1
|
McNitt DH, Joosse BA, Thomas JW, Bonami RH. Productive Germinal Center Responses Depend on the Nature of Stimuli Received by Anti-Insulin B Cells in Type 1 Diabetes-Prone Mice. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:384-397. [PMID: 37261716 PMCID: PMC10448785 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Islet autoantibodies, including those directed at insulin, predict type 1 diabetes (T1D) in mice and humans and signal immune tolerance breach by B lymphocytes. High-affinity insulin autoantibodies and T follicular helper cell involvement implicate germinal centers (GCs) in T1D. The VH125SD BCR transgenic model, in which 1-2% of peripheral B lymphocytes recognize insulin, enables direct study of insulin-binding B cells. Our prior studies showed that anti-insulin B cell receptor transgene site-directed to H chain locus mice fail to generate insulin Ab following T-dependent immunization, but it was unclear whether anti-insulin B cells were blocked for GC initiation, survival, or differentiation into Ab-secreting cells. Here, we show that insulin-binding B cells in T1D-prone anti-insulin B cell receptor transgene site-directed to H chain locus mice can spontaneously adopt a GC phenotype and undergo class switching to the IgG1 isotype, with little if any switching to IgG2b. T-dependent immunizations with insulin SRBC or insulin CFA drove anti-insulin B lymphocytes to adopt a GC phenotype, despite blunted insulin Ab production. Dual immunization against self (insulin) and foreign (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl hapten conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin) Ags showed an anti-insulin (but not anti-4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl) Ab block that tracked with increased expression of the apoptosis marker, activated caspase 3, in self-reactive GC B cells. Finally, T-independent immunization with insulin conjugated to Brucella abortus ring test Ag released immune tolerance to allow robust expansion of anti-insulin GC B cells and IgG-switched insulin Ab production. Overall, these data pinpoint GC survival and Ab-secreting cell differentiation as immune tolerance blocks that limit T-dependent, but not T-independent, stimulation of anti-insulin B cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dudley H. McNitt
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of
Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Bryan A. Joosse
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of
Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - James W. Thomas
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of
Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and
Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Rachel H. Bonami
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of
Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and
Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Boldison J, Hopkinson JR, Davies J, Pearson JA, Leete P, Richardson S, Morgan NG, Wong FS. Gene expression profiling in NOD mice reveals that B cells are highly educated by the pancreatic environment during autoimmune diabetes. Diabetologia 2023; 66:551-566. [PMID: 36508037 PMCID: PMC9892163 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05839-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS B cells play an important role in driving the development of type 1 diabetes; however, it remains unclear how they contribute to local beta cell destruction during disease progression. Here, we use gene expression profiling of B cell subsets identified in inflamed pancreatic tissue to explore their primary functional role during the progression of autoimmune diabetes. METHODS Transcriptional profiling was performed on FACS-sorted B cell subsets isolated from pancreatic islets and the pancreatic lymph nodes of NOD mice. RESULTS B cells are highly modified by the inflamed pancreatic tissue and can be distinguished by their transcriptional profile from those in the lymph nodes. We identified both a discrete and a core shared gene expression profile in islet CD19+CD138- and CD19+CD138+ B cell subsets, the latter of which is known to have enriched autoreactivity during diabetes development. On localisation to pancreatic islets, compared with CD138- B cells, CD138+ B cells overexpress genes associated with adhesion molecules and growth factors. Their shared signature consists of gene expression changes related to the differentiation of antibody-secreting cells and gene regulatory networks associated with IFN signalling pathways, proinflammatory cytokines and Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. Finally, abundant TLR7 expression was detected in islet B cells and was enhanced specifically in CD138+ B cells. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our study provides a detailed transcriptional analysis of islet B cells. Specific gene signatures and interaction networks have been identified that point towards a functional role for B cells in driving autoimmune diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Boldison
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | - Jessica R Hopkinson
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Joanne Davies
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - James A Pearson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Pia Leete
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Sarah Richardson
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Noel G Morgan
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - F Susan Wong
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee S, Yang JI, Lee JH, Lee HW, Kim TJ. Low-Level Expression of CD138 Marks Naturally Arising Anergic B Cells. Immune Netw 2022; 22:e50. [PMID: 36627940 PMCID: PMC9807963 DOI: 10.4110/in.2022.22.e50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive B cells are not entirely deleted, but some remain as immunocompetent or anergic B cells. Although the persistence of autoreactive B cells as anergic cells has been shown in transgenic mouse models with the expression of B cell receptor (BCR) reactive to engineered self-antigen, the characterization of naturally occurring anergic B cells is important to identify them and understand their contribution to immune regulation or autoimmune diseases. We report here that a low-level expression of CD138 in the splenic B cells marks naturally arising anergic B cells, not plasma cells. The CD138int B cells consisted of IgMlowIgDhigh follicular (FO) B cells and transitional 3 B cells in homeostatic conditions. The CD138int FO B cells showed an anergic gene expression profile shared with that of monoclonal anergic B cells expressing engineered BCRs and the gene expression profile was different from those of plasma cells, age-associated B cells, or germinal center B cells. The anergic state of the CD138int FO B cells was confirmed by attenuated Ca2+ response and failure to upregulate CD69 upon BCR engagement with anti-IgM, anti-IgD, anti-Igκ, or anti-IgG. The BCR repertoire of the CD138int FO B cells was distinct from that of the CD138- FO B cells and included some class-switched B cells with low-level somatic mutations. These findings demonstrate the presence of polyclonal anergic B cells in the normal mice that are characterized by low-level expression of CD138, IgM downregulation, reduced Ca2+ and CD69 responses upon BCR engagement, and distinct BCR repertoire.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joo Hee Lee
- Department of Immunology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Lee
- Department of Immunology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Tae Jin Kim
- Department of Immunology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nascimento DC, Viacava PR, Ferreira RG, Damaceno MA, Piñeros AR, Melo PH, Donate PB, Toller-Kawahisa JE, Zoppi D, Veras FP, Peres RS, Menezes-Silva L, Caetité D, Oliveira AER, Castro ÍMS, Kauffenstein G, Nakaya HI, Borges MC, Zamboni DS, Fonseca DM, Paschoal JAR, Cunha TM, Quesniaux V, Linden J, Cunha FQ, Ryffel B, Alves-Filho JC. Sepsis expands a CD39 + plasmablast population that promotes immunosuppression via adenosine-mediated inhibition of macrophage antimicrobial activity. Immunity 2021; 54:2024-2041.e8. [PMID: 34473957 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis results in elevated adenosine in circulation. Extracellular adenosine triggers immunosuppressive signaling via the A2a receptor (A2aR). Sepsis survivors develop persistent immunosuppression with increased risk of recurrent infections. We utilized the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis and subsequent infection to assess the role of adenosine in post-sepsis immune suppression. A2aR-deficient mice showed improved resistance to post-sepsis infections. Sepsis expanded a subset of CD39hi B cells and elevated extracellular adenosine, which was absent in mice lacking CD39-expressing B cells. Sepsis-surviving B cell-deficient mice were more resistant to secondary infections. Mechanistically, metabolic reprogramming of septic B cells increased production of ATP, which was converted into adenosine by CD39 on plasmablasts. Adenosine signaling via A2aR impaired macrophage bactericidal activity and enhanced interleukin-10 production. Septic individuals exhibited expanded CD39hi plasmablasts and adenosine accumulation. Our study reveals CD39hi plasmablasts and adenosine as important drivers of sepsis-induced immunosuppression with relevance in human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Carvalho Nascimento
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil; Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil; CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, 45071, France.
