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Mao Y, Liao Q, Zhu Y, Bi M, Zou J, Zheng N, Zhu L, Zhao C, Liu Q, Liu L, Chen J, Gu L, Liu Z, Pan X, Xue Y, Feng M, Ying T, Zhou P, Wu Z, Xiao J, Zhang R, Leng J, Sun Y, Zhang X, Xu J. Efficacy and safety of novel multifunctional M10 CAR-T cells in HIV-1-infected patients: a phase I, multicenter, single-arm, open-label study. Cell Discov 2024; 10:49. [PMID: 38740803 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-024-00658-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells have been proposed for HIV-1 treatment but have not yet demonstrated desirable therapeutic efficacy. Here, we report newly developed anti-HIV-1 CAR-T cells armed with endogenic broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) and the follicle-homing receptor CXCR5, termed M10 cells. M10 cells were designed to exercise three-fold biological functions, including broad cytotoxic effects on HIV-infected cells, neutralization of cell-free viruses produced after latency reversal, and B-cell follicle homing. After demonstrating the three-fold biological activities, M10 cells were administered to treat 18 HIV-1 patients via a regimen of two allogenic M10 cell infusions with an interval of 30 days, with each M10 cell infusion followed by two chidamide stimulations for HIV-1 reservoir activation. Consequently, 74.3% of M10 cell infusions resulted in significant suppression of viral rebound, with viral loads declining by an average of 67.1%, and 10 patients showed persistently reduced cell-associated HIV-1 RNA levels (average decrease of 1.15 log10) over the 150-day observation period. M10 cells were also found to impose selective pressure on the latent viral reservoir. No significant treatment-related adverse effects were observed. Overall, our study supported the potential of M10 CAR-T cells as a novel, safe, and effective therapeutic option for the functional cure of HIV-1/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyu Mao
- Clinical Center of Biotherapy at Zhongshan Hospital & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qibin Liao
- Clinical Center of Biotherapy at Zhongshan Hospital & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youwei Zhu
- Clinical Center of Biotherapy at Zhongshan Hospital & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyuan Bi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Zou
- AIDS Clinical Treatment Center, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Nairong Zheng
- Clinical Center of Biotherapy at Zhongshan Hospital & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Clinical Center of Biotherapy at Zhongshan Hospital & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Clinical Center of Biotherapy at Zhongshan Hospital & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Liu
- Clinical Center of Biotherapy at Zhongshan Hospital & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Clinical Center of Biotherapy at Zhongshan Hospital & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Gu
- Clinical Center of Biotherapy at Zhongshan Hospital & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuoqun Liu
- Clinical Center of Biotherapy at Zhongshan Hospital & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinghao Pan
- Clinical Center of Biotherapy at Zhongshan Hospital & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xue
- Clinical Center of Biotherapy at Zhongshan Hospital & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiqi Feng
- Clinical Center of Biotherapy at Zhongshan Hospital & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Clinical Center of Biotherapy at Zhongshan Hospital & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pingyu Zhou
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanshuai Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Treating High-Incidence Infectious Diseases with Integrative Medicine, Department of Medical Immunology, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Treating High-Incidence Infectious Diseases with Integrative Medicine, Department of Medical Immunology, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Renfang Zhang
- Clinical Center of Biotherapy at Zhongshan Hospital & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jing Leng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Treating High-Incidence Infectious Diseases with Integrative Medicine, Department of Medical Immunology, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
| | - Yongtao Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Clinical Center of Biotherapy at Zhongshan Hospital & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Clinical Center of Biotherapy at Zhongshan Hospital & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Banga R, Perreau M. The multifaceted nature of HIV tissue reservoirs. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:116-123. [PMID: 38547340 PMCID: PMC10990014 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To underline the complexity and the heterogeneity of the HIV reservoir. RECENT FINDINGS While lymphoid tissues (spleen, lymph nodes, gut-associated lymphoid tissue) harbor specific subsets of specialized CD4 + T cells enriched in HIV-infected cells, non-CD4 + T cell reservoirs such as tissue-resident macrophages and dendritic cells have also been implicated to contribute to viral persistence. Moreover, studies have applied highly sensitive tools to detect transcriptional activity within HIV-infected cells during prolonged ART and revealed a broader spectrum of transcriptional activity for proviruses than previously thought. Finally, while a combination of factors might be involved in the regulation of HIV persistence within different tissues and remains to be fully elucidated, recent results from autopsy samples of HIV-infected ART suppressed individuals indicate extensive clonality of HIV reservoirs in multiple tissues and suggest that the recirculation of HIV-infected cells and their local expansions in tissues may also contribute to the complexity of the HIV reservoirs in humans. SUMMARY HIV persistence in blood and multiple tissues despite long-standing and potent therapy is one of the major barriers to a cure. Given that the HIV reservoir is established early and is highly complex based on its composition, viral diversity, tissue distribution, transcriptional activity, replication competence, migration dynamics and proliferative potential across the human body and possible compartmentalization in specific tissues, combinatorial therapeutic approaches are needed that may synergize to target multiple viral reservoirs to achieve a cure for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhima Banga
- Divisions of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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Yang Q, Zhou L, Tan Z, Zhu Y, Mo L, Fang C, Li J, Chen C, Luo Y, Wei H, Yin W, Huang J. TLR7 enhancing follicular helper T (Tfh) cells response in C57BL/6 mice infected with Plasmodium yoelii NSM TLR7 mediated Tfh cells in P. yoelii infected mice. Immunology 2024; 171:413-427. [PMID: 38150744 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in inducing innate and acquired immune responses against infection. However, the effect of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) on follicular helper T (Tfh) cells in mice infected with Plasmodium is still not clear. The results showed that the splenic CD4+ CXCR5+ PD-1+ Tfh cells were accumulated after Plasmodium yoelii NSM infection, the content of splenic Tfh cells was correlated to parasitemia and/or the red blood cells (RBCs) counts in the blood. Moreover, the expression of TLR7 was found higher than TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4 in splenic Tfh cells of the WT mice. TLR7 agonist R848 and the lysate of red blood cells of infected mice (iRBCs) could induce the activation and differentiation of splenic Tfh cells. Knockout of TLR7 leads to a decrease in the proportion of Tfh cells, down-regulated expression of functional molecules CD40L, IFN-γ, IL-21 and IL-10 in Tfh cells; decreased the proportion of plasma cells and antibody production and reduces the expression of STAT3 and Ikzf2 in Tfh cells. Administration of R848 could inhibit parasitemia, enhance splenic Tfh cell activation and increase STAT3 and Ikzf2 expression in Tfh cells. In summary, this study shows that TLR7 could regulate the function of Tfh cells, affecting the immune response in the spleen of Plasmodium yoelii NSM-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengrong Tan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqiang Zhu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lengshan Mo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajie Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Haixia Wei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiguo Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Chung WJ, Connick E, Wodarz D. Human immunodeficiency virus dynamics in secondary lymphoid tissues and the evolution of cytotoxic T lymphocyte escape mutants. Virus Evol 2024; 10:vead084. [PMID: 38516655 PMCID: PMC10956502 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In secondary lymphoid tissues, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can replicate in both the follicular and extrafollicular compartments. Yet, virus is concentrated in the follicular compartment in the absence of antiretroviral therapy, in part due to the lack of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated activity there. CTLs home to the extrafollicular compartment, where they can suppress virus load to relatively low levels. We use mathematical models to show that this compartmentalization can explain seemingly counter-intuitive observations. First, it can explain the observed constancy of the viral decline slope during antiviral therapy in the peripheral blood, irrespective of the presence of CTL in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-infected macaques, under the assumption that CTL-mediated lysis significantly contributes to virus suppression. Second, it can account for the relatively long times it takes for CTL escape mutants to emerge during chronic infection even if CTL-mediated lysis is responsible for virus suppression. The reason is the heterogeneity in CTL activity and the consequent heterogeneity in selection pressure between the follicular and extrafollicular compartments. Hence, to understand HIV dynamics more thoroughly, this analysis highlights the importance of measuring virus populations separately in the extrafollicular and follicular compartments rather than using virus load in peripheral blood as an observable; this hides the heterogeneity between compartments that might be responsible for the particular patterns seen in the dynamics and evolution of the HIV in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jian Chung
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, University of California, 856 Health Sciences Quad, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Elizabeth Connick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave, P.O. Box 245039, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Dominik Wodarz
- Department of Ecology, Behavior, and Evolution, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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5
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Cossarini F, Aberg JA, Chen BK, Mehandru S. Viral Persistence in the Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue and Barriers to HIV Cure. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2023; 40:54-65. [PMID: 37450338 PMCID: PMC10790554 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2022.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 40 years after the first reported cases of what then became known as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), tremendous progress has been achieved in transforming the disease from almost universally fatal to a chronic manageable condition. Nonetheless, the efforts to find a preventative vaccine or a cure for the underlying infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remain largely unsuccessful. Many challenges intrinsic to the virus characteristics and host response need to be overcome for either goal to be achieved. This article will review the obstacles to an effective HIV cure, specifically the steps involved in the generation of HIV latency, focusing on the role of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, which has received less attention compared with the peripheral blood, despite being the largest repository of lymphoid tissue in the human body, and a large site for HIV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cossarini
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Judith A. Aberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin K. Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Saurabh Mehandru
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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6
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Collins DR, Hitschfel J, Urbach JM, Mylvaganam GH, Ly NL, Arshad U, Racenet ZJ, Yanez AG, Diefenbach TJ, Walker BD. Cytolytic CD8 + T cells infiltrate germinal centers to limit ongoing HIV replication in spontaneous controller lymph nodes. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eade5872. [PMID: 37205767 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.ade5872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Follicular CD8+ T cells (fCD8) mediate surveillance in lymph node (LN) germinal centers against lymphotropic infections and cancers, but the precise mechanisms by which these cells mediate immune control remain incompletely resolved. To address this, we investigated functionality, clonotypic compartmentalization, spatial localization, phenotypic characteristics, and transcriptional profiles of LN-resident virus-specific CD8+ T cells in persons who control HIV without medications. Antigen-induced proliferative and cytolytic potential consistently distinguished spontaneous controllers from noncontrollers. T cell receptor analysis revealed complete clonotypic overlap between peripheral and LN-resident HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. Transcriptional analysis of LN CD8+ T cells revealed gene signatures of inflammatory chemotaxis and antigen-induced effector function. In HIV controllers, the cytotoxic effectors perforin and granzyme B were elevated among virus-specific CXCR5+ fCD8s proximate to foci of HIV RNA within germinal centers. These results provide evidence consistent with cytolytic control of lymphotropic infection supported by inflammatory recruitment, antigen-specific proliferation, and cytotoxicity of fCD8s.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Collins
