1
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Mao H, Lin X, Sun Y. Neddylation Regulation of Immune Responses. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0283. [PMID: 38434245 PMCID: PMC10907026 DOI: 10.34133/research.0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Neddylation plays a vital role in post-translational modification, intricately shaping the regulation of diverse biological processes, including those related to cellular immune responses. In fact, neddylation exerts control over both innate and adaptive immune systems via various mechanisms. Specifically, neddylation influences the function and survival of innate immune cells, activation of pattern recognition receptors and GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes pathways, as well as the release of various cytokines in innate immune reactions. Moreover, neddylation also governs the function and survival of antigen-presenting cells, which are crucial for initiating adaptive immune reactions. In addition, neddylation regulates T cell activation, proliferation, differentiation, survival, and their effector functions, thereby ensuring an appropriate adaptive immune response. In this review, we summarize the most recent findings in these aspects and delve into the connection between dysregulated neddylation events and immunological disorders, especially inflammatory diseases. Lastly, we propose future directions and potential treatments for these diseases by targeting neddylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Mao
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education) of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine,
Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xin Lin
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education) of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine,
Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Research Center for Life Science and Human Health,
Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310053, China
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2
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Wu J, Hu Y, Song J, Xu J, Zhang Q, Chai Y, Wang X, Wang B, Zhao Y, Cao X, Xu X. Lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 inhibits antiviral innate immunity by promoting IRF3 dephosphorylation. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:592. [PMID: 37673879 PMCID: PMC10482964 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06118-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of IRF3 is critical to induce type I interferon (IFN-I) production in antiviral innate response. Here we report that lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 inhibits the expressions of IFN-I and proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages upon viral infections. The Smyd2-deficient mice are more resistant to viral infection by producing more IFN-I and proinflammatory cytokines. Mechanistically, SMYD2 inhibits IRF3 phosphorylation in macrophages in response to viral infection independent of its methyltransferase activity. We found that SMYD2 interacts with the DNA-binding domain (DBD) and IRF association domain (IAD) domains of IRF3 by its insertion SET domain (SETi) and could recruit phosphatase PP1α to enhance its interaction with IRF3, which leads to decreased phosphorylation of IRF3 in the antiviral innate response. Our study identifies SMYD2 as a negative regulator of IFN-I production against virus infection. The new way of regulating IRF3 phosphorylation will provide insight into the understanding of IFN-I production in the innate response and possible intervention of the related immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Wu
- Department of Immunology, Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Ye Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jiaying Song
- Department of Immunology, Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Immunology, Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yangyang Chai
- Department of Immunology, Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Immunology, Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Bingjing Wang
- Department of Immunology, Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Heart Center of Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- Department of Immunology, Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- Department of Immunology, Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China.
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3
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Zhao M, Zhang Y, Qiang L, Lu Z, Zhao Z, Fu Y, Wu B, Chai Q, Ge P, Lei Z, Zhang X, Li B, Wang J, Zhang L, Liu CH. A Golgi-resident GPR108 cooperates with E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf1 to suppress antiviral innate immunity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112655. [PMID: 37330913 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of antiviral immunity is crucial in maintaining host immune homeostasis, a process that involves dynamic modulations of host organelles. The Golgi apparatus is increasingly perceived as a host organelle functioning as a critical platform for innate immunity, but the detailed mechanism by which it regulates antiviral immunity remains elusive. Here, we identify the Golgi-localized G protein-coupled receptor 108 (GPR108) as a regulator of type Ι interferon responses by targeting interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Mechanistically, GPR108 enhances the ubiquitin ligase Smad ubiquitylation regulatory factor 1 (Smurf1)-mediated K63-linked polyubiquitination of phosphorylated IRF3 for nuclear dot 10 protein 52 (NDP52)-dependent autophagic degradation, leading to suppression of antiviral immune responses against DNA or RNA viruses. Taken together, our study provides insight into the crosstalk between the Golgi apparatus and antiviral immunity via a dynamic and spatiotemporal regulation of GPR108-Smurf1 axis, thereby indicating a potential target for treating viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 100850, China; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lihua Qiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Zhe Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Zhuo Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Yesheng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Bo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Qiyao Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Pupu Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zehui Lei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Bingxi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lingqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Cui Hua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China.
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4
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LPA maintains innate antiviral immunity in a pro-active state via STK38L-mediated IRF3 Ser303 phosphorylation. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111661. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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5
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Hatmal MM, Al-Hatamleh MAI, Olaimat AN, Ahmad S, Hasan H, Ahmad Suhaimi NA, Albakri KA, Abedalbaset A, Kadir R, Mohamud R. Comprehensive Literature Review of Monkeypox. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:2600-2631. [PMID: 36263798 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2132882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The current outbreak of monkeypox (MPX) infection has emerged as a global matter of concern in the last few months. MPX is a zoonosis caused by the MPX virus (MPXV), which is one of the Orthopoxvirus species. Thus, it is similar to smallpox caused by the variola virus, and smallpox vaccines and drugs have been shown to be protective against MPX. Although MPX is not a new disease and is rarely fatal, the current multi-country MPX outbreak is unusual because it is occurring in countries that are not endemic for MPXV. In this work, we reviewed the extensive literature available on MPXV to summarize the available data on the major biological, clinical and epidemiological aspects of the virus and the important scientific findings. This review may be helpful in raising awareness of MPXV transmission, symptoms and signs, prevention and protective measures. It may also be of interest as a basis for performance of studies to further understand MPXV, with the goal of combating the current outbreak and boosting healthcare services and hygiene practices.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02977715..Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03745131..Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00728689..Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02080767..
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma'mon M Hatmal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Mohammad A I Al-Hatamleh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Amin N Olaimat
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Suhana Ahmad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Hanan Hasan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | | | | | - Ramlah Kadir
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
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6
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Zhu J, Chu F, Zhang M, Sun W, Zhou F. Association Between Neddylation and Immune Response. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:890121. [PMID: 35602593 PMCID: PMC9117624 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.890121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neddylation is a ubiquitin-like post-translational protein modification. It occurs via the activation of the neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally downregulated protein 8 (NEDD8) by three enzymes: activating enzyme, conjugating enzyme, and ligase. NEDD8 was first isolated from the mouse brain in 1992 and was initially considered important for the development and differentiation of the central nervous system. Previously, the downregulation of neddylation was associated with some human diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancers. In recent years, neddylation has also been proven to be pivotal in various processes of the human immune system, including the regulation of inflammation, bacterial infection, viral infection, and T cell function. Additionally, NEDD8 was found to act on proteins that can affect viral transcription, leading to impaired infectivity. Here, we focused on the influence of neddylation on the innate and adaptive immune responses.