| | - Paula Ramos Viacava
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil; Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Raphael Gomes Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil; Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Marina Alves Damaceno
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Annie Rocío Piñeros
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil; Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Melo
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil; Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Paula Barbim Donate
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil; Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Escher Toller-Kawahisa
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil; Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel Zoppi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Flávio Protásio Veras
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil; Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Raphael Sanches Peres
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil; Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Luísa Menezes-Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Diego Caetité
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil; Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Antonio Edson Rocha Oliveira
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ícaro Maia Santos Castro
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Gilles Kauffenstein
- UMR INSERM 1260, Regenerative NanoMedicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 60026, France
| | | | - Marcos Carvalho Borges
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Dario Simões Zamboni
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil; Department of Cell Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Denise Morais Fonseca
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jonas Augusto Rizzato Paschoal
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mattar Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil; Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Valerie Quesniaux
- CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, 45071, France; Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of Orleans, Orleans 45071, France
| | - Joel Linden
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Fernando Queíroz Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil; Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, 45071, France; Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of Orleans, Orleans 45071, France
| | - José Carlos Alves-Filho
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil; Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Anaparti V, Smolik I, Meng X, O'Neil L, Jantz MA, Fritzler MJ, El-Gabalawy H. Expansion of Alternative Autoantibodies Does Not Follow the Evolution of Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies in Preclinical Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Analysis in At-Risk First Degree Relatives. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021; 73:740-749. [PMID: 33538122 DOI: 10.1002/art.41675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Co-occurrence of autoantibodies specific for ≥1 autoimmune disease is widely prevalent in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. To understand the prevalence of polyautoimmunity in preclinical RA, we performed a comprehensive autoantibody assessment in a First Nations cohort of at-risk first-degree relatives (FDR) of RA patients, a subset of whom subsequently developed RA (progressors). METHODS Venous blood was collected from all study participants (n = 50 RA patients and 64 FDR) at scheduled visits, and serum was stored at -20°C. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein level, anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) status, and autoantibody status were determined using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Rheumatoid factor (RF) was detected by nephelometry. Antinuclear autoantibodies (ANA) were identified using Hep-2 indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and classified according to international consensus nomenclature as various anti-cell (AC) patterns. RESULTS Of our study cohort, 78.9% had positive ANA reactivity (≥1:80), which was either a homogenous, fine-speckled (AC-1 and AC-4) or mixed IFA pattern. Importantly, the AC-4 and mixed ANA patterns were also observed in progressors at the time of disease onset. While all of the RA patients showed a high prevalence of arthritis-associated autoantibodies, they also had a high prevalence of extractable nuclear antigen-positive autoantibodies to other autoantigens. In FDR, we did not observe any increase in serum autoreactivity to nonarthritis autoantigens, either cross-sectionally or in samples collected longitudinally from progressors prior to RA onset. CONCLUSION While alternative autoimmunity and ANA positivity are widely prevalent in First Nations populations, including asymptomatic, seronegative FDR, expansion of alternative autoimmunity does not occur in parallel with ACPA expansion in FDR and is restricted to patients with established RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Smolik
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Xiaobo Meng
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Liam O'Neil
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cashman KS, Jenks SA, Woodruff MC, Tomar D, Tipton CM, Scharer CD, Lee EH, Boss JM, Sanz I. Understanding and measuring human B-cell tolerance and its breakdown in autoimmune disease. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:76-89. [PMID: 31755562 PMCID: PMC6935423 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of immunological tolerance of B lymphocytes is a complex and critical process that must be implemented as to avoid the detrimental development of autoreactivity and possible autoimmunity. Murine models have been invaluable to elucidate many of the key components in B-cell tolerance; however, translation to human homeostatic and pathogenic immune states can be difficult to assess. Functional autoreactive, flow cytometric, and single-cell cloning assays have proven to be critical in deciphering breaks in B-cell tolerance within autoimmunity; however, newer approaches to assess human B-cell tolerance may prove to be vital in the further exploration of underlying tolerance defects. In this review, we supply a comprehensive overview of human immune tolerance checkpoints with associated mechanisms of enforcement, and highlight current and future methodologies which are likely to benefit future studies into the mechanisms that become defective in human autoimmune conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S. Cashman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Scott A. Jenks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew C. Woodruff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Deepak Tomar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher M. Tipton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher D. Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eun-Hyung Lee
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jeremy M. Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Boldison J, Da Rosa LC, Buckingham L, Davies J, Wen L, Wong FS. Phenotypically distinct anti-insulin B cells repopulate pancreatic islets after anti-CD20 treatment in NOD mice. Diabetologia 2019; 62:2052-2065. [PMID: 31444529 PMCID: PMC6805803 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-04974-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Autoreactive B cells escape immune tolerance and contribute to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. While global B cell depletion is a successful therapy for autoimmune disease, the fate of autoreactive cells during this treatment in autoimmune diabetes is unknown. We aimed to identify and track anti-insulin B cells in pancreatic islets and understand their repopulation after anti-CD20 treatment. METHODS We generated a double transgenic system, the VH125.hCD20/NOD mouse. The VH125 transgenic mouse, expressing an increased frequency of anti-insulin B cells, was crossed with a human CD20 (hCD20) transgenic mouse, to facilitate B cell depletion using anti-CD20. B cells were analysed using multiparameter and ImageStream flow cytometry. RESULTS We demonstrated that anti-insulin B cells were recruited to the pancreas during disease progression in VH125.hCD20/NOD mice. We identified two distinct populations of anti-insulin B cells in pancreatic islets, based on CD19 expression, with both populations enriched in the CD138int fraction. Anti-insulin B cells were not identified in the plasma-cell CD138hi fraction, which also expressed the transcription factor Blimp-1. After anti-CD20 treatment, anti-insulin B cells repopulated the pancreatic islets earlier than non-specific B cells. Importantly, we observed that a CD138intinsulin+CD19- population was particularly enriched after B cell depletion, possibly contributing to the persistence of disease still observed in some mice after anti-CD20 treatment. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our observations may indicate why the loss of C-peptide is only temporarily delayed following anti-CD20 treatment in human type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Boldison
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Larissa C Da Rosa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Lucy Buckingham
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Joanne Davies
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - F Susan Wong
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nündel K, Mande P, Moses SL, Busto P, Cullen JL, Schmidt MR, Shlomchik MJ, Woodland RT, Marshak-Rothstein A. Cross-Reactive Antigen Expressed by B6 Splenocytes Drives Receptor Editing and Marginal Zone Differentiation of IgG2a-Reactive AM14 Vκ8 B Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:2055-2062. [PMID: 31534009 PMCID: PMC7078032 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The AM14 BCR, derived from an autoimmune MRL/lpr mouse, binds autologous IgG2aa/j with low affinity, and as a result, AM14 B cells only proliferate in response to IgG2a immune complexes that incorporate DNA, RNA, or nucleic acid-binding proteins that serve as autoadjuvants. As such, AM14 B cells have served as a useful model for demonstrating the importance of BCR/TLR coengagement in the activation of autoreactive B cells. We now show that the same receptor recognizes an additional murine-encoded Ag, expressed by B6 splenocytes, with sufficient avidity to induce a TLR-independent proliferative response of BALB/c AM14 Vκ8 B cells both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, detection of this cross-reactive Ag by B6 AM14 Vκ8 B cells promotes an anergic phenotype as reflected by suboptimal responses to BCR cross-linking and the absence of mature B cells in the bone marrow. The B6 Ag further impacts B cell development as shown by a dramatically expanded marginal zone compartment and extensive receptor editing in B6 AM14 Vκ8 mice but not BALB/c AM14 Vκ8 mice. Despite their anergic phenotypes, B6 AM14 Vκ8 B cells can respond robustly to autoantigen/autoadjuvant immune complexes and could therefore participate in both autoimmune responses and host defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Nündel
- Dept. of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Purvi Mande
- Dept. of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Stephanie L. Moses
- Dept. of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Patricia Busto
- Dept. of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Jaime L. Cullen
- Dept. of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Madelyn R. Schmidt
- Dept. of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605
| | | | - Robert T. Woodland
- Dept. of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Ann Marshak-Rothstein
- Dept. of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wallace CH, Wu BX, Salem M, Ansa-Addo EA, Metelli A, Sun S, Gilkeson G, Shlomchik MJ, Liu B, Li Z. B lymphocytes confer immune tolerance via cell surface GARP-TGF-β complex. JCI Insight 2018; 3:99863. [PMID: 29618665 PMCID: PMC5928869 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
GARP, a cell surface docking receptor for binding and activating latent TGF-β, is highly expressed by platelets and activated Tregs. While GARP is implicated in immune invasion in cancer, the roles of the GARP-TGF-β axis in systemic autoimmune diseases are unknown. Although B cells do not express GARP at baseline, we found that the GARP-TGF-β complex is induced on activated human and mouse B cells by ligands for multiple TLRs, including TLR4, TLR7, and TLR9. GARP overexpression on B cells inhibited their proliferation, induced IgA class-switching, and dampened T cell-independent antibody production. In contrast, B cell-specific deletion of GARP-encoding gene Lrrc32 in mice led to development of systemic autoimmune diseases spontaneously as well as worsening of pristane-induced lupus-like disease. Canonical TGF-β signaling more readily upregulates GARP in Peyer patch B cells than in splenic B cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that B cells are required for the induction of oral tolerance of T cell-dependent antigens via GARP. Our studies reveal for the first time to our knowledge that cell surface GARP-TGF-β is an important checkpoint for regulating B cell peripheral tolerance, highlighting a mechanism of autoimmune disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bill X. Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | | | | | | | - Shaoli Sun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and