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Julia Hitschfel
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Geetha H Mylvaganam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Ngoc L Ly
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Umar Arshad
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Adrienne G Yanez
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | | | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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7
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Pampusch MS, Sevcik EN, Quinn ZE, Davey BC, Berg JM, Gorrell-Brown I, Abdelaal HM, Rakasz EG, Rendahl A, Skinner PJ. Assessment of anti-CD20 antibody pre-treatment for augmentation of CAR-T cell therapy in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1101446. [PMID: 36825014 PMCID: PMC9941136 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1101446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
During chronic HIV and SIV infections, the majority of viral replication occurs within lymphoid follicles. In a pilot study, infusion of SIV-specific CD4-MBL-CAR-T cells expressing the follicular homing receptor, CXCR5, led to follicular localization of the cells and a reduction in SIV viral loads in rhesus macaques. However, the CAR-T cells failed to persist. We hypothesized that temporary disruption of follicles would create space for CAR-T cell engraftment and lead to increased abundance and persistence of CAR-T cells. In this study we treated SIV-infected rhesus macaques with CAR-T cells and preconditioned one set with anti-CD20 antibody to disrupt the follicles. We evaluated CAR-T cell abundance and persistence in four groups of SIVmac239-infected and ART-suppressed animals: untreated, CAR-T cell treated, CD20 depleted, and CD20 depleted/CAR-T cell treated. In the depletion study, anti-CD20 was infused one week prior to CAR-T infusion and cessation of ART. Anti-CD20 antibody treatment led to temporary depletion of CD20+ cells in blood and partial depletion in lymph nodes. In this dose escalation study, there was no impact of CAR-T cell infusion on SIV viral load. However, in both the depleted and non-depleted animals, CAR-T cells accumulated in and around lymphoid follicles and were Ki67+. CAR-T cells increased in number in follicles from 2 to 6 days post-treatment, with a median 15.2-fold increase in follicular CAR-T cell numbers in depleted/CAR-T treated animals compared to an 8.1-fold increase in non-depleted CAR-T treated animals. The increase in CAR T cells in depleted animals was associated with a prolonged elevation of serum IL-6 levels and a rapid loss of detectable CAR-T cells. Taken together, these data suggest that CAR-T cells likely expanded to a greater extent in depleted/CAR-T cell treated animals. Further studies are needed to elucidate mechanisms mediating the rapid loss of CAR-T cells and to evaluate strategies to improve engraftment and persistence of HIV-specific CAR-T cells. The potential for an inflammatory cytokine response appears to be enhanced with anti-CD20 antibody treatment and future studies may require CRS control strategies. These studies provide important insights into cellular immunotherapy and suggest future studies for improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary S. Pampusch
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Emily N. Sevcik
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Zoe E. Quinn
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Brianna C. Davey
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - James M. Berg
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Ian Gorrell-Brown
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Hadia M. Abdelaal
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Eva G. Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, United States
| | - Aaron Rendahl
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Pamela J. Skinner
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
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8
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Davey BC, Pampusch MS, Cartwright EK, Abdelaal HM, Rakasz EG, Rendahl A, Berger EA, Skinner PJ. Development of an anti-CAR antibody response in SIV-infected rhesus macaques treated with CD4-MBL CAR/CXCR5 T cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1032537. [PMID: 36582226 PMCID: PMC9793449 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1032537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells expressing a simian immunodeficiency (SIV)-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) and the follicular homing molecule, CXCR5, were infused into antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppressed, SIV-infected rhesus macaques to assess their ability to localize to the lymphoid follicle and control the virus upon ART interruption. While the cells showed evidence of functionality, they failed to persist in the animals beyond 28 days. Development of anti-CAR antibodies could be responsible for the lack of persistence. Potential antigenic sites on the anti-SIV CAR used in these studies included domains 1 and 2 of CD4, the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of mannose-binding lectin (MBL), and an extracellular domain of the costimulatory molecule, CD28, along with short linker sequences. Using a flow cytometry based assay and target cells expressing the CAR/CXCR5 construct, we examined the serum of the CD4-MBL CAR/CXCR5-T cell treated animals to determine that the animals had developed an anti-CAR antibody response after infusion. Binding sites for the anti-CAR antibodies were identified by using alternative CARs transduced into target cells and by preincubation of the target cells with a CD4 blocking antibody. All of the treated animals developed antibodies in their serum that bound to CD4-MBL CAR/CXCR5 T cells and the majority were capable of inducing an ADCC response. The CD4 antibody-blocking assay suggests that the dominant immunogenic components of this CAR are the CD4 domains with a possible additional site of the CD28 domain with its linker. This study shows that an anti-drug antibody (ADA) response can occur even when using self-proteins, likely due to novel epitopes created by abridged self-proteins and/or the self-domain of the CAR connection to a small non-self linker. While in our study, there was no statistically significant correlation between the ADA response and the persistence of the CD4-MBL CAR/CXCR5-T cells in rhesus macaques, these findings suggest that the development of an ADA response could impact the long-term persistence of self-based CAR immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna C. Davey
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Mary S. Pampusch
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Emily K. Cartwright
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Hadia M. Abdelaal
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Eva G. Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Aaron Rendahl
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Edward A. Berger
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Pamela J. Skinner
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States,*Correspondence: Pamela J. Skinner,
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9
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Ollerton MT, Folkvord JM, Peachman KK, Shashikumar S, Morrison EB, Jagodzinski LL, Peel SA, Khreiss M, D’Aquila RT, Casares S, Rao M, Connick E. HIV-1 infected humanized DRAGA mice develop HIV-specific antibodies despite lack of canonical germinal centers in secondary lymphoid tissues. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1047277. [PMID: 36505432 PMCID: PMC9732419 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1047277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A major barrier in the use of humanized mice as models of HIV-1 (HIV) infection is the inadequate generation of virus-specific antibody responses. Humanized DRAGA (hDRAGA) mice generate antigen-specific class switched antibodies to several pathogens, but whether they do so in HIV infection and the extent to which their secondary lymphoid tissues (sLT) support germinal center responses is unknown. hDRAGA mice were evaluated for their ability to support HIV replication, generate virus-specific antibody responses, develop splenocyte subsets, and organize sLT architecture. hDRAGA mice supported persistent HIV replication and developed modest levels of gp41-specific human IgM and IgG. Spleens from uninfected and HIV infected hDRAGA mice contained differentiated B and CD4+ T cell subsets including germinal center (GC) B cells and T follicular helper cells (TFH); relative expansions of TFH and CD8+ T cells, but not GC B cells, occurred in HIV-infected hDRAGA mice compared to uninfected animals. Immunofluorescent staining of spleen and mesenteric lymph node sections demonstrated atypical morphology. Most CD4+ and CD8+ T cells resided within CD20hi areas. CD20hi areas lacked canonical germinal centers, as defined by staining for IgD-Ki67+cells. No human follicular dendritic cells (FDC) were detected. Mouse FDC were distributed broadly throughout both CD20hi and CD20lo regions of sLT. HIV RNA particles were detected by in situ hybridization within CD20+ areas and some co-localized with mouse FDC. Viral RNA+ cells were more concentrated within CD20hi compared to CD20lo areas of sLT, but differences were diminished in spleen and eliminated in mesenteric lymph nodes when adjusted for CD4+ cell frequency. Thus, hDRAGA mice recapitulated multiple aspects of HIV pathogenesis including HIV replication, relative expansions in TFH and CD8+ T cells, and modest HIV-specific antibody production. Nevertheless, classical germinal center morphology in sLT was not observed, which may account for the inefficient expansion of GC B cells and generation of low titer human antibody responses to HIV-1 in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joy M. Folkvord
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kristina K. Peachman
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Soumya Shashikumar
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Elaine B. Morrison
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Linda L. Jagodzinski
- Diagnostics and Countermeasure Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Sheila A. Peel
- Diagnostics and Countermeasure Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Mohammad Khreiss
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Richard T. D’Aquila
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sofia Casares
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Mangala Rao
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth Connick
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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10
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Anthony-Gonda K, Ray A, Su H, Wang Y, Xiong Y, Lee D, Block A, Chilunda V, Weiselberg J, Zemelko L, Wang YY, Kleinsorge-Block S, Reese JS, de Lima M, Ochsenbauer C, Kappes JC, Dimitrov DS, Orentas R, Deeks SG, Rutishauser RL, Berman JW, Goldstein H, Dropulić B. In vivo killing of primary HIV-infected cells by peripheral-injected early memory-enriched anti-HIV duoCAR T cells. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e161698. [PMID: 36345941 PMCID: PMC9675454 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.161698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-specific chimeric antigen receptor-T cell (CAR T cell) therapies are candidates to functionally cure HIV infection in people with HIV (PWH) by eliminating reactivated HIV-infected cells derived from latently infected cells within the HIV reservoir. Paramount to translating such therapeutic candidates successfully into the clinic will require anti-HIV CAR T cells to localize to lymphoid tissues in the body and eliminate reactivated HIV-infected cells such as CD4+ T cells and monocytes/macrophages. Here we show that i.v. injected anti-HIV duoCAR T cells, generated using a clinical-grade anti-HIV duoCAR lentiviral vector, localized to the site of active HIV infection in the spleen of humanized mice and eliminated HIV-infected PBMCs. CyTOF analysis of preinfusion duoCAR T cells revealed an early memory phenotype composed predominantly of CCR7+ stem cell-like/central memory T cells (TSCM/TCM) with expression of some effector-like molecules. In addition, we show that anti-HIV duoCAR T cells effectively sense and kill HIV-infected CD4+ T cells and monocytes/macrophages. Furthermore, we demonstrate efficient genetic modification of T cells from PWH on suppressive ART into anti-HIV duoCAR T cells that subsequently kill autologous PBMCs superinfected with HIV. These studies support the safety and efficacy of anti-HIV duoCAR T cell therapy in our presently open phase I/IIa clinical trial (NCT04648046).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Anthony-Gonda
- Caring Cross, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
- Lentigen, a Miltenyi Biotec Company, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Alex Ray
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and
| | - Hang Su
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and
| | - Yuge Wang
- Lentigen, a Miltenyi Biotec Company, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Ying Xiong
- Caring Cross, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
- Lentigen, a Miltenyi Biotec Company, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Danica Lee
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and
| | | | - Vanessa Chilunda
