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Wang Z, Zhou H, Xu J, Wang J, Niu T. Safety and efficacy of dual PI3K-δ, γ inhibitor, duvelisib in patients with relapsed or refractory lymphoid neoplasms: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective clinical trials. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1070660. [PMID: 36685572 PMCID: PMC9845779 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1070660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Duvelisib is the first FDA-approved oral dual inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase PI3K-delta (PI3K-δ) and PI3K-gamma (PI3K-γ). Although many clinical studies support the efficacy of duvelisib, the safety of duvelisib remains with great attention. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of duvelisib in treating different relapsed or refractory (RR) lymphoid neoplasm types. Methods We searched prospective clinical trials from PUBMED, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov. For efficacy analysis, Overall response rate (ORR), complete response rate (CR), partial response rate (PR), rate of stable disease (SDR), rate of progressive disease (PDR), median progression-free survival (mPFS), 12-/24-month PFS, and 12-month overall survival (OS) were assessed. For safety analysis, the incidences of any grade and grade ≥3 adverse events (AEs), serious AEs, and treatment-related discontinuation and death were evaluated. Subgroup analysis based on the disease type was performed. Results We included 11 studies and 683 patients, including 305 chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), 187 B-cell indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (iNHL), 39 B-cell aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (aNHL), and 152 T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (T-NHL) patients. The pooled ORR in CLL/SLL, iNHL, aNHL and T-NHL was 70%, 70%, 28% and 47%, respectively. Additionally, the pooled ORR in CLL/SLL patients with or without TP53 mutation/17p-deletion (62% vs. 74%, p=0.45) and in follicular lymphoma (FL) or other iNHL (69% vs. 57%, p=0.38) had no significant differences. Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) patients had higher pooled ORR than other aNHL (68% vs. 17%, p=0.04). Angioimmunoblastic TCL (AITL) patients had higher pooled ORR than other PTCL patients (67% vs. 42%, p=0.01). The pooled incidence of any grade, grade ≥3, serious AEs, treatment-related discontinuation and death was 99%, 79%, 63%, 33% and 3%, respectively. The most frequent any-grade AEs were diarrhea (47%), ALT/AST increase (39%), and neutropenia (38%). The most frequent grade ≥3 AEs were neutropenia (25%), ALT/AST increased (16%), diarrhea (12%), and anemia (12%). Conclusion Generally, duvelisib could offer favorable efficacy in patients with RR CLL/SLL, iNHL, MCL, and AITL. Risk and severity in duvelisib treatment may be mitigated through proper identification and management.
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Dysregulated protein kinase/phosphatase networks in SLE T cells. Clin Immunol 2022; 236:108952. [PMID: 35149196 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.108952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease associated with multiple phenotypic and functional aberrations in T lymphocytes. Among these, altered expression and/or activity of several protein kinases and phosphatases has been consistently documented in T cells obtained from patients with SLE. In this review, we describe and contextualize some of the kinase and phosphatase defects reported in T cells from patients with SLE, highlighting their relevance and possible consequences. Additionally, we discuss the origin of the defects and its significance for disease development and expression.
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Ward SG. The Role of PI3K Isoforms in Autoimmune Disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 436:337-347. [PMID: 36243851 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06566-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant overactivation of the immune system can give rise to chronic and persistent self-attack, culminating in autoimmune disease. This is currently managed therapeutically using potent immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drugs. Class I phosphoinositide-3-kinases (PI3Ks) have been identified as ideal therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases given their wide-ranging roles in immunological processes. Although progress has been hampered by issues such as poor drug tolerance and drug resistance, several PI3K inhibitors have now received regulatory approval with many others in development, including several intended to suppress the immune response in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. This chapter reviews the evidence for contribution of aberrant PI3K activity to a range of autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis and type I diabetes) and possible therapeutic application of isoform-specific PI3K inhibitors as immunosuppressive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Ward
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology and Bath Centre for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, B2 7AY, UK.
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Ghosh S, Keretsu S, Cho SJ. Computational Modeling of Novel Phosphoinositol‐3‐kinase γ Inhibitors Using Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics, and
3D‐QSAR. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suparna Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine Chosun University Gwangju 501‐759 Republic of Korea
| | - Seketoulie Keretsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine Chosun University Gwangju 501‐759 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Joo Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine Chosun University Gwangju 501‐759 Republic of Korea
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine Chosun University Gwangju 501‐759 Republic of Korea
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O’Brien S, Patel M, Kahl BS, Horwitz SM, Foss FM, Porcu P, Jones J, Burger J, Jain N, Allen K, Faia K, Douglas M, Stern HM, Sweeney J, Kelly P, Kelly V, Flinn I. Duvelisib, an oral dual PI3K-δ,γ inhibitor, shows clinical and pharmacodynamic activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma in a phase 1 study. Am J Hematol 2018; 93:1318-1326. [PMID: 30094870 PMCID: PMC8260004 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Duvelisib (IPI-145), an oral, dual inhibitor of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)-δ and -γ, was evaluated in a Phase 1 study in advanced hematologic malignancies, which included expansion cohorts in relapsed/refractory (RR) chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) and treatment-naïve (TN) CLL. Per protocol, TN patients were at least 65 years old or had a del(17p)/TP53 mutation. Duvelisib was administered twice daily (BID) in 28-day cycles at doses of 8-75 mg in RR patients (n = 55) and 25 mg in TN patients (n = 18.) Diarrhea was the most common nonhematologic AE (TN 78%, RR 47%); transaminase elevations the most frequent lab-abnormality AE (TN 33.3%, RR 30.9%); and neutropenia the most common ≥grade 3 AE (RR 44%, TN 33%). The overall response rates were 56.4% for RR patients (1.8% CR, 54.5% PR) and 83.3% for TN patients (all PRs); median response duration was 21.0 months in RR patients but was not reached for TN patients. Based upon phase 1 efficacy, pharmacodynamics, and safety, duvelisib 25 mg BID was selected for further investigation in a phase 3 study in RR CLL/SLL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pierluigi Porcu
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey Jones
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jan Burger
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nitin Jain
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kerstin Allen
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kerrie Faia
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Mark Douglas
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Patrick Kelly
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Virginia Kelly
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ian Flinn
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, Tennessee
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6
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Koga T, Migita K, Sato T, Sato S, Umeda M, Nonaka F, Fukui S, Kawashiri SY, Iwamoto N, Ichinose K, Tamai M, Nakamura H, Origuchi T, Ueki Y, Masumoto J, Agematsu K, Yachie A, Yoshiura KI, Eguchi K, Kawakami A. MicroRNA-204-3p inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokines in familial Mediterranean fever via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ pathway. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2018; 57:718-726. [PMID: 29294109 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kex451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We sought to identify the microRNA (miRNA) profile and potential biomarkers in FMF and to clarify their gene targets to elucidate the pathogenesis of FMF. Methods We performed an miRNA microarray using serum from FMF patients in attack and in remission. We then examined the expression of miRNAs in macrophages derived from THP-1 cells stimulated with toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. Macrophages derived from THP-1 cells transfected with pre-miRNA were stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) for the quantification of inflammatory cytokine production. To identify the target genes, we overexpressed their miRNA and performed a complementary DNA microarray. Transfection with reporter construct and the precursor miRNA was performed to confirm the suppression of target mRNA. Results We found that miR-204-3p was greatly decreased in the serum from FMF patients in attack. The expression of miR-204-3p was suppressed by LPS stimulation in the macrophages derived from THP-1 cells and the inhibition of miR-204-3p significantly induced the production of TLR4-related cytokines. The bioinformatic analysis showed that miR-204-3p is predicted to target genes implicated in the TLR pathway through the regulation of PI3Kγ signalling. The reporter assay revealed that miR-204-3p directly suppressed the luciferase activity of 3'-UTR of PIK3CG reporter construct. The inhibition of PI3Kγ resulted in decreased amounts of IL-6 and IL-12p40 in monocytes from FMF patients. Conclusion These data suggest that serum miR-204-3p has potential as a useful biomarker in FMF patients and that miR-204-3p serves as a suppressor of inflammatory cytokine production in FMF by targeting the PI3Kγ pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Koga