| | - Gary Gilkeson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Mark J. Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bei Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Zihai Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University School of Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mion F, Vetrano S, Tonon S, Valeri V, Piontini A, Burocchi A, Petti L, Frossi B, Gulino A, Tripodo C, Colombo MP, Pucillo CE. Reciprocal influence of B cells and tumor macro and microenvironments in the ApcMin/+ model of colorectal cancer. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1336593. [PMID: 28919998 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1336593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most fascinating aspects of the immune system is its dynamism, meant as the ability to change and readapt according to the organism needs. Following an insult, we assist to the spontaneous organization of different immune cells which cooperate, locally and at distance, to build up an appropriate response. Throughout tumor progression, adaptations within the systemic tumor environment, or macroenvironment, result in the promotion of tumor growth, tumor invasion and metastasis to distal organs, but also to dramatic changes in the activity and composition of the immune system. In this work, we show the changes of the B-cell arm of the immune system following tumor progression in the ApcMin/+ model of colorectal cancer. Tumor macroenvironment leads to an increased proportion of total and IL-10-competent B cells in draining LNs while activates a differentiation route that leads to the expansion of IgA+ lymphocytes in the spleen and peritoneum. Importantly, serum IgA levels were significantly higher in ApcMin/+ than Wt mice. The peculiar involvement of IgA response in the adenomatous transformation had correlates in the gut-mucosal compartment where IgA-positive elements increased from normal mucosa to areas of low grade dysplasia while decreasing upon overt carcinomatous transformation. Altogether, our findings provide a snapshot of the tumor education of B lymphocytes in the ApcMin/+ model of colorectal cancer. Understanding how tumor macroenvironment affects the differentiation, function and distribution of B lymphocytes is pivotal to the generation of specific therapies, targeted to switching B cells to an anti-, rather than pro-, tumoral phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mion
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Stefania Vetrano
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Tonon
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Viviana Valeri
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Piontini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessia Burocchi
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Luciana Petti
- Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Barbara Frossi
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gulino
- Department of Health Science, Tumor Immunology Unit, Human Pathology Section, Palermo University School of Medicine, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Tripodo
- Department of Health Science, Tumor Immunology Unit, Human Pathology Section, Palermo University School of Medicine, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario P Colombo
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
You M, Dong G, Li F, Ma F, Ren J, Xu Y, Yue H, Tang R, Ren D, Hou Y. Ligation of CD180 inhibits IFN-α signaling in a Lyn-PI3K-BTK-dependent manner in B cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:192-202. [PMID: 26277892 PMCID: PMC5301152 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the consistent production of various auto-antibodies by auto-reactive B cells. Interferon-α (IFN-α) signaling is highly activated in SLE B cells and plays a vital role in the antibody response by B cells. Previous studies have shown that CD180-negative B cells, which are dramatically increased in SLE patients, are responsible for the production of auto-antibodies. However, the association between CD180 and IFN-α signaling remains unknown. In the present study, we explored the effect of CD180 on regulating the activation of IFN-α signaling in B cells. We found that the number of CD180-negative B cells was increased in MRL/Mp-Fas(lpr/lpr) lupus-prone mice compared with wild-type mice. Phenotypic analysis showed that CD180-negative B cells comprised CD138+ plasmablast/plasma cells and GL-7+ germinal center (GC) B cells. Notably, ligation of CD180 significantly inhibited the IFN-α-induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT-2) and expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in a Lyn-PI3K-BTK-dependent manner in vitro. Moreover, ligation of CD180 could also inhibit IFN-α-induced ISG expression in B cells in vivo. Furthermore, the Toll-like receptor 7 and Toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathways could significantly downregulate CD180 expression and modulate the inhibitory effect of CD180 signaling on the activation of IFN-α signaling. Collectively, our results highlight the close association between the increased proportion of CD180-negative B cells and the activation of IFN-α signaling in SLE. Our data provide molecular insight into the mechanism of IFN-α signaling activation in SLE B cells and a potential therapeutic approach for SLE treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming You
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanjun Dong
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanlin Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiya Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ren
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujun Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Yue
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruijing Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Deshan Ren
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yayi Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fujikura D, Ikesue M, Endo T, Chiba S, Higashi H, Uede T. Death receptor 6 contributes to autoimmunity in lupus-prone mice. Nat Commun 2017; 8:13957. [PMID: 28045014 PMCID: PMC5216082 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansion of autoreactive follicular helper T (Tfh) cells is tightly restricted to prevent induction of autoantibody-dependent immunological diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here we show expression of an orphan immune regulator, death receptor 6 (DR6/TNFRSF21), on a population of Tfh cells that are highly expanded in lupus-like disease progression in mice. Genome-wide screening reveals an interaction between syndecan-1 and DR6 resulting in immunosuppressive functions. Importantly, syndecan-1 is expressed specifically on autoreactive germinal centre (GC) B cells that are critical for maintenance of Tfh cells. Syndecan-1 expression level on GC B cells is associated with Tfh cell expansion and disease progression in lupus-prone mouse strains. In addition, Tfh cell suppression by DR6-specific monoclonal antibody delays disease progression in lupus-prone mice. These findings suggest that the DR6/syndecan-1 axis regulates aberrant GC reactions and could be a therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases such as SLE. Germinal centre (GC) reactions are driven by T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and their dysregulation can cause autoimmune disease. Here the authors show that the orphan receptor DR6 is a Tfh cell marker that binds syndecan-1 on GC B cells driving autoimmunity in lupus-prone mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Fujikura
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, North-20, West-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan.,Division of Molecular Immunology, Hokkaido University Institute for Genetic Medicine, North-15, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.,Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, North-20, West-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ikesue
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Hokkaido University Institute for Genetic Medicine, North-15, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Endo
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Hokkaido University Institute for Genetic Medicine, North-15, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Satoko Chiba
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, North-20, West-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan.,Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, North-20, West-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hideaki Higashi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, North-20, West-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Uede
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Hokkaido University Institute for Genetic Medicine, North-15, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sabouri Z, Perotti S, Spierings E, Humburg P, Yabas M, Bergmann H, Horikawa K, Roots C, Lambe S, Young C, Andrews TD, Field M, Enders A, Reed JH, Goodnow CC. IgD attenuates the IgM-induced anergy response in transitional and mature B cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13381. [PMID: 27830696 PMCID: PMC5109548 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-tolerance by clonal anergy of B cells is marked by an increase in IgD and decrease in IgM antigen receptor surface expression, yet the function of IgD on anergic cells is obscure. Here we define the RNA landscape of the in vivo anergy response, comprising 220 induced sequences including a core set of 97. Failure to co-express IgD with IgM decreases overall expression of receptors for self-antigen, but paradoxically increases the core anergy response, exemplified by increased Sdc1 encoding the cell surface marker syndecan-1. IgD expressed on its own is nevertheless competent to induce calcium signalling and the core anergy mRNA response. Syndecan-1 induction correlates with reduction of surface IgM and is exaggerated without surface IgD in many transitional and mature B cells. These results show that IgD attenuates the response to self-antigen in anergic cells and promotes their accumulation. In this way, IgD minimizes tolerance-induced holes in the pre-immune antibody repertoire. Self-reactive B cells that are anergic express mainly IgD, yet the function of IgD is not clear. Here the authors analyse primary B cells from mice to show that IgD signalling attenuates self-antigen induced gene expression and promotes survival of anergic B cells that might go on to reactivate to foreign antigens and mutate away from self-reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sabouri
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Samuel Perotti
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Emily Spierings
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Peter Humburg
- Immunology Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Mehmet Yabas
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Trakya University, 22030 Edirne, Turkey
| | - Hannes Bergmann
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Keisuke Horikawa
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Carla Roots
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Samantha Lambe
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Clara Young
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - T Dan Andrews
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Matthew Field
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Anselm Enders
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Joanne H Reed
- Immunology Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,Immunology Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Han S, Zhuang H, Xu Y, Lee P, Li Y, Wilson JC, Vidal O, Choi HS, Sun Y, Yang LJ, Reeves WH. Maintenance of autoantibody production in pristane-induced murine lupus. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:384. [PMID: 26717913 PMCID: PMC4718029 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0886-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pristane-treated mice chronically produce high levels of anti-ribonucleoprotein/Smith (anti-Sm/RNP) and other lupus autoantibodies. The present study addressed how these autoantibody levels are maintained over time. Methods Lupus was induced in BALB/c mice using pristane. Naïve B cells, switched memory B cells, switched plasmablasts, and plasma cells were flow-sorted and total IgG and anti-U1A (RNP) autoantibodies were determined with ELISA. Results B cells with a switched “memory-like” (CD19+CD138−IgM−IgD−) (sMB) phenotype were increased in pristane-treated mice and expressed higher levels of Toll like receptor 7 (Tlr7) than cells with this phenotype from untreated mice. Flow-sorted sMB cells from pristane-treated mice did not secrete IgG spontaneously, but were hyper-responsive to both synthetic (R848) and natural (apoptotic cells) TLR7 ligands, resulting in increased IgG production in vitro. The flow-sorted sMB cells also could be driven by R848 to produce IgG anti-U1A autoantibodies. Production of IgG was strongly inhibited by both JSH-23 and SB203580, suggesting that the canonical NFκB and p38 MAPK pathways, respectively, contribute to the TLR7 ligand hyper-responsiveness of sMB from pristane-treated mice. Conclusions The switched memory B cell subset from pristane-treated mice is expanded and shows an increased propensity to undergo terminal (plasma cell) differentiation in response to synthetic and natural TLR7 ligands. The data suggest that the decreased clearance of apoptotic cells characteristic of pristane-treated mice might help maintain high serum levels of anti-RNP/Sm autoantibodies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0886-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Han
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Florida, 1600 Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0275, USA.
| | - Haoyang Zhuang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Florida, 1600 Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0275, USA.
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Florida, 1600 Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0275, USA.
| | - Pui Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Florida, 1600 Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0275, USA. .,Current Address: Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Florida, 1600 Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0275, USA.
| | - Joseph C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Florida, 1600 Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0275, USA.
| | - Osvaldo Vidal
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Student Service Center, HPNP Complex, PO Box 100495, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0495, USA.
| | - Hong Seok Choi
- Department of Molecular genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, PO Box 100221, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0221, USA.