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jessica Weiselberg
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Lily Zemelko
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yen Y. Wang
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sarah Kleinsorge-Block
- Stem Cell Transplant Program and Center for Regenerative Medicine, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jane S. Reese
- Stem Cell Transplant Program and Center for Regenerative Medicine, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Marcos de Lima
- Stem Cell Transplant Program and Center for Regenerative Medicine, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Christina Ochsenbauer
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - John C. Kappes
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Dimiter S. Dimitrov
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rimas Orentas
- Caring Cross, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, and Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research lnstitute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Joan W. Berman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Harris Goldstein
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Boro Dropulić
- Caring Cross, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
- Lentigen, a Miltenyi Biotec Company, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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11
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Ollerton MT, Folkvord JM, La Mantia A, Parry DA, Meditz AL, McCarter MD, D’Aquila R, Connick E. Follicular regulatory T cells eliminate HIV-1-infected follicular helper T cells in an IL-2 concentration dependent manner. Front Immunol 2022; 13:878273. [PMID: 36420277 PMCID: PMC9676968 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.878273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper CD4+ T cells (TFH) are highly permissive to HIV and major foci of virus expression in both untreated and treated infection. Follicular regulatory CD4+ T cells (TFR) limit TFH numbers and function in vitro and in vivo. We evaluated the hypothesis that TFR suppress HIV replication in TFH using a well-established model of ex vivo HIV infection that employs tonsil cells from HIV uninfected individuals spinoculated with CXCR4- and CCR5-tropic HIV-GFP reporter viruses. Both CXCR4 and CCR5-tropic HIV replication were reduced in TFH cultured with TFR as compared to controls. Blocking antibodies to CD39, CTLA-4, IL-10, and TGF-beta failed to reverse suppression of HIV replication by TFR, and there were no sex differences in TFR suppressive activity. TFR reduced viability of TFH and even more so reduced HIV infected TFH as assessed by total and integrated HIV DNA. Exogenous IL-2 enhanced TFH viability and particularly numbers of GFP+ TFH in a concentration dependent manner. TFR reduced productively infected TFH at low and moderate IL-2 concentrations, and this was associated with decreases in extracellular IL-2. Both IL-2 expressing cells and larger numbers of FoxP3+CD4+ cells were detected in follicles and germinal centers of lymph nodes of people living with HIV. TFR may deplete TFH in vivo through restriction of IL-2 and thereby contribute to decay of HIV expressing cells in B cell follicles during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Ollerton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Joy M. Folkvord
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | | | - David A. Parry
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Amie L. Meditz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Martin D. McCarter
- Department of Surgery, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Richard T. D’Aquila
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Elizabeth Connick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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12
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Fardoos R, Nyquist SK, Asowata OE, Kazer SW, Singh A, Ngoepe A, Giandhari J, Mthabela N, Ramjit D, Singh S, Karim F, Buus S, Anderson F, Porterfield JZ, Sibiya AL, Bipath R, Moodley K, Kuhn W, Berger B, Nguyen S, de Oliveira T, Ndung’u T, Goulder P, Shalek AK, Leslie A, Kløverpris HN. HIV specific CD8 + T RM-like cells in tonsils express exhaustive signatures in the absence of natural HIV control. Front Immunol 2022; 13:912038. [PMID: 36330531 PMCID: PMC9623418 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.912038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphoid tissues are an important HIV reservoir site that persists in the face of antiretroviral therapy and natural immunity. Targeting these reservoirs by harnessing the antiviral activity of local tissue-resident memory (TRM) CD8+ T-cells is of great interest, but limited data exist on TRM-like cells within lymph nodes of people living with HIV (PLWH). Here, we studied tonsil CD8+ T-cells obtained from PLWH and uninfected controls from South Africa. We show that these cells are preferentially located outside the germinal centers (GCs), the main reservoir site for HIV, and display a low cytolytic and a transcriptionally TRM-like profile distinct from blood CD8+ T-cells. In PLWH, CD8+ TRM-like cells are expanded and adopt a more cytolytic, activated, and exhausted phenotype not reversed by antiretroviral therapy (ART). This phenotype was enhanced in HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells from tonsils compared to matched blood suggesting a higher antigen burden in tonsils. Single-cell transcriptional and clonotype resolution showed that these HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells in the tonsils express heterogeneous signatures of T-cell activation, clonal expansion, and exhaustion ex-vivo. Interestingly, this signature was absent in a natural HIV controller, who expressed lower PD-1 and CXCR5 levels and reduced transcriptional evidence of T-cell activation, exhaustion, and cytolytic activity. These data provide important insights into lymphoid tissue-derived HIV-specific CD8+ TRM-like phenotypes in settings of HIV remission and highlight their potential for immunotherapy and targeting of the HIV reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabiah Fardoos
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah K. Nyquist
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Program in Computational and Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Samuel W. Kazer
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Alveera Singh
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
| | - Abigail Ngoepe
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Giandhari
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Dirhona Ramjit
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
| | - Samita Singh
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
| | - Farina Karim
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
| | - Søren Buus
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank Anderson
- Discipline of General Surgery, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - J. Zachary Porterfield
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, - Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine - Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Andile L. Sibiya
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology & Head & Neck Surgery, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rishan Bipath
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, King Edward VIII hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kumeshan Moodley
- Department of Ear Nose and Throat, General Justice Gizenga Mpanza Regional Hospital (Stanger Hospital), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Warren Kuhn
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology & Head & Neck Surgery, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Ear Nose and Throat, General Justice Gizenga Mpanza Regional Hospital (Stanger Hospital), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Bonnie Berger
- Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Lab and Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Son Nguyen
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Tulio de Oliveira
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thumbi Ndung’u
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
- University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Goulder
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alex K. Shalek
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik N. Kløverpris
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Immunological studies of spontaneous HIV and simian virus (SIV) controllers have identified virus-specific CD8 + T cells as a key immune mechanism of viral control. The purpose of this review is to consider how knowledge about the mechanisms that are associated with CD8 + T cell control of HIV/SIV in natural infection can be harnessed in HIV remission strategies. RECENT FINDINGS We discuss characteristics of CD8 + T-cell responses that may be critical for suppressing HIV replication in spontaneous controllers comprising HIV antigen recognition including specific human leukocyte antigen types, broadly cross-reactive T cell receptors and epitope targeting, enhanced expansion and antiviral functions, and localization of virus-specific T cells near sites of reservoir persistence. We also discuss the need to better understand the timing of CD8 + T-cell responses associated with viral control of HIV/SIV during acute infection and after treatment interruption as well as the mechanisms by which HIV/SIV-specific CD8 + T cells coordinate with other immune responses to achieve control. SUMMARY We propose implications as to how this knowledge from natural infection can be applied in the design and evaluation of CD8 + T-cell-based remission strategies and offer questions to consider as these strategies target distinct CD8 + T-cell-dependent mechanisms of viral control.
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14
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Zheng HY, Wang XH, He XY, Chen M, Zhang MX, Lian XD, Song JH, Hu Y, Pang W, Wang Y, Hu ZF, Lv LB, Zheng YT. Aging induces severe SIV infection accompanied by an increase in follicular CD8+ T cells with overactive STAT3 signaling. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:1042-1053. [PMID: 35851876 PMCID: PMC9424273 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00899-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of elderly people living with HIV is increasing globally, and the condition of this population is relatively complicated due to the dual effects of aging and HIV infection. However, the impact of HIV infection combined with aging on the immune homeostasis of secondary lymphoid organs remains unclear. Here, we used the simian immunodeficiency virus mac239 (SIVmac239) strain to infect six young and six old Chinese rhesus macaques (ChRMs) and compared the infection characteristics of the two groups in the chronic stage through multiplex immunofluorescence staining of lymph nodes. The results showed that the SIV production and CD4/CD8 ratio inversion in old ChRMs were more severe than those in young ChRMs in both the peripheral blood and the lymph nodes, especially when a large number of CD8+ T cells infiltrated the follicles and germinal centers. STAT3 in these follicular CXCR5+CD8+ T cells was highly activated, with high expression of granzyme B, which might be caused by the severe inflammatory milieu in the follicles of old ChRMs. This study indicates that aging may be a cofactor involved in SIV-induced immune disorders in secondary lymphoid tissues, affecting the effective antiviral activity of highly enriched follicular CXCR5+CD8+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Xue-Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Xiao-Yan He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China
| | - Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China
| | - Ming-Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Lian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China
| | - Jia-Hao Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China
| | - Wei Pang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Yun Wang
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China
| | - Zheng-Fei Hu
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China
| | - Long-Bao Lv
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China.
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China.
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15
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Limited impact of fingolimod treatment during the initial weeks of ART in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5055. [PMID: 36030289 PMCID: PMC9420154 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32698-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not curative due to the persistence of a reservoir of HIV-infected cells, particularly in tissues such as lymph nodes, with the potential to cause viral rebound after treatment cessation. In this study, fingolimod (FTY720), a lysophospholipid sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator is administered to SIV-infected rhesus macaques at initiation of ART to block the egress from lymphoid tissues of natural killer and T-cells, thereby promoting proximity between cytolytic cells and infected CD4+ T-cells. When compared with the ART-only controls, FTY720 treatment during the initial weeks of ART induces a profound lymphopenia and increases frequencies of CD8+ T-cells expressing perforin in lymph nodes, but not their killing capacity; FTY720 also increases frequencies of cytolytic NK cells in lymph nodes. This increase of cytolytic cells, however, does not limit measures of viral persistence during ART, including intact proviral genomes. After ART interruption, a subset of animals that initially receives FTY720 displays a modest delay in viral rebound, with reduced plasma viremia and frequencies of infected T follicular helper cells. Further research is needed to optimize the potential utility of FTY720 when coupled with strategies that boost the antiviral function of T-cells in lymphoid tissues.