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7
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Zhao M, Zhang Y, Yang X, Jin J, Shen Z, Feng X, Zou T, Deng L, Cheng D, Zhang X, Qin C, Niu C, Ye Z, Zhang X, He J, Hou C, Li G, Han G, Cheng Q, Wang Q, Wei L, Dong J, Zhang J. Myeloid neddylation targets IRF7 and promotes host innate immunity against RNA viruses. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009901. [PMID: 34506605 PMCID: PMC8432861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neddylation, an important type of post-translational modification, has been implicated in innate and adapted immunity. But the role of neddylation in innate immune response against RNA viruses remains elusive. Here we report that neddylation promotes RNA virus-induced type I IFN production, especially IFN-α. More importantly, myeloid deficiency of UBA3 or NEDD8 renders mice less resistant to RNA virus infection. Neddylation is essential for RNA virus-triggered activation of Ifna gene promoters. Further exploration has revealed that mammalian IRF7undergoes neddylation, which is enhanced after RNA virus infection. Even though neddylation blockade does not hinder RNA virus-triggered IRF7 expression, IRF7 mutant defective in neddylation exhibits reduced ability to activate Ifna gene promoters. Neddylation blockade impedes RNA virus-induced IRF7 nuclear translocation without hindering its phosphorylation and dimerization with IRF3. By contrast, IRF7 mutant defective in neddylation shows enhanced dimerization with IRF5, an Ifna repressor when interacting with IRF7. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that myeloid neddylation contributes to host anti-viral innate immunity through targeting IRF7 and promoting its transcriptional activity. With the features of high mutation rates and fast propagation, RNA viruses remain a great challenge for the control and prevention of epidemic. Better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in host innate immunity against RNA viruses will facilitate the development of anti-viral drugs and vaccines. Neddylation has been implicated in innate and adapted immunity. But the role of neddylation in RNA virus-triggered type I IFN production remains elusive. Here, using mouse models with myeloid deficiency of UBA3 or NEDD8, we report for the first time that neddylation contributes to innate immunity against RNA viruses in mammals. Neddylation is indispensable for RNA virus-induced IFN-α production although its role in IFN-β production is much blunted in macrophages. In mechanism, neddylation directly targets IRF7 and enhances its transcriptional activity through, at least partially, promoting its nuclear translocation and preventing its dimerization with IRF5, an Ifna repressor when interacting with IRF7. Our study provides insight into the regulation of IRF7 and innate immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaolin Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiqin Yang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayang Jin
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhuo Shen
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyao Feng
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zou
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijiao Deng
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Daohai Cheng
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueting Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Qin
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiao Niu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenjie Ye
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia He
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Hou
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ge Li
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gencheng Han
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Cheng
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyang Wang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- * E-mail: (LW); (JD); (JZ)
| | - Jie Dong
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (LW); (JD); (JZ)
| | - Jiyan Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (LW); (JD); (JZ)
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8
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Qin C, Niu C, Shen Z, Zhang Y, Liu G, Hou C, Dong J, Zhao M, Cheng Q, Yang X, Zhang J. RACK1 T50 Phosphorylation by AMPK Potentiates Its Binding with IRF3/7 and Inhibition of Type 1 IFN Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1411-1418. [PMID: 34348973 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) adaptor protein has been implicated in viral infection. However, whether RACK1 promotes in vivo viral infection in mammals remains unknown. Moreover, it remains elusive how RACK1 is engaged in antiviral innate immune signaling. In this study, we report that myeloid RACK1 deficiency does not affect the development and survival of myeloid cells under resting conditions but renders mice less susceptible to viral infection. RACK1-deficient macrophages produce more IFN-α and IFN-β in response to both RNA and DNA virus infection. In line with this, RACK1 suppresses transcriptional activation of type 1 IFN gene promoters in response to virus infection. Analysis of virus-mediated signaling indicates that RACK1 inhibits the phosphorylation of IRF3/7. Indeed, RACK1 interacts with IRF3/7, which is enhanced after virus infection. Further exploration indicates that virus infection triggers AMPK activation, which in turn phosphorylates RACK1 at Thr50 RACK1 phosphorylation at Thr50 enhances its interaction with IRF3/7 and thereby limits IRF3/7 phosphorylation. Thus, our results confirm that myeloid RACK1 promotes in vivo viral infection and provide insight into the control of type 1 IFN production in response to virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qin
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiao Niu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo Shen
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaolin Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Genyu Liu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Hou
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Cheng
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiqin Yang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyan Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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9
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Chen DD, Jiang JY, Lu LF, Zhang C, Zhou XY, Li ZC, Zhou Y, Li S. Zebrafish Uba1 Degrades IRF3 through K48-Linked Ubiquitination to Inhibit IFN Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:512-522. [PMID: 34193603 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fish IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is a crucial transcription factor in the IFN activation signaling pathway, which leads to IFN production and a positive cycle. Unrestricted IFN expression results in hyperimmune responses and therefore, IFN must be tightly regulated. In the current study, we found that zebrafish Ub-activating enzyme (Uba1) negatively regulated IRF3 via the K-48 ubiquitin proteasome degradation of IRF3. First, ifn expression stimulated by spring viraemia of carp virus infection was blunted by the overexpression of Uba1 and enhanced by Uba1 knockdown. Afterward, we found that Uba1 was localized in the cytoplasm, where it interacted with and degraded IRF3. Functional domains analysis revealed that the C-terminal ubiquitin-fold domain was necessary for IRF3 degradation by Uba1 and the N-terminal DNA-binding domain of IRF3 was indispensable for the degradation by Uba1.The degradation of IRF3 was subsequently impaired by treatment with MG132, a ubiquitin proteasome inhibitor. Further mechanism analysis revealed that Uba1 induced the K48-linked Ub-proteasomal degradation of IRF3. Finally, the antiviral capacity of IRF3 was significantly attenuated by Uba1. Taken together, our study reveals that zebrafish Uba1 interacts with and activates the ubiquitinated degradation of IRF3, providing evidence of the IFN immune balance mechanism in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Chen
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing-Yu Jiang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and
| | - Long-Feng Lu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhuo-Cong Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and
| | - Yu Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and
| | - Shun Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; .,Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
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10
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Budroni V, Versteeg GA. Negative Regulation of the Innate Immune Response through Proteasomal Degradation and Deubiquitination. Viruses 2021; 13:584. [PMID: 33808506 PMCID: PMC8066222 DOI: 10.3390/v13040584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid and dynamic activation of the innate immune system is achieved through complex signaling networks regulated by post-translational modifications modulating the subcellular localization, activity, and abundance of signaling molecules. Many constitutively expressed signaling molecules are present in the cell in inactive forms, and become functionally activated once they are modified with ubiquitin, and, in turn, inactivated by removal of the same post-translational mark. Moreover, upon infection resolution a rapid remodeling of the proteome needs to occur, ensuring the removal of induced response proteins to prevent hyperactivation. This review discusses the current knowledge on the negative regulation of innate immune signaling pathways by deubiquitinating enzymes, and through degradative ubiquitination. It focusses on spatiotemporal regulation of deubiquitinase and E3 ligase activities, mechanisms for re-establishing proteostasis, and degradation through immune-specific feedback mechanisms vs. general protein quality control pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gijs A. Versteeg
- Max Perutz Labs, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology, and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria;
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11
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Transcriptional and Non-Transcriptional Activation, Posttranslational Modifications, and Antiviral Functions of Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 and Viral Antagonism by the SARS-Coronavirus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040575. [PMID: 33805458 PMCID: PMC8066409 DOI: 10.3390/v13040575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system defends against invading pathogens through the rapid activation of innate immune signaling pathways. Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is a key transcription factor activated in response to virus infection and is largely responsible for establishing an antiviral state in the infected host. Studies in Irf3−/− mice have demonstrated the absence of IRF3 imparts a high degree of susceptibility to a wide range of viral infections. Virus infection causes the activation of IRF3 to transcribe type-I interferon (e.g., IFNβ), which is responsible for inducing the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), which act at specific stages to limit virus replication. In addition to its transcriptional function, IRF3 is also activated to trigger apoptosis of virus-infected cells, as a mechanism to restrict virus spread within the host, in a pathway called RIG-I-like receptor-induced IRF3 mediated pathway of apoptosis (RIPA). These dual functions of IRF3 work in concert to mediate protective immunity against virus infection. These two pathways are activated differentially by the posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of IRF3. Moreover, PTMs regulate not only IRF3 activation and function, but also protein stability. Consequently, many viruses utilize viral proteins or hijack cellular enzymes to inhibit IRF3 functions. This review will describe the PTMs that regulate IRF3′s RIPA and transcriptional activities and use coronavirus as a model virus capable of antagonizing IRF3-mediated innate immune responses. A thorough understanding of the cellular control of IRF3 and the mechanisms that viruses use to subvert this system is critical for developing novel therapies for virus-induced pathologies.