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Migita
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tomohito Sato
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Sato
- Nagasaki University Hospital, Clinical Research Center, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masataka Umeda
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Nonaka
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Sasebo City General Hospital, Sasebo, Japan
| | - Shoichi Fukui
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shin-Ya Kawashiri
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Iwamoto
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Ichinose
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mami Tamai
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakamura
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tomoki Origuchi
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yukitaka Ueki
- Center for Rheumatic Disease, Sasebo Chuo Hospital, Sasebo, Japan
| | - Junya Masumoto
- Department of Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine and Proteo-Science Center, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kazunaga Agematsu
- Department of Infectious Immunology, Shinshu University, Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yachie
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichiro Yoshiura
- Department of Human Genetics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Katsumi Eguchi
- Center for Rheumatic Disease, Sasebo Chuo Hospital, Sasebo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawakami
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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Katsuyama T, Tsokos GC, Moulton VR. Aberrant T Cell Signaling and Subsets in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1088. [PMID: 29868033 PMCID: PMC5967272 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic multi-organ debilitating autoimmune disease, which mainly afflicts women in the reproductive years. A complex interaction of genetics, environmental factors and hormones result in the breakdown of immune tolerance to "self" leading to damage and destruction of multiple organs, such as the skin, joints, kidneys, heart and brain. Both innate and adaptive immune systems are critically involved in the misguided immune response against self-antigens. Dendritic cells, neutrophils, and innate lymphoid cells are important in initiating antigen presentation and propagating inflammation at lymphoid and peripheral tissue sites. Autoantibodies produced by B lymphocytes and immune complex deposition in vital organs contribute to tissue damage. T lymphocytes are increasingly being recognized as key contributors to disease pathogenesis. CD4 T follicular helper cells enable autoantibody production, inflammatory Th17 subsets promote inflammation, while defects in regulatory T cells lead to unchecked immune responses. A better understanding of the molecular defects including signaling events and gene regulation underlying the dysfunctional T cells in SLE is necessary to pave the path for better management, therapy, and perhaps prevention of this complex disease. In this review, we focus on the aberrations in T cell signaling in SLE and highlight therapeutic advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vaishali R. Moulton
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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8
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Uehara M, McGrath MM, Ohori S, Solhjou Z, Banouni N, Routray S, Evans C, DiNitto JP, Elkhal A, Turka LA, Strom TB, Tullius SG, Winkler DG, Azzi J, Abdi R. Regulation of T cell alloimmunity by PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ. Nat Commun 2017; 8:951. [PMID: 29038423 PMCID: PMC5643371 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00982-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3K) γ and δ are preferentially enriched in leukocytes, and defects in these signaling pathways have been shown to impair T cell activation. The effects of PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ on alloimmunity remain underexplored. Here, we show that both PI3Kγ−/− and PI3KδD910A/D910A mice receiving heart allografts have suppression of alloreactive T effector cells and delayed acute rejection. However, PI3Kδ mutation also dampens regulatory T cells (Treg). After treatment with low dose CTLA4-Ig, PI3Kγ−/−, but not PI3ΚδD910A/D910A, recipients exhibit indefinite prolongation of heart allograft survival. PI3KδD910A/D910A Tregs have increased apoptosis and impaired survival. Selective inhibition of PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ (using PI3Kδ and dual PI3Kγδ chemical inhibitors) shows that PI3Kγ inhibition compensates for the negative effect of PI3Kδ inhibition on long-term allograft survival. These data serve as a basis for future PI3K-based immune therapies for transplantation. Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3K) γ and δ are key regulators of T cell signaling. Here the author show, using mouse heart allograft transplantation models, that PI3Kγ or PI3Kδ deficiency prolongs graft survival, but selective inhibition of PI3Kγ or PI3Kδ reveals alternative transplant survival outcomes post CTLA4-Ig treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Uehara
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Martina M McGrath
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shunsuke Ohori
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zhabiz Solhjou
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Naima Banouni
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sujit Routray
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Catherine Evans
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc 784 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jonathan P DiNitto
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc 784 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Abdallah Elkhal
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Laurence A Turka
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Massachusetts General Hospital-East Charlestown Navy Yard Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129-2020, USA
| | - Terry B Strom
- The Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, E/CLS Room 607, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Stefan G Tullius
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - David G Winkler
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc 784 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jamil Azzi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Taher TE, Bystrom J, Ong VH, Isenberg DA, Renaudineau Y, Abraham DJ, Mageed RA. Intracellular B Lymphocyte Signalling and the Regulation of Humoral Immunity and Autoimmunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2017; 53:237-264. [PMID: 28456914 PMCID: PMC5597704 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-017-8609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes are critical for effective immunity; they produce antibodies and cytokines, present antigens to T lymphocytes and regulate immune responses. However, because of the inherent randomness in the process of generating their vast repertoire of antigen-specific receptors, B cells can also cause diseases through recognizing and reacting to self. Therefore, B lymphocyte selection and responses require tight regulation at multiple levels and at all stages of their development and activation to avoid diseases. Indeed, newly generated B lymphocytes undergo rigorous tolerance mechanisms in the bone marrow and, subsequently, in the periphery after their migration. Furthermore, activation of mature B cells is regulated through controlled expression of co-stimulatory receptors and intracellular signalling thresholds. All these regulatory events determine whether and how B lymphocytes respond to antigens, by undergoing apoptosis or proliferation. However, defects that alter regulated co-stimulatory receptor expression or intracellular signalling thresholds can lead to diseases. For example, autoimmune diseases can result from altered regulation of B cell responses leading to the emergence of high-affinity autoreactive B cells, autoantibody production and tissue damage. The exact cause(s) of defective B cell responses in autoimmune diseases remains unknown. However, there is evidence that defects or mutations in genes that encode individual intracellular signalling proteins lead to autoimmune diseases, thus confirming that defects in intracellular pathways mediate autoimmune diseases. This review provides a synopsis of current knowledge of signalling proteins and pathways that regulate B lymphocyte responses and how defects in these could promote autoimmune diseases. Most of the evidence comes from studies of mouse models of disease and from genetically engineered mice. Some, however, also come from studying B lymphocytes from patients and from genome-wide association studies. Defining proteins and signalling pathways that underpin atypical B cell response in diseases will help in understanding disease mechanisms and provide new therapeutic avenues for precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher E Taher
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jonas Bystrom
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Voon H Ong
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Yves Renaudineau
- Immunology Laboratory, University of Brest Medical School, Brest, France
| | - David J Abraham
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rizgar A Mageed
