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Guo W, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Li Y, Du Q, Zhang T, Hu J, Yao Y, Zhang J, Xu Y, Cui X, Sun Z, You M, Yu G, Zhang H, Du X, Xu J, Yu S. Mettl3-dependent m 6A modification is essential for effector differentiation and memory formation of CD8 + T cells. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:82-96. [PMID: 38030520 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Efficient immune responses rely on the proper differentiation of CD8+ T cells into effector and memory cells. Here, we show a critical requirement of N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) methyltransferase Mettl3 during CD8+ T cell responses upon acute viral infection. Conditional deletion of Mettl3 in CD8+ T cells impairs effector expansion and terminal differentiation in an m6A-dependent manner, subsequently affecting memory formation and the secondary response of CD8+ T cells. Our combined RNA-seq and m6A-miCLIP-seq analyses reveal that Mettl3 deficiency broadly impacts the expression of cell cycle and transcriptional regulators. Remarkably, Mettl3 binds to the Tbx21 transcript and stabilizes it, promoting effector differentiation of CD8+ T cells. Moreover, ectopic expression of T-bet partially restores the defects in CD8+ T cell differentiation in the absence of Mettl3. Thus, our study highlights the role of Mettl3 in regulating multiple target genes in an m6A-dependent manner and underscores the importance of m6A modification during CD8+ T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yajiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yashu Li
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qian Du
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jin Hu
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yingpeng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiarui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yingdi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Menghao You
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guotao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haojian Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xuguang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jingyu Xu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
| | - Shuyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
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Russ BE, Barugahare A, Dakle P, Tsyganov K, Quon S, Yu B, Li J, Lee JKC, Olshansky M, He Z, Harrison PF, See M, Nussing S, Morey AE, Udupa VA, Bennett TJ, Kallies A, Murre C, Collas P, Powell D, Goldrath AW, Turner SJ. Active maintenance of CD8 + T cell naivety through regulation of global genome architecture. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113301. [PMID: 37858463 PMCID: PMC10679840 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of naive CD8+ T lymphocytes into cytotoxic effector and memory CTL results in large-scale changes in transcriptional and phenotypic profiles. Little is known about how large-scale changes in genome organization underpin these transcriptional programs. We use Hi-C to map changes in the spatial organization of long-range genome contacts within naive, effector, and memory virus-specific CD8+ T cells. We observe that the architecture of the naive CD8+ T cell genome is distinct from effector and memory genome configurations, with extensive changes within discrete functional chromatin domains associated with effector/memory differentiation. Deletion of BACH2, or to a lesser extent, reducing SATB1 DNA binding, within naive CD8+ T cells results in a chromatin architecture more reminiscent of effector/memory states. This suggests that key transcription factors within naive CD8+ T cells act to restrain T cell differentiation by actively enforcing a unique naive chromatin state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan E Russ
- Department of Microbiology, Immunity Theme, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Adele Barugahare
- Department of Microbiology, Immunity Theme, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Bioinformatics Platform, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Pushkar Dakle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunity Theme, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kirril Tsyganov
- Department of Microbiology, Immunity Theme, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Bioinformatics Platform, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Sara Quon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bingfei Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jasmine Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunity Theme, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jason K C Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunity Theme, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Moshe Olshansky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunity Theme, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Zhaohren He
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Paul F Harrison
- Bioinformatics Platform, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael See
- Bioinformatics Platform, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Simone Nussing
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alison E Morey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunity Theme, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Vibha A Udupa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunity Theme, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Taylah J Bennett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunity Theme, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Axel Kallies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cornelis Murre
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Phillipe Collas
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - David Powell
- Bioinformatics Platform, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J Turner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunity Theme, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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3
