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Hodara VL, Parodi LM, Keckler MS, Giavedoni LD. Increases in NKG2C Expression on T Cells and Higher Levels of Circulating CD8 + B Cells Are Associated with Sterilizing Immunity Provided by a Live Attenuated SIV Vaccine. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:1125-1134. [PMID: 26986800 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines based on live attenuated viruses are highly effective immunogens in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/rhesus macaque animal model and offer the possibility of studying correlates of protection against infection with virulent virus. We utilized a tether system for studying, in naive macaques and animals vaccinated with a live-attenuated vaccine, the acute events after challenge with pathogenic SIV. This approach allowed for the frequent sampling of small blood volumes without sedation or restraining of the animals, thus reducing the confounding effect of sampling stress. Before challenge, vaccinated animals presented significantly higher levels of proliferating and activated B cells than naive macaques, which were manifested by high expression of CD8 on B cells. After SIV challenge, the only changes observed in protected vaccinated macaques were significant increases in expression of the NK marker NKG2C on CD4 and CD8 T cells. We also identified that infection of naive macaques with SIV resulted in a transient peak of expression of CD20 on CD8 T cells and a constant rise in the number of B cells expressing CD8. Finally, analysis of a larger cohort of vaccinated animals identified that, even when circulating levels of vaccine virus are below the limit of detection, live attenuated vaccines induce systemic increases of IP-10 and perforin. These studies indicate that components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems of animals inoculated with a live-attenuated SIV vaccine respond to and control infection with virulent virus. Persistence of the vaccine virus in tissues may explain the elevated cytokine and B-cell activation levels. In addition, our report underpins the utility of the tether system for the intensive study of acute immune responses to viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida L. Hodara
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Laura M. Parodi
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - M. Shannon Keckler
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Luis D. Giavedoni
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
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2
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Karpenko LI, Bazhan SI, Antonets DV, Belyakov IM. Novel approaches in polyepitope T-cell vaccine development against HIV-1. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 13:155-73. [PMID: 24308576 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.861748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
RV144 clinical trial was modestly effective in preventing HIV infection. New alternative approaches are needed to design improved HIV-1 vaccines and their delivery strategies. One of these approaches is construction of synthetic polyepitope HIV-1 immunogen using protective T- and B-cell epitopes that can induce broadly neutralizing antibodies and responses of cytotoxic (CD8(+) CTL) and helpers (CD4(+) Th) T-lymphocytes. This approach seems to be promising for designing of new generation of vaccines against HIV-1, enables in theory to cope with HIV-1 antigenic variability, focuses immune responses on protective determinants and enables to exclude from the vaccine compound that can induce autoantibodies or antibodies enhancing HIV-1 infectivity. Herein, the authors will focus on construction and rational design of polyepitope T-cell HIV-1 immunogens and their delivery, including: advantages and disadvantages of existing T-cell epitope prediction methods; features of organization of polyepitope immunogens, which can generate high-level CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-lymphocyte responses; the strategies to optimize efficient processing, presentation and immunogenicity of polyepitope constructs; original software to design polyepitope immunogens; and delivery vectors as well as mucosal strategies of vaccination. This new knowledge may bring us a one step closer to developing an effective T-cell vaccine against HIV-1, other chronic viral infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa I Karpenko
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, 630559, Russia
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3
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Wallace A, West K, Rothman AL, Ennis FA, Lu S, Wang S. Post-translational intracellular trafficking determines the type of immune response elicited by DNA vaccines expressing Gag antigen of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1). Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:2095-102. [PMID: 23941868 DOI: 10.4161/hv.26009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, immune responses induced by Gag DNA vaccines with different designs were evaluated in Balb/C mice. The results demonstrated that the DNA vaccine with the full length wild type gag gene (Wt-Gag) mainly produced Gag antigens intracellularly and induced a higher level of cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses, as measured by IFN-gamma ELISPOT, intracellular cytokine staining (ICS), and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) assays against a dominant CD8(+) T cell epitope (AMQMLKETI). In contrast, the addition of a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) leader sequence significantly improved overall Gag protein expression/secretion and Gag-specific antibody responses; however, Gag-specific CMI responses were decreased. The mutation of zinc-finger motif changed Gag protein expression patterns and reduced the ability to generate both CMI and antibody responses against Gag. These findings indicate that the structure and post-translational processing of antigens expressed by DNA vaccines play a critical role in eliciting optimal antibody or CMI responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Wallace
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines; Department of Medicine; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA USA
| | - Kim West
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines; Department of Medicine; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA USA; Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA USA
| | - Alan L Rothman
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA USA
| | - Francis A Ennis
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA USA
| | - Shan Lu
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines; Department of Medicine; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA USA
| | - Shixia Wang
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines; Department of Medicine; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA USA
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4