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12
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Wang HT, Hur S. Substrate recognition by TRIM and TRIM-like proteins in innate immunity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 111:76-85. [PMID: 33092958 PMCID: PMC7572318 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
TRIM (Tripartite motif) and TRIM-like proteins have emerged as an important class of E3 ligases in innate immunity. Their functions range from activation or regulation of innate immune signaling pathway to direct detection and restriction of pathogens. Despite the importance, molecular mechanisms for many TRIM/TRIM-like proteins remain poorly characterized, in part due to challenges of identifying their substrates. In this review, we discuss several TRIM/TRIM-like proteins in RNA sensing pathways and viral restriction functions. We focus on those containing PRY-SPRY, the domain most frequently used for substrate recognition, and discuss emerging mechanisms that are commonly utilized by several TRIM/TRIM-like proteins to tightly control their interaction with the substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sun Hur
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Role of Host-Mediated Post-Translational Modifications (PTMs) in RNA Virus Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010323. [PMID: 33396899 PMCID: PMC7796338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Being opportunistic intracellular pathogens, viruses are dependent on the host for their replication. They hijack host cellular machinery for their replication and survival by targeting crucial cellular physiological pathways, including transcription, translation, immune pathways, and apoptosis. Immediately after translation, the host and viral proteins undergo a process called post-translational modification (PTM). PTMs of proteins involves the attachment of small proteins, carbohydrates/lipids, or chemical groups to the proteins and are crucial for the proteins’ functioning. During viral infection, host proteins utilize PTMs to control the virus replication, using strategies like activating immune response pathways, inhibiting viral protein synthesis, and ultimately eliminating the virus from the host. PTM of viral proteins increases solubility, enhances antigenicity and virulence properties. However, RNA viruses are devoid of enzymes capable of introducing PTMs to their proteins. Hence, they utilize the host PTM machinery to promote their survival. Proteins from viruses belonging to the family: Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Retroviridae, and Coronaviridae such as chikungunya, dengue, zika, HIV, and coronavirus are a few that are well-known to be modified. This review discusses various host and virus-mediated PTMs that play a role in the outcome during the infection.
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Ma Z, Zhang W, Fan W, Wu Y, Zhang M, Xu J, Li W, Sun L, Liu W, Liu W. Forkhead box O1-mediated ubiquitination suppresses RIG-I-mediated antiviral immune responses. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107152. [PMID: 33187908 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RNA virus infection activates the RIG-I-like Receptor (RLR) signaling pathway to produce type I interferons (IFNs), the key components of the antiviral immune response. Forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) is a host transcription factor that participates in multiple biological processes. In this study, FoxO1 was identified as a critical negative regulator of RIG-I-triggered signaling. FoxO1 promoted Sendai virus (SeV) replication and downregulated type I IFN production. Upon SeV infection, FoxO1 suppressed K63-linked ubiquitination of TRAF3 and the interaction between TRAF3 and TBK1, after which the production of type I IFNs via the interferon regulatory transcription factor 3 (IRF3) pathways was reduced. In addition, FoxO1 destabilized IRF3 by facilitating E3 ligase TRIM22- or TRIM21-mediated K48-linked ubiquitination of IRF3. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of FoxO1 was found to depend on its DNA binding domain (DBD). Thus, our findings highlight novel important roles of FoxO1 in controlling RLR-mediated antiviral innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenling Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Wenhui Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaru Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Menghao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jun Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Wenqing Li
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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15
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Zou T, Zhang J. Diverse and pivotal roles of neddylation in metabolism and immunity. FEBS J 2020; 288:3884-3912. [PMID: 33025631 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neddylation is one type of protein post-translational modification by conjugating a ubiquitin-like protein neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated protein 8 to substrate proteins via a cascade involving E1, E2, and E3 enzymes. The best-characterized substrates of neddylation are cullins, essential components of cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin-ligase complexes. The discovery of noncullin neddylation targets indicates that neddylation may have diverse biological functions. Indeed, neddylation has been implicated in various cellular processes including cell cycle progression, metabolism, immunity, and tumorigenesis. Here, we summarized the reported neddylation substrates and also discuss the functions of neddylation in the immune system and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zou
- Beijing Institute of Brain Sciences, China
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16
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LncRNA Malat1 inhibition of TDP43 cleavage suppresses IRF3-initiated antiviral innate immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:23695-23706. [PMID: 32907941 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003932117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) involved in the regulation of antiviral innate immune responses need to be further identified. By functionally screening the lncRNAs in macrophages, here we identified lncRNA Malat1, abundant in the nucleus but significantly down-regulated after viral infection, as a negative regulator of antiviral type I IFN (IFN-I) production. Malat1 directly bound to the transactive response DNA-binding protein (TDP43) in the nucleus and prevented activation of TDP43 by blocking the activated caspase-3-mediated TDP43 cleavage to TDP35. The cleaved TDP35 increased the nuclear IRF3 protein level by binding and degrading Rbck1 pre-mRNA to prevent IRF3 proteasomal degradation upon viral infection, thus selectively promoting antiviral IFN-I production. Deficiency of Malat1 enhanced antiviral innate responses in vivo, accompanying the increased IFN-I production and reduced viral burden. Importantly, the reduced MALAT1, augmented IRF3, and increased IFNA mRNA were found in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Therefore, the down-regulation of MALAT1 in virus-infected cells or in human cells from autoimmune diseases will increase host resistance against viral infection or lead to autoinflammatory interferonopathies via the increased type I IFN production. Our results demonstrate that the nuclear Malat1 suppresses antiviral innate responses by targeting TDP43 activation via RNA-RBP interactive network, adding insight to the molecular regulation of innate responses and autoimmune pathogenesis.
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Lu Y, Yang X. The pivotal roles of neddylation pathway in immunoregulation. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2020; 8:782-792. [PMID: 32749072 PMCID: PMC7654410 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Protein neddylation, one of the most important posttranslational modifications that tagging neuronal precursor cell‐expressed developmentally downregulated protein 8 onto substrate proteins, plays fundamental roles in the process of many cellular functions. A number of studies have demonstrated the critical roles of neddylation modification in multiple pathophysiological processes, but its regulatory role in the immune system has only been finitely unveiled. Methods In this review, the latest advances in the field of neddylation modification in regulating the immune responses are succinctly discussed. Results Neddylation modification acts as a crucial modulator of innate immune cells (neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells) and lymphocytes. Dysregulation of neddylation alters characteristics and functions of those cells due to abnormal degradation of key signaling molecules involved in immunoregulation. Furthermore, the ectopic immune responses caused by the abnormal neddylation play pivotal roles in a variety of immune‐related diseases, such as infection, inflammation, and cancer. Conclusions The pivotal roles of neddylation pathway in immunoregulation are attracted more and more attention, which may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of a variety of immune‐related diseases and help to indicate new therapeutic targets and potential treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Lu
- Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuguang Yang
- Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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18
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Schwanke H, Stempel M, Brinkmann MM. Of Keeping and Tipping the Balance: Host Regulation and Viral Modulation of IRF3-Dependent IFNB1 Expression. Viruses 2020; 12:E733. [PMID: 32645843 PMCID: PMC7411613 DOI: 10.3390/v12070733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The type I interferon (IFN) response is a principal component of our immune system that allows to counter a viral attack immediately upon viral entry into host cells. Upon engagement of aberrantly localised nucleic acids, germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors convey their find via a signalling cascade to prompt kinase-mediated activation of a specific set of five transcription factors. Within the nucleus, the coordinated interaction of these dimeric transcription factors with coactivators and the basal RNA transcription machinery is required to access the gene encoding the type I IFN IFNβ (IFNB1). Virus-induced release of IFNβ then induces the antiviral state of the system and mediates further mechanisms for defence. Due to its key role during the induction of the initial IFN response, the activity of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is tightly regulated by the host and fiercely targeted by viral proteins at all conceivable levels. In this review, we will revisit the steps enabling the trans-activating potential of IRF3 after its activation and the subsequent assembly of the multi-protein complex at the IFNβ enhancer that controls gene expression. Further, we will inspect the regulatory mechanisms of these steps imposed by the host cell and present the manifold strategies viruses have evolved to intervene with IFNβ transcription downstream of IRF3 activation in order to secure establishment of a productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hella Schwanke
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (H.S.); (M.S.)
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Markus Stempel
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (H.S.); (M.S.)
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Melanie M. Brinkmann
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (H.S.); (M.S.)