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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Azzi J, Thueson L, Moore R, Abdoli R, Reijonen H, Abdi R. PI3Kγ Deficient NOD-Mice Are Protected from Diabetes by Restoring the Balance of Regulatory to Effector-T-Cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169695. [PMID: 28081180 PMCID: PMC5231340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With a steady increase in its incidence and lack of curative treatment, type 1 diabetes (T1D) has emerged as a major health problem worldwide. To design novel effective therapies, there is a pressing need to identify regulatory targets controlling the balance of autoreactive to regulatory-T-cells (Tregs). We previously showed that the inhibition of the γ-subunit of the Phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), significantly suppress autoimmune-diabetes. To further delineate the mechanisms and the selectivity of specific immune modulation by PI3Kγ-inhibition, we developed a new NOD mouse model of T1D lacking the γ-subunit of PI3K. Strikingly, the loss of PI3Kγ protected 92% of the NOD-mice from developing spontaneous diabetes. The NOD.PI3Kγ-/- mice are protected from insulitis secondary to a defect in CD4 and CD8 autoreactive-T-cells activation and survival. In addition, PI3Kγ-deficiency promoted Treg generation in-vitro and in-vivo. Furthermore, PI3Kγ-inhibitor (AS605240) inhibited proliferation and cytokine production of a human CD4+ T-cell clone specific for GAD555-567 peptide that was isolated from a patient with T1D. These studies demonstrate the key role of the PI3Kγ pathway in regulating autoimmune-diabetes and provide rationales for future devise of anti- PI3Kγ therapy in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Azzi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JA); (RA)
| | - Lindsay Thueson
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert Moore
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rozita Abdoli
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Helena Reijonen
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JA); (RA)
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Nobs SP, Schneider C, Heer AK, Huotari J, Helenius A, Kopf M. PI3Kγ Is Critical for Dendritic Cell-Mediated CD8+ T Cell Priming and Viral Clearance during Influenza Virus Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005508. [PMID: 27030971 PMCID: PMC4816423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-3-kinases have been shown to be involved in influenza virus pathogenesis. They are targeted directly by virus proteins and are essential for efficient viral replication in infected lung epithelial cells. However, to date the role of PI3K signaling in influenza infection in vivo has not been thoroughly addressed. Here we show that one of the PI3K subunits, p110γ, is in fact critically required for mediating the host’s antiviral response. PI3Kγ deficient animals exhibit a delayed viral clearance and increased morbidity during respiratory infection with influenza virus. We demonstrate that p110γ is required for the generation and maintenance of potent antiviral CD8+ T cell responses through the developmental regulation of pulmonary cross-presenting CD103+ dendritic cells under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. The defect in lung dendritic cells leads to deficient CD8+ T cell priming, which is associated with higher viral titers and more severe disease course during the infection. We thus identify PI3Kγ as a novel key host protective factor in influenza virus infection and shed light on an unappreciated layer of complexity concerning the role of PI3K signaling in this context. Acute respiratory viral infections like influenza virus can cause life-threatening disease in infected individuals. Phosphoinositide-3-kinases have been suggested to be important factors used by the virus to infect and replicate in host cells, and thereby cause viral pneumonia. However, to date the role of these signaling molecules has not been thoroughly addressed in the context of an infection in whole animals, rather than just cell culture systems. Here we show that one of the PI3K subunits, PI3Kγ, is in fact critically required for the clearance of the infection. This is because PI3Kγ regulates the immune response against the virus through the generation and maintenance of antiviral CD8+ T cell responses. We show that in the absence of PI3Kγ a specialized dendritic cell subset in the lung is deficient and this leads to a strongly impaired immune response against influenza virus. We thus identify PI3Kγ as a novel host molecule that is important for the immune defense against influenza virus infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Philip Nobs
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Schneider
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alex Kaspar Heer
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jatta Huotari
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ari Helenius
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Moulton VR, Tsokos GC. T cell signaling abnormalities contribute to aberrant immune cell function and autoimmunity. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2220-7. [PMID: 25961450 DOI: 10.1172/jci78087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototype systemic autoimmune disease that results from a break in immune tolerance to self-antigens, leading to multi-organ destruction. Autoantibody deposition and inflammatory cell infiltration in target organs such as kidneys and brain lead to complications of this disease. Dysregulation of cellular and humoral immune response elements, along with organ-defined molecular aberrations, form the basis of SLE pathogenesis. Aberrant T lymphocyte activation due to signaling abnormalities, linked to defective gene transcription and altered cytokine production, are important contributors to SLE pathophysiology. A better understanding of signaling and gene regulation defects in SLE T cells will lead to the identification of specific novel molecular targets and predictive biomarkers for therapy.
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13
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Suárez-Fueyo A, Rojas JM, Cariaga AE, García E, Steiner BH, Barber DF, Puri KD, Carrera AC. Inhibition of PI3Kδ reduces kidney infiltration by macrophages and ameliorates systemic lupus in the mouse. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:544-54. [PMID: 24935930 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a human chronic inflammatory disease generated and maintained throughout life by autoreactive T and B cells. Class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) are heterodimers composed of a regulatory and a catalytic subunit that catalyze phosphoinositide-3,4,5-P3 formation and regulate cell survival, migration, and division. Activity of the PI3Kδ isoform is enhanced in human SLE patient PBLs. In this study, we analyzed the effect of inhibiting PI3Kδ in MRL/lpr mice, a model of human SLE. We found that PI3Kδ inhibition ameliorated lupus progression. Treatment of these mice with a PI3Kδ inhibitor reduced the excessive numbers of CD4(+) effector/memory cells and B cells. In addition, this treatment reduced serum TNF-α levels and the number of macrophages infiltrating the kidney. Expression of inactive PI3Kδ, but not deletion of the other hematopoietic isoform PI3Kγ, reduced the ability of macrophages to cross the basement membrane, a process required to infiltrate the kidney, explaining MRL/lpr mice improvement by pharmacologic inhibition of PI3Kδ. The observations that p110δ inhibitor prolonged mouse life span, reduced disease symptoms, and showed no obvious secondary effects indicates that PI3Kδ is a promising target for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Suárez-Fueyo
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - José M Rojas
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Ariel E Cariaga
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Esther García
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain; and
| | - Bart H Steiner
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Seattle, WA 98102
| | - Domingo F Barber
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Kamal D Puri
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Seattle, WA 98102
| | - Ana C Carrera
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain;
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14
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Winkler DG, Faia KL, DiNitto JP, Ali JA, White KF, Brophy EE, Pink MM, Proctor JL, Lussier J, Martin CM, Hoyt JG, Tillotson B, Murphy EL, Lim AR, Thomas BD, Macdougall JR, Ren P, Liu Y, Li LS, Jessen KA, Fritz CC, Dunbar JL, Porter JR, Rommel C, Palombella VJ, Changelian PS, Kutok JL. PI3K-δ and PI3K-γ inhibition by IPI-145 abrogates immune responses and suppresses activity in autoimmune and inflammatory disease models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:1364-74. [PMID: 24211136 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)-δ and PI3K-γ are preferentially expressed in immune cells, and inhibitors targeting these isoforms are hypothesized to have anti-inflammatory activity by affecting the adaptive and innate immune response. We report on a potent oral PI3K-δ and PI3K-γ inhibitor (IPI-145) and characterize this compound in biochemical, cellular, and in vivo assays. These studies demonstrate that IPI-145 exerts profound effects on adaptive and innate immunity by inhibiting B and T cell proliferation, blocking neutrophil migration, and inhibiting basophil activation. We explored the therapeutic value of combined PI3K-δ and PI3K-γ blockade, and IPI-145 showed potent activity in collagen-induced arthritis, ovalbumin-induced asthma, and systemic lupus erythematosus rodent models. These findings support the hypothesis that inhibition of immune function can be achieved through PI3K-δ and PI3K-γ blockade, potentially leading to significant therapeutic effects in multiple inflammatory, autoimmune, and hematologic diseases.
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15
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Wymann MP, Solinas G. Inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ attenuates inflammation, obesity, and cardiovascular risk factors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1280:44-7. [PMID: 23551103 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) plays a central role in inflammation, allergy, cardiovascular, and metabolic disease. Obesity is accompanied by chronic, low-grade inflammation. As PI3Kγ plays a major role in leukocyte recruitment, targeting of PI3Kγ has been considered to be a strategy for attenuating progression of obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Indeed, PI3Kγ null mice are protected from high fat diet-induced obesity, metabolic inflammation, fatty liver, and insulin resistance. The lean phenotype of the PI3Kγ-null mice has been linked to increased thermogenesis and energy expenditure. Surprisingly, the increase in fat mass and metabolic aberrations were not linked to PI3Kγ activity in the hematopoietic compartment. Thermogenesis and oxygen consumption are modulated by PI3Kγ lipid kinase-dependent and -independent signaling mechanisms. PI3Kγ signaling controls metabolic and inflammatory stress, and may provide an entry point for therapeutic strategies in metabolic disease, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease.