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Vasconcelos JR, Dominguez MR, Araújo AF, Ersching J, Tararam CA, Bruna-Romero O, Rodrigues MM. Relevance of long-lived CD8(+) T effector memory cells for protective immunity elicited by heterologous prime-boost vaccination. Front Immunol 2012; 3:358. [PMID: 23264773 PMCID: PMC3525016 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the importance of major histocompatibility complex class Ia-restricted CD8(+) T cells for host survival following viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection, it has become largely accepted that these cells should be considered in the design of a new generation of vaccines. For the past 20 years, solid evidence has been provided that the heterologous prime-boost regimen achieves the best results in terms of induction of long-lived protective CD8(+) T cells against a variety of experimental infections. Although this regimen has often been used experimentally, as is the case for many vaccines, the mechanism behind the efficacy of this vaccination regimen is still largely unknown. The main purpose of this review is to examine the characteristics of the protective CD8(+) T cells generated by this vaccination regimen. Part of its efficacy certainly relies on the generation and maintenance of large numbers of specific lymphocytes. Other specific characteristics may also be important, and studies on this direction have only recently been initiated. So far, the characterization of these protective, long-lived T cell populations suggests that there is a high frequency of polyfunctional T cells; these cells cover a large breadth and display a T effector memory (TEM) phenotype. These TEM cells are capable of proliferating after an infectious challenge and are highly refractory to apoptosis due to a control of the expression of pro-apoptotic receptors such as CD95. Also, they do not undergo significant long-term immunological erosion. Understanding the mechanisms that control the generation and maintenance of the protective activity of these long-lived TEM cells will certainly provide important insights into the physiology of CD8(+) T cells and pave the way for the design of new or improved vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R Vasconcelos
- Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil ; Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Dominguez MR, Ersching J, Lemos R, Machado AV, Bruna-Romero O, Rodrigues MM, de Vasconcelos JRC. Re-circulation of lymphocytes mediated by sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 contributes to resistance against experimental infection with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Vaccine 2012; 30:2882-91. [PMID: 22381075 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
T-cell mediated immune responses are critical for acquired immunity against infection by the intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Despite its importance, it is currently unknown where protective T cells are primed and whether they need to re-circulate in order to exert their anti-parasitic effector functions. Here, we show that after subcutaneous challenge, CD11c(+)-dependent specific CD8(+) T-cell immune response to immunodominant parasite epitopes arises almost simultaneously in the draining lymph node (LN) and the spleen. However, until day 10 after infection, we observed a clear upregulation of activation markers only on the surface of CD11C(+)PDCA1(+) cells present in the LN and not in the spleen. Therefore, we hypothesized that CD8(+) T cells re-circulated rapidly from the LN to the spleen. We investigated this phenomenon by administering FTY720 to T. cruzi-infected mice to prevent egress of T cells from the LN by interfering specifically with signalling through sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1. In T. cruzi-infected mice receiving FTY720, CD8 T-cell immune responses were higher in the draining LN and significantly reduced in their spleen. Most importantly, FTY720 increased susceptibility to infection, as indicated by elevated parasitemia and accelerated mortality. Similarly, administration of FTY720 to mice genetically vaccinated with an immunodominant parasite antigen significantly reduced their protective immunity, as observed by the parasitemia and survival of vaccinated mice. We concluded that re-circulation of lymphocytes mediated by sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 greatly contributes to acquired and vaccine-induced protective immunity against experimental infection with a human protozoan parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana R Dominguez
- Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo-Escola Paulista de Medicina, Brazil
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6
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He H, Nehete PN, Nehete B, Wieder E, Yang G, Buchl S, Sastry KJ. Functional impairment of central memory CD4 T cells is a potential early prognostic marker for changing viral load in SHIV-infected rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19607. [PMID: 21602924 PMCID: PMC3094340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In HIV infection there is a paucity of literature about the degree of immune dysfunction to potentially correlate and/or predict disease progression relative to CD4(+) T cells count or viral load. We assessed functional characteristics of memory T cells subsets as potential prognostic markers for changing viral loads and/or disease progression using the SHIV-infected rhesus macaque model. Relative to long-term non-progressors with low/undetectable viral loads, those with chronic plasma viremia, but clinically healthy, exhibited significantly lower numbers and functional impairment of CD4(+) T cells, but not CD8(+) T cells, in terms of IL-2 production by central memory subset in response to PMA and ionomycine (PMA+I) stimulation. Highly viremic animals showed impaired cytokine-production by all T cells subsets. These results suggest that functional impairment of CD4(+) T cells in general, and of central memory subset in particular, may be a potential indicator/predictor of chronic infection with immune dysfunction, which could be assayed relatively easily using non-specific PMA+I stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong He
- Department of Immunology, The University of
Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of
America
| | - Pramod N. Nehete
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, The
University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
of America
| | - Bharti Nehete
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, The
University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
of America
| | - Eric Wieder
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami,
Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Guojun Yang
- Department of Immunology, The University of
Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of
America
| | - Stephanie Buchl
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, The
University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
of America
| | - K. Jagannadha Sastry
- Department of Immunology, The University of
Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of
America
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, The
University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Single-cell gene-expression profiling reveals qualitatively distinct CD8 T cells elicited by different gene-based vaccines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:5724-9. [PMID: 21422297 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1013084108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells play a key role in mediating protective immunity against selected pathogens after vaccination. Understanding the mechanism of this protection is dependent upon definition of the heterogeneity and complexity of cellular immune responses generated by different vaccines. Here, we identify previously unrecognized subsets of CD8 T cells based upon analysis of gene-expression patterns within single cells and show that they are differentially induced by different vaccines. Three prime-boost vector combinations encoding HIV Env stimulated antigen-specific CD8 T-cell populations of similar magnitude, phenotype, and functionality. Remarkably, however, analysis of single-cell gene-expression profiles enabled discrimination of a majority of central memory (CM) and effector memory (EM) CD8 T cells elicited by the three vaccines. Subsets of T cells could be defined based on their expression of Eomes, Cxcr3, and Ccr7, or Klrk1, Klrg1, and Ccr5 in CM and EM cells, respectively. Of CM cells elicited by DNA prime-recombinant adenoviral (rAd) boost vectors, 67% were Eomes(-) Ccr7(+) Cxcr3(-), in contrast to only 7% and 2% stimulated by rAd5-rAd5 or rAd-LCMV, respectively. Of EM cells elicited by DNA-rAd, 74% were Klrk1(-) Klrg1(-)Ccr5(-) compared with only 26% and 20% for rAd5-rAd5 or rAd5-LCMV. Definition by single-cell gene profiling of specific CM and EM CD8 T-cell subsets that are differentially induced by different gene-based vaccines will facilitate the design and evaluation of vaccines, as well as enable our understanding of mechanisms of protective immunity.