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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Fouad S, Wells OS, Hill MA, D'Angiolella V. Cullin Ring Ubiquitin Ligases (CRLs) in Cancer: Responses to Ionizing Radiation (IR) Treatment. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1144. [PMID: 31632280 PMCID: PMC6781834 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with ionizing radiation (IR) remains the cornerstone of therapy for multiple cancer types, including disseminated and aggressive diseases in the palliative setting. Radiotherapy efficacy could be improved in combination with drugs that regulate the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), many of which are currently being tested in clinical trials. The UPS operates through the covalent attachment of ATP-activated ubiquitin molecules onto substrates following the transfer of ubiquitin from an E1, to an E2, and then to the substrate via an E3 enzyme. The specificity of ubiquitin ligation is dictated by E3 ligases, which select substrates to be ubiquitylated. Among the E3s, cullin ring ubiquitin ligases (CRLs) represent prototypical multi-subunit E3s, which use the cullin subunit as a central assembling scaffold. CRLs have crucial roles in controlling the cell cycle, hypoxia signaling, reactive oxygen species clearance and DNA repair; pivotal factors regulating the cancer and normal tissue response to IR. Here, we summarize the findings on the involvement of CRLs in the response of cancer cells to IR, and we discuss the therapeutic approaches to target the CRLs which could be exploited in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahd Fouad
- Medical Research Council Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Owen S Wells
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Hill
- Medical Research Council Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo D'Angiolella
- Medical Research Council Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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20
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Yang L, Ruan Z, Li X, Li L, Wang Q, Li W. NEDD8-conjugated Cullin4 positive regulates antimicrobial peptides expression in Eriocheir sinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:1041-1049. [PMID: 30381265 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system is involved in numerous cellular processes, such as signal transduction, autophagy, cell cycle control, embryogenesis, and regulation of immune response. Neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated 8 (NEDD8) is a ubiquitin-like protein that activates Cullin-RING ligases and modifies substrates via neddylation. However, there is limited information on how neddylation regulates innate immunity in crustaceans. In the present study, we identified the evolutionarily conserved NEDD8 with the ubiquitin homologue domain in the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis), named it EsNEDD8. Then, we analyzed the expression patterns and cellular location of its substrate, EsCullin4. qRT-PCR showed that both EsNEDD8 and EsCullin4 were widely expressed in all the selected tissues, and EsCullin4 was significantly upregulated in hemocytes after bacterial stimulation. Moreover, silencing of EsCullin4 significantly suppressed the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the hemocytes after bacterial stimulation, and inhibition of EsCullin4 neddylation by treatment with the NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor MLN4924 significantly inhibited the expression of the AMPs. Thus, the results show that EsNEDD8-modified EsCullin4 could control antimicrobial activities via regulation of AMPs expression in the Chinese mitten crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defence & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zechao Ruan
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defence & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuejie Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defence & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defence & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defence & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weiwei Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defence & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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21
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Wong HH, Fung TS, Fang S, Huang M, Le MT, Liu DX. Accessory proteins 8b and 8ab of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus suppress the interferon signaling pathway by mediating ubiquitin-dependent rapid degradation of interferon regulatory factor 3. Virology 2017; 515:165-175. [PMID: 29294448 PMCID: PMC7112132 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is an inefficient inducer of interferon (IFN) response. It expresses various proteins that effectively circumvent IFN production at different levels via distinct mechanisms. Through the construction of recombinant IBV expressing proteins 8a, 8b and 8ab encoded by SARS-CoV ORF8, we demonstrate that expression of 8b and 8ab enables the corresponding recombinant viruses to partially overcome the inhibitory actions of IFN activation to achieve higher replication efficiencies in cells. We also found that proteins 8b and 8ab could physically interact with IRF3. Overexpression of 8b and 8ab resulted in the reduction of poly (I:C)-induced IRF3 dimerization and inhibition of the IFN-β signaling pathway. This counteracting effect was partially mediated by protein 8b/8ab-induced degradation of IRF3 in a ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent manner. Taken together, we propose that SARS-CoV may exploit the unique functions of proteins 8b and 8ab as novel mechanisms to overcome the effect of IFN response during virus infection. Recombinant IBV expressing SARS-CoV protein 8b or 8ab replicates better than wild type in cells pre-treated with poly(I:C). 8b interacts with the IAD domain of IRF3. Overexpression of 8b or 8ab reduces poly(I:C)-induced IRF3 dimerization and interferon induction. 8b and 8ab induce degradation of IRF3 in a ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent manner. 8b and 8ab suppress interferon response induced by constitutively active IRF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hui Wong
- South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Co, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore
| | - To Sing Fung
- South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Co, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouguo Fang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore; Agricultural School, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmilu, Jingzhou City, Hubei Province 434025, China
| | - Mei Huang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - My Tra Le
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Co, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore.
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22
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Han K, Zhang J. Roles of neddylation against viral infections. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 15:292-294. [PMID: 29176748 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Han
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jiyan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
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Chistiakov DA, Myasoedova VA, Revin VV, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV. The impact of interferon-regulatory factors to macrophage differentiation and polarization into M1 and M2. Immunobiology 2017; 223:101-111. [PMID: 29032836 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocytes control the body homeostasis through the involvement in resolving tissue injury and further wound healing. Indeed, local tissue microenvironmental changes can significantly influence the functional behavior of monocytes and macrophages. Such microenvironmental changes for example occur in an atherosclerotic plaque during all progression stages. In response to exogenous stimuli, macrophages show a great phenotypic plasticity and heterogeneity. Exposure of monocytes to inflammatory or anti-inflammatory conditions also induces predominant differentiation to proinflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophage subsets and phenotype switch between macrophage subsets. The phenotype transition is accompanied with great changes in the macrophage transcriptome and regulatory networks. Interferon-regulatory factors (IRFs) play a key role in hematopoietic development of monocytes, their differentiation to macrophages, and regulating macrophage maturation, phenotypic polarization, phenotypic switch, and function. Of 9 IRFs, at least 3 (IRF-1, IRF-5, and IRF-8) are involved in the commitment of proinflammatory M1 whereas IRF-3 and IRF-4 control M2 polarization. The role of IRF-2 is context-dependent. The IRF impact on macrophage phenotype plasticity and heterogeneity is complex and involves activating and repressive function in triggering transcription of target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, Serbsky Federal Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia; Department of Molecular Genetic Diagnostics and Cell Biology, Institute of Pediatrics, Research Center for Children's Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Veronika A Myasoedova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor V Revin
- Biological Faculty, N.P. Ogaryov Mordovian State University, Republic of Mordovia, Saransk 430005, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia.
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24
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Rubicon Modulates Antiviral Type I Interferon (IFN) Signaling by Targeting IFN Regulatory Factor 3 Dimerization. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00248-17. [PMID: 28468885 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00248-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubicon is part of a Beclin-1-Vps34-containing autophagy complex. Rubicon induces antimicrobial responses upon Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation and functions as a feedback inhibitor to prevent unbalanced proinflammatory responses depending on dectin-1 signaling. However, the role played by Rubicon during antiviral immune responses, particularly the type I interferon (IFN) responses, remains largely unknown. Here, we report that Rubicon acts as a negative regulator for virus-triggered IFN signaling. Knockdown of Rubicon promoted type I interferon signaling and inhibited virus replication, while overexpression of Rubicon had the opposite effect. Rubicon specifically interacts with the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) association domain (IAD) of IRF3, and this interaction leads to inhibition of the dimerization of IRF3, which negatively regulates IFN-mediated antiviral response. Thus, our findings suggest the novel additional role of Rubicon as a negative regulator that inhibits the IFN signaling and cellular antiviral responses, providing a novel cellular mechanism of IRF3 inhibition.IMPORTANCE The type I IFN system is a critical innate immune response that protects organisms against virus infection. However, type I IFN signaling must be tightly regulated to avoid excessive production of IFNs. Hence, negative regulatory mechanisms for type I IFN signaling are important, and to date, several related molecules have been identified. Here, we show that Rubicon is a major negative regulator of type I IFN signaling, and unlike previous reports of cellular molecules that inhibit IRF3 activation via proteasomal degradation or dephosphorylation of IRF3, we show that Rubicon interacts with IRF3 and that ultimately this interaction leads to inhibition of the dimerization of IRF3. Thus, we identified a novel negative regulator of type I IFN signaling pathways and a novel cellular mechanism of IRF3 inhibition. The results of this study will increase our understanding of the role of negative-feedback mechanisms that regulate type I IFN signaling and maintain immune homeostasis.