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, 1395 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32610-0495, USA. .,Current Address: Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China.
| | - Li-Jun Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, 1395 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32610-0495, USA.
| | - Westley H Reeves
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Florida, 1600 Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0275, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, 1395 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32610-0495, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Murira A, Lapierre P, Lamarre A. Evolution of the Humoral Response during HCV Infection: Theories on the Origin of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Implications for Vaccine Design. Adv Immunol 2015; 129:55-107. [PMID: 26791858 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Similar to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1, vaccine-induced elicitation of broadly neutralizing (bNt) antibodies (Abs) is gaining traction as a key goal toward the eradication of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) pandemic. Previously, the significance of the Ab response against HCV was underappreciated given the prevailing evidence advancing the role of the cellular immune response in clearance and overall control of the infection. However, recent findings have driven growing interest in the humoral arm of the immune response and in particular the role of bNt responses due to their ability to confer protective immunity upon passive transfer in animal models. Nevertheless, the origin and development of bNt Abs is poorly understood and their occurrence is rare as well as delayed with emergence only observed in the chronic phase of infection. In this review, we characterize the interplay between the host immune response and HCV as it progresses from the acute to chronic phase of infection. In addition, we place these events in the context of current hypotheses on the origin of bNt Abs against the HIV-1, whose humoral immune response is better characterized. Based on the increasing significance of the humoral immune response against HCV, characterization of these events may be critical in understanding the development of the bNt responses and, thus, provide strategies toward effective vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armstrong Murira
- Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Pascal Lapierre
- Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain Lamarre
- Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Russell L, John S, Cullen J, Luo W, Shlomchik MJ, Garrett-Sinha LA. Requirement for Transcription Factor Ets1 in B Cell Tolerance to Self-Antigens. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:3574-83. [PMID: 26355157 PMCID: PMC4568556 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation and survival of autoreactive B cells is normally limited by a variety of self-tolerance mechanisms, including clonal deletion, anergy, and clonal ignorance. The transcription factor c-ets-1 (encoded by the Ets1 gene) has B cell-intrinsic roles in regulating formation of Ab-secreting cells by controlling the activity of Blimp1 and Pax5 and may be required for B cell tolerance to self-antigen. To test this, we crossed Ets1(-/-) mice to two different transgenic models of B cell self-reactivity, the anti-hen egg lysozyme BCR transgenic strain and the AM14 rheumatoid factor transgenic strain. BCR transgenic Ets1(-/-) mice were subsequently crossed to mice either carrying or lacking relevant autoantigens. We found that B cells lacking c-ets-1 are generally hyperresponsive in terms of Ab secretion and form large numbers of Ab-secreting cells even in the absence of cognate Ags. When in the presence of cognate Ag, different responses were noted depending on the physical characteristics of the Ag. We found that clonal deletion of highly autoreactive B cells in the bone marrow was intact in the absence of c-ets-1. However, peripheral B cells lacking c-ets-1 failed to become tolerant in response to stimuli that normally induce B cell anergy or B cell clonal ignorance. Interestingly, high-affinity soluble self-antigen did cause B cells to adopt many of the classical features of anergic B cells, although such cells still secreted Ab. Therefore, maintenance of appropriate c-ets-1 levels is essential to prevent loss of self-tolerance in the B cell compartment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Russell
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Shinu John
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Jaime Cullen
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Mark J. Shlomchik
- Corresponding Author Communications to: Lee Ann Garrett-Sinha, Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Room B3-306, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, , Telephone: 716-881-7995, FAX: 716-849-6655
| | - Lee Ann Garrett-Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kil LP, Corneth OB, de Bruijn MJ, Asmawidjaja PS, Krause A, Lubberts E, van Loo PF, Hendriks RW. Surrogate light chain expression beyond the pre-B cell stage promotes tolerance in a dose-dependent fashion. J Autoimmun 2015; 57:30-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
18
|
Detanico T, Guo W, Wysocki LJ. Predominant role for activation-induced cytidine deaminase in generating IgG anti-nucleosomal antibodies of murine SLE. J Autoimmun 2015; 58:67-77. [PMID: 25634361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Serum IgG anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) directed to complexes of DNA and histones are a hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and reflect a failure in lymphocyte self-tolerance. A prior study utilizing spontaneously autoimmune B6.Nba2 mice deficient in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) and with heterozygous deficiencies in Jh and Igk loci underscored the importance of somatic hypermutation (SHM) as a major generator of SLE-associated ANA. This interpretation had to be qualified because of severely limited opportunities for receptor editing and restricted VHCDR3 diversity. Therefore, we performed the converse study using mice that carried functional Tdt genes and wild type Jh and Igk loci but that could not undergo SHM. Analyses of ANA and ANA-producing hybridomas from B6.Nba2 Aicda(-/-) mice revealed that few animals produced high titers of the prototypical ANA directed to complexes of histones and DNA, that this response was delayed and that those cells that did produce such antibody exhibited limited clonal expansion, unusual Jk use and only infrequent dual receptor expression. This, together with the additional finding of an intrinsic propensity for SHM to generate Arg codons selectively in CDRs, reinforce the view that most IgG autoimmune clones producing prototypical anti-nucleosome antibodies in wild type mice are created by SHM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Detanico
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Wenzhong Guo
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Lawrence J Wysocki
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Integrin CD11b negatively regulates BCR signalling to maintain autoreactive B cell tolerance. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2813. [PMID: 24264377 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A variant of the integrin-α-M (CD11b) gene has been linked to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. However, how this genotype results in the lupus phenotype is not fully understood. Here we show that autoreactive B cells lacking CD11b exhibit a hyperproliferative response to B cell receptor (BCR) crosslinking and enhanced survival. In vivo engagement of BCR in CD11b-deficient mice leads to increased autoAb production and kidney Ig deposition. In addition, CD11b-deficient autoreactive B cells have decreased tyrosine phosphorylation including Lyn and CD22 with decreased phosphatase SHP-1 recruitment but increased calcium influx. Results obtained using B cells transfected with the wild type or rs1143679 lupus-associated variant of CD11b suggest that this mutation completely abrogates the regulatory effect of CD11b on BCR signalling. This is through disruption of CD22-CD11b direct binding. These results reveal a previously unrecognized role of CD11b in maintaining autoreactive B cell tolerance.
Collapse
|
20
|
Racine JJ, Wang M, Zhang M, Zeng D. Induction of mixed chimerism depletes pre-existing and de novo-developed autoreactive B cells in autoimmune NOD mice. Diabetes 2014; 63:2051-62. [PMID: 24458357 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Destruction of pancreatic islet β-cells in type 1 diabetes (T1D) is mainly mediated by autoimmune T and B lymphocytes. We reported that induction of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mismatched mixed chimerism reversed autoimmunity and reestablished thymic negative selection of autoreactive T cells in NOD mice, but it is still unclear how mixed chimerism tolerizes autoreactive B cells. The current studies were designed to reveal the mechanisms on how mixed chimerism tolerizes autoreactive B cells in T1D. Accordingly, mixed chimerism was induced in NOD mice through radiation-free nonmyeloablative anti-CD3/CD8 conditioning and infusion of donor CD4(+) T cell-depleted spleen and whole bone marrow (BM) cells or through myeloablative total body irradiation conditioning and reconstitution with T cell-depleted BM cells from donor and host. Kinetic analysis of percentage and yield of preplasma and plasma B cells, newly developed B-cell subsets, and their apoptosis was performed 30-60 days after transplantation. Induction of MHC-mismatched mixed chimerism results in depleting host-type pre-existing preplasma and plasma B cells as well as augmenting apoptosis of immature transitional T1 B cells, including insulin-specific B cells in a donor B cell-dependent manner. Therefore, induction of MHC-mismatched mixed chimerism depletes pre-existing and de novo-developed autoreactive B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Racine
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CADepartment of Diabetes Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CADepartment of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Diabetes Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CADepartment of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Mingfeng Zhang
- Department of Diabetes Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CADepartment of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Defu Zeng