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8
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Heterologous plasmid DNA prime-recombinant human adenovirus 5 boost vaccination generates a stable pool of protective long-lived CD8(+) T effector memory cells specific for a human parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi. Infect Immun 2011; 79:2120-30. [PMID: 21357719 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01190-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we described a heterologous prime-boost strategy using plasmid DNA followed by replication-defective human recombinant adenovirus type 5 as a powerful strategy to elicit long-lived CD8(+) T-cell-mediated protective immunity against experimental systemic infection of mice with a human intracellular protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi. In the present study, we further characterized the protective long-lived CD8(+) T cells. We compared several functional and phenotypic aspects of specific CD8(+) T cells present 14 or 98 days after the last immunizing dose and found the following: (i) the numbers of specific cells were similar, as determined by multimer staining or by determining the number of gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-secreting cells by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay; (ii) these cells were equally cytotoxic in vivo; (iii) following in vitro stimulation, a slight decline in the frequency of multifunctional cells (CD107a(+) IFN-γ(+) or CD107a(+) IFN-γ(+) tumor necrosis factor alpha positive [TNF-α(+)]) was paralleled by a significant increase of CD107a singly positive cells after 98 days; (iv) the expression of several surface markers was identical, except for the reexpression of CD127 after 98 days; (v) the use of genetically deficient mice revealed a role for interleukin-12 (IL-12)/IL-23, but not IFN-γ, in the maintenance of these memory cells; and (vi) subsequent immunizations with an unrelated virus or a plasmid vaccine or the depletion of CD4(+) T cells did not significantly erode the number or function of these CD8(+) T cells during the 15-week period. From these results, we concluded that heterologous plasmid DNA prime-adenovirus boost vaccination generated a stable pool of functional protective long-lived CD8(+) T cells with an effector memory phenotype.
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9
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Schultheiss T, Stolte-Leeb N, Sopper S, Stahl-Hennig C. Flow cytometric characterization of the lymphocyte composition in a variety of mucosal tissues in healthy rhesus macaques. J Med Primatol 2011; 40:41-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2010.00446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Mucosal immunity and HIV-1 infection: applications for mucosal AIDS vaccine development. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 354:157-79. [PMID: 21203884 DOI: 10.1007/82_2010_119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) occurs through gastrointestinal and vaginal mucosa. These mucosal tissues are major reservoirs for initial HIV replication and amplification, and the sites of rapid CD4(+) T cell depletion. In both HIV-infected humans and SIV-infected macaques, massive loss of CD4(+) CCR5(+) memory T cells occurs in the gut and vaginal mucosa within the first 10-14 days of infection. Induction of local HIV-specific immune responses by vaccines may facilitate effective control of HIV or SIV replication at these sites. Vaccines that induce mucosal responses, in particular CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), have controlled viral replication at mucosal sites and curtailed systemic dissemination. Thus, there is strong justification for development of next generation vaccines that induce mucosal immune effectors against HIV-1 including CD8(+) CTL, CD4(+) T helper cells and secretory IgA. In addition, further understanding of local innate mechanisms that impact early viral replication will greatly inform future vaccine development. In this review, we examine the current knowledge concerning mucosal AIDS vaccine development. Moreover, we propose immunization strategies that may be able to elicit an effective immune response that can protect against AIDS as well as other mucosal infections.