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16
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Baiyegunhi OO, Mann J, Khaba T, Nkosi T, Mbatha A, Ogunshola F, Chasara C, Ismail N, Ngubane T, Jajbhay I, Pansegrouw J, Dong KL, Walker BD, Ndung'u T, Ndhlovu ZM. CD8 lymphocytes mitigate HIV-1 persistence in lymph node follicular helper T cells during hyperacute-treated infection. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4041. [PMID: 35831418 PMCID: PMC9279299 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31692-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV persistence in tissue sites despite ART is a major barrier to HIV cure. Detailed studies of HIV-infected cells and immune responses in native lymph node tissue environment is critical for gaining insight into immune mechanisms impacting HIV persistence and clearance in tissue sanctuary sites. We compared HIV persistence and HIV-specific T cell responses in lymph node biopsies obtained from 14 individuals who initiated therapy in Fiebig stages I/II, 5 persons treated in Fiebig stages III-V and 17 late treated individuals who initiated ART in Fiebig VI and beyond. Using multicolor immunofluorescence staining and in situ hybridization, we detect HIV RNA and/or protein in 12 of 14 Fiebig I/II treated persons on suppressive therapy for 1 to 55 months, and in late treated persons with persistent antigens. CXCR3+ T follicular helper cells harbor the greatest amounts of gag mRNA transcripts. Notably, HIV-specific CD8+ T cells responses are associated with lower HIV antigen burden, suggesting that these responses may contribute to HIV suppression in lymph nodes during therapy. These results reveal HIV persistence despite the initiation of ART in hyperacute infection and highlight the contribution of virus-specific responses to HIV suppression in tissue sanctuaries during suppressive ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omolara O Baiyegunhi
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jaclyn Mann
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Trevor Khaba
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thandeka Nkosi
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
| | - Anele Mbatha
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Funsho Ogunshola
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Nasreen Ismail
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thandekile Ngubane
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | | | - Krista L Dong
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Sciences and Engineering and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Zaza M Ndhlovu
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa.
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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17
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Abana CZY, Lamptey H, Bonney EY, Kyei GB. HIV cure strategies: which ones are appropriate for Africa? Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:400. [PMID: 35794316 PMCID: PMC9259540 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04421-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced mortality and improved lifespan for people living with HIV, it does not provide a cure. Patients must be on ART for the rest of their lives and contend with side effects, unsustainable costs, and the development of drug resistance. A cure for HIV is, therefore, warranted to avoid the limitations of the current therapy and restore full health. However, this cure is difficult to find due to the persistence of latently infected HIV cellular reservoirs during suppressive ART. Approaches to HIV cure being investigated include boosting the host immune system, genetic approaches to disable co-receptors and the viral genome, purging cells harboring latent HIV with latency-reversing latency agents (LRAs) (shock and kill), intensifying ART as a cure, preventing replication of latent proviruses (block and lock) and boosting T cell turnover to reduce HIV-1 reservoirs (rinse and replace). Since most people living with HIV are in Africa, methods being developed for a cure must be amenable to clinical trials and deployment on the continent. This review discusses the current approaches to HIV cure and comments on their appropriateness for Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Zaab-Yen Abana
- Department of Virology, College of Health Sciences, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Helena Lamptey
- Department of Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Evelyn Y Bonney
- Department of Virology, College of Health Sciences, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - George B Kyei
- Department of Virology, College of Health Sciences, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Medical and Scientific Research Center, University of Ghana Medical Centre, Accra, Ghana.
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18
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Rahman SA, Billingsley JM, Sharma AA, Styles TM, Govindaraj S, Shanmugasundaram U, Babu H, Riberio SP, Ali SA, Tharp GK, Ibegbu C, Waggoner SN, Johnson RP, Sekaly RP, Villinger F, Bosinger SE, Amara RR, Velu V. Lymph node CXCR5+ NK cells associate with control of chronic SHIV infection. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155601. [PMID: 35271506 PMCID: PMC9089783 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of virally infected cells as reservoirs despite effective antiretroviral therapy is a major barrier to an HIV/SIV cure. These reservoirs are predominately contained within cells present in the B cell follicles (BCFs) of secondary lymphoid tissues, a site that is characteristically difficult for most cytolytic antiviral effector cells to penetrate. Here, we identified a population of NK cells in macaque lymph nodes that expressed BCF-homing receptor CXCR5 and accumulated within BCFs during chronic SHIV infection. These CXCR5+ follicular NK cells exhibited an activated phenotype coupled with heightened effector functions and a unique transcriptome characterized by elevated expression of cytolytic mediators (e.g., perforin and granzymes, LAMP-1). CXCR5+ NK cells exhibited high expression of FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIa, suggesting a potential for elevated antibody-dependent effector functionality. Consistently, accumulation of CXCR5+ NK cells showed a strong inverse association with plasma viral load and the frequency of germinal center follicular Th cells that comprise a significant fraction of the viral reservoir. Moreover, CXCR5+ NK cells showed increased expression of transcripts associated with IL-12 and IL-15 signaling compared with the CXCR5- subset. Indeed, in vitro treatment with IL-12 and IL-15 enhanced the proliferation of CXCR5+ granzyme B+ NK cells. Our findings suggest that follicular homing NK cells might be important in immune control of chronic SHIV infection, and this may have important implications for HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Abdul Rahman
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - James M Billingsley
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ashish Arunkumar Sharma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tiffany M Styles
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sakthivel Govindaraj
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Uma Shanmugasundaram
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hemalatha Babu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Susan Pereira Riberio
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Syed A Ali
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Gregory K Tharp
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chris Ibegbu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stephen N Waggoner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - R Paul Johnson
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology and.,Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sekaly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Steve E Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rama Rao Amara
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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19
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Kroon E, Chottanapund S, Buranapraditkun S, Sacdalan C, Colby DJ, Chomchey N, Prueksakaew P, Pinyakorn S, Trichavaroj R, Vasan S, Manasnayakorn S, Reilly C, Helgeson E, Anderson J, David C, Zulk J, de Souza M, Tovanabutra S, Schuetz A, Robb ML, Douek DC, Phanuphak N, Haase A, Ananworanich J, Schacker TW. Paradoxically greater persistence of HIV RNA+ cells in lymphoid tissue when ART is initiated in the earliest stage of infection. J Infect Dis 2022; 225:2167-2175. [PMID: 35275599 PMCID: PMC9200151 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Fiebig 1 acute HIV infection limits the size of viral reservoirs in lymphoid tissues, but does not impact time to virus rebound during a treatment interruption. To better understand why the reduced reservoir size did not increase the time to rebound we measured the frequency and location of HIV RNA+ cells in lymph nodes from participants in the RV254 acute infection cohort. HIV RNA+ cells were detected more frequently and in greater numbers when ART was initiated in Fiebig 1 compared to later Fiebig stages and were localized to the T-cell zone compared to the B-cell follicle with treatment in later Fiebig stages. Variability of virus production in people treated during acute infection suggests that the balance between virus-producing cells and the immune response to clear infected cells rapidly evolves during the earliest stages of infection. Clinical Trials Registration: NCT02919306.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugène Kroon
- Institute of HIV Research and Innovation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Supranee Buranapraditkun
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Carlo Sacdalan
- Institute of HIV Research and Innovation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Donn J Colby
- Institute of HIV Research and Innovation, Bangkok, Thailand.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Suteeraporn Pinyakorn
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Rapee Trichavaroj
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sandhya Vasan
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Cavan Reilly
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Erika Helgeson
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jodi Anderson
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Jacob Zulk
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mark de Souza
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra Schuetz
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Merlin L Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Ashley Haase
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jintanat Ananworanich
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Current Moderna, Cambridge, MA
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20
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Mvaya L, Khaba T, Lakudzala AE, Nkosi T, Jambo N, Kadwala I, Kankwatira A, Patel PD, Gordon MA, Nyirenda TS, Jambo KC, Ndhlovu ZM. Differential localization and limited cytotoxic potential of duodenal CD8+ T cells. JCI Insight 2022; 7:154195. [PMID: 35132966 PMCID: PMC8855799 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.154195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The duodenum is a major site of HIV persistence during suppressive antiretroviral therapy despite harboring abundant tissue-resident memory (Trm) CD8+ T cells. The role of duodenal Trm CD8+ T cells in viral control is still not well defined. We examined the spatial localization, phenotype, and function of CD8+ T cells in the human duodenal tissue from people living with HIV (PLHIV) and healthy controls. We found that Trm (CD69+CD103hi) cells were the predominant CD8+ T cell population in the duodenum. Immunofluorescence imaging of the duodenal tissue revealed that CD103+CD8+ T cells were localized in the intraepithelial region, while CD103–CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells were mostly localized in the lamina propria (LP). Furthermore, HIV-specific CD8+ T cells were enriched in the CD69+CD103–/lo population. However, the duodenal HIV-specific CD8+ Trm cells rarely expressed canonical molecules for potent cytolytic function (perforin and granzyme B) but were more polyfunctional than those from peripheral blood. Taken together, our results show that duodenal CD8+ Trm cells possess limited perforin-mediated cytolytic potential and are spatially separated from HIV-susceptible LP CD4+ T cells. This could contribute to HIV persistence in the duodenum and provides critical information for the design of cure therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Mvaya
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Trevor Khaba
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Agness E Lakudzala
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - Ndaru Jambo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Department of Pathology, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi.,Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Innocent Kadwala
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Department of Pathology, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Anstead Kankwatira
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Priyanka D Patel
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Melita A Gordon
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tonney S Nyirenda
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Department of Pathology, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Kondwani C Jambo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Zaza M Ndhlovu
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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21
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Pampusch MS, Abdelaal HM, Cartwright EK, Molden JS, Davey BC, Sauve JD, Sevcik EN, Rendahl AK, Rakasz EG, Connick E, Berger EA, Skinner PJ. CAR/CXCR5-T cell immunotherapy is safe and potentially efficacious in promoting sustained remission of SIV infection. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1009831. [PMID: 35130312 PMCID: PMC8853520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection prior to AIDS progression, the vast majority of viral replication is concentrated within B cell follicles of secondary lymphoid tissues. We investigated whether infusion of T cells expressing an SIV-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) and the follicular homing receptor, CXCR5, could successfully kill viral-RNA+ cells in targeted lymphoid follicles in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. In this study, CD4 and CD8 T cells from rhesus macaques were genetically modified to express antiviral CAR and CXCR5 moieties (generating CAR/CXCR5-T cells) and autologously infused into a chronically infected animal. At 2 days post-treatment, the CAR/CXCR5-T cells were located primarily in spleen and lymph nodes both inside and outside of lymphoid follicles. Few CAR/CXCR5-T cells were detected in the ileum, rectum, and lung, and no cells were detected in the bone marrow, liver, or brain. Within follicles, CAR/CXCR5-T cells were found in direct contact with SIV-viral RNA+ cells. We next infused CAR/CXCR5-T cells into ART-suppressed SIV-infected rhesus macaques, in which the animals were released from ART at the time of infusion. These CAR/CXCR5-T cells replicated in vivo within both the extrafollicular and follicular regions of lymph nodes and accumulated within lymphoid follicles. CAR/CXR5-T cell concentrations in follicles peaked during the first week post-infusion but declined to undetectable levels after 2 to 4 weeks. Overall, CAR/CXCR5-T cell-treated animals maintained lower viral loads and follicular viral RNA levels than untreated control animals, and no outstanding adverse reactions were noted. These findings indicate that CAR/CXCR5-T cell treatment is safe and holds promise as a future treatment for the durable remission of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary S. Pampusch
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Hadia M. Abdelaal
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Emily K. Cartwright
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jhomary S. Molden
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Brianna C. Davey
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jordan D. Sauve
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Emily N. Sevcik
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Aaron K. Rendahl
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Eva G. Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Connick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Berger
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pamela J. Skinner
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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22
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Hypermethylation at the CXCR5 gene locus limits trafficking potential of CD8+ T cells into B-cell follicles during HIV-1 infection. Blood Adv 2022; 6:1904-1916. [PMID: 34991160 PMCID: PMC8941472 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T-cells play an important role in HIV control. However, in human lymph nodes (LNs), only a small subset of CD8+ T-cells expresses CXCR5, the chemokine receptor required for cell migration into B cell follicles, which are major sanctuaries for HIV persistence in individuals on therapy. Here, we investigate the impact of HIV infection on follicular CD8+ T-cells (fCD8s) frequencies, trafficking pattern and CXCR5 regulation. We show that, although HIV infection results in a marginal increase of fCD8s in LN, the majority of HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells are CXCR5 negative (non-fCD8s) (p<0.003). Mechanistic investigations using ATAC-seq showed that non-fCD8s have closed chromatin at the CXCR5 transcriptional start site (TSS). DNA bisulfite sequencing identified DNA hypermethylation at the CXCR5 TSS as the most probable cause of closed chromatin. Transcriptional factor footprints analysis revealed enrichment of transforming growth factors (TGFs) at the TSS of fCD8s. In-vitro stimulation of non-fCD8s with recombinant TGF-β resulted in significant increase in CXCR5 expression (fCD8s). Thus, this study identifies TGF-β signaling as a viable strategy for increasing fCD8s frequencies in follicular areas of the LN where they are needed to eliminate HIV infected cells, with implications for HIV cure strategies.