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16
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Ladygina N, Gottipati S, Ngo K, Castro G, Ma JY, Banie H, Rao TS, Fung-Leung WP. PI3Kγ kinase activity is required for optimal T-cell activation and differentiation. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:3183-96. [PMID: 24030559 PMCID: PMC4209804 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase gamma (PI3Kγ) is a leukocyte-specific lipid kinase with
signaling function downstream of G protein-coupled receptors to regulate cell trafficking, but its
role in T cells remains unclear. To investigate the requirement of PI3Kγ kinase
activity in T-cell function, we studied T cells from PI3Kγ kinase-dead knock-in
(PI3KγKD/KD) mice expressing the kinase-inactive PI3Kγ protein. We show
that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from
PI3KγKD/KD mice exhibit impaired TCR/CD28-mediated activation that could not be
rescued by exogenous IL-2. The defects in proliferation and cytokine production were also evident in
naïve and memory T cells. Analysis of signaling events in activated
PI3KγKD/KD T cells revealed a reduction in phosphorylation of protein
kinase B (AKT) and ERK1/2, a decrease in lipid raft formation, and a delay in cell cycle
progression. Furthermore, PI3KγKD/KD CD4+ T cells
displayed compromised differentiation toward Th1, Th2, Th17, and induced Treg cells.
PI3KγKD/KD mice also exhibited an impaired response to immunization and a reduced
delayed-type hypersensitivity to Ag challenge. These findings indicate that PI3Kγ kinase
activity is required for optimal T-cell activation and differentiation, as well as for mounting an
efficient T cell-mediated immune response. The results suggest that PI3Kγ kinase
inhibitors could be beneficial in reducing the undesirable immune response in autoimmune
diseases.
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17
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PI3K p110γ deletion attenuates murine atherosclerosis by reducing macrophage proliferation but not polarization or apoptosis in lesions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72674. [PMID: 23991137 PMCID: PMC3750002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease regulated by infiltrating monocytes and T cells, among other cell types. Macrophage recruitment to atherosclerotic lesions is controlled by monocyte infiltration into plaques. Once in the lesion, macrophage proliferation in situ, apoptosis, and differentiation to an inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2) are involved in progression to advanced atherosclerotic lesions. We studied the role of phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) p110γ in the regulation of in situ apoptosis, macrophage proliferation and polarization towards M1 or M2 phenotypes in atherosclerotic lesions. We analyzed atherosclerosis development in LDLR−/−p110γ+/− and LDLR−/−p110γ−/− mice, and performed expression and functional assays in tissues and primary cells from these and from p110γ+/− and p110γ−/− mice. Lack of p110γ in LDLR−/− mice reduces the atherosclerosis burden. Atherosclerotic lesions in fat-fed LDLR−/−p110γ−/− mice were smaller than in LDLR−/−p110γ+/− controls, which coincided with decreased macrophage proliferation in LDLR−/−p110γ−/− mouse lesions. This proliferation defect was also observed in p110γ−/− bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) stimulated with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and was associated with higher intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels. In contrast, T cell proliferation was unaffected in LDLR−/−p110γ−/− mice. Moreover, p110γ deficiency did not affect macrophage polarization towards the M1 or M2 phenotypes or apoptosis in atherosclerotic plaques, or polarization in cultured BMM. Our results suggest that higher cAMP levels and the ensuing inhibition of macrophage proliferation contribute to atheroprotection in LDLR−/− mice lacking p110γ. Nonetheless, p110γ deletion does not appear to be involved in apoptosis, in macrophage polarization or in T cell proliferation.
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18
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Taher TE, Muhammad HA, Rahim A, Flores-Borja F, Renaudineau Y, Isenberg DA, Mageed RA. Aberrant B-lymphocyte responses in lupus: inherent or induced and potential therapeutic targets. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43:866-80. [PMID: 23701475 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lupus is a prototype autoimmune disease of unknown aetiology. The disease is complex; manifest diverse clinical symptoms and disease mechanisms. This complexity has provided many leads to explore: from disease mechanisms to approaches for therapy. B-lymphocytes play a central role in the pathogenesis of the disease. However, the cause of aberrant B-lymphocyte responses in patients and, indeed, its causal relationship with the disease remain unclear. DESIGN This article provides a synopsis of current knowledge of immunological abnormalities in lupus with an emphasis on abnormalities in the B-lymphocyte compartment. RESULTS There is evidence for abnormalities in most compartments of the immune system in animal models and patients with lupus including an ever expanding list of abnormalities within the B-lymphocyte compartment. In addition, recent genome-wide linkage analyses in large cohorts of patients have identified new sets of genetic association factors some with potential links with defective B-lymphocyte responses although their full pathophysiological effects remain to be determined. The accumulating knowledge may help in the identification and application of new targeted therapies for treating lupus disease. CONCLUSIONS Cellular, molecular and genetic studies have provided significant insights into potential causes of immunological defects associated with lupus. Most of this insight relate to defects in B- and T-lymphocyte tolerance, signalling and responses. For B-lymphocytes, there is evidence for altered regulation of inter and intracellular signalling pathways at multiple levels. Some of these abnormalities will be discussed within the context of potential implications for disease pathogenesis and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher E Taher
- Bone & Joint Research Unit, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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19
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Abstract
Celiac disease (CD)-associated inflammation is characterized by high interleukin- 21 (IL-21), but the mechanisms that control IL-21 production are not fully understood. Here we analyzed IL-21 cell sources and examined how IL-21 production is regulated in CD. Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and lamina propria lymphocytes (LPLs), isolated from CD patients and non-CD controls, were analyzed for cell markers, cytokines, and transcription factors by flow cytometry. IL-21 was highly produced by CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ IELs and LPLs in active CD. IL-21-producing cells coexpressed interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and to a lesser extent T helper type 17 (Th17) cytokines. Treatment of control LPLs with IL-15, a cytokine overproduced in CD, activated Akt and STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3), thus enhancing IL-21 synthesis. Active CD biopsies contained elevated levels of Akt, and blockade of IL-15 in those samples reduced IL-21. Similarly, neutralization of IL-15 in biopsies of inactive CD patients inhibited peptic-tryptic digest of gliadin-induced IL-21 expression. These findings indicate that in CD, IL-15 positively regulates IL-21 production.
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20
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Foster JG, Blunt MD, Carter E, Ward SG. Inhibition of PI3K signaling spurs new therapeutic opportunities in inflammatory/autoimmune diseases and hematological malignancies. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 64:1027-54. [PMID: 23023033 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.004051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin/protein kinase B (PI3K/mTOR/Akt) signaling pathway is central to a plethora of cellular mechanisms in a wide variety of cells including leukocytes. Perturbation of this signaling cascade is implicated in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders as well as hematological malignancies. Proteins within the PI3K/mTOR/Akt pathway therefore represent attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. There has been a remarkable evolution of PI3K inhibitors in the past 20 years from the early chemical tool compounds to drugs that are showing promise as anticancer agents in clinical trials. The use of animal models and pharmacological tools has expanded our knowledge about the contribution of individual class I PI3K isoforms to immune cell function. In addition, class II and III PI3K isoforms are emerging as nonredundant regulators of immune cell signaling revealing potentially novel targets for disease treatment. Further complexity is added to the PI3K/mTOR/Akt pathway by a number of novel signaling inputs and feedback mechanisms. These can present either caveats or opportunities for novel drug targets. Here, we consider recent advances in 1) our understanding of the contribution of individual PI3K isoforms to immune cell function and their relevance to inflammatory/autoimmune diseases as well as lymphoma and 2) development of small molecules with which to inhibit the PI3K pathway. We also consider whether manipulating other proximal elements of the PI3K signaling cascade (such as class II and III PI3Ks or lipid phosphatases) are likely to be successful in fighting off different immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Foster
- Inflammatory Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK.