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11
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Nieuwenhuis I, Beenhakker N, Bogers WMJM, Otting N, Bontrop RE, Dubois P, Mooij P, Heeney JL, Koopman G. No difference in Gag and Env immune-response profiles between vaccinated and non-vaccinated rhesus macaques that control immunodeficiency virus replication. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2974-84. [PMID: 20826621 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.022772-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine design have resulted in induction of strong CD4 T-cell proliferative and polyfunctional cytokine responses, which are also characteristic for long-term non-progressing (LTNP) HIV-infected individuals. However, limited information is available on the persistence of these responses after infection. Results from studies in non-human primates indicate that vaccine-induced immune responses are partially maintained upon viral infection and differ from the responses seen in non-vaccinated animals that typically progress to disease. However, it is unclear how these partially preserved responses compare to immune responses that are acquired naturally by LTNP animals. In this study, immune-response profiles were compared between vaccinated animals that, upon SHIV₈₉.₆ challenge, became infected but were able to control virus replication, and a group of animals having spontaneous control of this viral infection. Both groups were found to develop very similar immune responses with regard to induction of CD4 and CD8 T-cell polyfunctional cytokine responses, proliferative capacity and cytotoxic capacity, as measured by a standard ₅₁Cr release assay and more direct ex vivo and in vivo CTL assays. Hence, vaccinated animals that become infected, but control infection, appear to establish immune responses that are similar to those elicited by long-term non-progressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Nieuwenhuis
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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12
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Hensley LE, Mulangu S, Asiedu C, Johnson J, Honko AN, Stanley D, Fabozzi G, Nichol ST, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE, Wahl-Jensen V, Bailey M, Jahrling PB, Roederer M, Koup RA, Sullivan NJ. Demonstration of cross-protective vaccine immunity against an emerging pathogenic Ebolavirus Species. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000904. [PMID: 20502688 PMCID: PMC2873919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in developing vaccines for emerging pathogens is their continued evolution and ability to escape human immunity. Therefore, an important goal of vaccine research is to advance vaccine candidates with sufficient breadth to respond to new outbreaks of previously undetected viruses. Ebolavirus (EBOV) vaccines have demonstrated protection against EBOV infection in nonhuman primates (NHP) and show promise in human clinical trials but immune protection occurs only with vaccines whose antigens are matched to the infectious challenge species. A 2007 hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Uganda demonstrated the existence of a new EBOV species, Bundibugyo (BEBOV), that differed from viruses covered by current vaccine candidates by up to 43% in genome sequence. To address the question of whether cross-protective immunity can be generated against this novel species, cynomolgus macaques were immunized with DNA/rAd5 vaccines expressing ZEBOV and SEBOV glycoprotein (GP) prior to lethal challenge with BEBOV. Vaccinated subjects developed robust, antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses against the GP from ZEBOV as well as cellular immunity against BEBOV GP, and immunized macaques were uniformly protected against lethal challenge with BEBOV. This report provides the first demonstration of vaccine-induced protective immunity against challenge with a heterologous EBOV species, and shows that Ebola vaccines capable of eliciting potent cellular immunity may provide the best strategy for eliciting cross-protection against newly emerging heterologous EBOV species. Ebola virus causes death, fear, and economic disruption during outbreaks. It is a concern worldwide as a natural pathogen and a bioterrorism agent, and has caused death to residents and tourists of Africa where the virus circulates. A vaccine strategy to protect against all circulating Ebola viruses is complicated by the fact that there are five different virus species, and individual vaccines provide protection only against those included in the vaccine. Making broad vaccines that contain multiple components is complicated, expensive, and poses challenges for regulatory approval. Therefore, in the present work, we examined whether a prime-boost immunization strategy with a vaccine targeted to one Ebola virus species could cross protect against a different species. We found that genetic immunization with vectors expressing the Ebola virus glycoprotein from Zaire blocked infection with a newly emerged virus species, Bundibugyo EBOV, not represented in the vaccine. Protection occurred in the absence of antibodies against the second species and was mediated instead by cellular immune responses. Therefore, single-component vaccines may be improved to protect against multiple Ebola viruses if they are designed to generate this type of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E. Hensley
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sabue Mulangu
- Biodefense Research Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Clement Asiedu
- Biodefense Research Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua Johnson
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anna N. Honko
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daphne Stanley
- Biodefense Research Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Giulia Fabozzi
- Biodefense Research Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stuart T. Nichol
- Special Pathogens Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Thomas G. Ksiazek
- Special Pathogens Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Pierre E. Rollin
- Special Pathogens Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Victoria Wahl-Jensen
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Bailey
- Biodefense Research Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter B. Jahrling
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mario Roederer
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nancy J. Sullivan
- Biodefense Research Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Ahlers JD, Belyakov IM. Lessons learned from natural infection: focusing on the design of protective T cell vaccines for HIV/AIDS. Trends Immunol 2010; 31:120-30. [PMID: 20089450 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses are crucial in establishing the control of persistent virus infections. Population studies of HIV-1-infected individuals suggest that CD8(+) CTL responses targeting epitopes that take the greatest toll on virus replication are instrumental in immune control. A major question for vaccine design is whether incorporating epitopes responsible for controlling a persistent virus will translate into protection from natural infection or serve solely as a fail-safe mechanism to prevent overt disease in infected individuals. Here, we discuss qualitative parameters of the CD8(+) CTL response and mechanisms operative in the control of persistent virus infections and suggest new strategies for design and delivery of HIV vaccines.