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25
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Robitaille AC, Mariani MK, Fortin A, Grandvaux N. A High Resolution Method to Monitor Phosphorylation-dependent Activation of IRF3. J Vis Exp 2016:e53723. [PMID: 26862747 DOI: 10.3791/53723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The IRF3 transcription factor is critical for the first line of defense against pathogens mainly through interferon β and antiviral gene expression. A detailed analysis of IRF3 activation is essential to understand how pathogens induce or evade the innate antiviral response. Distinct activated forms of IRF3 can be distinguished based on their phosphorylation and monomer vs dimer status. In vivo discrimination between the different activated species of IRF3 can be achieved through the separation of IRF3 phosphorylated forms based on their mobility shifts on SDS-PAGE. Additionally, the levels of IRF3 monomer and dimer can be monitored using non-denaturing electrophoresis. Here, we detail a procedure to reach the highest resolution to gain the most information regarding IRF3 activation status. This is achieved through the combination of a high resolution SDS-PAGE and a native-PAGE coupled to immunoblots using multiple total and phosphospecific antibodies. This experimental strategy constitutes an affordable and sensitive approach to acquire all the necessary information for a complete analysis of the phosphorylation-mediated activation of IRF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa C Robitaille
- CRCHUM - Research center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal; Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal
| | - Mélissa K Mariani
- CRCHUM - Research center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal; Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal
| | - Audray Fortin
- CRCHUM - Research center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal
| | - Nathalie Grandvaux
- CRCHUM - Research center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal; Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal;
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Heaton SM, Borg NA, Dixit VM. Ubiquitin in the activation and attenuation of innate antiviral immunity. J Exp Med 2015; 213:1-13. [PMID: 26712804 PMCID: PMC4710203 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infection activates danger signals that are transmitted via the retinoic acid-inducible gene 1-like receptor (RLR), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR), and Toll-like receptor (TLR) protein signaling cascades. This places host cells in an antiviral posture by up-regulating antiviral cytokines including type-I interferon (IFN-I). Ubiquitin modifications and cross-talk between proteins within these signaling cascades potentiate IFN-I expression, and inversely, a growing number of viruses are found to weaponize the ubiquitin modification system to suppress IFN-I. Here we review how host- and virus-directed ubiquitin modification of proteins in the RLR, NLR, and TLR antiviral signaling cascades modulate IFN-I expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Heaton
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Natalie A Borg
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Vishva M Dixit
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
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Xu X, Lai Q, Gu M, Liu D, Hou Q, Liu X, Mi Y, Sun Z, Wang H, Lin G, Hu C. Fish IRF3 up-regulates the transcriptional level of IRF1, IRF2, IRF3 and IRF7 in CIK cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:978-985. [PMID: 26545324 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRFs) belong to a family of transcription factor involved in transcriptional regulation of type I IFN and IFN-stimulated genes (ISG) in cells. In the present study, an IRF3 full-length cDNA (termed CiIRF3, JX999055) and its promoter sequence were cloned by homology cloning strategy and genome walking from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The full-length cDNA sequence of CiIRF3 is comprised of a 5'UTR (195 bp), a 3'UTR (269 bp) and a largest open reading frame (ORF) of 1377 bp encoding a polypeptide of 458 amino acids. CiIRF3 has a conservative DNA-binding domain (DBD) at N-terminal and a relatively conserved interferon regulatory factors association domain (IAD). Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that CiIRF3 gathers together with other IRF-3 from higher vertebrates in the same branch. The promoter sequence of CiIRF3 (596 bp) consists of three IRF-E, a C/EBP beta, a NF-kappa B and a TATA-BOX. CiIRF3 was constitutively expressed at low level in different grass carp tissues but was rapidly up-regulated with Poly I:C stimulation. To study the molecular mechanism of CiIRF3 regulating the transcription of IRFs, CiIRF3 was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 and purified by affinity chromatography with the Ni-NTA His-Bind Resin. Gel mobility shift assays revealed the affinity of CiIRF3 protein with promoters of CiIRF1, CiIRF2, CiIRF3 and CiIRF7 respectively. Then, CIK cells were co-transfected with pcDNA3.1-CiIRF3, pGL3-promotor (pGL3-CiIRF1, pGL3-CiIRF2, pGL3-CiIRF3, pGL3-CiIRF7) and luciferase reporter vector respectively. The cotransfection experiment showed that CiIRF3 increased the promoter activity of CiIRF1, CiIRF2, CiIRF3 and CiIRF7. Furthermore, overexpression of CiIRF3 in CIK cells also up-regulated the expressions of CiIRF1, CiIRF2, CiIRF3 and CiIRF7. So, CiIRF3 can improve the transcriptional level of CiIRF1, CiIRF2, CiIRF3 and CiIRF7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Xu
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Qinan Lai
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; Infectious Diseases Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Meihui Gu
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Qunhao Hou
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xiancheng Liu
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yichuan Mi
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhicheng Sun
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Haizhou Wang
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Chengyu Hu
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
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Wang P, Zhao W, Zhao K, Zhang L, Gao C. TRIM26 negatively regulates interferon-β production and antiviral response through polyubiquitination and degradation of nuclear IRF3. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004726. [PMID: 25763818 PMCID: PMC4357427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus infection leads to the activation of transcription factor IRF3 and subsequent production of type I inteferons, which induce the transcription of various antiviral genes called interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) to eliminate viral infection. IRF3 activation requires phosphorylation, dimerization and nuclear translocation. However, the mechanisms for the termination of IRF3 activation in nucleus are elusive. Here we report the identification of TRIM26 to negatively regulate IFN-β production and antiviral response by targeting nuclear IRF3. TRIM26 bound to IRF3 and promoted its K48-linked polyubiquitination and degradation in nucleus. TRIM26 degraded WT IRF3 and the constitutive active mutant IRF3 5D, but not the phosphorylation deficient mutant IRF3 5A. Furthermore, IRF3 mutant in the Nuclear Localization Signal (NLS), which could not move into nucleus, was not degraded by TRIM26. Importantly, virus infection promoted TRIM26 nuclear translocation, which was required for IRF3 degradation. As a consequence, TRIM26 attenuated IFN-β promoter activation and IFN-β production downstream of TLR3/4, RLR and DNA sensing pathways. TRIM26 transgenic mice showed much less IRF3 activation and IFN-β production, while increased virus replication. Our findings delineate a novel mechanism for the termination of IRF3 activation in nucleus through TRIM26-mediated IRF3 ubiquitination and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Immunology & Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, the School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Immunology & Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, the School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Immunology & Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, the School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Immunology & Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, the School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chengjiang Gao
- Department of Immunology & Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, the School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
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29
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Grandvaux N, Guan X, Yoboua F, Zucchini N, Fink K, Doyon P, Martin L, Servant MJ, Chartier S. Sustained activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 during infection by paramyxoviruses requires MDA5. J Innate Immun 2014; 6:650-62. [PMID: 24800889 PMCID: PMC4846353 DOI: 10.1159/000360764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) are the main cytosolic sensors of single-stranded RNA viruses, including paramyxoviruses, and are required to initiate a quick and robust innate antiviral response. Despite different ligand-binding properties, the consensus view is that RIG-I and MDA5 trigger common signal(s) to activate interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) and NF-κB, and downstream antiviral and proinflammatory cytokine expression. Here, we performed a thorough analysis of the temporal involvement of RIG-I and MDA5 in the regulation of IRF-3 during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Based on specific RNA interference-mediated knockdown of RIG-I and MDA5 in A549 cells, we confirmed that RIG-I is critical for the initiation of IRF-3 phosphorylation, dimerization and downstream gene expression. On the other hand, our experiments yielded the first evidence that knockdown of MDA5 leads to early ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of active IRF-3. Conversely, ectopic expression of MDA5 prolonged RIG-I-induced IRF-3 activation. Altogether, we provide novel mechanistic insight into the temporal involvement of RIG-I and MDA5 in the innate antiviral response. While RIG-I is essential for initial IRF-3 activation, engagement of induced MDA5 is essential to prevent early degradation of IRF-3, thereby sustaining IRF-3-dependent antiviral gene expression. MDA5 plays a similar role during Sendai virus infection suggesting that this model is not restricted to RSV amongst paramyxoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Grandvaux
- CRCHUM - Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que., Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que., Canada
| | - Xiaochun Guan