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21
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Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) control many important aspects of immune cell development, differentiation, and function. Mammals have eight PI3K catalytic subunits that are divided into three classes based on similarities in structure and function. Specific roles for the class I PI3Ks have been broadly investigated and are relatively well understood, as is the function of their corresponding phosphatases. More recently, specific roles for the class II and class III PI3Ks have emerged. Through vertebrate evolution and in parallel with the evolution of adaptive immunity, there has been a dramatic increase not only in the genes for PI3K subunits but also in genes for phosphatases that act on 3-phosphoinositides and in 3-phosphoinositide-binding proteins. Our understanding of the PI3Ks in immunity is guided by fundamental discoveries made in simpler model organisms as well as by appreciating new adaptations of this signaling module in mammals in general and in immune cells in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Okkenhaug
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, United Kingdom.
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22
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Cushing TD, Metz DP, Whittington DA, McGee LR. PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ as Targets for Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8559-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300847w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Cushing
- Therapeutic
Discovery, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard,
South San Francisco,
California 94080, United States
| | - Daniela P. Metz
- Inflammation Research, Amgen Inc., One
Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320, United States
| | - Douglas A. Whittington
- Molecular Structure and Characterization, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02142, United States
| | - Lawrence R. McGee
- Therapeutic
Discovery, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard,
South San Francisco,
California 94080, United States
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23
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Comerford I, Litchfield W, Kara E, McColl SR. PI3Kγ drives priming and survival of autoreactive CD4(+) T cells during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45095. [PMID: 23028778 PMCID: PMC3441529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The class IB phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma enzyme complex (PI3Kγ) functions in multiple signaling pathways involved in leukocyte activation and migration, making it an attractive target in complex human inflammatory diseases including MS. Here, using pik3cg−/− mice and a selective PI3Kγ inhibitor, we show that PI3Kγ promotes development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In pik3cg−/− mice, EAE is markedly suppressed and fewer leukocytes including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, granulocytes and mononuclear phagocytes infiltrate the CNS. CD4+ T cell priming in secondary lymphoid organs is reduced in pik3cg−/− mice following immunisation. This is attributable to defects in DC migration concomitant with a failure of full T cell activation following TCR ligation in the absence of p110γ. Together, this results in suppressed autoreactive T cell responses in pik3cg−/− mice, with more CD4+ T cells undergoing apoptosis and fewer cytokine-producing Th1 and Th17 cells in lymphoid organs and the CNS. When administered from onset of EAE, the orally active PI3Kγ inhibitor AS605240 caused inhibition and reversal of clinical disease, and demyelination and cellular pathology in the CNS was reduced. These results strongly suggest that inhibitors of PI3Kγ may be useful therapeutics for MS.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Central Nervous System/drug effects
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Class Ib Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/deficiency
- Class Ib Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/metabolism
- Cross-Priming/drug effects
- Cross-Priming/immunology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/enzymology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/enzymology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Quinoxalines/administration & dosage
- Quinoxalines/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Thiazolidinediones/administration & dosage
- Thiazolidinediones/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Comerford
- Chemokine Biology Laboratory, the School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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24
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Banham-Hall E, Clatworthy MR, Okkenhaug K. The Therapeutic Potential for PI3K Inhibitors in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases. Open Rheumatol J 2012; 6:245-58. [PMID: 23028409 PMCID: PMC3460535 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901206010245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The class 1 PI3Ks are lipid kinases with key roles in cell surface receptor-triggered signal transduction pathways. Two isoforms of the catalytic subunits, p110γ and p110δ, are enriched in leucocytes in which they promote activation, cellular growth, proliferation, differentiation and survival through the generation of the second messenger PIP3. Genetic inactivation or pharmaceutical inhibition of these PI3K isoforms in mice result in impaired immune responses and reduced susceptibility to autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. We review the PI3K signal transduction pathways and the effects of inhibition of p110γ and/or p110δ on innate and adaptive immunity. Focusing on rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus we discuss the preclinical evidence and prospects for small molecule inhibitors of p110γ and/or p110δ in autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Banham-Hall
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CB22
3AT, UK
| | - Menna R Clatworthy
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical
Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CB22
3AT, UK
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25
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Soond DR, Slack ECM, Garden OA, Patton DT, Okkenhaug K. Does the PI3K pathway promote or antagonize regulatory T cell development and function? Front Immunol 2012; 3:244. [PMID: 22912633 PMCID: PMC3418637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) prevent autoimmunity and inflammation by suppressing the activation of other T cells and antigen presenting cells. The role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling in Treg is controversial. Some studies suggest that inhibition of the PI3K pathway is essential for the development of Tregs whereas other studies have shown reduced Treg numbers and function when PI3K activity is suppressed. Here we attempt to reconcile the different studies that have explored PI3K and the downstream effectors Akt, Foxo, and mTOR in regulatory T cell development and function and discuss the implications for health and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalya R Soond
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute Cambridge, UK
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26
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Attenuation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ signaling restrains autoimmune disease. J Autoimmun 2012; 38:381-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Azzi J, Moore RF, Elyaman W, Mounayar M, El Haddad N, Yang S, Jurewicz M, Takakura A, Petrelli A, Fiorina P, Ruckle T, Abdi R. The novel therapeutic effect of phosphoinositide 3-kinase-γ inhibitor AS605240 in autoimmune diabetes. Diabetes 2012; 61:1509-18. [PMID: 22403300 PMCID: PMC3357271 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains a major health problem worldwide, with a steadily rising incidence yet no cure. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase-γ (PI3Kγ), a member of a family of lipid kinases expressed primarily in leukocytes, has been the subject of substantial research for its role in inflammatory diseases. However, the role of PI3Kγ inhibition in suppressing autoimmune T1D remains to be explored. We tested the role of the PI3Kγ inhibitor AS605240 in preventing and reversing diabetes in NOD mice and assessed the mechanisms by which this inhibition abrogates T1D. Our data indicate that the PI3Kγ pathway is highly activated in T1D. In NOD mice, we found upregulated expression of phosphorylated Akt (PAkt) in splenocytes. Notably, T regulatory cells (Tregs) showed significantly lower expression of PAkt compared with effector T cells. Inhibition of the PI3Kγ pathway by AS605240 efficiently suppressed effector T cells and induced Treg expansion through the cAMP response element-binding pathway. AS605240 effectively prevented and reversed autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice and suppressed T-cell activation and the production of inflammatory cytokines by autoreactive T cells in vitro and in vivo. These studies demonstrate the key role of the PI3Kγ pathway in determining the balance of Tregs and autoreactive cells regulating autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Azzi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert F. Moore
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wassim Elyaman
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marwan Mounayar
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Najib El Haddad
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sunmi Yang
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mollie Jurewicz
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ayumi Takakura
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alessandra Petrelli
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas Ruckle
- Therapeutic Area Neurodegenerative Diseases, Merck Serono S.A., Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Corresponding author: Reza Abdi,
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Soond DR, Garçon F, Patton DT, Rolf J, Turner M, Scudamore C, Garden OA, Okkenhaug K. Pten loss in CD4 T cells enhances their helper function but does not lead to autoimmunity or lymphoma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5935-43. [PMID: 22611241 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PTEN, one of the most commonly mutated or lost tumor suppressors in human cancers, antagonizes signaling by the PI3K pathway. Mice with thymocyte-specific deletion of Pten rapidly develop peripheral lymphomas and autoimmunity, which may be caused by failed negative selection of thymocytes or from dysregulation of postthymic T cells. We induced conditional deletion of Pten from CD4 Th cells using a Cre knocked into the Tnfrsf4 (OX40) locus to generate OX40(Cre)Pten(f) mice. Pten-deficient Th cells proliferated more and produced greater concentrations of cytokines. The OX40(Cre)Pten(f) mice had a general increase in the number of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes, but not in the spleen. When transferred into wild-type (WT) mice, Pten-deficient Th cells enhanced anti-Listeria responses and the clearance of tumors under conditions in which WT T cells had no effect. Moreover, inflammatory responses were exaggerated and resolved later in OX40(Cre)Pten(f) mice than in WT mice. However, in contrast with models of thymocyte-specific Pten deletion, lymphomas and autoimmunity were not observed, even in older OX40(Cre)Pten(f) mice. Hence loss of Pten enhances Th cell function without obvious deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalya R Soond
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
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Abstract
In the last decade, the availability of genetically modified animals has revealed interesting roles for phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) as signaling platforms orchestrating multiple cellular responses, both in health and pathology. By acting downstream distinct receptor types, PI3Ks nucleate complex signaling assemblies controlling several biological process, ranging from cell proliferation and survival to immunity, cancer, metabolism and cardiovascular control. While the involvement of these kinases in modulating immune reactions and neoplastic transformation has long been accepted, recent progress from our group and others has highlighted new and unforeseen roles of PI3Ks in controlling cardiovascular function. Hence, the view is emerging that pharmacological targeting of distinct PI3K isoforms could be successful in treating disorders such as myocardial infarction and heart failure, besides inflammatory diseases and cancer. Currently, PI3Ks represent attractive drug targets for companies interested in the development of novel and safe treatments for such diseases. Numerous hit and lead compounds are now becoming available and, for some of them, clinical trials can be envisaged in the near future. In the following sections, we will outline the impact of specific PI3K isoforms in regulating different cellular contexts, including immunity, metabolism, cancer and cardiovascular system, both in physiological and disease conditions.