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14
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Bortezomib Can Suppress Activation of Rapamycin-Resistant Memory T Cells Without Affecting Regulatory T-Cell Viability in Non-Human Primates. Transplantation 2009; 88:1349-59. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181bd7b3a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Perforin and gamma interferon expression are required for CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell-dependent protective immunity against a human parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, elicited by heterologous plasmid DNA prime-recombinant adenovirus 5 boost vaccination. Infect Immun 2009; 77:4383-95. [PMID: 19651871 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01459-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A heterologous prime-boost strategy using plasmid DNA, followed by replication-defective recombinant adenovirus 5, is being proposed as a powerful way to elicit CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell-mediated protective immunity against intracellular pathogens. We confirmed this concept and furthered existing research by providing evidence that the heterologous prime-boost regimen using the gene encoding amastigote surface protein 2 elicited CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell-mediated protective immunity (reduction of acute parasitemia and prolonged survival) against experimental infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. Protective immunity correlated with the presence of in vivo antigen-specific cytotoxic activity prior to challenge. Based on this, our second goal was to determine the outcome of infection after heterologous prime-boost immunization of perforin-deficient mice. These mice were highly susceptible to infection. A detailed analysis of the cell-mediated immune responses in immunized perforin-deficient mice showed an impaired gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) secretion by immune spleen cells upon restimulation in vitro with soluble recombinant antigen. In spite of a normal numeric expansion, specific CD8(+) T cells presented several functional defects detected in vivo (cytotoxicity) and in vitro (simultaneous expression of CD107a/IFN-gamma or IFN-gamma/tumor necrosis factor alpha) paralleled by a decreased expression of CD44 and KLRG-1. Our final goal was to determine the importance of IFN-gamma in the presence of highly cytotoxic T cells. Vaccinated IFN-gamma-deficient mice developed highly cytotoxic cells but failed to develop any protective immunity. Our study thus demonstrated a role for perforin and IFN-gamma in a number of T-cell-mediated effector functions and in the antiparasitic immunity generated by a heterologous plasmid DNA prime-adenovirus boost vaccination strategy.
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Valentin A, Chikhlikar P, Patel V, Rosati M, Maciel M, Chang KH, Silvera P, Felber BK, Pavlakis GN, August JT, Marques ETA. Comparison of DNA vaccines producing HIV-1 Gag and LAMP/Gag chimera in rhesus macaques reveals antigen-specific T-cell responses with distinct phenotypes. Vaccine 2009; 27:4840-9. [PMID: 19539586 PMCID: PMC2743166 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 05/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Optimized DNA expression vectors encoding the native HIV-1 Gag or a fusion of Gag with the lysosomal membrane associated protein 1 (LAMP) were compared for immunogenicity upon intramuscular DNA delivery in rhesus macaques. Both vaccines elicited CD4(+) T-cell responses, but with significant differences in the phenotype of the Gag-specific cells: the native Gag induced CD4(+) responses with a phenotype of central memory-like T cells (CD28(+) CD45RA(-)), whereas the LAMP/Gag chimera induced CD4(+) responses with effector memory phenotype (CD28(-) CD45RA(-)). Antigen-specific T cells producing both IFN-gamma and TNFalpha were found in the animals receiving the native Gag, whereas the LAMP/Gag chimera induced humoral responses faster. These results demonstrate that modification of intracellular Gag trafficking results in the induction of distinct immune responses. Combinations of DNA vectors encoding both forms of antigen may be more potent in eliciting anti-HIV-1 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Valentin
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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17
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Chege GK, Thomas R, Shephard EG, Meyers A, Bourn W, Williamson C, Maclean J, Gray CM, Rybicki EP, Williamson AL. A prime-boost immunisation regimen using recombinant BCG and Pr55(gag) virus-like particle vaccines based on HIV type 1 subtype C successfully elicits Gag-specific responses in baboons. Vaccine 2009; 27:4857-66. [PMID: 19520196 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis BCG is considered an attractive live bacterial vaccine vector. In this study, we investigated the immune response of baboons to a primary vaccination with recombinant BCG (rBCG) constructs expressing the gag gene from a South African HIV-1 subtype C isolate, and a boost with HIV-1 subtype C Pr55(gag) virus-like particles (Gag VLPs). Using an interferon enzyme-linked immunospot assay, we show that although these rBCG induced only a weak or an undetectable HIV-1 Gag-specific response on their own, they efficiently primed for a Gag VLP boost, which strengthened and broadened the immune responses. These responses were predominantly CD8+ T cell-mediated and recognised similar epitopes as those targeted by humans with early HIV-1 subtype C infection. In addition, a Gag-specific humoral response was elicited. These data support the development of HIV-1 vaccines based on rBCG and Pr55(gag) VLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald K Chege
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
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18
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Abstract
HIV vaccine research increasingly uses polychromatic flow cytometry as a tool to monitor T cell responses. The use of this technology allows for the analysis of highly defined subsets of cells with unique phenotypes and functions. Ultimately, such studies may identify surrogate markers of protection from disease progression. However, this powerful technology comes with a number of technical hurdles, and there is a need to standardize the assays and protocols used in clinical trial monitoring. Here an optimized protocol, with variations for specific circumstances, is presented. This protocol covers the analysis of multiple cytokines, cell surface markers, and other functional markers such as perforin, CD107, and CD154. While the protocol can be adapted to various numbers of fluorescence parameters, optimized panels of 8-10 colors are presented.