- CRCHUM - Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que., Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que., Canada
| | - Fabrice Yoboua
- CRCHUM - Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que., Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que., Canada
| | - Nicolas Zucchini
- CRCHUM - Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que., Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que., Canada
| | - Karin Fink
- CRCHUM - Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que., Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que., Canada
| | - Priscilla Doyon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que., Canada
| | - Lydie Martin
- CRCHUM - Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que., Canada
| | - Marc J. Servant
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que., Canada
| | - Stéfany Chartier
- CRCHUM - Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que., Canada
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30
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Long L, Deng Y, Yao F, Guan D, Feng Y, Jiang H, Li X, Hu P, Lu X, Wang H, Li J, Gao X, Xie D. Recruitment of Phosphatase PP2A by RACK1 Adaptor Protein Deactivates Transcription Factor IRF3 and Limits Type I Interferon Signaling. Immunity 2014; 40:515-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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31
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Acting locally: innate mucosal immunity in resistance to HIV-1 infection in Kenyan commercial sex workers. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:268-79. [PMID: 23801306 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cohort studies of female commercial sex workers (CSWs) in Kenya were among the first to identify highly HIV-1-exposed seronegative (HESN) individuals. As natural resistance is usually mediated by innate immune mechanisms, we focused on determining whether expression and function of innate signaling pathways were altered locally in the genital mucosa of HESN CSWs. Our results demonstrated that selected pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) were significantly reduced in expression in cervical mononuclear cells (CMCs) from HESN compared with the new HIV-negative (HIV-N) and HIV-positive (HIV-P) groups. Although baseline levels of secreted cytokines were reduced in CMCs of HESN, they were highly stimulated following exposure to ssRNA40 in vitro. Importantly, cervical epithelial cells from HESN also expressed reduced levels of PRRs, but Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR7 as well as nuclear factor-κB and activator protein 1 were highly expressed and activated. Lastly, inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, and RANTES (regulated and normal T cell expressed and secreted) were detected at lower levels in cervicovaginal lavage of HESN compared with the HIV-N and HIV-P groups. Overall, our study reveals a local microenvironment of HIV resistance in the genital mucosa consisting of a finely controlled balance of basal immune quiescence with a focused and potent innate anti-viral response critical to resistance to sexual transmission of HIV-1.
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Anti-viral tetris: modulation of the innate anti-viral immune response by A20. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 809:49-64. [PMID: 25302365 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0398-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The A20 protein has emerged as an important negative regulator of Toll like receptor (TLR) and retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-I)-mediated anti-viral signaling. A20 functions both as a RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase and as a de-ubiquitinating enzyme. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) and interferon regulatory factor (IRF) pathways are targeted by A20 through mechanisms that appear to be both overlapping and distinct, resulting in the downregulation of interferon alpha/beta (IFNalpha/beta) production. This review specifically details the impact of A20 on the cytosolic RIG-I/MDA5 pathway, a process that is less understood than that of NF-kappaB but is essential for the regulation of the innate immune response to viral infection.
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33
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Gorbea C, Rechsteiner M, Vallejo JG, Bowles NE. Depletion of the 26S proteasome adaptor Ecm29 increases Toll-like receptor 3 signaling. Sci Signal 2013; 6:ra86. [PMID: 24084648 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2004301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) recognizes viral double-stranded RNA and stimulates the innate immune response. We found that depletion of extracellular mutant 29 (Ecm29), an adaptor protein that binds to a subset of 26S proteasomes (Ecm proteasomes), increased the abundance of TLR3 in human embryonic kidney-293 and HeLa cells. Loss of Ecm29 also increased the amounts of LC3β and p62, two proteins that mediate autophagy. The absence of Ecm29 enhanced TLR3 signaling, which was characterized by the increased abundance of the adaptor protein and E3 ubiquitin ligase tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3, increased phosphorylation and activation of effector kinases downstream of TLR3, increased nuclear localization of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 3, and the accumulation of signaling molecules at juxtanuclear recycling endosomes. We conclude that Ecm proteasomes play a previously uncharacterized role in mediating autophagy, trafficking of TLR3, and attenuation of TLR3-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gorbea
- 1Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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34
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Novel paradigms of innate immune sensing of viral infections. Cytokine 2013; 63:219-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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35
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Johnsen IB, Bergstroem B, Stiberg KA, Thommesen L, Anthonsen MW. Inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER) is a novel regulator of RIG-I mediated IFN-β production. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1804-12. [PMID: 23707530 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Antiviral responses can be triggered by the cytoplasmic RNA helicase RIG-I that binds to viral RNA. RIG-I-mediated signaling stimulates the transcription factors IRF3 and NF-κB and their activation mechanisms have been intensively studied. Here we examined Sendai virus (SV)-mediated activation of the transcription factor CREB and the role of its feedback repressor ICER in production of endogenous antiviral proteins. We show that SV infection and the mitochondrial adapter protein MAVS promote CREB phosphorylation that is dependent upon p38 MAPK and MK2. ICER is induced by CREB and acts as a feedback repressor of CRE-dependent transcription. We found that SV infection stimulated induction of ICER mRNA and protein expression. Surprisingly, ectopic expression and siRNA-mediated knockdown of ICER revealed that ICER is a positive regulator of the production of antiviral IFN-β and IP10 during SV infection. In contrast, ICER did not affect SV-elicited phosphorylation of IRF3, NF-κB or ATF2/c-Jun, transcription factors governing IFN-β and IP10 synthesis. However, expression of ICER increased total IRF3 protein levels during SV infection. These results point to a novel role of ICER in antiviral immune signaling acting to increase levels of antiviral effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Bjellmo Johnsen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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36
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Liu X, Wang Q, Chen W, Wang C. Dynamic regulation of innate immunity by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:559-70. [PMID: 23953672 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) are central to the host innate immune regulations. Dynamically, PTMs fine-tune the spatial and temporary responses of immune- and non-immune-cells, in accordance with extracellular and intracellular stresses. Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls) are emerging as the important multi-functional signals, controlling the activation, stability, affinity and location of many signaling proteins. Recent investigations, at the molecular-cellular-animal models, have shed new light on the versatility of the ubiquitin, SUMO and ISG15, for shaping the strength and duration of the innate immune responses. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the functions and regulatory mechanisms of the ubiquitin and Ubls in the innate immunity, the first line of host defense against microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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37
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Wen C, Yan Z, Yang X, Guan K, Xu C, Song T, Zheng Z, Wang W, Wang Y, Zhao M, Zhang Y, Xu T, Dou J, Liu J, Xu Q, He X, Wei C, Zhong H. Identification of tyrosine-9 of MAVS as critical target for inducible phosphorylation that determines activation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41687. [PMID: 22844514 PMCID: PMC3406013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Innate immunity to viruses involves receptors such as RIG-I, which senses viral RNA and triggers an IFN-β signaling pathway involving the outer mitochondrial membrane protein MAVS. However, the functional status of MAVS phosphorylation remains elusive. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we demonstrate for the first time that MAVS undergoes extensive tyrosine phosphorylation upon viral infection, indicating that MAVS phosphorylation might play an important role in MAVS function. A tyrosine-scanning mutational analysis revealed that MAVS tyrosine-9 (Y9) is a phosphorylation site that is required for IFN-β signaling. Indeed, MAVS Y9F mutation severely impaired TRAF3/TRAF6 recruitment and displayed decreased tyrosine phosphorylation in response to VSV infection compared to wild type MAVS. Functionally, MAVS Y9 phosphorylation contributed to MAVS antiviral function without interfering with its apoptosis property. Conclusions/Significance These experiments identify a novel residue of MAVS that is crucially involved in the recruitment of TRAF3/TRAF6 and in downstream propagation of MAVS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Wen
- Hainan Branch of Chinese PLA General Hospital Sanya City, Hainan, China
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifeng Yan
- Hainan Branch of Chinese PLA General Hospital Sanya City, Hainan, China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Hainan Branch of Chinese PLA General Hospital Sanya City, Hainan, China
- The General Hospital of People's Armed Police Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Guan