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Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) control cell growth, proliferation, cell survival, metabolic activity, vesicular trafficking, degranulation, and migration. Through these processes, PI3Ks modulate vital physiology. When over-activated in disease, PI3K promotes tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis or excessive immune cell activation in inflammation, allergy and autoimmunity. This chapter will introduce molecular activation and signaling of PI3Ks, and connections to target of rapamycin (TOR) and PI3K-related protein kinases (PIKKs). The focus will be on class I PI3Ks, and extend into current developments to exploit mechanistic knowledge for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wymann
- Institute Biochemistry & Genetics, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058, Basel, Switzerland,
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31
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Greenfield EM, Tatro JM, Smith MV, Schnaser EA, Wu D. PI3Kγ deletion reduces variability in the in vivo osteolytic response induced by orthopaedic wear particles. J Orthop Res 2011; 29:1649-53. [PMID: 21538508 PMCID: PMC3338193 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Orthopedic wear particles activate a number of intracellular signaling pathways associated with inflammation in macrophages and we have previously shown that the phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway is one of the signal transduction pathways that mediates the in vitro activation of macrophages by orthopedic wear particles. Since PI3Kγ is primarily responsible for PI3K activity during inflammation, we hypothesized that PI3Kγ mediates particle-induced osteolysis in vivo. Our results do not strongly support the hypothesis that PI3Kγ regulates the overall amount of particle-induced osteolysis in the murine calvarial model. However, our results strongly support the conclusion that variability in the amount of particle-induced osteolysis between individual mice is reduced in the PI3Kγ(-/-) mice. These results suggest that PI3Kγ contributes to osteolysis to different degrees in individual mice and that the mice, and patients, that are most susceptible to osteolysis may be so, in part, due to an increased contribution from PI3Kγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M. Greenfield
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Biomedical Research Building, Room 331, 2109 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Joscelyn M. Tatro
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Biomedical Research Building, Room 331, 2109 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Matthew V. Smith
- Department of Orthopaedics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Erik A. Schnaser
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Biomedical Research Building, Room 331, 2109 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Dianqing Wu
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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Castor MGM, Rezende BM, Bernardes PTT, Vieira AT, Vieira ELM, Arantes RME, Souza DG, Silva TA, Teixeira MM, Pinho V. PI3Kγ controls leukocyte recruitment, tissue injury, and lethality in a model of graft-versus-host disease in mice. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 89:955-64. [PMID: 21402770 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0810464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PI(3)Kγ is thought to mediate leukocyte migration to injured tissues and may be important in the pathogenesis of various T-lymphocyte-dependent pathologies, including autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The present study evaluated the relevance of PI(3)Kγ in donor cells for the pathogenesis of acute GVHD using a model of adoptive transfer of splenocytes from WT or PI(3)Kγ(-/-) C57BL/6J mice to B6D2F1 mice, and mice that received PI(3)Kγ(-/-) cells showed reduced clinical signs of disease, bacterial translocation, tissue injury, and lethality rates. This was associated with reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, CCL2, CCL3, and CCL5) and reduced infiltration of CD8(+), CD4(+), and CD11c(+) cells in the small intestine. Mechanistically, in addition to decreasing production of proinflammatory mediators, absence or pharmacological blockade of PI(3)Kγ was associated with decreased rolling and adhesion of leukocytes to the mesenteric microcirculation, as assessed by intravital microscopy. Despite decreased GVHD, there was maintained GVL activity when PI(3)Kγ(-/-) leukocytes were transferred into WT mice. In conclusion, PI(3)Kγ plays a critical role in GVHD by mediating leukocyte influx and activation in tissues. PI(3)Kγ inhibitors may be useful in the treatment of GVHD in patients undergoing BMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina G M Castor
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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33
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Berod L, Heinemann C, Heink S, Escher A, Stadelmann C, Drube S, Wetzker R, Norgauer J, Kamradt T. PI3Kγ deficiency delays the onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and ameliorates its clinical outcome. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:833-44. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
All class I PI3K enzymes are obligate heterodimers, consisting of a catalytic subunit tightly bound to a regulatory subunit. The regulatory subunit influences the subcellular location, binding partners, and activity of the catalytic subunit. Regulatory subunits also possess adaptor functions in cellular signaling, which are largely independent of their role in regulating PI3K activity. This chapter reviews the structure and function of PI3K regulatory subunits, focusing on the class IA subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Fruman
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-3900, USA.