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19
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Belyakov IM, Ahlers JD. Functional CD8+ CTLs in mucosal sites and HIV infection: moving forward toward a mucosal AIDS vaccine. Trends Immunol 2008; 29:574-85. [PMID: 18838298 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 07/12/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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20
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Belyakov IM, Ahlers JD, Nabel GJ, Moss B, Berzofsky JA. Generation of functionally active HIV-1 specific CD8+ CTL in intestinal mucosa following mucosal, systemic or mixed prime-boost immunization. Virology 2008; 381:106-15. [PMID: 18793787 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal and vaginal mucosa are major sites of entry in natural HIV infection and therefore the preferred sites to elicit high-avidity CD8+ CTL by vaccination. We directly compare systemic and mucosal immunization in mice after DNA priming and boosting with rgp160 env expressed either in MVA or Ad for their ability to induce mucosal as well as systemic HIV-specific CTL. The optimal CTL response in the gut mucosa was observed after priming with the HIV-1 gp160 env DNA vaccine and boosting with rMVA or rAd encoding the same envelope gene all administered intrarectally (IR). Maximum levels of high-avidity CD8+ T cells were seen in intestinal lamina propria following this regimen. When the prime and boost routes were distinct, the delivery site of the boost had a greater impact than the DNA priming. IM DNA prime and IR rMVA boost were more effective than IR DNA prime and IM rMVA boost for eliciting mucosal CD8+ T-cell avidity. A systemic DNA-prime-followed by systemic rMVA boost induced high levels of high-avidity CD8+ T cells systemically, but responses were undetectable in mucosal sites. A single systemic immunization with rMVA was sufficient to induce high-avidity IFN-gamma secreting CD8+ T cells in systemic organs, whereas a single mucosal immunization with rMVA was not sufficient to elicit high-avidity CD8+ T cells in mucosa. Thus, a heterologous mucosal DNA prime-viral vectored boost strategy was needed. The requirement for a heterologous DNA prime-recombinant viral boost strategy for generation of high-avidity CD8+ T cells in mucosal sites in mice may be more stringent than for the induction of high-avidity CD8+ T cells in systemic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor M Belyakov
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Midwest Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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21
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Rollman E, Turner SJ, Kedzierska K, Kent SJ. Anti-SIV cytolytic molecules in pigtail macaques. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2008; 24:1127-31. [PMID: 18665802 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2008.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Release of granzymes and perforin from the cytolytic granules of SIV-specific CD8 T cells is a critically important effector mechanism facilitating the elimination of SIV-infected cells. We sequenced granzyme A, B, and K and perforin in pigtail macaques and defined polymorphisms between humans, rhesus macaques, and pigtail macaques. The pigtail macaque sequences were similar to the corresponding rhesus sequences at the mRNA and protein level and (0.4-1.1% sequence differences) but substantially different from human sequences (3.8-8.1% sequence differences). We used this sequence information to develop multiplex PCR assays to detect these genes. We also successfully studied the release of perforin and granzyme B from deregulating SIV-specific CD8 T cells by flow cytometry. These sequences and tools enable further study of the cytolytic control of SIV in pigtail macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Rollman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
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22
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Azizi A, Anderson DE, Torres JV, Ogrel A, Ghorbani M, Soare C, Sandstrom P, Fournier J, Diaz-Mitoma F. Induction of Broad Cross-Subtype-Specific HIV-1 Immune Responses by a Novel Multivalent HIV-1 Peptide Vaccine in Cynomolgus Macaques. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:2174-86. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.4.2174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Genescà M, Rourke T, Li J, Bost K, Chohan B, McChesney MB, Miller CJ. Live attenuated lentivirus infection elicits polyfunctional simian immunodeficiency virus Gag-specific CD8+ T cells with reduced apoptotic susceptibility in rhesus macaques that control virus replication after challenge with pathogenic SIVmac239. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:4732-40. [PMID: 17878372 PMCID: PMC3401023 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.7.4732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HIV-specific CD8+ T cells that secrete multiple cytokines in response to Ag stimulation are associated with the control of virus replication during chronic HIV infection. To determine whether the presence of polyfunctional CD8+ T cell responses distinguishes protected and unprotected monkeys in a live attenuated lentivirus model, SIV Gag peptide-specific CD8+ T cell responses of simian HIV (SHIV) 89.6-vaccinated, SIVmac239-challenged rhesus macaques were compared in two monkeys that controlled challenge virus replication and two that did not. The ratio of Bcl-2+ Gag-specific CD8+ T cells to caspase-3+ Gag-specific CD8+ T cells was higher in the vaccinated-protected animals compared with unprotected monkeys. In addition, polyfunctional SIV-specific CD8+ T cells were consistently detected through 12 wk postchallenge in the protected animals but not in the unprotected animals. In the unprotected monkeys, there was an increased frequency of CD8+ T cells expressing markers associated with effector memory T cells. Further, there was increased annexin V expression in central memory T cells of the unprotected animals before challenge. Thus, monkeys that control viral replication after live attenuated SHIV infection have polyfunctional SIV-specific CD8+ T cells with an increased survival potential. Importantly, the differences in the nature of the SIV-specific CD8+ T cell response in the protected and unprotected animals are present during acute stages postchallenge, before different antigenic levels are established. Thus, the polyfunctional capacity and increased survival potential of CD8+ SIV-specific T cells may account for live attenuated, SHIV89.6-mediated protection from uncontrolled SIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Genescà
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Tracy Rourke
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Jun Li
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Kristen Bost
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Barinderpaul Chohan
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Michael B. McChesney
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Christopher J. Miller
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Christopher J. Miller, California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC), University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616.