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23
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Implications of the accumulation of CXCR5 + NK cells in lymph nodes of HIV-1 infected patients. EBioMedicine 2022; 75:103794. [PMID: 34973625 PMCID: PMC8728057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background B cell follicles are immune-privileged sites where intensive HIV-1 replication and latency occur, preventing a permanent cure. Recent study showed that CXCR5+ NK cells in B cell follicles can inhibit SIV replication in African green monkeys, but this has not been reported in HIV-1 infected patients. Methods Lymphocytes and tissue sections of lymph node were collected from 11 HIV-1 positive antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive and 19 HIV-1 negative donors. We performed immunofluorescence and RNA-scope to detect the location of CXCR5+ NK cells and its relationship with HIV-1 RNA, and performed flow cytometry and RNA-seq to analyze the frequency, phenotypic and functional characteristics of CXCR5+ NK cells. The CXCL13 expression were detected by immunohistochemistry. Findings CXCR5+ NK cells, which accumulated in LNs from HIV-1 infected individuals, expressed high levels of activating receptors such as NKG2D and NKp44. CXCR5+ NK cells had upregulated expression of CD107a and β-chemokines, which were partially impaired in HIV-1 infection. Importantly, the frequency of CXCR5+NK cells was inversely related to the HIV-1 viral burden in LNs. In addition, CXCL13—the ligand of CXCR5—was upregulated in HIV-1 infected individuals and positively correlated with the frequency of CXCR5+ NK cells. Interpretation During chronic HIV-1 infection, CXCR5+ NK cells accumulated in lymph node, exhibit altered immune characteristics and underlying anti-HIV-1 effect, which may be an effective target for a functional cure of HIV-1.
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24
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Pampusch MS, Hajduczki A, Mwakalundwa G, Connick E, Berger EA, Skinner PJ. Production and Characterization of SIV-Specific CAR/CXCR5 T Cells. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2421:171-185. [PMID: 34870819 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1944-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
HIV-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells that target lymphoid follicles have the potential to functionally cure HIV infection. CD8+ T cells, NK cells, or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) may be modified to express HIV-specific CARs as well as follicular homing molecules such as CXCR5 to target the virally infected T follicular helper cells that concentrate within B cell follicles during HIV infection. This chapter outlines methods utilizing a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) rhesus macaque model of HIV to produce transduced T cells from primary PBMCs. Methods are presented for production of an SIV-specific CAR/CXCR5-encoding retrovirus used to transduce primary rhesus macaque PBMCs. Procedures to evaluate the functionality of the expanded CAR/CXCR5 T cells in vitro and ex vivo are also presented. An in vitro migration assay determines the ability of the T cells expressing CAR/CXCR5 to migrate to the CXCR5 ligand CXCL13, while an ex vivo migration assay allows measurement of the transduced T cell migration into the B cell follicle. Antiviral activity of the CAR/CXCR5 transduced T cells is determined using a viral suppression assay. These methods can be used to produce T cells for immunotherapy in SIV-infected rhesus macaques and to evaluate the functionality of the cells prior to infusion. Similar procedures can be used to produce HIV-specific CAR/CXCR5 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary S Pampusch
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
| | - Agnes Hajduczki
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gwantwa Mwakalundwa
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Elizabeth Connick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Edward A Berger
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pamela J Skinner
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
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Collins DR, Urbach JM, Racenet ZJ, Arshad U, Power KA, Newman RM, Mylvaganam GH, Ly NL, Lian X, Rull A, Rassadkina Y, Yanez AG, Peluso MJ, Deeks SG, Vidal F, Lichterfeld M, Yu XG, Gaiha GD, Allen TM, Walker BD. Functional impairment of HIV-specific CD8 + T cells precedes aborted spontaneous control of viremia. Immunity 2021; 54:2372-2384.e7. [PMID: 34496223 PMCID: PMC8516715 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous control of HIV infection has been repeatedly linked to antiviral CD8+ T cells but is not always permanent. To address mechanisms of durable and aborted control of viremia, we evaluated immunologic and virologic parameters longitudinally among 34 HIV-infected subjects with differential outcomes. Despite sustained recognition of autologous virus, HIV-specific proliferative and cytolytic T cell effector functions became selectively and intrinsically impaired prior to aborted control. Longitudinal transcriptomic profiling of functionally impaired HIV-specific CD8+ T cells revealed altered expression of genes related to activation, cytokine-mediated signaling, and cell cycle regulation, including increased expression of the antiproliferative transcription factor KLF2 but not of genes associated with canonical exhaustion. Lymphoid HIV-specific CD8+ T cells also exhibited poor functionality during aborted control relative to durable control. Our results identify selective functional impairment of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells as prognostic of impending aborted HIV control, with implications for clinical monitoring and immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Collins
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Umar Arshad
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Karen A Power
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ruchi M Newman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Geetha H Mylvaganam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Ngoc L Ly
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiaodong Lian
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna Rull
- Joan XXIII University Hospital, Pere Virgili Institute (IISPV), Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Yelizaveta Rassadkina
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adrienne G Yanez
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Michael J Peluso
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Francesc Vidal
- Joan XXIII University Hospital, Pere Virgili Institute (IISPV), Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xu G Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gaurav D Gaiha
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Todd M Allen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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26
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Rahman SA, Yagnik B, Bally AP, Morrow KN, Wang S, Vanderford TH, Freeman GJ, Ahmed R, Amara RR. PD-1 blockade and vaccination provide therapeutic benefit against SIV by inducing broad and functional CD8 + T cells in lymphoid tissue. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabh3034. [PMID: 34516743 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abh3034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Abdul Rahman
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bhrugu Yagnik
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexander P Bally
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kristen N Morrow
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shelly Wang
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas H Vanderford
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rama Rao Amara
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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27
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Harwood O, O’Connor S. Therapeutic Potential of IL-15 and N-803 in HIV/SIV Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091750. [PMID: 34578331 PMCID: PMC8473246 DOI: 10.3390/v13091750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-15, a proinflammatory cytokine critical for the generation, maintenance, and homeostasis of T cell responses, is produced naturally in response to HIV/SIV infection, but has also demonstrated therapeutic potential. IL-15 can boost CD4+ and CD8+ T cell and NK cell proliferation, activation, and function. However, IL-15 treatment may cause aberrant immune activation and accelerated disease progression in certain circumstances. Moreover, the relationship between the timing of IL-15 administration and disease progression remains unclear. The IL-15 superagonist N-803 was developed to expand the therapeutic potential of IL-15 by maximizing its tissue distribution and half-life. N-803 has garnered enthusiasm recently as a way to enhance the innate and cellular immune responses to HIV/SIV by improving CD8+ T cell recognition and killing of virus-infected cells and directing immune cells to mucosal sites and lymph nodes, the primary sites of virus replication. N-803 has also been evaluated in “shock and kill” strategies due to its potential to reverse latency (shock) and enhance antiviral immunity (kill). This review examines the current literature about the effects of IL-15 and N-803 on innate and cellular immunity, viral burden, and latency reversal in the context of HIV/SIV, and their therapeutic potential both alone and combined with additional interventions such as antiretroviral therapy (ART) and vaccination.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV persists in distinct cellular and anatomical compartments in the body including blood, Central nervous system, and lymphoid tissues (spleen, lymph nodes [LNs], gut-associated lymphoid tissue) by diverse mechanisms despite antiretroviral therapy. Within LNs, human and animal studies have highlighted that a specific CD4 T cell subset - called T follicular helper cells locating in B cell follicles is enriched in cells containing replication-competent HIV as compared to extra-follicular CD4 T cells. Therefore, the objective of the present review is to focus on the potential mechanisms allowing HIV to persist within LN microenvironment. RECENT FINDINGS The combination of factors that might be involved in the regulation of HIV persistence within LNs remain to be fully identified but may include - the level of activation, antiretroviral drug concentrations, presence of cytolytic mechanisms and/or regulatory cells, in addition to cell survival and proliferation propensity which would ultimately determine the fate of HIV-infected cells within LN tissue areas. SUMMARY HIV persistence in blood and distinct body compartments despite long-standing and potent therapy is one of the major barriers to a cure. Given that the HIV reservoir is established early and is highly complex based on composition, viral diversity, distribution, replication competence, migration dynamics across the human body and possible compartmentalization in specific tissues, combinatorial therapeutic approaches are needed that may synergize to target multiple viral reservoirs to achieve a cure for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhima Banga