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Changzhi Xu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Song
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Zirui Zheng
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Man Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | | | - Tao Xu
- Hainan Branch of Chinese PLA General Hospital Sanya City, Hainan, China
| | - Jianping Dou
- Hainan Branch of Chinese PLA General Hospital Sanya City, Hainan, China
| | - Jingmei Liu
- Beijing Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Quanbin Xu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang He
- Beijing Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XH); (C. Wei); (HZ)
| | - Congwen Wei
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XH); (C. Wei); (HZ)
| | - Hui Zhong
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XH); (C. Wei); (HZ)
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38
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Zucchini N, Williams V, Grandvaux N. Individual interferon regulatory factor-3 thiol residues are not critical for its activation following virus infection. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2012; 32:393-400. [PMID: 22817838 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3 transcription factor plays a central role in the capacity of the host to mount an efficient innate antiviral immune defense, mainly through the regulation of type I Interferon genes. A tight regulation of IRF-3 is crucial for an adapted intensity and duration of the response. Redox-dependent processes are now well known to regulate signaling cascades. Recent reports have revealed that signaling molecules upstream of IRF-3, including the mitochondrial antiviral-signalling protein (MAVS) and the TNF receptor associated factors (TRAFs) adaptors, are sensitive to redox regulation. In the present study, we assessed whether redox regulation of thiol residues contained in IRF-3, which are priviledged redox sensors, play a role in its regulation following Sendai virus infection, using a combination of mutation of Cysteine (Cys) residues into Alanine and thiols alkylation using N-ethyl maleimide. Alkylation of IRF-3 on Cys289 appears to destabilize IRF-3 dimer in vitro. However, a detailed analysis of IRF-3 phosphorylation, dimerization, nuclear accumulation, and induction of target gene promoter in vivo led us to conclude that IRF-3 specific, individual Cys residues redox status does not play an essential role in its activation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Zucchini
- CRCHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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39
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Tarassishin L, Bauman A, Suh HS, Lee SC. Anti-viral and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of the innate immune transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 3: relevance to human CNS diseases. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2012; 8:132-44. [PMID: 22684309 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-012-9360-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is a transcription factor critical in the induction of antiviral immunity. IRF3 is activated following stimulation of cell membrane or cytosolic nucleic acid sensors and is essential in the induction of the IFNβ gene. Most cells constitutively express IRF3 in vitro, but little is known about the regulation of expression of IRF3 in vivo. Immunohistochemical analysis of selected human and mouse tissues demonstrated that IRF3 expression is highly organ- and cell-type specific, showing high expression in certain epithelial cells. In the CNS, while ependymal cells are strongly positive, brain parenchyma has little detectable IRF3 immunoreactivity. The importance of IRF3 in antiviral immunity has been demonstrated by the requirement for IRF3 in suppressing viral replication, but also by the demonstration that virus degrades IRF3 protein in infected cells. Furthermore, HIV-infected microglia in human CNS show abnormal IRF3+ aggregates, indicative of aberrant protein processing in vivo. In addition to antiviral immunity, IRF3 also plays a critical role in the modulation of neuroinflammation. A combination of dominant-negative and over-expression strategies in vitro as well as transgenic expression of IRF3 in vivo demonstrated that IRF3 plays a major role in modulating glial cytokine expression, i.e., suppression of proinflammatory cytokines and promotion of anti-inflammatory or immunoregulatory cytokines. These observations together suggest that IRF3 is a crucial regulator of immune responses against pathogen- and damage-associated molecules. We review recent literature on the molecular pathways of IRF3 activation and function of IRF3 and discuss their implications for CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Tarassishin
- Department of Pathology, Forchheimer 726, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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40
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TRIM Proteins and the Innate Immune Response to Viruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 770:93-104. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5398-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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41
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Sears N, Sen GC, Stark GR, Chattopadhyay S. Caspase-8-mediated cleavage inhibits IRF-3 protein by facilitating its proteasome-mediated degradation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:33037-44. [PMID: 21816816 PMCID: PMC3190878 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.257022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) plays a central role in inducing the expression of cellular antiviral genes, including the interferon-β gene, in response to Pattern Recognition Receptors. IRF-3 is targeted for proteasome-mediated degradation, which modulates the strength and duration of the innate immune responses that depend on it. We have found that caspase-8, which is activated by cytosolic RIG-I-dependent signaling, catalyzes an essential intermediate step in the ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of IRF-3. Mutation of a consensus cleavage site within IRF-3 generates a form that is not cleaved by caspase-8 and that is protected from ubiquitination and degradation. An in vitro assay confirms the direct action of caspase-8 cleavage on IRF-3. We also show that caspase-8-mediated cleavage of IRF-3 helps to modulate dsRNA-dependent gene induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Sears
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Ganes C. Sen
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - George R. Stark
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Saurabh Chattopadhyay
- From the Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
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42
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Ye J, Maniatis T. Negative regulation of interferon-β gene expression during acute and persistent virus infections. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20681. [PMID: 21677781 PMCID: PMC3108996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of type I interferons (IFNs) in response to viral infections is critical for antiviral immunity. However, IFN production is transient, and continued expression can lead to inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. Thus, understanding the mechanisms underlying the negative regulation of IFN expression could lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches to the treatment of these diseases. We report that the transcription factor IRF3 plays a central role in the negative regulation of interferon-β (IFNβ) expression during both acute and persistent (chronic) virus infections. We show that the degradation of IRF3 during acute infections, rather than the activation of transcriptional repressors, leads to the down regulation of IFNβ expression. We also show that the block to IFNβ expression in mouse embryonic fibroblasts that are persistently infected with Sendai virus (SeV) correlates with the absence of transcriptionally active IRF3. Remarkably, ongoing protein synthesis and viral replication are required to maintain repression of the IFNβ gene in persistently infected cells, as the gene can be activated by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, or by the antiviral drug ribavirin. Finally, we show that the SeV V protein inhibits IRF3 activity in persistently infected cells. Thus, in conjunction with the known interference with STAT1 by the SeV C protein, both IFN activation and its signaling pathways are blocked in persistently infected cells. We conclude that the transcription factor IRF3 is targeted for turnover and inactivation through distinct mechanisms from both the host cells and virus, leading to the inhibition of IFNβ gene expression during acute and persistent viral infections. These observations show that IRF3 plays a critical role, not only in the activation of the IFNβ gene, but also in the controlling the duration of its expression. (284 words)
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Ye
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tom Maniatis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wang G, Chen G, Zheng D, Cheng G, Tang H. PLP2 of mouse hepatitis virus A59 (MHV-A59) targets TBK1 to negatively regulate cellular type I interferon signaling pathway. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17192. [PMID: 21364999 PMCID: PMC3041802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronaviruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SCoV) and mouse hepatitis virus A59 (MHV-A59) have evolved strategies to disable the innate immune system for productive replication and spread of infection. We have previously shown that papain-like protease domain 2 (PLP2), a catalytic domain of the nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3) of MHV-A59, encodes a deubiquitinase (DUB) and inactivates IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) thereby the type I interferon (IFN) response. Principal Findings Here we provide further evidence that PLP2 may also target TANK-binding kinase-1 (TBK1), the upstream kinase of IRF3 in the IFN signaling pathway. Overexpression experiments showed that PLP2 deubiquitinated TBK1 and reduced its kinase activity, hence inhibited IFN-β reporter activity. Albeit promiscuous in deubiquitinating cellular proteins, PLP2 inactivated TBK1 and IFN-β response in TNF receptor associated factor 3 (TRAF3) deficient cells, suggesting that targeting TBK1 would be sufficient for PLP2 to inhibit IRF3 activation. This notion was further supported by in vitro kinase assays, in which prior treatment of TBK1 with PLP2 inhibited its kinase activity to phosphorylate IRF3. Intriguing enough, results of PLP2 overexpression system and MHV-A59 infection system proved that PLP2 formed an inactive complex with TBK1 and IRF3 in the cytoplasm and the presence of PLP2 stabilized the hypo-phosphorylated IRF3-TBK1 complex in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions These results suggest that PLP2 not only inactivates TBK1, but also prevents IRF3 nuclear translocation hence inhibits IFN transcription activation. Identification of the conserved DUB activity of PLP2 in suppression of IFN signaling would provide a useful clue to the development of therapeutics against coronaviruses infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Research Network of Immunity and Health, Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dahai Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Research Network of Immunity and Health, Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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44