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24
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Clonal focusing of epitope-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes in rhesus monkeys following vaccination and simian-human immunodeficiency virus challenge. J Virol 2007; 82:805-16. [PMID: 17977967 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01038-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To afford the greatest possible immune protection, candidate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines must generate diverse and long-lasting CD8(+) T lymphocyte responses. In the present study, we evaluate T-cell receptor Vbeta (variable region beta) gene usage and a CDR3 (complementarity-determining region 3) sequence to assess the clonality of epitope-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes generated in rhesus monkeys following vaccination and simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge. We found that vaccine-elicited epitope-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes have a clonal diversity comparable to those cells generated in response to SHIV infection. Moreover, we show that the clonal diversity of vaccine-elicited CD8(+) T-lymphocyte responses is dictated by the epitope sequence and is not affected by the mode of antigen delivery to the immune system. Clonal CD8(+) T-lymphocyte populations persisted following boosting with different vectors, and these clonal cell populations could be detected for as long as 4 years after SHIV challenge. Finally, we show that the breadth of these epitope-specific T lymphocytes transiently focuses in response to intense SHIV replication. These observations demonstrate the importance of the initial immune response to SHIV, induced by vaccination or generated during primary infection, in determining the clonal diversity of cell-mediated immune responses and highlight the focusing of this clonal diversity in the setting of high viral loads. Circumventing this restricted CD8(+) T-lymphocyte clonal diversity may present a significant challenge in the development of an effective HIV vaccine strategy.
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25
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Myositis and myopathies. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2007; 19:651-3. [PMID: 17917548 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e3282f20347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Zhou Q, Hidajat R, Peng B, Venzon D, Aldrich MK, Richardson E, Lee EM, Kalyanaraman VS, Grimes G, Gómez-Román VR, Summers LE, Malkevich N, Robert-Guroff M. Comparative evaluation of oral and intranasal priming with replication-competent adenovirus 5 host range mutant (Ad5hr)-simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) recombinant vaccines on immunogenicity and protective efficacy against SIV(mac251). Vaccine 2007; 25:8021-35. [PMID: 17935840 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Oral, replication-competent Ad-HIV vaccines are advancing to human trials. Previous evaluation of protective efficacy in non-human primates has primarily followed upper respiratory tract administrations. Here we compared sequential oral (O/O) versus intranasal/oral (I/O) priming of rhesus macaques with Ad5 host range mutant-SIV recombinants expressing SIV env/rev, gag, and nef genes followed by boosting with SIV gp120 protein. Cellular immune responses in PBMC were stronger and more frequent after I/O administration. Both groups developed mucosal immunity, including memory cells in bronchial alveolar lavage, and gut-homing receptors on PBMC. Following intrarectal SIV(mac251) challenge, both groups exhibited equivalent, significant protection and robust post-challenge cellular immunity. Our results illustrate the promise of oral replication-competent Ad-recombinant vaccines. Pre-challenge PBMC ELISPOT and proliferative responses did not predict protection in the O/O group, highlighting the need for simple, non-invasive methods to reliably assess mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Zhou
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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27
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Abstract
Synthetic peptide vaccines have potential to control viral infections. Successful experimental models using this approach include the protection of mice against the lethal Sendai virus infection by MHC class I binding CTL peptide epitope. The main benefit of vaccination with peptide epitopes is the ability to minimize the amount and complexity of a well-defined antigen. An appropriate peptide immunogen would also decrease the chance of stimulating a response against self-antigens, thereby providing a safer vaccine by avoiding autoimmunity. In general, the peptide vaccine strategy needs to dissect the specificity of antigen processing, the presence of B-and T-cell epitopes and the MHC restriction of the T-cell responses. This article briefly reviews the implications in the design of peptide vaccines and discusses the various approaches that are applied to improve their immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Azizi
- Variation Biotechnologies Inc., 22 de Varennes, Suite 210, Gatineau, QC J8T 8R1, Canada
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28