- Divisions of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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Graalmann T, Borst K, Manchanda H, Vaas L, Bruhn M, Graalmann L, Koster M, Verboom M, Hallensleben M, Guzmán CA, Sutter G, Schmidt RE, Witte T, Kalinke U. B cell depletion impairs vaccination-induced CD8 + T cell responses in a type I interferon-dependent manner. Ann Rheum Dis 2021; 80:1537-1544. [PMID: 34226189 PMCID: PMC8600602 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody rituximab is frequently applied in the treatment of lymphoma as well as autoimmune diseases and confers efficient depletion of recirculating B cells. Correspondingly, B cell-depleted patients barely mount de novo antibody responses during infections or vaccinations. Therefore, efficient immune responses of B cell-depleted patients largely depend on protective T cell responses. METHODS CD8+ T cell expansion was studied in rituximab-treated rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and B cell-deficient mice on vaccination/infection with different vaccines/pathogens. RESULTS Rituximab-treated RA patients vaccinated with Influvac showed reduced expansion of influenza-specific CD8+ T cells when compared with healthy controls. Moreover, B cell-deficient JHT mice infected with mouse-adapted Influenza or modified vaccinia virus Ankara showed less vigorous expansion of virus-specific CD8+ T cells than wild type mice. Of note, JHT mice do not have an intrinsic impairment of CD8+ T cell expansion, since infection with vaccinia virus induced similar T cell expansion in JHT and wild type mice. Direct type I interferon receptor signalling of B cells was necessary to induce several chemokines in B cells and to support T cell help by enhancing the expression of MHC-I. CONCLUSIONS Depending on the stimulus, B cells can modulate CD8+ T cell responses. Thus, B cell depletion causes a deficiency of de novo antibody responses and affects the efficacy of cellular response including cytotoxic T cells. The choice of the appropriate vaccine to vaccinate B cell-depleted patients has to be re-evaluated in order to efficiently induce protective CD8+ T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Graalmann
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany.,Department for Rheumatology and Immunology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Katharina Borst
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Himanshu Manchanda
- Institute for Bioinformatics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lea Vaas
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Matthias Bruhn
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Lukas Graalmann
- Department for Respiratory Medicine, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Mario Koster
- Department of Gene Regulation and Differentiation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Murielle Verboom
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Michael Hallensleben
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Carlos Alberto Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Division of Virology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhold E Schmidt
- Department for Rheumatology and Immunology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence - Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST), Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Torsten Witte
- Department for Rheumatology and Immunology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence - Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST), Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany .,Cluster of Excellence - Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST), Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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30
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Onabajo OO, Mattapallil JJ. Gut Microbiome Homeostasis and the CD4 T- Follicular Helper Cell IgA Axis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:657679. [PMID: 33815419 PMCID: PMC8017181 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.657679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) are associated with severe perturbations in the gut mucosal environment characterized by massive viral replication and depletion of CD4 T cells leading to dysbiosis, breakdown of the epithelial barrier, microbial translocation, immune activation and disease progression. Multiple mechanisms play a role in maintaining homeostasis in the gut mucosa and protecting the integrity of the epithelial barrier. Among these are the secretory IgA (sIgA) that are produced daily in vast quantities throughout the mucosa and play a pivotal role in preventing commensal microbes from breaching the epithelial barrier. These microbe specific, high affinity IgA are produced by IgA+ plasma cells that are present within the Peyer’s Patches, mesenteric lymph nodes and the isolated lymphoid follicles that are prevalent in the lamina propria of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Differentiation, maturation and class switching to IgA producing plasma cells requires help from T follicular helper (Tfh) cells that are present within these lymphoid tissues. HIV replication and CD4 T cell depletion is accompanied by severe dysregulation of Tfh cell responses that compromises the generation of mucosal IgA that in turn alters barrier integrity leading to commensal bacteria readily breaching the epithelial barrier and causing mucosal pathology. Here we review the effect of HIV infection on Tfh cells and mucosal IgA responses in the GIT and the consequences these have for gut dysbiosis and mucosal immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun O Onabajo
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joseph J Mattapallil
- F. E. Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
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31
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Swanstrom AE, Immonen TT, Oswald K, Pyle C, Thomas JA, Bosche WJ, Silipino L, Hull M, Newman L, Coalter V, Wiles A, Wiles R, Kiser J, Morcock DR, Shoemaker R, Fast R, Breed MW, Kramer J, Donohue D, Malys T, Fennessey CM, Trubey CM, Deleage C, Estes JD, Lifson JD, Keele BF, Del Prete GQ. Antibody-mediated depletion of viral reservoirs is limited in SIV-infected macaques treated early with antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:142421. [PMID: 33465055 PMCID: PMC7954603 DOI: 10.1172/jci142421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of virus-specific strategies, including administered HIV-specific mAbs, to target cells that persistently harbor latent, rebound-competent HIV genomes during combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has been limited by inefficient induction of viral protein expression. To examine antibody-mediated viral reservoir targeting without a need for viral induction, we used an anti-CD4 mAb to deplete both infected and uninfected CD4+ T cells. Ten rhesus macaques infected with barcoded SIVmac239M received cART for 93 weeks starting 4 days after infection. During cART, 5 animals received 5 to 6 anti-CD4 antibody administrations and CD4+ T cell populations were then allowed 1 year on cART to recover. Despite profound CD4+ T cell depletion in blood and lymph nodes, time to viral rebound following cART cessation was not significantly delayed in anti-CD4-treated animals compared with controls. Viral reactivation rates, determined based on rebounding SIVmac239M clonotype proportions, also were not significantly different in CD4-depleted animals. Notably, antibody-mediated depletion was limited in rectal tissue and negligible in lymphoid follicles. These results suggest that, even if robust viral reactivation can be achieved, antibody-mediated viral reservoir depletion may be limited in key tissue sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Duncan Donohue
- DMS Applied Information and Management Sciences, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Tyler Malys
- DMS Applied Information and Management Sciences, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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32
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The Role of Tissue Resident Memory CD4 T Cells in Herpes Simplex Viral and HIV Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030359. [PMID: 33668777 PMCID: PMC7996247 DOI: 10.3390/v13030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) were first described in 2009. While initially the major focus was on CD8+ TRM, there has recently been increased interest in defining the phenotype and the role of CD4+ TRM in diseases. Circulating CD4+ T cells seed CD4+ TRM, but there also appears to be an equilibrium between CD4+ TRM and blood CD4+ T cells. CD4+ TRM are more mobile than CD8+ TRM, usually localized deeper within the dermis/lamina propria and yet may exhibit synergy with CD8+ TRM in disease control. This has been demonstrated in herpes simplex infections in mice. In human recurrent herpes infections, both CD4+ and CD8+ TRM persisting between lesions may control asymptomatic shedding through interferon-gamma secretion, although this has been more clearly shown for CD8+ T cells. The exact role of the CD4+/CD8+ TRM axis in the trigeminal ganglia and/or cornea in controlling recurrent herpetic keratitis is unknown. In HIV, CD4+ TRM have now been shown to be a major target for productive and latent infection in the cervix. In HSV and HIV co-infections, CD4+ TRM persisting in the dermis support HIV replication. Further understanding of the role of CD4+ TRM and their induction by vaccines may help control sexual transmission by both viruses.