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Mueller A, Zhao Y, Cicek H, Paust HJ, Sivayoganathan A, Linke A, Wegscheid C, Wiech T, Huber TB, Meyer-Schwesinger C, Bonn S, Prinz I, Panzer U, Tiegs G, Krebs CF, Neumann K. Transcriptional and Clonal Characterization of Cytotoxic T Cells in Crescentic Glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:1003-1018. [PMID: 36913357 PMCID: PMC10278817 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT T-cell infiltration is a hallmark of crescentic GN (cGN), often caused by ANCA-associated vasculitis. Pathogenic T-cell subsets, their clonality, and downstream effector mechanisms leading to kidney injury remain to be fully elucidated. Single-cell RNA sequencing and T-cell receptor sequencing revealed activated, clonally expanded cytotoxic CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in kidneys from patients with ANCA-associated cGN. In experimental cGN, kidney-infiltrating CD8 + T cells expressed the cytotoxic molecule, granzyme B (GzmB), which induced apoptosis in renal tissue cells by activation of procaspase-3, and aggravated disease pathology. These findings describe a pathogenic function of (clonally expanded) cytotoxic T cells in cGN and identify GzmB as a mediator and potential therapeutic target in immune-mediated kidney disease. BACKGROUND Crescentic GN (cGN) is an aggressive form of immune-mediated kidney disease that is an important cause of end stage renal failure. Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis is a common cause. T cells infiltrate the kidney in cGN, but their precise role in autoimmunity is not known. METHODS Combined single-cell RNA sequencing and single-cell T-cell receptor sequencing were conducted on CD3 + T cells isolated from renal biopsies and blood of patients with ANCA-associated cGN and from kidneys of mice with experimental cGN. Functional and histopathological analyses were performed with Cd8a-/- and GzmB-/- mice. RESULTS Single-cell analyses identified activated, clonally expanded CD8 + and CD4 + T cells with a cytotoxic gene expression profile in the kidneys of patients with ANCA-associated cGN. Clonally expanded CD8 + T cells expressed the cytotoxic molecule, granzyme B (GzmB), in the mouse model of cGN. Deficiency of CD8 + T cells or GzmB ameliorated the course of cGN. CD8 + T cells promoted macrophage infiltration and GzmB activated procaspase-3 in renal tissue cells, thereby increasing kidney injury. CONCLUSIONS Clonally expanded cytotoxic T cells have a pathogenic function in immune-mediated kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mueller
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yu Zhao
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- bAIome–Center for Biomedical AI, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Institute of Medical Systems Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hakan Cicek
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Paust
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Amirrtavarshni Sivayoganathan
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Linke
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Wegscheid
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wiech
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias B. Huber
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Catherine Meyer-Schwesinger
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Bonn
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- bAIome–Center for Biomedical AI, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Institute of Medical Systems Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Systems Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulf Panzer
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gisa Tiegs
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian F. Krebs
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Neumann
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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4
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Nüssing S, Sutton VR, Trapani JA, Parish IA. Beyond target cell death - Granzyme serine proteases in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101152. [PMID: 36368281 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Granzymes are a family of small (∼32 kDa) serine proteases with a range of substrate specificities that are stored in, and released from, the cytoplasmic secretory vesicles ('granules') of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Granzymes are not digestive proteases but finely tuned processing enzymes that target their substrates in specific ways to activate various signalling pathways, or to inactivate viral proteins and other targets. Great emphasis has been placed on studying the pro-apoptotic functions of granzymes, which largely depend on their synergy with the pore-forming protein perforin, on which they rely for penetration into the target cell cytosol to access their substrates. While a critical role for granzyme B in target cell apoptosis is undisputed, both it and the remaining granzymes also influence a variety of other biological processes (including important immunoregulatory functions), which are discussed in this review. This includes the targeting of many extracellular as well as intracellular substrates, and can also lead to deleterious outcomes for the host if granzyme expression or function are dysregulated or abrogated. A final important consideration is that granzyme repertoire, biochemistry and function vary considerably across species, probably resulting from the pressures applied by viruses and other pathogens across evolutionary time. This has implications for the interpretation of granzyme function in preclinical models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Nüssing
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Vivien R Sutton
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
| | - Ian A Parish
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU, ACT, Australia.