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CADepartment of Diabetes Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CADepartment of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rodgers DT, Pineda MA, McGrath MA, Al-Riyami L, Harnett W, Harnett MM. Protection against collagen-induced arthritis in mice afforded by the parasitic worm product, ES-62, is associated with restoration of the levels of interleukin-10-producing B cells and reduced plasma cell infiltration of the joints. Immunology 2014; 141:457-66. [PMID: 24708419 PMCID: PMC3930382 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that ES-62, a molecule secreted by the parasitic filarial nematode Acanthocheilonema viteae, protects mice from developing collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Together with increasing evidence that worm infection may protect against autoimmune conditions, this raises the possibility that ES-62 may have therapeutic potential in rheumatoid arthritis and hence, it is important to fully understand its mechanism of action. To this end, we have established to date that ES-62 protection in CIA is associated with suppressed T helper type 1 (Th1)/Th17 responses, reduced collagen-specific IgG2a antibodies and increased interleukin-10 (IL-10) production by splenocytes. IL-10-producing regulatory B cells have been proposed to suppress pathogenic Th1/Th17 responses in CIA: interestingly therefore, although the levels of IL-10-producing B cells were decreased in the spleens of mice with CIA, ES-62 was found to restore these to the levels found in naive mice. In addition, exposure to ES-62 decreased effector B-cell, particularly plasma cell, infiltration of the joints, and such infiltrating B cells showed dramatically reduced levels of Toll-like receptor 4 and the activation markers, CD80 and CD86. Collectively, this induction of hyporesponsiveness of effector B-cell responses, in the context of the resetting of the levels of IL-10-producing B cells, is suggestive of a modulation of the balance between effector and regulatory B-cell responses that may contribute to ES-62-mediated suppression of CIA-associated inflammation and inhibition of production of pathogenic collagen-specific IgG2a antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David T Rodgers
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Richardson C, Chida AS, Adlowitz D, Silver L, Fox E, Jenks SA, Palmer E, Wang Y, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Li QZ, Mohan C, Cummings R, Tipton C, Sanz I. Molecular basis of 9G4 B cell autoreactivity in human systemic lupus erythematosus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4926-39. [PMID: 24108696 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
9G4(+) IgG Abs expand in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a disease-specific fashion and react with different lupus Ags including B cell Ags and apoptotic cells. Their shared use of VH4-34 represents a unique system to understand the molecular basis of lupus autoreactivity. In this study, a large panel of recombinant 9G4(+) mAbs from single naive and memory cells was generated and tested against B cells, apoptotic cells, and other Ags. Mutagenesis eliminated the framework-1 hydrophobic patch (HP) responsible for the 9G4 idiotype. The expression of the HP in unselected VH4-34 cells was assessed by deep sequencing. We found that 9G4 Abs recognize several Ags following two distinct structural patterns. B cell binding is dependent on the HP, whereas anti-nuclear Abs, apoptotic cells, and dsDNA binding are HP independent and correlate with positively charged H chain third CDR. The majority of mutated VH4-34 memory cells retain the HP, thereby suggesting selection by Ags that require this germline structure. Our findings show that the germline-encoded HP is compulsory for the anti-B cell reactivity largely associated with 9G4 Abs in SLE but is not required for reactivity against apoptotic cells, dsDNA, chromatin, anti-nuclear Abs, or cardiolipin. Given that the lupus memory compartment contains a majority of HP(+) VH4-34 cells but decreased B cell reactivity, additional HP-dependent Ags must participate in the selection of this compartment. This study represents the first analysis, to our knowledge, of VH-restricted autoreactive B cells specifically expanded in SLE and provides the foundation to understand the antigenic forces at play in this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Richardson
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chen Y, Zhang J, Hwang KK, Bouton-Verville H, Xia SM, Newman A, Ouyang YB, Haynes BF, Verkoczy L. Common tolerance mechanisms, but distinct cross-reactivities associated with gp41 and lipids, limit production of HIV-1 broad neutralizing antibodies 2F5 and 4E10. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1260-75. [PMID: 23825311 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Developing an HIV-1 vaccine has been hampered by the inability of immunogens to induce broadly neutralizing Abs (BnAbs) that protect against infection. Previously, we used knockin (KI) mice expressing a prototypical gp41-specific BnAb, 2F5, to demonstrate that immunological tolerance triggered by self-reactivity of the 2F5 H chain impedes BnAb induction. In this study, we generate KI models expressing H chains from two other HIV-1 Abs, 4E10 (another self-/polyreactive, anti-gp41 BnAb) and 48d (an anti-CD4 inducible, nonpolyreactive Ab), and find a similar developmental blockade consistent with central B cell deletion in 4E10, but not in 48d VH KI mice. Furthermore, in KI strains expressing the complete 2F5 and 4E10 Abs as BCRs, we find that residual splenic B cells arrest at distinct developmental stages, yet exhibit uniformly low BCR densities, elevated basal activation, and profoundly muted responses to BCR ligation and, when captured as hybridoma mAb lines, maintain their dual (gp41/lipid) affinities and capacities to neutralize HIV-1, establishing a key role for anergy in suppressing residual 2F5- or 4E10-expressing B cells. Importantly, serum IgGs from naive 2F5 and 4E10 KI strains selectively eliminate gp41 and lipid binding, respectively, suggesting B cells expressing 2F5 or 4E10 as BCRs exhibit specificity for a distinct spectrum of host Ags, including selective interactions by 2F5 BCR(+) B cells (i.e., and not 4E10 BCR(+) B cells) with those mimicked by its gp41 neutralization epitope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kil LP, Hendriks RW. Aberrant B cell selection and activation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 32:445-70. [PMID: 23768157 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.786712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The detrimental role of B lymphocytes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is evident from the high levels of pathogenic antinuclear autoantibodies (ANAs) found in SLE patients. Affirming this causative role, additional antibody-independent roles of B cells in SLE were appreciated. In recent years, many defects in B cell selection and activation have been identified in murine lupus models and SLE patients that explain the increased emergence and persistence of autoreactive B cells and their lowered activation threshold. Therefore, clinical trials with B cell depletion regimens in SLE patients were initiated but disappointingly the efficacy of B cell depleting agents proved to be limited. Remarkably however, a major breakthrough in SLE therapy was accomplished by blocking B cell survival factors rather then eliminating B cells. This surprising finding indicates that although SLE is a B cell-driven disease, the amplifying crosstalk between B cells and other cells of the immune system likely evokes the observed tolerance breakdown in B cells. Moreover, this implies that intelligent interception of pro-inflammatory loops rather then selectively silencing B cells will be key to the development of new SLE therapies. In this review, we will not only highlight the intrinsic B cell defects that facilitate the persistence of autoreactive B cells and their activation, but in addition we will focus on B cell extrinsic signals derived from T cells and innate immune cells that lower the activation threshold for B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurens P Kil
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, NL 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Reed AM, Peterson E, Bilgic H, Ytterberg SR, Amin S, Hein MS, Crowson CS, Ernste F, Gillespie EB. Changes in novel biomarkers of disease activity in juvenile and adult dermatomyositis are sensitive biomarkers of disease course. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 64:4078-86. [PMID: 22886447 DOI: 10.1002/art.34659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Muscle enzyme levels are insensitive markers of disease activity in juvenile and adult dermatomyositis (DM), especially during the active treatment phase. To improve our ability to monitor DM disease activity longitudinally, especially in the presence of immunomodulating agents, we prospectively evaluated whether interferon (IFN)-dependent peripheral blood gene and chemokine signatures could serve as sensitive and responsive biomarkers for change in disease activity in adult and juvenile DM. METHODS Peripheral blood and clinical data were collected from 51 patients with juvenile or adult DM prospectively over 2 study visits. We performed disease activity measurements and calculated whole-blood type I IFN gene and chemokine scores. We also measured serum levels of other proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6). RESULTS Changes in juvenile and adult DM global disease activity correlated positively and significantly with changes in the type I IFN gene score before adjustment for medication use (r = 0.33, P = 0.023) and with changes in the IFN chemokine score before and after adjustment for medication use (r = 0.53, P < 0.001 and r = 0.50, P < 0.001, respectively). Changes in muscle and extramuscular visual analog scale (VAS) scores correlated positively with changes in IFN gene and chemokine scores (P = 0.002, P < 0.001, P = 0.095, P < 0.001). Serum levels of IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) correlated positively with changes in global, muscle, and extramuscular VAS scores (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that changes in type I IFN gene and chemokine scores as well as in levels of IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα may serve as sensitive and responsive longitudinal biomarkers of change in disease activity in juvenile and adult DM, even in the presence of immunomodulating agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Reed
- Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
High affinity autoreactive IgG antibodies have been implicated in the development of lupus nephritis and other autoimmune disorders. With the discovery of activation-induced deaminase (AID), this question could be finally tested by examining the impact of AID deficiency in autoimmune-prone mice like the MLR/lpr strain. We have recently shown that AID-deficient MRL/lpr mice experienced a complete abrogation of lupus nephritis, and increased survival despite a dramatic increase in autoreactive IgM. Subsequent studies demonstrated that anti-dsDNA IgM is not pathogenic and in fact protects MRL/lpr from glomerulonephritis. AID-deficiency is also associated with decreased antibody-independent B cell-mediated autoimmunity likely through the loss of high affinity receptors through somatic hypermutation. Combined these results directly implicate AID in the development of B cell mediated autoimmunity. However, studies with hyper IgM AID-deficient patients indicate an increase in the incidence of certain autoimmunities. These results, likely the result of the immunodeficiency associated with AID deficiency, suggest caution in therapeutic approaches based in AID inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Diaz