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Abstract
Second messenger molecules relay, amplify, and diversify cell surface receptor signals. Two important examples are phosphorylated D-myo-inositol derivatives, such as phosphoinositide lipids within cellular membranes, and soluble inositol phosphates. Here, we review how phosphoinositide metabolism generates multiple second messengers with important roles in T-cell development and function. They include soluble inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate, long known for its Ca(2+)-mobilizing function, and phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)trisphosphate, whose generation by phosphoinositide 3-kinase and turnover by the phosphatases PTEN and SHIP control a key "hub" of TCR signaling. More recent studies unveiled important second messenger functions for diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, and soluble inositol(1,3,4,5)tetrakisphosphate (IP(4)) in immune cells. Inositol(1,3,4,5)tetrakisphosphate acts as a soluble phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)trisphosphate analog to control protein membrane recruitment. We propose that phosphoinositide lipids and soluble inositol phosphates (IPs) can act as complementary partners whose interplay could have broadly important roles in cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina H Huang
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Stylianou K, Petrakis I, Mavroeidi V, Stratakis S, Vardaki E, Perakis K, Stratigis S, Passam A, Papadogiorgaki E, Giannakakis K, Nakopoulou L, Daphnis E. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is activated in murine lupus nephritis and downregulated by rapamycin. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 26:498-508. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Gruen M, Rose C, König C, Gajda M, Wetzker R, Bräuer R. Loss of phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma decreases migration and activation of phagocytes but not T cell activation in antigen-induced arthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010; 11:63. [PMID: 20374644 PMCID: PMC2867834 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-11-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) has been depicted as a major regulator of inflammatory processes, including leukocyte activation and migration towards several chemokines. This study aims to explore the role of PI3Kγ in the murine model of antigen-induced arthritis (AIA). Methods Development of AIA was investigated in wildtype and PI3Kγ-deficient mice as well as in mice treated with a specific inhibitor of PI3Kγ (AS-605240) in comparison to untreated animals. Inflammatory reactions of leukocytes, including macrophage and T cell activation, and macrophage migration, were studied in vivo and in vitro. Results Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of PI3Kγ induced a marked decrease of clinical symptoms in early AIA, together with a considerably diminished macrophage migration and activation (lower production of NO, IL-1β, IL-6). Also, macrophage and neutrophil infiltration into the knee joint were impaired in vivo. However, T cell functions, measured by cytokine production (TNFα, IFNγ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-17) in vitro and DTH reaction in vivo were not altered, and accordingly, disease developed normally at later timepoints Conclusion PI3Kγ specifically affects phagocyte function in the AIA model but has no impact on T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gruen
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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38
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González-García A, Sánchez-Ruiz J, Flores JM, Carrera AC. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase gamma inhibition ameliorates inflammation and tumor growth in a model of colitis-associated cancer. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:1374-83. [PMID: 20004201 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS A large body of evidence supports a correlation between inflammation and cancer, although the molecular mechanisms that govern this process are incompletely understood. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is an enzyme that regulates the immune response and contributes to cell transformation in several tumor types. Here, we address the role of the PI3Kgamma isoform in inflammatory bowel disease and in the development of colitis-associated cancer. METHODS PI3Kgamma(-/-) and control mice were repeatedly treated with dextran sulfate sodium to induce chronic colitis and colitis-associated cancer. Colorectal tumor burden and colon inflammation were evaluated in these mice. Leukocyte populations in colon were characterized by flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS PI3Kgamma-deficient mice had a lower incidence of colitis-associated tumors, as well as reduced tumor multiplicity and smaller tumor size compared with controls. Reduced tumor development paralleled less colon inflammation in PI3Kgamma-deficient mice. Analysis of leukocyte populations in the colon of PI3Kgamma-deficient mice showed defective activation and infiltration of myeloid cells and defective recruitment of T cells to the colon compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS PI3Kgamma regulates the innate immune response in a murine model of ulcerative colitis, thereby controlling colon inflammation and tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana González-García
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
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Perl A. Systems biology of lupus: mapping the impact of genomic and environmental factors on gene expression signatures, cellular signaling, metabolic pathways, hormonal and cytokine imbalance, and selecting targets for treatment. Autoimmunity 2010; 43:32-47. [PMID: 20001421 PMCID: PMC4020422 DOI: 10.3109/08916930903374774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by the dysfunction of T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells, the release of pro-inflammatory nuclear materials from necrotic cells, and the formation of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and immune complexes of ANA with DNA, RNA, and nuclear proteins. Activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has recently emerged as a key factor in abnormal activation of T and B cells in SLE. In T cells, increased production of nitric oxide and mitochondrial hyperpolarization (MHP) were identified as metabolic checkpoints upstream of mTOR activation. mTOR controls the expression T-cell receptor-associated signaling proteins CD4 and CD3zeta through increased expression of the endosome recycling regulator Rab5 and HRES-1/Rab4 genes, enhances Ca2+ fluxing and skews the expression of tyrosine kinases both in T and B cells, and blocks the expression of Foxp3 and the generation of regulatory T cells. MHP, increased activity of mTOR, Rab GTPases, and Syk kinases, and enhanced Ca2+ flux have emerged as common T and B cell biomarkers and targets for treatment in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Perl
- Division of Rheumatology, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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40
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Okkenhaug K, Fruman DA. PI3Ks in lymphocyte signaling and development. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2010; 346:57-85. [PMID: 20563708 DOI: 10.1007/82_2010_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte development and function are regulated by tyrosine kinase and G-protein coupled receptors. Each of these classes of receptors activates phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). In this chapter, we summarize current understanding of how PI3K contributes to key aspects of the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Okkenhaug
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK.
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41
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Peng XD, Wu XH, Chen LJ, Wang ZL, Hu XH, Song LF, He CM, Luo YF, Chen ZZ, Jin K, Lin HG, Li XL, Wang YS, Wei YQ. Inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase ameliorates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 332:46-56. [PMID: 19828878 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.153494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The critical role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma (PI3Kgamma) in inflammatory cell activation and recruitment makes it an attractive target for immunomodulatory therapy. 5-Quinoxilin-6-methylene-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione (AS605240), a potent PI3Kgamma inhibitor, has been reported to ameliorate chronic inflammatory disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and atherosclerosis. However, its in vivo effect on intestinal inflammation remains unknown. Here we evaluated the protective and therapeutic potentials of AS605240 in mice with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced acute and chronic colitis. Our results showed that AS605240 improved survival rate, disease activity index, and histological damage score in mice administered DSS in both preventive and therapeutic studies. AS605240 treatment also significantly inhibited the increase in myeloperoxidase levels, macrophage infiltration, and CD4(+) T-cell number in the colon of DSS-fed mice. The DSS-induced overproduction of colonic proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma was significantly suppressed in mice undergoing AS605240 therapy, whereas colonic anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 were up-regulated. The down-regulation of the phospho-Akt level in immunological cells from the inflamed colon tissue and spleen of AS605240-treated mice was detected both by immunohistochemical analysis and Western blotting. These findings demonstrate that AS605240 may represent a promising novel agent for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease by suppressing leukocyte infiltration as well as by immunoregulating the imbalance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-dong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Perl A, Fernandez DR, Telarico T, Doherty E, Francis L, Phillips PE. T-cell and B-cell signaling biomarkers and treatment targets in lupus. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2009; 21:454-64. [PMID: 19550330 PMCID: PMC4047522 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e32832e977c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Systemic lupus erythematosus is characterized by the production of antinuclear autoantibodies and dysfunction of T-cells, B-cells, and dendritic cells. Here, we review newly recognized genetic factors and mechanisms that underlie abnormal intracellular signal processing and intercellular communication within the immune system in systemic lupus erythematosus. RECENT FINDINGS Activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin plays a pivotal role in abnormal activation of T and B-cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. In T-cells, increased production of nitric oxide and mitochondrial hyperpolarization were identified as metabolic checkpoints upstream of mammalian target of rapamycin activation. Mammalian target of rapamycin controls the expression T-cell receptor-associated signaling proteins CD4 and CD3zeta through increased expression of the endosome recycling regulator HRES-1/Rab4 gene, mediates enhanced Ca2+ fluxing and skews the expression of tyrosine kinases both in T and B-cells, and blocks the expression of Foxp3 and the expansion of regulatory T-cells. Mitochondrial hyperpolarization and the resultant ATP depletion predispose T-cells to necrosis, thus promoting the dendritic cell activation, antinuclear autoantibody production, and inflammation. SUMMARY Mitochondrial hyperpolarization, increased activity of mammalian target of rapamycin and Syk kinases, enhanced receptor recycling and Ca2+ flux have emerged as common T and B-cell biomarkers and targets for treatment in systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Perl
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
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Phosphoinositide 3-kinases and their role in inflammation: potential clinical targets in atherosclerosis? Clin Sci (Lond) 2009; 116:791-804. [PMID: 19397491 DOI: 10.1042/cs20080549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation has a central role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis at various stages of the disease. Therefore it appears of great interest to develop novel and innovative drugs targeting inflammatory proteins for the treatment of atherosclerosis. The PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) family, which catalyses the phosphorylation of the 3-OH position of phosphoinositides and generates phospholipids, controls a wide variety of intracellular signalling pathways. Recent studies provide evidence for a crucial role of this family not only in immune function, such as inflammatory cell recruitment, and expression and activation of inflammatory mediators, but also in antigen-dependent responses making it an interesting target to modulate inflammatory processes. The present review will focus on the regulation of inflammation within the vasculature during atherogenesis. We will concentrate on the different functions played by each isoform of PI3K in immune cells which could be involved in this pathology, raising the possibility that inhibition of one or more PI3K isoforms may represent an effective approach in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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45
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Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of T-cell activation, migration to inflammatory sites, and pathologic disease processes triggered the development of a wide variety of T-cell-targeted signaling inhibitors, which have different targets and modes of action. Depending on the distribution and the role of targets in disease processes, T-cell inhibitors exhibit different levels of efficacy and potential side effects. This review outlines target molecules to which T-cell inhibitors have been developed, their efficacy, and potential safety concerns of T-cell inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghwa Won
- Molecular Immunology Division, Mogam Biotechnology Research Institute, Gyounggi-Do, South Korea.
