
| | - Shatha Alzahrani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States Of America
| | - Jennifer House
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States Of America
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States Of America
| | - Arlene H. Sharpe
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States Of America
| | - Bill A. Rampy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States Of America
| | - Irina V. Pinchuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States Of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States Of America
- * E-mail: (VER); (IVP)
| | - Victor E. Reyes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States Of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States Of America
- * E-mail: (VER); (IVP)
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Piotti G, Palmisano A, Maggiore U, Buzio C. Vascular endothelium as a target of immune response in renal transplant rejection. Front Immunol 2014; 5:505. [PMID: 25374567 PMCID: PMC4204520 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review of clinical and experimental studies aims at analyzing the interplay between graft endothelium and host immune system in renal transplantation, and how it affects the survival of the graft. Graft endothelium is indeed the first barrier between self and non-self that is encountered by host lymphocytes upon reperfusion of vascularized solid transplants. Endothelial cells (EC) express all the major sets of antigens (Ag) that elicit host immune response, and therefore represent a preferential target in organ rejection. Some of the Ag expressed by EC are target of the antibody-mediated response, such as the AB0 blood group system, the human leukocyte antigens (HLA), and MHC class I related chain A antigens (MICA) systems, and the endothelial cell-restricted Ag; for each of these systems, the mechanisms of interaction and damage of both preformed and de novo donor-specific antibodies are reviewed along with their impact on renal graft survival. Moreover, the rejection process can force injured EC to expose cryptic self-Ag, toward which an autoimmune response mounts, overlapping to the allo-immune response in the damaging of the graft. Not only are EC a passive target of the host immune response but also an active player in lymphocyte activation; therefore, their interaction with allogenic T-cells is analyzed on the basis of experimental in vitro and in vivo studies, according to the patterns of expression of the HLA class I and II and the co-stimulatory molecules specific for cytotoxic and helper T-cells. Finally, as the response that follows transplantation has proven to be not necessarily destructive, the factors that foster graft endothelium functioning in spite of rejection, and how they could be therapeutically harnessed to promote long-term graft acceptance, are described: accommodation that is resistance of EC to donor-specific antibodies, and endothelial cell ability to induce Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells, that are crucial mediators of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Piotti
- Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Nephrology and Health Sciences, University Hospital of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Alessandra Palmisano
- Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Nephrology and Health Sciences, University Hospital of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Umberto Maggiore
- Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Nephrology and Health Sciences, University Hospital of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Carlo Buzio
- Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Nephrology and Health Sciences, University Hospital of Parma , Parma , Italy
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Karasar P, Esendagli G. T helper responses are maintained by basal-like breast cancer cells and confer to immune modulation via upregulation of PD-1 ligands. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 145:605-14. [PMID: 24816762 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-2984-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A conspicuous T cell infiltration is frequently observed in triple-negative and/or basal-like breast cancers. Since the immunological course of breast cancer is explicitly directed by helper T cells, this study aims to determine the influence of basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) cells on CD4(+) T cell responses. Co-cultures were established with breast cancer cell lines and CD4(+) T cells under stimulatory conditions. Helper T cell activation, proliferation, cytokine secretion, and differentiation were assessed. Protein and mRNA expression of PD-1 ligands were determined on breast cancer cell lines. Blockade assays were performed in order to determine the functional assets of PD-1 ligation. In contrast to luminal breast cancer cells, BLBC cells allowed CD4(+) T cell activation, proliferation, and IFN-γ secretion, but only to a certain extent. A substantial population of CD25(+)CD127(low/-) regulatory T (Treg) cells was also induced in BLBC co-cultures. In return, IFN-γ stimulated the upregulation of PD-L1 (B7-H1) and/or PD-L2 (B7-DC) inhibitory molecules on the basal-like cells. In prolonged periods of co-culturing, blockade of PD-1 ligands on BLBC cell lines impaired Treg differentiation, restored IL-2 secretion, and increased CD8(+) T cell activation. In conclusion, T helper responses were maintained by BLBC cells. On the other hand, IFN-γ secreted from Th1 and other immune cells upregulated the expression of PD-1 ligands on BLBC cells and modulated the immune reactions. Our results indicate the capacity of BLBCs to adapt to IFN-γ-mediated anti-tumor immune responses and to evade immunity via upregulation of PD-1 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Karasar