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Fromentin R, Chomont N. HIV persistence in subsets of CD4+ T cells: 50 shades of reservoirs. Semin Immunol 2021; 51:101438. [PMID: 33272901 PMCID: PMC8164644 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy controls HIV replication but does not eliminate the virus from the infected host. The persistence of a small pool of cells harboring integrated and replication-competent HIV genomes impedes viral eradication efforts. The HIV reservoir was originally described as a relatively homogeneous pool of resting memory CD4+ T cells. Over the past 20 years, the identification of multiple cellular subsets of CD4+ T cells endowed with distinct biological properties shed new lights on the heterogeneity of HIV reservoirs. It is now clear that HIV persists in a large variety of CD4+ T cells, which contribute to HIV persistence through different mechanisms. In this review, we summarize recent findings indicating that specific biological features of well-characterized subsets of CD4+ T cells individually contribute to the persistence of HIV. These include an increased sensitivity to HIV infection, specific tissue locations, enhanced survival and heightened capacity to proliferate. We also discuss the relative abilities of these cellular reservoirs to contribute to viral rebound upon ART interruption. Together, these findings reveal that the HIV reservoir is not homogeneous and should be viewed as a mosaic of multiple cell types that all contribute to HIV persistence through different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Fromentin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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34
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HIV Antibody Fc N-Linked Glycosylation Is Associated with Viral Rebound. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108502. [PMID: 33326789 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in antibody glycosylation are linked to inflammation across several diseases. Alterations in bulk antibody galactosylation can predict rheumatic flares, act as a sensor for immune activation, predict gastric cancer relapse, track with biological age, shift with vaccination, change with HIV reservoir size on therapy, and decrease in HIV and HCV infections. However, whether changes in antibody Fc biology also track with reservoir rebound time remains unclear. The identification of a biomarker that could forecast viral rebound time could significantly accelerate the downselection and iterative improvement of promising HIV viral eradication strategies. Using a comprehensive antibody Fc-profiling approach, the level of HIV-specific antibody Fc N-galactosylation is significantly associated with time to rebound after treatment discontinuation across three independent cohorts. Thus virus-specific antibody glycosylation may represent a promising, simply measured marker to track reservoir reactivation.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The application of immunotherapies to HIV presents a new horizon of treatment options, but little is known about what impact they may have on the central nervous system (CNS). Here we review the most promising immunotherapeutic strategies that can be used to target HIV in the CNS and focus on identifying their potential benefits while exploring the challenges that remain in their application. RECENT FINDINGS We have identified five immunotherapeutic strategies that hold potential in managing CNS disease among HIV-infected patients. These include broadly neutralizing antibodies, multi-affinity antibodies, CAR-T cell therapy, checkpoint inhibitors, and therapeutic vaccines. Each class of immunotherapy presents unique mechanisms by which CNS viremia and latency may be addressed but are faced with several challenges. CAR-T cell therapy and multi-affinity antibodies seem to hold promise, but combination therapy is likely to be most effective. However, more human trials are needed before the clinical benefits of these therapies are realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kapoor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Sabrina Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue E/CLS 1011, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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36
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Ward AR, Mota TM, Jones RB. Immunological approaches to HIV cure. Semin Immunol 2020; 51:101412. [PMID: 32981836 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has proven remarkably successful - for those who can access and afford it - yet HIV infection persists indefinitely in a reservoir of cells, despite effective ART and despite host antiviral immune responses. An HIV cure is therefore the next aspirational goal and challenge, though approaches differ in their objectives - with 'functional cures' aiming for durable viral control in the absence of ART, and 'sterilizing cures' aiming for the more difficult to realize objective of complete viral eradication. Mechanisms of HIV persistence, including viral latency, anatomical sequestration, suboptimal immune functioning, reservoir replenishment, target cell-intrinsic immune resistance, and, potentially, target cell distraction of immune effectors, likely need to be overcome in order to achieve a cure. A small fraction of people living with HIV (PLWH) naturally control infection via immune-mediated mechanisms, however, providing both sound rationale and optimism that an immunological approach to cure is possible. Herein we review up to date knowledge and emerging evidence on: the mechanisms contributing to HIV persistence, as well as potential strategies to overcome these barriers; promising immunological approaches to achieve viral control and elimination of reservoir-harboring cells, including harnessing adaptive immune responses to HIV and engineered therapies, as well as enhancers of their functions and of complementary innate immune functioning; and combination strategies that are most likely to succeed. Ultimately, a cure must be safe, effective, durable, and, eventually, scalable in order to be widely acceptable and available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Ward
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; PhD Program in Epidemiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Talia M Mota
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Brad Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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37
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Zhao S, Xu W, Tu B, Hong WG, Zhang Z, Chen WW, Zhao M. Alterations of the frequency and functions of follicular regulatory T cells and related mechanisms in HIV infection. J Infect 2020; 81:776-784. [PMID: 32956725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection impairs both cellular and humoral immune system. Follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells are a recently characterised subset of CD4+T cells. Tfr also exerts an immunosuppressive effect on humoral immune system through interaction with follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, but the role of Tfr in HIV infection needs to be further elucidated. 20 treatment-naïve and 20 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated HIV-infected individuals were enrolled for cross-sectional study and nine complete responders (CRs) and eight immune non-responders (INRs) after ART were collected for retrospective cohort study. Tfr phenotypes, cytokine secretions, and apoptosis of those subjects were evaluated by flow cytometry. HIV DNA was measured by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Significantly increased circulating Tfr was observed in chronic HIV+ patients and the imbalance between Tfr and Tfh17 was associated with CD4+T counts. In addition, an elevated proportion of Tfr was associated with immune reconstruction failure of patients after ART. The IL-10 and CTLA-4 expressions of Tfr cells were up-regulated in treatment-naïve HIV+ patients. Ex vivo experiments showed IL-10 and CTLA-4 expressed by Tfr inhibited IL-21 secretion of Tfh. Tfr harboured a comparable HIV-1 DNA level with Tfh in HIV+ patients. Compared to Tfr of HCs, Tfr cells of HIV+ patients were more insensitive to CD95 and IFN-α induced apoptosis, had a higher proliferation rate, and had more stem-like T cell (Tscm) phenotype. The anti-apoptosis feature, higher proliferation rate, and Tscm-like features of Tfr in HIV+ patients, led to the expansion of Tfr which in turn resulted in dysfunction of Tfh. Tfr cells were also involved in immune reconstruction failure and latent infection of HIV. Tfr cells were a novel, and potentially therapeutic, target for the cure of HIV infection, especially for HIV vaccine development and HIV reservoir elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, NO. 100, Xisihuan Road, FengTai District, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Bo Tu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, NO. 100, Xisihuan Road, FengTai District, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Wei-Guo Hong
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, NO. 100, Xisihuan Road, FengTai District, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, NO. 100, Xisihuan Road, FengTai District, Beijing 100039, China; Institute of Hepatology, Shenzhen 3rd People's Hospital, NO. 29, Bulan Road, Shenzhen City, Guangdong 518100, China.
| | - Wei-Wei Chen
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, NO. 100, Xisihuan Road, FengTai District, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Min Zhao
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, NO. 100, Xisihuan Road, FengTai District, Beijing 100039, China.
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38
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Therapeutic Vaccines for the Treatment of HIV. Transl Res 2020; 223:61-75. [PMID: 32438074 PMCID: PMC8188575 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the success of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) in transforming HIV into a manageable disease, it has become evident that long-term ART will not eliminate the HIV reservoir and cure the infection. Alternative strategies to eradicate HIV infection, or at least induce a state of viral control and drug-free remission are therefore needed. Therapeutic vaccination aims to induce or enhance immunity to alter the course of a disease. In this review we provide an overview of the current state of therapeutic HIV vaccine research and summarize the obstacles that the field faces while highlighting potential ways forward for a strategy to cure HIV infection.
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39
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Pomplun NL, Vosler L, Weisgrau KL, Furlott J, Weiler AM, Abdelaal HM, Evans DT, Watkins DI, Matano T, Skinner PJ, Friedrich TC, Rakasz EG. Immunophenotyping of Rhesus CMV-Specific CD8 T-Cell Populations. Cytometry A 2020; 99:278-288. [PMID: 32713108 PMCID: PMC7855655 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A vaccine to ameliorate cytomegalovirus (CMV)-related pathogenicity in transplantation patients is considered a top priority. A therapeutic vaccine must include components that elicit both neutralizing antibodies, and highly effective CD8 T-cell responses. The most important translational model of vaccine development is the captive-bred rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) of Indian origin. There is a dearth of information on rhesus cytomegalovirus (rhCMV)-specific CD8 T cells due to the absence of well-defined CD8 T-cell epitopes presented by classical MHC-I molecules. In the current study, we defined two CD8 T-cell epitopes restricted by high-frequency Mamu alleles: the Mamu-A1*002:01 restricted VY9 (VTTLGMALY aa291-299) epitope of protein IE-1, and the Mamu-A1*008:01 restricted NP8 (NPTDRPIP aa96-103) epitope of protein phosphoprotein 65-2. We developed tetramers and determined the level, phenotype, and functional capability of the two epitope-specific T-cell populations in circulation and various tissues. We demonstrated the value of these tetramers for in situ tetramer staining. Here, we first provided critical reagents and established a flow cytometric staining strategy to study rhCMV-specific T-cell responses in up to 40% of captive-bred rhesus macaques. © 2020 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L Pomplun
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Logan Vosler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kim L Weisgrau
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jessica Furlott
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrea M Weiler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hadia M Abdelaal
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - David T Evans
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David I Watkins
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Tetsuro Matano
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pamela J Skinner
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Thomas C Friedrich
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Eva G Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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40
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Nguyen S, Sada-Japp A, Petrovas C, Betts MR. Jigsaw falling into place: A review and perspective of lymphoid tissue CD8+ T cells and control of HIV. Mol Immunol 2020; 124:42-50. [PMID: 32526556 PMCID: PMC7279761 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are crucial for immunity against viral infections, including HIV. Several characteristics of CD8+ T cells, such as polyfunctionality and cytotoxicity, have been correlated with effective control of HIV. However, most of these correlates have been established in the peripheral blood. Meanwhile, HIV primarily replicates in lymphoid tissues. Therefore, it is unclear which aspects of CD8+ T cell biology are shared and which are different between blood and lymphoid tissues in the context of HIV infection. In this review, we will recapitulate the latest advancements of our knowledge on lymphoid tissue CD8+ T cells during HIV infection and discuss the insights these advancements might provide for the development of a HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alberto Sada-Japp
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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41
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Chen H, Moussa M, Catalfamo M. The Role of Immunomodulatory Receptors in the Pathogenesis of HIV Infection: A Therapeutic Opportunity for HIV Cure? Front Immunol 2020; 11:1223. [PMID: 32714317 PMCID: PMC7343933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune activation is the hallmark of HIV infection and plays a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. In the context of suppressed HIV RNA replication by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), there remains immune activation which is associated to the HIV reservoirs. Persistent virus contributes to a sustained inflammatory environment promoting accumulation of "activated/exhausted" T cells with diminished effector function. These T cells show increased expression of immunomodulatory receptors including Programmed cell death protein (PD1), Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Associated Protein 4 (CTLA4), Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3), T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing 3 (TIM3) among others. More importantly, recent reports had demonstrated that, HIV infected T cells express checkpoint receptors, contributing to their survival and promoting maintenance of the viral reservoir. Therapeutic strategies are focused on viral reservoir elimination and/or those to achieve sustained cART-free virologic remission. In this review, we will discuss the immunological basis and the latest advances of the use of checkpoint inhibitors to treat HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
- CMRS/Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Maha Moussa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Marta Catalfamo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