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Belyakov IM, Isakov D, Zhu Q, Dzutsev A, Berzofsky JA. A novel functional CTL avidity/activity compartmentalization to the site of mucosal immunization contributes to protection of macaques against simian/human immunodeficiency viral depletion of mucosal CD4+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:7211-21. [PMID: 17513770 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.11.7211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of high-avidity CTLs in the right compartment can greatly affect clearance of a virus infection (for example, AIDS viral infection of and dissemination from mucosa). Comparing mucosal vs systemic immunization, we observed a novel compartmentalization of CTL avidity and proportion of functionally active Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells to tissues proximal to sites of immunization. Whereas both s.c. and intrarectal routes of immunization induced tetramer(+) cells in the spleen and gut, the mucosal vaccine induced a higher percentage of functioning IFN-gamma(+) Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells in the gut mucosa in mice. Translating to the CD8(+) CTL avidity distribution in rhesus macaques, intrarectal vaccination induced more high-avidity mucosal CTL than s.c. vaccination and protection of mucosal CD4(+) T cells from AIDS viral depletion, whereas systemic immunization induced higher avidity IFN-gamma-secreting cells in the draining lymph nodes but no protection of mucosal CD4(+) T cells, after mucosal challenge with pathogenic simian/human immunodeficiency virus. Mucosal CD4(+) T cell loss is an early critical step in AIDS pathogenesis. The preservation of CD4(+) T cells in colonic lamina propria and the reduction of virus in the intestine correlated better with high-avidity mucosal CTL induced by the mucosal AIDS vaccine. This preferential localization of high-avidity CTL may explain previous differences in vaccination results and may guide future vaccination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor M Belyakov
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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29
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Nájera O, González C, Cortés E, Toledo G, Ortiz R. Effector T lymphocytes in well-nourished and malnourished infected children. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 148:501-6. [PMID: 17362263 PMCID: PMC1941922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in impaired immunity in malnourished children are not well understood. CD4(+) CD62L(-) and CD8(+) CD28(-) do not express the naive cell markers CD62L and CD28, suggesting that they function as effector T cells. Using a flow cytometry-based analysis we examined the proportions of CD4(+) CD62L(-) and CD8(+) CD28(-) T cell subsets in well-nourished infected (WNI) and malnourished infected (MNI) children. Here we report that WNI children had a higher percentage of CD4(+) CD62L(-) (11.1 +/- 1.0) and CD8(+) D28(-) (40.2 +/- 5.0) T cell subsets than healthy (6.5 +/- 1.0 and 23.9 +/- 4.8) and MNI children (7.4 +/- 1.1 and 23.1 +/- 6.2, respectively) (P < 0.5). Data suggest that WNI children respond efficiently against pathogenic microbes. In contrast, relatively low numbers of circulating of CD4(+) CD62L(-) and CD8(+) CD28(-) T cells in MNI children may represent an ineffective response to infection. Levels of effector T cells in children with gastrointestinal infections versus those suffering from respiratory infections were also significantly different within the WNI group. While WNI children with gastrointestinal infections had higher absolute and relative values of CD8(+), and CD8(+) CD28(-) T subsets, by those with respiratory infections had higher values of CD4(+) lymphocytes. However, due to the small number of subjects examined, our results in WNI children should be interpreted with caution and confirmed using a larger sample size. Our data suggest that altered expression of CD62L and CD28 receptors may contribute to impaired T cell function observed in MNI children.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Nájera
- Departamento de Atención a la Salud, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Mexico.
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30
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Sun Y, Schmitz JE, Buzby AP, Barker BR, Rao SS, Xu L, Yang ZY, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ, Letvin NL. Virus-specific cellular immune correlates of survival in vaccinated monkeys after simian immunodeficiency virus challenge. J Virol 2006; 80:10950-6. [PMID: 16943292 PMCID: PMC1642180 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01458-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the characteristics of the virus-specific T-lymphocyte response that will confer optimal protection against the clinical progression of AIDS will inform the development of an effective cellular immunity-based human immunodeficiency virus vaccine. We have recently shown that survival in plasmid DNA-primed/recombinant adenovirus-boosted rhesus monkeys that are challenged with the simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac251 is associated with the preservation postchallenge of central memory CD4(+) T lymphocytes and robust gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-producing SIV-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-lymphocyte responses. The present studies were initiated to extend these observations to determine which virus-specific T-lymphocyte subpopulations play a primary role in controlling disease progression and to characterize the functional repertoire of these cells. We show that the preservation of the SIV-specific central memory CD8(+) T-lymphocyte population and a linked SIV-specific CD4(+) T-lymphocyte response are associated with prolonged survival in vaccinated monkeys following challenge. Furthermore, we demonstrate that SIV-specific IFN-gamma-, tumor necrosis factor alpha-, and interleukin-2-producing T lymphocytes are all comparably associated with protection against disease progression. These findings underscore the contribution of virus-specific central memory T lymphocytes to controlling clinical progression in vaccinated individuals following a primate immunodeficiency virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, RE113, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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