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
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Tonsho M, Michel S, Ahmed Z, Alessandrini A, Madsen JC. Heart transplantation: challenges facing the field. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:4/5/a015636. [PMID: 24789875 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There has been significant progress in the field of heart transplantation over the last 45 years. The 1-yr survival rates following heart transplantation have improved from 30% in the 1970s to almost 90% in the 2000s. However, there has been little change in long-term outcomes. This is mainly due to chronic rejection, malignancy, and the detrimental side effects of chronic immunosuppression. In addition, over the last decade, new challenges have arisen such as increasingly complicated recipients and antibody-mediated rejection. Most, if not all, of these obstacles to long-term survival could be prevented or ameliorated by the induction of transplant tolerance wherein the recipient's immune system is persuaded not to mount a damaging immune response against donor antigens, thus eliminating the need for chronic immunosuppression. However, the heart, as opposed to other allografts like kidneys, appears to be a tolerance-resistant organ. Understanding why organs like kidneys and livers are prone to tolerance induction, whereas others like hearts and lungs are tolerance-resistant, could aid in our attempts to achieve long-term, immunosuppression-free survival in human heart transplant recipients. It could also advance the field of pig-to-human xenotransplantation, which, if successful, would eliminate the organ shortage problem. Of course, there are alternative futures to the field of heart transplantation that may include the application of total mechanical support, stem cells, or bioengineered whole organs. Which modality will be the first to reach the ultimate goal of achieving unlimited, long-term, circulatory support with minimal risk to longevity or lifestyle is unknown, but significant progress in being made in each of these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Tonsho
- MGH Transplantation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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Hou J, Yu Z, Xiang R, Li C, Wang L, Chen S, Li Q, Chen M, Wang L. Correlation between infiltration of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells and expression of B7-H1 in the tumor tissues of gastric cancer. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 96:284-91. [PMID: 24657498 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substantial evidence suggests that the expansion of regulatory T cells (T(regs)) plays a pivotal role in immunological evasion of tumors. Recent studies have demonstrated that a majority of tumor cells overexpress B7-H1, and this overexpression is associated with poor disease prognosis. Although an increase of T(regs) and B7-H1 has been revealed in several malignancies, their correlation in gastric cancer has not been studied. METHODS Tumor sections from 111 gastric cancer patients were stained for FOXP3 and B7-H1 by immunohistochemistry. The expression levels of these two molecules were statistically associated with various factors involved in disease progression and prognosis. The correlation between their expression levels was analyzed. RESULTS The infiltration of FOXP3(+) T(regs) and expression of B7-H1 were observed in gastric cancer tissues, and there was a highly significant correlation between these two molecules (P < 0.01). The expression of FOXP3(+) T(regs) and B7-H1 was associated with lymph node metastasis and the clinicopathological stage and prognosis of gastric cancer patients. The expression levels of these two determinants in patients with lymph node metastasis and an advanced clinicopathological stage were distinctly higher (P < 0.05). The patients with enhanced expression of FOXP3(+) T(regs) and B7-H1 exhibited a lower overall survival rate and a worse prognosis (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of FOXP3(+) T(regs) and B7-H1 was observed in gastric cancer tissues; the two molecules were closely correlated with each other, suggesting that they might be used as new biomarkers to predict the disease progression and prognosis. Combinatorial immunotherapeutic approaches based on depleting the T(regs) and blocking B7-H1 might improve therapeutic efficacy in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Hou
- The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhong Yu
- The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rengyun Xiang
- The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuqiang Li
- The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Wang
- The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shufen Chen
- The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingyun Li
- The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mei Chen
- The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Linyun Wang
- The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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