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Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) potently inhibit HIV replication, they do not eradicate the virus. HIV persists in cellular and anatomical reservoirs that show minimal decay during ART. A large number of studies conducted during the past 20 years have shown that HIV persists in a small pool of cells harboring integrated and replication-competent viral genomes. The majority of these cells do not produce viral particles and constitute what is referred to as the latent reservoir of HIV infection. Therefore, although HIV is not considered as a typical latent virus, it can establish a state of nonproductive infection under rare circumstances, particularly in memory CD4+ T cells, which represent the main barrier to HIV eradication. While it was originally thought that the pool of latently infected cells was largely composed of cells harboring transcriptionally silent genomes, recent evidence indicates that several blocks contribute to the nonproductive state of these cells. Here, we describe the virological and immunological factors that play a role in the establishment and persistence of the pool of latently infected cells and review the current approaches aimed at eliminating the latent HIV reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Gantner
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology and
| | - Rémi Fromentin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology and
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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43
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Mann BT, Sambrano E, Maggirwar SB, Soriano-Sarabia N. Boosting the Immune System for HIV Cure: A γδ T Cell Perspective. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:221. [PMID: 32509594 PMCID: PMC7248175 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The major barrier to HIV cure is a population of long-lived cells that harbor latent but replication-competent virus, are not eliminated by antiretroviral therapy (ART), and remain indistinguishable from uninfected cells. However, ART does not cure HIV infection, side effects to treatment still occur, and the steady global rate of new infections makes finding a sustained ART-free HIV remission or cure for HIV-seropositive individuals urgently needed. Approaches aimed to cure HIV are mostly based on the "shock and kill" method that entails the use of a drug compound to reactivate latent virus paired together with strategies to boost or supplement the existing immune system to clear reactivated latently infected cells. Traditionally, these strategies have utilized CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL) but have been met with a number of challenges. Enhancing innate immune cell populations, such as γδ T cells, may provide an alternative route to HIV cure. γδ T cells possess anti-viral and cytotoxic capabilities that have been shown to directly inhibit HIV infection and specifically eliminate reactivated, latently infected cells in vitro. Most notably, their access to immune privileged anatomical sites and MHC-independent antigen recognition may circumvent many of the challenges facing CTL-based strategies. In this review, we discuss the role of γδ T cells in normal immunity and HIV infection as well as their current use in strategies to treat cancer. We present this information as means to speculate about the utilization of γδ T cells for HIV cure strategies and highlight some of the fundamental gaps in knowledge that require investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Natalia Soriano-Sarabia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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44
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Fenwick C, Joo V, Jacquier P, Noto A, Banga R, Perreau M, Pantaleo G. T-cell exhaustion in HIV infection. Immunol Rev 2020; 292:149-163. [PMID: 31883174 PMCID: PMC7003858 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The T‐cell response is central in the adaptive immune‐mediated elimination of pathogen‐infected and/or cancer cells. This activated T‐cell response can inflict an overwhelming degree of damage to the targeted cells, which in most instances leads to the control and elimination of foreign invaders. However, in conditions of chronic infection, persistent exposure of T cells to high levels of antigen results in a severe T‐cell dysfunctional state called exhaustion. T‐cell exhaustion leads to a suboptimal immune‐mediated control of multiple viral infections including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In this review, we will discuss the role of T‐cell exhaustion in HIV disease progression, the long‐term defect of T‐cell function even in aviremic patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART), the role of exhaustion‐specific markers in maintaining a reservoir of latently infected cells, and exploiting these markers in HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Fenwick
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Victor Joo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Jacquier
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Noto
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Riddhima Banga
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Perreau
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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45
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Yang HG, Jiao YM, Huang HH, Zhang C, Zhang JY, Xu RN, Song JW, Fan X, Jin L, Shi M, Wang FS. Transforming growth factor-β promotes the function of HIV-specific CXCR5 + CD8 T cells. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:458-468. [PMID: 32221997 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
HIV replication can be inhibited by CXCR5+ CD8 T cells (follicular cytotoxic T cell [TFC]) which transfer into B-cell follicles where latent HIV infection persists. However, how cytokines affect TFC remain unclear. Understanding which cytokines show the ability to affect TFC could be a key strategy toward curing HIV. Similar mechanisms could be used for the growth and transfer of TFCs and follicular helper T (TFH) cells; as a result, we hypothesized that cytokines IL-6, IL-21, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), which are necessary for the differentiation of TFH cells, could also dictate the development of TFCs. In this work, lymph node mononuclear cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-infected individuals were cocultured with IL-6, IL-21, and TGF-β. We then carried out T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire analysis to compare the differences between CXCR5- and CXCR5+ CD8 T cells. Our results showed that the percentage and function of TFC can be enhanced by stimulation with TGF-β. Besides, TGF-β stimulation enhanced the diversity of TCR and complementarity-determining region 3 sequences. HIV DNA showed a negative correlation with TFC. The use of TGF-β to promote the expression of CXCR5+ CD8 T cells could become a new treatment approach for curing HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ge Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Immunology, Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Mei Jiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Huang Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo-Nan Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Wen Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
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46
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Paiardini M, Dhodapkar K, Harper J, Deeks SG, Ahmed R. Editorial: HIV and Cancer Immunotherapy: Similar Challenges and Converging Approaches. Front Immunol 2020; 11:519. [PMID: 32296432 PMCID: PMC7138010 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kavita Dhodapkar
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Justin Harper
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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47
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Everything in its right place: resident memory CD8+ T cell immunosurveillance of HIV infection. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2020; 14:93-99. [PMID: 30520744 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To introduce emerging concepts in tissue resident CD8 T cell immunosurveillance and their relevance to control HIV infection. RECENT FINDINGS It is well appreciated that HIV preferentially infects and persists in CD4 T cells located in gut and in lymphoid tissue, yet the majority of known immunological correlates of HIV control are derived from peripheral blood. Instead, tissue-based immunological surveillance likely dictates the course of infection. Recent studies have established that nonrecirculating resident memory CD4 and CD8 T cells can be found in virtually every human tissue. These cells bear a transcriptional profile of tissue retention and immediate effector function, suggesting a pivotal role in protective immunity. Resident memory CD8 T cells specific for HIV have been found in higher numbers in sites of HIV persistence (gut and lymph nodes), and are inversely associated with HIV viral titers. These findings, along with previous studies on tissue-derived cells now known to include resident memory cells, shed new light on the compartmentalization of the immune response against HIV and its correlates of protection. SUMMARY Resident memory CD8 T cells represent a critical unexplored component of immune surveillance in the setting of HIV infection. Understanding the induction, dynamics, and functional properties of HIV-specific resident memory T cells in relevant tissues will better inform efforts in the treatment, control, and potential cure of HIV infection.
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48
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Follicular T-cell subsets in HIV infection: recent advances in pathogenesis research. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2020; 14:71-76. [PMID: 30585797 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW T cells within B-cell follicles of secondary lymphoid tissues play key roles in HIV immunopathogenesis. This review highlights recent findings and identifies gaps in current knowledge. RECENT FINDINGS B-cell follicles are major sites of virus replication and demonstrate significant impairments in the generation of humoral immunity in HIV infection. Follicular T helper cells (Tfh), follicular T regulatory cells (Tfr) and follicular CD8 T cells (fCD8) play key roles in HIV immunopathogenesis. Tfh and more recently Tfr are highly permissive to HIV, and may serve as reservoirs of HIV in treated infection. Virus-specific CD8 T cells are less abundant in B-cell follicles than extrafollicular regions, but their effector mechanisms remain an area of significant controversy. Impairments in Tfh likely contribute to impaired humoral immunity and potential mechanisms include B-cell counter-regulatory mechanisms, Tfr suppression and diminished repertoire breadth. A better understanding of the roles of Tfh, Tfr and fCD8 in HIV immunopathogenesis is critical to the development of effective HIV vaccines and cure strategies. SUMMARY Tfh, Tfr and fCD8 contribute to HIV persistence and impaired humoral immunity. A better understanding of their roles could facilitate vaccine development and HIV cure strategies.
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49
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Pampusch MS, Haran KP, Hart GT, Rakasz EG, Rendahl AK, Berger EA, Connick E, Skinner PJ. Rapid Transduction and Expansion of Transduced T Cells with Maintenance of Central Memory Populations. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 16:1-10. [PMID: 31673565 PMCID: PMC6816036 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells show great promise in treating cancers and viral infections. However, most protocols developed to expand T cells require relatively long periods of time in culture, potentially leading to progression toward populations of terminally differentiated effector memory cells. Here, we describe in detail a 9-day protocol for CAR gene transduction and expansion of primary rhesus macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Cells produced and expanded with this method show high levels of viability, high levels of co-expression of two transduced genes, retention of the central memory phenotype, and sufficient quantity for immunotherapeutic infusion of 1-2 × 108 cells/kg in a 10 kg rhesus macaque. This 9-day protocol may be broadly used for CAR-T cell and other T cell immunotherapy approaches to decrease culture time and increase maintenance of central memory populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary S. Pampusch
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Kumudhini Preethi Haran
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Geoffrey T. Hart
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Eva G. Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Aaron K. Rendahl
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Edward A. Berger
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Elizabeth Connick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Pamela J. Skinner
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Webb GM, Molden J, Busman-Sahay K, Abdulhaqq S, Wu HL, Weber WC, Bateman KB, Reed JS, Northrup M, Maier N, Tanaka S, Gao L, Davey B, Carpenter BL, Axthelm MK, Stanton JJ, Smedley J, Greene JM, Safrit JT, Estes JD, Skinner PJ, Sacha JB. The human IL-15 superagonist N-803 promotes migration of virus-specific CD8+ T and NK cells to B cell follicles but does not reverse latency in ART-suppressed, SHIV-infected macaques. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008339. [PMID: 32163523 PMCID: PMC7093032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to halt viral replication and slow disease progression, this treatment is not curative and there remains an urgent need to develop approaches to clear the latent HIV reservoir. The human IL-15 superagonist N-803 (formerly ALT-803) is a promising anti-cancer biologic with potent immunostimulatory properties that has been extended into the field of HIV as a potential "shock and kill" therapeutic for HIV cure. However, the ability of N-803 to reactivate latent virus and modulate anti-viral immunity in vivo under the cover of ART remains undefined. Here, we show that in ART-suppressed, simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)SF162P3-infected rhesus macaques, subcutaneous administration of N-803 activates and mobilizes both NK cells and SHIV-specific CD8+ T cells from the peripheral blood to lymph node B cell follicles, a sanctuary site for latent virus that normally excludes such effector cells. We observed minimal activation of memory CD4+ T cells and no increase in viral RNA content in lymph node resident CD4+ T cells post N-803 administration. Accordingly, we found no difference in the number or magnitude of plasma viremia timepoints between treated and untreated animals during the N-803 administration period, and no difference in the size of the viral DNA cell-associated reservoir post N-803 treatment. These results substantiate N-803 as a potent immunotherapeutic candidate capable of activating and directing effector CD8+ T and NK cells to the B cell follicle during full ART suppression, and suggest N-803 must be paired with a bona fide latency reversing agent in vivo to facilitate immune-mediated modulation of the latent viral reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela M. Webb
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jhomary Molden
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Shaheed Abdulhaqq
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Helen L. Wu
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Whitney C. Weber
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Katherine B. Bateman
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jason S. Reed
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Mina Northrup
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Maier
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Shiho Tanaka
- ImmunityBio, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lina Gao
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Brianna Davey
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Benjamin L. Carpenter
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Michael K. Axthelm
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey J. Stanton
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Justin M. Greene
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | | | - Jacob D. Estes
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Pamela J. Skinner
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jonah B. Sacha
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
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