- Somatic Hypermutation Group, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lee SR, Rutan JA, Monteith AJ, Jones SZ, Kang SA, Krum KN, Kilmon MA, Roques JR, Wagner NJ, Clarke SH, Vilen BJ. Receptor cross-talk spatially restricts p-ERK during TLR4 stimulation of autoreactive B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3859-68. [PMID: 22984080 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To maintain tolerance, autoreactive B cells must regulate signal transduction from the BCR and TLRs. We recently identified that dendritic cells and macrophages regulate autoreactive cells during TLR4 activation by releasing IL-6 and soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L). These cytokines selectively repress Ab secretion from autoreactive, but not antigenically naive, B cells. How IL-6 and sCD40L repress autoantibody production is unknown. In this work, we show that IL-6 and sCD40L are required for low-affinity/avidity autoreactive B cells to maintain tolerance through a mechanism involving receptor cross-talk between the BCR, TLR4, and the IL-6R or CD40. We show that acute signaling through IL-6R or CD40 integrates with chronic BCR-mediated ERK activation to restrict p-ERK from the nucleus and represses TLR4-induced Blimp-1 and XBP-1 expression. Tolerance is disrupted in 2-12H/MRL/lpr mice where IL-6 and sCD40L fail to spatially restrict p-ERK and fail to repress TLR4-induced Ig secretion. In the case of CD40, acute signaling in B cells from 2-12H/MRL/lpr mice is intact, but the chronic activation of p-ERK emanating from the BCR is attenuated. Re-establishing chronically active ERK through retroviral expression of constitutively active MEK1 restores tolerance upon sCD40L, but not IL-6, stimulation, indicating that regulation by IL-6 requires another signaling effector. These data define the molecular basis for the regulation of low-affinity autoreactive B cells during TLR4 stimulation; they explain how autoreactive but not naive B cells are repressed by IL-6 and sCD40L; and they identify B cell defects in lupus-prone mice that lead to TLR4-induced autoantibody production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ryul Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gilbert MR, Wagner NJ, Jones SZ, Wisz AB, Roques JR, Krum KN, Lee SR, Nickeleit V, Hulbert C, Thomas JW, Gauld SB, Vilen BJ. Autoreactive preplasma cells break tolerance in the absence of regulation by dendritic cells and macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:711-20. [PMID: 22675201 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to induce Ab responses to pathogens while maintaining the quiescence of autoreactive cells is an important aspect of immune tolerance. During activation of TLR4, dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (MFs) repress autoantibody production through their secretion of IL-6 and soluble CD40L (sCD40L). These soluble mediators selectively repress B cells chronically exposed to Ag, but not naive cells, suggesting a means to maintain tolerance during TLR4 stimulation, yet allow immunity. In this study, we identify TNF-α as a third repressive factor, which together with IL-6 and CD40L account for nearly all the repression conferred by DCs and MFs. Similar to IL-6 and sCD40L, TNF-α did not alter B cell proliferation or survival. Instead, it reduced the number of Ab-secreting cells. To address whether the soluble mediators secreted by DCs and MFs functioned in vivo, we generated mice lacking IL-6, CD40L, and TNF-α. Compared to wild-type mice, these mice showed prolonged anti-nuclear Ab responses following TLR4 stimulation. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of autoreactive B cells into chimeric IL-6(-/-) × CD40L(-/-) × TNF-α(-/-) mice showed that preplasma cells secreted autoantibodies independent of germinal center formation or extrafollicular foci. These data indicate that in the absence of genetic predisposition to autoimmunity, loss of endogenous IL-6, CD40L, and TNF-α promotes autoantibody secretion during TLR4 stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mileka R Gilbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Phenotyping of P105-negative B cell subsets in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2012:198206. [PMID: 21961021 PMCID: PMC3180073 DOI: 10.1155/2012/198206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate phenotype of RP105(-) B cell subsets in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Flow cytometry was used for phenotyping RP105-negaive B cell subsets. Based on CD19, RP105, and CD138 expression, RP105(-) B cells consist of at least 5 subsets of late B cells, including CD19(+)RP105(int), CD19(+) RP105(-), CD19(low) RP105(-) CD138(-), CD19(low) RP105(-)CD138(int), and CD19(low) RP105(-) CD138(++) B cells. Especially, CD19(+)RP105(int) and CD19(low) RP105(-)CD138(int) B cells are significantly larger than other RP105(-) B cell subsets in SLE. By comparison of RP105(-) B cell subsets between patients with SLE and normal subjects, these subsets were detectable even in normal subjects, but the percentages of RP105(-) B cell subsets were significantly larger in SLE. The phenotypic analysis of RP105(-) B cell subsets suggests dysregulation of later B cell subsets in SLE and may provide new insights into understanding regulation of B cells in human SLE.
Collapse
|
30
|
BAFF and selection of autoreactive B cells. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:388-94. [PMID: 21752714 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
B cell activating factor (BAFF) is a crucial survival factor for transitional and mature B cells, and is a promising therapeutic target for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A BAFF inhibitor, belimumab, is the first new drug in 50 years to be approved for the treatment of SLE. However, the mechanism of action of this drug is not entirely clear. In this review we will focus on the role of the BAFF-APRIL signaling pathway in the selection of autoreactive B cells, and discuss whether altered selection is the mechanism for the therapeutic efficacy of BAFF inhibition in SLE.
Collapse
|
31
|
Liu Z, Bethunaickan R, Huang W, Ramanujam M, Madaio MP, Davidson A. IFN-α confers resistance of systemic lupus erythematosus nephritis to therapy in NZB/W F1 mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:1506-13. [PMID: 21705616 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The critical role of IFN-α in the pathogenesis of human systemic lupus erythematosus has been highlighted in recent years. Exposure of young lupus-prone NZB/W F1 mice to IFN-α in vivo leads to an accelerated lupus phenotype that is dependent on T cells and is associated with elevated serum levels of BAFF, IL-6, and TNF-α, increased splenic expression of IL-6 and IL-21, formation of large germinal centers, and the generation of large numbers of short-lived plasma cells that produce IgG2a and IgG3 autoantibodies. In this study, we show that both IgG2a and IgG3 autoantibodies are pathogenic in IFN-α-accelerated lupus, and their production can be dissociated by using low-dose CTLA4-Ig. Only high-dose CTLA4-Ig attenuates both IgG2a and IgG3 autoantibody production and significantly delays death from lupus nephritis. In contrast, BAFF/APRIL blockade has no effect on germinal centers or the production of IgG anti-dsDNA Abs but, if given at the time of IFN-α challenge, delays the progression of lupus by attenuating systemic and renal inflammation. Temporary remission of nephritis induced by combination therapy with cyclophosphamide, anti-CD40L Ab, and CTLA4-Ig is associated with the abrogation of germinal centers and depletion of short-lived plasma cells, but relapse occurs more rapidly than in conventional NZB/W F1 mice. This study demonstrates that IFN-α renders NZB/W F1 relatively resistant to therapeutic intervention and suggests that the IFN signature should be considered when randomizing patients into groups and analyzing the results of human clinical trials in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, NY 11030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Jiang C, Zhao ML, Scearce RM, Diaz M. Activation-induced deaminase-deficient MRL/lpr mice secrete high levels of protective antibodies against lupus nephritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:1086-96. [PMID: 21225690 DOI: 10.1002/art.30230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously generated MRL/lpr mice deficient in activation-induced deaminase (AID) that lack isotype switching and immunoglobulin hypermutation. These mice have high levels of unmutated (germline) autoreactive IgM, yet they experienced an increase in survival and an improvement in lupus nephritis that exceeded that of MRL/lpr mice lacking IgG. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that high levels of germline autoreactive IgM in these mice confer protection against lupus nephritis. METHODS Autoreactive IgM antibodies of various specificities, including antibodies against double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), from AID-deficient MRL/lpr mice were given to asymptomatic MRL/lpr mice, and the levels of cytokines, proteinuria, immune complex deposition in the kidneys, and glomerulonephritis were examined. Novel AID-deficient MRL/lpr mice that lack any antibodies were generated for comparison to AID-deficient MRL/lpr mice that secrete only IgM. RESULTS Treatment with IgM anti-dsDNA resulted in a dramatic improvement in lupus nephritis. Other autoreactive IgM antibodies, such as antiphospholipid and anti-Sm, did not alter the pathologic changes. Secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages and the levels of inflammatory cells and apoptotic debris in the kidneys were lower in mice receiving IgM anti-dsDNA. Protective IgM derived from AID-deficient MRL/lpr mice displayed a distinct B cell repertoire, with a bias toward members of the V(H) 7183 family. CONCLUSION IgM anti-dsDNA protected MRL/lpr mice from lupus nephritis, likely by stopping the inflammatory cascade leading to kidney damage. A distinct repertoire of V(H) usage in IgM anti-dsDNA hybridomas from AID-deficient mice suggests that there is enrichment of a dedicated B cell population that secretes unmutated protective IgM in these mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuancang Jiang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)-driven accumulation of a novel CD11c⁺ B-cell population is important for the development of autoimmunity. Blood 2011; 118:1305-15. [PMID: 21543762 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-01-331462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 521] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Females are more susceptible than males to many autoimmune diseases. The processes causing this phenomenon are incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that aged female mice acquire a previously uncharacterized population of B cells that we call age-associated B cells (ABCs) and that these cells express integrin α(X) chain (CD11c). This unexpected population also appears in young lupus-prone mice. On stimulation, CD11c(+) B cells, both from autoimmune-prone and healthy strains of mice, secrete autoantibodies, and depletion of these cells in vivo leads to reduction of autoreactive antibodies, suggesting that the cells might have a direct role in the development of autoimmunity. We have explored factors that contribute to appearance of ABCs and demonstrated that signaling through Toll-like receptor 7 is crucial for development of this B cell population. We were able to detect a similar population of B cells in the peripheral blood of some elderly women with autoimmune disease, suggesting that there may be parallels between the creation of ABC-like cells between mice and humans.