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Richards KH, Macdonald A. Putting the brakes on the anti-viral response: negative regulators of type I interferon (IFN) production. Microbes Infect 2011; 13:291-302. [PMID: 21256242 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type I IFNs (IFNα/β) are essential anti-viral cytokines produced in response to the detection of viral components by host pattern recognition receptors. IFNα/β production is transient, and aberrant activation can be hazardous to the host. In this article, we review our current understanding of host negative regulatory mechanisms that control IFNα/β production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn H Richards
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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45
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A functional C-terminal TRAF3-binding site in MAVS participates in positive and negative regulation of the IFN antiviral response. Cell Res 2011; 21:895-910. [PMID: 21200404 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2011.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognition of viral RNA structures by the cytosolic sensor retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) results in the activation of signaling cascades that culminate with the generation of the type I interferon (IFN) antiviral response. Onset of antiviral and inflammatory responses to viral pathogens necessitates the regulated spatiotemporal recruitment of signaling adapters, kinases and transcriptional proteins to the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS). We previously demonstrated that the serine/threonine kinase IKKε is recruited to the C-terminal region of MAVS following Sendai or vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection, mediated by Lys63-linked polyubiquitination of MAVS at Lys500, resulting in inhibition of downstream IFN signaling (Paz et al, Mol Cell Biol, 2009). In this study, we demonstrate that C-terminus of MAVS harbors a novel TRAF3-binding site in the aa450-468 region of MAVS. A consensus TRAF-interacting motif (TIM), 455-PEENEY-460, within this site is required for TRAF3 binding and activation of IFN antiviral response genes, whereas mutation of the TIM eliminates TRAF3 binding and the downstream IFN response. Reconstitution of MAVS(-/-) mouse embryo fibroblasts with a construct expressing a TIM-mutated version of MAVS failed to restore the antiviral response or block VSV replication, whereas wild-type MAVS reconstituted antiviral inhibition of VSV replication. Furthermore, recruitment of IKKε to an adjacent C-terminal site (aa 468-540) in MAVS via Lys500 ubiquitination decreased TRAF3 binding and protein stability, thus contributing to IKKε-mediated shutdown of the IFN response. This study demonstrates that MAVS harbors a functional C-terminal TRAF3-binding site that participates in positive and negative regulation of the IFN antiviral response.
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46
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Zhao W, Wang L, Zhang M, Wang P, Zhang L, Yuan C, Qi J, Qiao Y, Kuo PC, Gao C. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma negatively regulates IFN-beta production in Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3- and TLR4-stimulated macrophages by preventing interferon regulatory factor 3 binding to the IFN-beta promoter. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:5519-28. [PMID: 21148557 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.149823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors 3 and 4 utilize adaptor TRIF to activate interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), resulting in IFN-β production to mediate anti-viral and bacterial infection. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ is a ligand-activated transcription factor expressed in various immune cells and acts as a transcriptional repressor to inhibit the transcription of many proinflammatory cytokines. But, the function of PPAR-γ in TLR3- and -4-mediated IFN-β production is not well elucidated. Here, we have analyzed the effect of the PPAR-γ agonists on IFN-β production in peritoneal primary macrophages in response to LPS and poly(I:C). PPAR-γ agonists inhibited LPS and poly(I:C)-induced IFN-β transcription and secretion. siRNA knockdown of PPAR-γ expression and transfection of PPAR-γ expression plasmid demonstrated that PPAR-γ agonist inhibits IFN-β production in a PPAR-γ-dependent manner. The ability of the PPAR-γ agonist to inhibit IFN-β production was confirmed in vivo as mice treated with troglitazone exhibited decreased levels of IFN-β upon LPS and poly(I:C) challenge. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP) assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) demonstrated that troglitazone treatment impaired IRF3 binding to the IFN-β promoter. Furthermore, troglitazone could inhibit LPS and poly(I:C)-induced STAT1 phosphorylation and subsequent ISRE activation. These results demonstrate that PPAR-γ negatively regulates IFN-β production in TLR3- and 4-stimulated macrophages by preventing IRF3 binding to the IFN-β promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, Shandong University Medical School, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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47
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Liang Q, Deng H, Sun CW, Townes TM, Zhu F. Negative regulation of IRF7 activation by activating transcription factor 4 suggests a cross-regulation between the IFN responses and the cellular integrated stress responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:1001-10. [PMID: 21148039 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cells react to viral infection by exhibiting IFN-based innate immune responses and integrated stress responses, but little is known about the interrelationships between the two. In this study, we report a linkage between these two host-protective cellular mechanisms. We found that IFN regulatory factor (IRF)7, the master regulator of type I IFN gene expression, interacts with activating transcription factor (ATF)4, a key component of the integrated stress responses whose translation is induced by viral infection and various stresses. We have demonstrated that IRF7 upregulates ATF4 activity and expression, whereas ATF4 in return inhibits IRF7 activation, suggesting a cross-regulation between the IFN response and the cellular integrated stress response that controls host innate immune defense against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Liang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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48
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Li C, Ma L, Chen X. Interferon regulatory factor 3-CL, an isoform of IRF3, antagonizes activity of IRF3. Cell Mol Immunol 2010; 8:67-74. [PMID: 21200386 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2010.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), one member of the IRF family, plays a central role in induction of type I interferon (IFN) and regulation of apoptosis. Controlled activity of IRF3 is essential for its functions. During reverse transcription (RT)-PCR to clone the full-length open reading frame (ORF) of IRF3, we cloned a full-length ORF encoding an isoform of IRF3, termed as IRF3-CL, and has a unique carboxyl-terminus of 125 amino acids. IRF3-CL is ubiquitously expressed in distinct cell lines. Overexpression of IRF3-CL inhibits Sendai virus (SeV)-triggered induction of IFN-β and SeV-induced and inhibitor of NF-κB kinase-ε (IKKε)-mediated nuclear translocation of IRF3. When IKKε is overexpressed, IRF3-CL is associated with IRF3. These results suggest that IRF3-CL, the alternative splicing isoform of IRF-3, may function as a negative regulator of IRF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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49
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McNab FW, Rajsbaum R, Stoye JP, O'Garra A. Tripartite-motif proteins and innate immune regulation. Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 23:46-56. [PMID: 21131187 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The tripartite motif containing (TRIM) proteins are a family of proteins that have been implicated in many biological processes including cell differentiation, apoptosis, transcriptional regulation and signaling pathways. Many TRIM proteins are upregulated by the immunologically important Type I and Type II interferons and several, including TRIM5α and TRIM19/PML, restrict viral replication. There is growing evidence that TRIMs also play an important role in the broader immune response through regulating signaling pathways such as the RIG-I pathway. In this review we discuss recent research elucidating TRIM regulation of a number of pathways important in immunity and review the latest findings relating to viral restriction by TRIMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finlay W McNab
- Division of Immunoregulation, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
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50
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Abstract
The IκB Kinase (IKK)-related kinases TBK1 and IKKɛ have essential roles as regulators of innate immunity by modulating interferon and NF-κB signaling. Recent work has also implicated these non-canonical IKKs in malignant transformation. IKKɛ is amplified in ∼30% of breast cancers and transforms cells through the activation of NF-κB. TBK1 participates in RalB-mediated inflammatory responses and cell survival, and is essential for the survival of non-small cell lung cancers driven by oncogenic KRAS. The delineation of target substrates and downstream activities for TBK1 and IKKɛ has begun to define their role(s) in promoting tumorigenesis. In this review, we will highlight the mechanisms by which IKKɛ and TBK1 orchestrate pathways involved in inflammation and cancer.
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