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46
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Thomas MS, Mitchell JS, DeNucci CC, Martin AL, Shimizu Y. The p110gamma isoform of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulates migration of effector CD4 T lymphocytes into peripheral inflammatory sites. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:814-23. [PMID: 18523230 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0807561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of PI-3K in leukocyte function has been studied extensively. However, the specific role of the p110gamma isoform of PI- 3K in CD4 T lymphocyte function has yet to be defined explicitly. In this study, we report that although p110gamma does not regulate antigen-dependent CD4 T cell activation and proliferation, it plays a crucial role in regulating CD4 effector T cell migration. Naïve p110gamma(-/-) CD4 lymphocytes are phenotypically identical to their wild-type (WT) counterparts and do not exhibit any defects in TCR-mediated calcium mobilization or Erk activation. In addition, p110gamma-deficient CD4 OT.II T cells become activated and proliferate comparably with WT cells in response to antigen in vivo. Interestingly, however, antigen-experienced, p110gamma-deficient CD4 OT.II lymphocytes exhibit dramatic defects in their ability to traffic to peripheral inflammatory sites in vivo. Although antigen-activated, p110gamma-deficient CD4 T cells express P-selectin ligand, beta2 integrin, beta1 integrin, CCR4, CXCR5, and CCR7 comparably with WT cells, they exhibit impaired F-actin polarization and migration in response to stimulation ex vivo with the CCR4 ligand CCL22. These findings suggest that p110gamma regulates the migration of antigen-experienced effector CD4 T lymphocytes into inflammatory sites during adaptive immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly S Thomas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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47
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Martin AL, Schwartz MD, Jameson SC, Shimizu Y. Selective regulation of CD8 effector T cell migration by the p110 gamma isoform of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:2081-8. [PMID: 18250413 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.4.2081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine-mediated T cell migration is essential to an optimal immune response. The p110gamma isoform of PI3K is activated by G protein-coupled receptors and regulates neutrophil and macrophage chemotaxis. We used p110gamma-deficient mice to examine the role of p110gamma in CD8 T cell migration and activation in response to viral challenge. Naive CD8 T cell migration in response to CCL21 in vitro and trafficking into secondary lymphoid organs in vivo was unaffected by the loss of p110gamma. Furthermore, loss of p110gamma did not affect CD8 T cell proliferation and effector cell differentiation in vitro in response to anti-CD3 stimulation or in vivo in response to vaccinia virus (VV) challenge. However, there was reduced migration of p110gamma knockout (p110gamma(-/-)) CD8 effector T cells into the peritoneum following i.p. challenge with VV. The role of p110gamma in CD8 effector T cell migration was intrinsic to T cells, as p110gamma(-/-) CD8 effector T cells exhibited impaired migration into the inflamed peritoneum following secondary transfer into wild-type recipients. In addition, p110gamma(-/-) CD8 effector T cells exhibited impaired migration in vitro in response to inflammatory chemoattractants. Although wild-type mice efficiently cleared VV at high viral doses, infection of p110gamma knockout mice resulted in visible illness and death less than a week after infection. Thus, p110gamma is dispensable for constitutive migration of naive CD8 T cells and subsequent activation and differentiation into effector CD8 T cells, but plays a central role in the migration of effector CD8 T cells into inflammatory sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Martin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology and Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, 312 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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48
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Abstract
Signalling lipids such as eicosanoids, phosphoinositides, sphingolipids and fatty acids control important cellular processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism and migration. Extracellular signals from cytokines, growth factors and nutrients control the activity of a key set of lipid-modifying enzymes: phospholipases, prostaglandin synthase, 5-lipoxygenase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, sphingosine kinase and sphingomyelinase. These enzymes and their downstream targets constitute a complex lipid signalling network with multiple nodes of interaction and cross-regulation. Imbalances in this network contribute to the pathogenesis of human disease. Although the function of a particular signalling lipid is traditionally studied in isolation, this review attempts a more integrated overview of the key role of these signalling lipids in inflammation, cancer and metabolic disease, and discusses emerging strategies for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias P Wymann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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49
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Jarmin SJ, David R, Ma L, Chai JG, Dewchand H, Takesono A, Ridley AJ, Okkenhaug K, Marelli-Berg FM. T cell receptor-induced phosphoinositide-3-kinase p110delta activity is required for T cell localization to antigenic tissue in mice. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:1154-64. [PMID: 18259608 PMCID: PMC2230659 DOI: 10.1172/jci33267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of T cell-mediated inflammation requires the migration of primed T lymphocytes from the blood stream and their retention in antigenic sites. While naive T lymphocyte recirculation in the lymph and blood is constitutively regulated and occurs in the absence of inflammation, the recruitment of primed T cells to nonlymphoid tissue and their retention at the site are enhanced by various inflammatory signals, including TCR engagement by antigen-displaying endothelium and resident antigen-presenting cells. In this study, we investigated whether signals downstream of TCR ligation mediated by the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) subunit p110delta contributed to the regulation of these events. T lymphocytes from mice expressing catalytically inactive p110delta displayed normal constitutive trafficking and migratory responses to nonspecific stimuli. However, these cells lost susceptibility to TCR-induced migration and failed to localize efficiently to antigenic tissue. Importantly, we showed that antigen-induced T cell trafficking and subsequent inflammation was abrogated by selective pharmacological inhibition of PI3K p110delta activity. These observations suggest that pharmacological targeting of p110delta activity is a viable strategy for the therapy of T cell-mediated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Jarmin
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel David
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Liang Ma
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jan-Guo Chai
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hamlata Dewchand
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aya Takesono
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anne J. Ridley
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Federica M. Marelli-Berg
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Fougerat A, Gayral S, Gourdy P, Schambourg A, Rückle T, Schwarz MK, Rommel C, Hirsch E, Arnal JF, Salles JP, Perret B, Breton-Douillon M, Wymann MP, Laffargue M. Genetic and pharmacological targeting of phosphoinositide 3-kinase-gamma reduces atherosclerosis and favors plaque stability by modulating inflammatory processes. Circulation 2008; 117:1310-7. [PMID: 18268153 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.720466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of inflammation at all stages of the atherosclerotic process has become an active area of investigation, and there is a notable quest for novel and innovative drugs for the treatment of atherosclerosis. The lipid kinase phosphoinositide 3-kinase-gamma (PI3Kgamma) is thought to be a key player in various inflammatory, autoimmune, and allergic processes. These properties and the expression of PI3Kgamma in the cardiovascular system suggest that PI3Kgamma plays a role in atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that a specific PI3Kgamma inhibitor (AS605240) is effective in murine models of established atherosclerosis. Intraperitoneal administration of AS605240 (10 mg/kg daily) significantly decreased early atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice and attenuated advanced atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. Furthermore, PI3Kgamma levels were elevated in both human and murine atherosclerotic lesions. Comparison of low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice transplanted with wild-type or PI3Kgamma-deficient bone marrow demonstrated that functional PI3Kgamma in the hematopoietic lineage is required for atherosclerotic progression. Alleviation of atherosclerosis by targeting of PI3Kgamma activity was accompanied by decreased macrophage and T-cell infiltration, as well as increased plaque stabilization. CONCLUSIONS These data identify PI3Kgamma as a new target in atherosclerosis with the potential to modulate multiple stages of atherosclerotic lesion formation, such as fatty streak constitution, cellular composition, and final fibrous cap establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Fougerat
- INSERM U563, Département Lipoprotéines et Médiateurs Lipidiques, Toulouse-Purpan, BP 3028, 31024 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
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