Collapse
|
34
|
Circulating B lymphocytes producing autoantibodies to endothelial cells play a role in the pathogenesis of Takayasu arteritis. J Vasc Surg 2011; 53:174-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.06.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
35
|
Tiller T, Kofer J, Kreschel C, Busse CE, Riebel S, Wickert S, Oden F, Mertes MMM, Ehlers M, Wardemann H. Development of self-reactive germinal center B cells and plasma cells in autoimmune Fc gammaRIIB-deficient mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:2767-78. [PMID: 21078890 PMCID: PMC2989760 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The leukemogenic effects of Myc drive recurrent trisomy in a mouse model of acute myeloid leukemia. Abnormalities in expression levels of the IgG inhibitory Fc gamma receptor IIB (FcγRIIB) are associated with the development of immunoglobulin (Ig) G serum autoantibodies and systemic autoimmunity in mice and humans. We used Ig gene cloning from single isolated B cells to examine the checkpoints that regulate development of autoreactive germinal center (GC) B cells and plasma cells in FcγRIIB-deficient mice. We found that loss of FcγRIIB was associated with an increase in poly- and autoreactive IgG+ GC B cells, including hallmark anti-nuclear antibody–expressing cells that possess characteristic Ig gene features and cells producing kidney-reactive autoantibodies. In the absence of FcγRIIB, autoreactive B cells actively participated in GC reactions and somatic mutations contributed to the generation of highly autoreactive IgG antibodies. In contrast, the frequency of autoreactive IgG+ B cells was much lower in spleen and bone marrow plasma cells, suggesting the existence of an FcγRIIB-independent checkpoint for autoreactivity between the GC and the plasma cell compartment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tiller
- Max Planck Molecular Immunology Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Guo W, Smith D, Aviszus K, Detanico T, Heiser RA, Wysocki LJ. Somatic hypermutation as a generator of antinuclear antibodies in a murine model of systemic autoimmunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:2225-37. [PMID: 20805563 PMCID: PMC2947070 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20092712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by high-avidity IgG antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) that are almost certainly products of T cell–dependent immune responses. Whether critical amino acids in the third complementarity-determining region (CDR3) of the ANA originate from V(D)J recombination or somatic hypermutation (SHM) is not known. We studied a mouse model of SLE in which all somatic mutations within ANA V regions, including those in CDR3, could be unequivocally identified. Mutation reversion analyses revealed that ANA arose predominantly from nonautoreactive B cells that diversified immunoglobulin genes via SHM. The resolution afforded by this model allowed us to demonstrate that one ANA clone was generated by SHM after a VH gene replacement event. Mutations producing arginine substitutions were frequent and arose largely (66%) from base changes in just two codons: AGC and AGT. These codons are abundant in the repertoires of mouse and human V genes. Our findings reveal the predominant role of SHM in the development of ANA and underscore the importance of self-tolerance checkpoints at the postmutational stage of B cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhong Guo
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and 2 University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chang NH, Cheung YH, Loh C, Pau E, Roy V, Cai YC, Wither J. B cell activating factor (BAFF) and T cells cooperate to breach B cell tolerance in lupus-prone New Zealand Black (NZB) mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11691. [PMID: 20661465 PMCID: PMC2908288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of autoantibodies in New Zealand Black (NZB) mice suggests a B cell tolerance defect however the nature of this defect is unknown. To determine whether defects in B cell anergy contribute to the autoimmune phenotype in NZB mice, soluble hen egg lysozyme (sHEL) and anti-HEL Ig transgenes were bred onto the NZB background to generate double transgenic (dTg) mice. NZB dTg mice had elevated levels of anti-HEL antibodies, despite apparently normal B cell functional anergy in-vitro. NZB dTg B cells also demonstrated increased survival and abnormal entry into the follicular compartment following transfer into sHEL mice. Since this process is dependent on BAFF, BAFF serum and mRNA levels were assessed and were found to be significantly elevated in NZB dTg mice. Treatment of NZB sHEL recipient mice with TACI-Ig reduced NZB dTg B cell survival following adoptive transfer, confirming the role of BAFF in this process. Although NZB mice had modestly elevated BAFF, the enhanced NZB B cell survival response appeared to result from an altered response to BAFF. In contrast, T cell blockade had a minimal effect on B cell survival, but inhibited anti-HEL antibody production. The findings suggest that the modest BAFF elevations in NZB mice are sufficient to perturb B cell tolerance, particularly when acting in concert with B cell functional abnormalities and T cell help.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Hua Chang
- Arthritis Centre of Excellence, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yui-Ho Cheung
- Arthritis Centre of Excellence, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christina Loh
- Arthritis Centre of Excellence, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evelyn Pau
- Arthritis Centre of Excellence, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Valerie Roy
- Arthritis Centre of Excellence, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yong-Chun Cai
- Arthritis Centre of Excellence, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joan Wither
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Maréchal Y, Quéant S, Polizzi S, Pouillon V, Schurmans S. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase B controls survival and prevents anergy in B cells. Immunobiology 2010; 216:103-9. [PMID: 20452702 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase B (or Itpkb) and inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,5)P4), its reaction product, play an important role in the control of B lymphocyte fate and function in vivo. In order to investigate the fine mechanisms of Itpkb and Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 action in B cells, we crossed Itpkb(-/-) mice with transgenic mice expressing a 3-83μδ B cell receptor (BCR) specific for membrane-bound MHC-I H2-K(b) and H2-K(k) molecules. On a non-deleting H2-K(d) genetic background, we show that Itpkb is important for the control of Bim protein expression and B cell survival rather than for the control of B cell development from one stage to another. Analyses of cell surface markers expression, proapoptotic Bim protein expression, in vitro survival and in vivo turnover demonstrated that BCR transgenic Itpkb(-/-) B cells exhibit an anergic phenotype with the notable exception of their enhanced antigen-induced calcium signalling. On a deleting H2-K(b) genetic background, we show that Itpkb is not essential for BCR editing or negative selection. These data establish Itpkb as an important regulator of B cell survival and anergy in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Maréchal
- Institut de Recherches Interdisciplinaires en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sauer K, Cooke MP. Regulation of immune cell development through soluble inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10:257-71. [PMID: 20336153 PMCID: PMC2922113 DOI: 10.1038/nri2745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdInsP(3)) regulates membrane receptor signalling in many cells, including immunoreceptor signalling. Here, we review recent data that have indicated essential roles for the soluble PtdInsP(3) analogue inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (InsP(4)) in T cell, B cell and neutrophil development and function. Decreased InsP(4) production in leukocytes causes immunodeficiency in mice and might contribute to inflammatory vasculitis in Kawasaki disease in humans. InsP(4)-producing kinases could therefore provide attractive drug targets for inflammatory and infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Sauer
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Autoreactivity in an HIV-1 broadly reactive neutralizing antibody variable region heavy chain induces immunologic tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 107:181-6. [PMID: 20018688 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0912914107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that some of the rare broadly reactive, HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies are polyreactive, leading to the hypothesis that induction of these types of neutralizing antibody may be limited by immunologic tolerance. However, the notion that such antibodies are sufficiently autoreactive to trigger B cell tolerance is controversial. To test directly whether rare neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies can activate immunologic tolerance mechanisms, we generated a knock-in mouse in which the Ig heavy chain (HC) variable region rearrangement (V(H)DJ(H)) from the polyreactive and broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody 2F5 was targeted into the mouse Igh locus. In vitro, this insertion resulted in chimeric human/mouse 2F5 antibodies that were functionally similar to the human 2F5 antibody, including comparable reactivity to human and murine self-antigens. In vivo, the 2F5 V(H)DJ(H) insertion supported development of large- and small pre-B cells that expressed the chimeric human/mouse Igmu chain but not the production of immature B cells expressing membrane IgM. The developmental arrest exhibited in 2F5 V(H)DJ(H) knock-in mice is characteristic of other knock-in strains that express the Ig HC variable region of autoreactive antibodies and is consistent with the loss of immature B cells bearing 2F5 chimeric antibodies to central tolerance mechanisms. Moreover, homozygous 2F5 V(H)DJ(H) knock-in mice support reduced numbers of residual splenic B cells with low surface IgM density, severely diminished serum IgM levels, but normal to elevated quantities of serum IgGs that did not react with autoantigens. These features are consistent with elimination of 2F5 HC autoreactivity by additional negative selection mechanism(s) in the periphery.
Collapse
|
41
|
Ding C, Cai Y, Marroquin J, Ildstad ST, Yan J. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells regulate autoreactive B cell activation via soluble factors and in a cell-to-cell contact manner. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2009; 183:7140-9. [PMID: 19890051 PMCID: PMC3351849 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are specialized type I IFN producers, which play an important role in pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. Dysregulated autoreactive B cell activation is a hallmark in most autoimmune diseases. This study was undertaken to investigate interactions between pDCs and autoreactive B cells. After coculture of autoreactive B cells that recognize self-Ag small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles with activated pDCs, we found that pDCs significantly enhance autoreactive B cell proliferation, autoantibody production, and survival in response to TLR and BCR stimulation. Neutralization of IFN-alpha/beta and IL-6 abrogated partially pDC-mediated enhancement of autoreactive B cell activation. Transwell studies demonstrated that pDCs could provide activation signals to autoreactive B cells via a cell-to-cell contact manner. The involvement of the ICAM-1-LFA-1 pathway was revealed as contributing to this effect. This in vitro enhancement effect was further demonstrated by an in vivo B cell adoptive transfer experiment, which showed that autoreactive B cell proliferation and activation were significantly decreased in MyD88-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice. These data suggest the dynamic interplay between pDCs and B cells is required for full activation of autoreactive B cells upon TLR or BCR stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanlin Ding
- Tumor Immunobiology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Yihua Cai
- Tumor Immunobiology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Jose Marroquin
- Tumor Immunobiology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Suzanne T. Ildstad
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutic, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Jun Yan
- Tumor Immunobiology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Nashi E, Wang Y, Diamond B. The role of B cells in lupus pathogenesis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 42:543-50. [PMID: 19850148 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibodies clearly contribute to tissue inflammation in systemic lupus erythematosus. In order to therapeutically target B cells making pathogenic autoantibodies, it is necessary to identify their phenotype. It is also important to understand the defects in B cell repertoire selection that permit pathogenic autoreactive B cells to enter the immunocompetent B cell repertoire. We present the data that both marginal zone and follicular B cells can produce pathogenic autoantibodies. Moreover, we discuss how B cell survival and maturation are regulated centrally prior to antigen activation and in the periphery after antigen activation to form the repertoire that generates the spectrum of circulating antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emil Nashi
- The Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Jacobi AM, Zhang J, Mackay M, Aranow C, Diamond B. Phenotypic characterization of autoreactive B cells--checkpoints of B cell tolerance in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5776. [PMID: 19488401 PMCID: PMC2685013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA-reactive B cells play a central role in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); DNA antibodies precede clinical disease and in established disease correlate with renal inflammation and contribute to dendritic cell activation and high levels of type 1 interferon. A number of central and peripheral B cell tolerance mechanisms designed to control the survival, differentiation and activation of autoreactive B cells are thought to be disturbed in patients with SLE. The characterization of DNA-reactive B cells has, however, been limited by their low frequency in peripheral blood. Using a tetrameric configuration of a peptide mimetope of DNA bound by pathogenic anti-DNA antibodies, we can identify B cells producing potentially pathogenic DNA-reactive antibodies. We, therefore, characterized the maturation and differentiation states of peptide, (ds) double stranded DNA cross-reactive B cells in the peripheral blood of lupus patients and correlated these with clinical disease activity. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated a significantly higher frequency of tetramer-binding B cells in SLE patients compared to healthy controls. We demonstrated the existence of a novel tolerance checkpoint at the transition of antigen-naïve to antigen-experienced. We further demonstrate that patients with moderately active disease have more autoreactive B cells in both the antigen-naïve and antigen-experienced compartments consistent with greater impairment in B cell tolerance in both early and late checkpoints in these patients than in patients with quiescent disease. This methodology enables us to gain insight into the development and fate of DNA-reactive B cells in individual patients with SLE and paves the way ultimately to permit better and more customized therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annett M. Jacobi
- The Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Jie Zhang
- The Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Meggan Mackay
- The Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Aranow
- The Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Betty Diamond
- The Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Miller AT, Beisner DR, Liu D, Cooke MP. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase B is a negative regulator of BCR signaling that controls B cell selection and tolerance induction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:4696-704. [PMID: 19342645 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase B (or Itpkb) converts inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate to inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate upon Ag receptor activation and controls the fate and function of lymphocytes. To determine the role of Itpkb in B cell tolerance, Itpkb(-/-) mice were crossed to transgenic mice that express a BCR specific for hen egg lysozyme (IgHEL). B cells from Itpkb(-/-) IgHEL mice possess an anergic phenotype, hypoproliferate in response to cognate Ag, and yet they exhibit enhanced Ag-induced calcium signaling. In IgHEL transgenic mice that also express soluble HEL, lack of Itpkb converts anergy induction to deletion. These data establish Itpkb as a negative regulator of BCR signaling that controls the fate of developing B cells and tolerance induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Miller
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Work from multiple groups continues to provide additional evidence for the powerful and highly diverse roles, both protective and pathogenic, that B cells play in autoimmune diseases. Similarly, it has become abundantly clear that antibody-independent functions may account for the opposing influences that B cells exercise over other arms of the immune response and ultimately over autoimmunity itself. Finally, it is becoming apparent that the clinical impact of B-cell depletion therapy may be, to a large extent, determined by the functional balance between different B-cell subsets that may be generated by this therapeutic intervention. In this review, we postulate that our perspective of B-cell tolerance and our experimental approach to its understanding are fundamentally changed by this view of B cells. Accordingly, we first discuss current knowledge of B-cell tolerance conventionally defined as the censoring of autoantibody-producing B cells (with an emphasis on human B cells). Therefore, we discuss a different model that contemplates B cells not only as targets of tolerance but also as mediators of tolerance. This model is based on the notion that the onset of clinical autoimmune disease may require a B-cell gain-of-pathogenic function (or a B-cell loss-of-regulatory-function) and that accordingly, disease remission may depend on the restoration of the physiological balance between B-cell pathogenic and protective functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Manjarrez-Orduño
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Herlands RA, Christensen SR, Sweet RA, Hershberg U, Shlomchik MJ. T cell-independent and toll-like receptor-dependent antigen-driven activation of autoreactive B cells. Immunity 2008; 29:249-60. [PMID: 18691914 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
On the lupus-prone MRL-lpr/lpr (MRL-lpr) background, AM14 rheumatoid factor (RF) B cells are activated, differentiate into plasmablasts, and undergo somatic hypermutation outside of follicles. Using multiple strategies to impair T cells, we found that such AM14 B cell activation did not require T cells but could be modulated by them. In vitro, the signaling adaptor MyD88 is required for IgG anti-chromatin to stimulate AM14 B cell proliferation when T cells are absent. However, the roles of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in AM14 B cell activation in vivo have not been investigated. We found that activation, expansion, and differentiation of AM14 B cells depended on MyD88; however, mice lacking either TLR7 or TLR9 displayed partial defects, indicating complex roles for these receptors. T cell-independent activation of certain autoreactive B cells, which gain stimuli via endogenous TLR ligands instead of T cells, may be the initial step in the generation of canonical autoantibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Herlands
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8035, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Diz R, McCray SK, Clarke SH. B cell receptor affinity and B cell subset identity integrate to define the effectiveness, affinity threshold, and mechanism of anergy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:3834-40. [PMID: 18768837 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.6.3834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study we show that BCR affinity and subset identity make unique contributions to anergy. Analysis of anti-Smith (Sm) B cells of different affinities indicates that increasing affinity improves anergy's effectiveness while paradoxically increasing the likelihood of marginal zone (MZ) and B-1 B cell differentiation rather than just follicular (FO) B cell differentiation. Subset identity in turn determines the affinity threshold and mechanism of anergy. Subset-specific affinity thresholds for anergy induction allow discordant regulation of low-affinity anti-Sm FO and MZ B cells and could account for the higher frequency of autoreactive MZ B cells than that of FO B cells in normal mice. The mechanism of anergy changes during differentiation and differs between subsets. This is strikingly illustrated by the observation that blockade of BCR-mediated activation of FO and MZ B cells occurs at different levels in the signaling cascade. Thus, attributes unique to B cells of each subset integrate with signals from the BCR to determine the effectiveness, affinity threshold, and mechanism of anergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Diz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wang YH, Diamond B. B cell receptor revision diminishes the autoreactive B cell response after antigen activation in mice. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:2896-907. [PMID: 18636122 DOI: 10.1172/jci35618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive B cells are regulated in the BM during development through mechanisms, including editing of the B cell receptor (BCR), clonal deletion, and anergy. Peripheral B cell tolerance is also important for protection from autoimmune damage, although the mechanisms are less well defined. Here we demonstrated, using a mouse model of SLE-like serology, that during an autoimmune response, RAG was reinduced in antigen-activated early memory or preplasma B cells. Expression of RAG was specific to antigen-reactive B cells, required the function of the IL-7 receptor (IL-7R), and contributed to maintenance of humoral tolerance. We also showed that soluble antigen could diminish a non-autoreactive antibody response through induction of BCR revision. These data suggest that tolerance induction operates in B cells at a postactivation checkpoint and that BCR revision helps regulate autoreactivity generated during an ongoing immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hua Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
|
50
|
Jiang C, Zhao ML, Diaz M. Activation-induced deaminase heterozygous MRL/lpr mice are delayed in the production of high-affinity pathogenic antibodies and in the development of lupus nephritis. Immunology 2008; 126:102-13. [PMID: 18624728 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02882.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that activation-induced deaminase (AID) heterozygous MRL/lpr mice have substantially lower levels of serum anti-dsDNA autoantibodies than AID wild-type littermates. Given the known functions of AID, here we examined whether this decrease in pathogenic autoantibodies in the heterozygotes was the result of a defect in class switch recombination, somatic hypermutation, or both. We report significant impairment of switch recombination to most isotypes except immunoglobulin G3 (IgG3) in vitro. However, serum levels of IgG were similar to AID wild-type levels even in very young mice. Mutation accumulation in the B cells from Peyer's patches also revealed reduced somatic hypermutation in the heterozygotes. Unlike the switch defect, the hypermutation defect probably resulted in an in vivo effect because the serum IgG antibodies from the heterozygotes were of strikingly lower affinity to dsDNA than serum IgG antibodies from wild-type littermates. This suggests that the somatic hypermutation defect resulted in impaired affinity maturation of autoantibodies in these mice and explains the low levels of specific anti-dsDNA antibodies in the heterozygotes. This correlated with a delay in the development of kidney damage. These results imply that AID levels impact the class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation mechanisms and directly implicate affinity maturation of autoantibodies in autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuancang Jiang
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, D3-01 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|