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5
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Bouwman AC, van Daalen KR, Crnko S, Ten Broeke T, Bovenschen N. Intracellular and Extracellular Roles of Granzyme K. Front Immunol 2021; 12:677707. [PMID: 34017346 PMCID: PMC8129556 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.677707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Granzymes are a family of serine proteases stored in granules inside cytotoxic cells of the immune system. Granzyme K (GrK) has been only limitedly characterized and knowledge on its molecular functions is emerging. Traditionally GrK is described as a granule-secreted, pro-apoptotic serine protease. However, accumulating evidence is redefining the functions of GrK by the discovery of novel intracellular (e.g. cytotoxicity, inhibition of viral replication) and extracellular roles (e.g. endothelial activation and modulation of a pro-inflammatory immune cytokine response). Moreover, elevated GrK levels are associated with disease, including viral and bacterial infections, airway inflammation and thermal injury. This review aims to summarize and discuss the current knowledge of i) intracellular and extracellular GrK activity, ii) cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic GrK functioning, iii) the role of GrK in disease, and iv) GrK as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke C Bouwman
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kim R van Daalen
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Crnko
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Toine Ten Broeke
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Niels Bovenschen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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6
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Turner SJ, Bennett TJ, Gruta NLL. CD8 + T-Cell Memory: The Why, the When, and the How. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:cshperspect.a038661. [PMID: 33648987 PMCID: PMC8091951 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The generation of effective adaptive T-cell memory is a cardinal feature of the adaptive immune system. The establishment of protective T-cell immunity requires the differentiation of CD8+ T cells from a naive state to one where pathogen-specific memory CD8+ T cells are capable of responding to a secondary infection more rapidly and robustly without the need for further differentiation. The study of factors that determine the fate of activated CD8+ T cells into either effector or memory subsets has a long history. The advent of new technologies is now providing new insights into how epigenetic regulation not only impacts acquisition and maintenance of effector function, but also the maintenance of the quiescent yet primed memory state. There is growing appreciation that rather than distinct subsets, memory T-cell populations may reflect different points on a spectrum between the starting naive T-cell population and a terminally differentiated effector CD8+ T-cell population. Interestingly, there is growing evidence that the molecular mechanisms that underpin the rapid effector function of memory T cells are also observed in innate immune cells such as macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells. This raises an interesting hypothesis that the memory/effector T-cell state represents a default innate-like response to antigen recognition, and that it is the naive state that is the defining feature of adaptive immunity. These issues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Turner
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Taylah J Bennett
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Nicole L La Gruta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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7
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Li J, Hardy K, Olshansky M, Barugahare A, Gearing LJ, Prier JE, Sng XYX, Nguyen MLT, Piovesan D, Russ BE, La Gruta NL, Hertzog PJ, Rao S, Turner SJ. KDM6B-dependent chromatin remodeling underpins effective virus-specific CD8 + T cell differentiation. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108839. [PMID: 33730567 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Naive CD8+ T cell activation results in an autonomous program of cellular proliferation and differentiation. However, the mechanisms that underpin this process are unclear. Here, we profile genome-wide changes in chromatin accessibility, gene transcription, and the deposition of a key chromatin modification (H3K27me3) early after naive CD8+ T cell activation. Rapid upregulation of the histone demethylase KDM6B prior to the first cell division is required for initiating H3K27me3 removal at genes essential for subsequent T cell differentiation and proliferation. Inhibition of KDM6B-dependent H3K27me3 demethylation limits the magnitude of an effective primary virus-specific CD8+ T cell response and the formation of memory CD8+ T cell populations. Accordingly, we define the early spatiotemporal events underpinning early lineage-specific chromatin reprogramming that are necessary for autonomous CD8+ T cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Li
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kristine Hardy
- Epigenetics and Transcription Laboratory Melanie Swan Memorial Translational Centre, Sci-Tech, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Moshe Olshansky
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Adele Barugahare
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Linden J Gearing
- Hudson Institute for Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Julia E Prier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Xavier Y X Sng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Michelle Ly Thai Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Dana Piovesan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Brendan E Russ
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Nicole L La Gruta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Paul J Hertzog
- Hudson Institute for Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Sudha Rao
- QIMR Berghofer Gene Regulation and Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen J Turner
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Hudson Institute for Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
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8
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Kedzierska K, Koutsakos M. The ABC of Major Histocompatibility Complexes and T Cell Receptors in Health and Disease. Viral Immunol 2021; 33:160-178. [PMID: 32286182 PMCID: PMC7185345 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A seminal discovery of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction in T cell recognition by Peter Doherty and Rolf Zinkernagel has led to 45 years of exciting research on the mechanisms governing peptide MHC (pMHC) recognition by T cell receptors (TCRs) and their importance in health and disease. T cells provide a significant level of protection against viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections, as well as tumors, hence, the generation of protective T cell responses is a primary goal for cell-mediated vaccines and immunotherapies. Understanding the mechanisms underlying generation of optimal high-avidity effector T cell responses, memory development, maintenance, and recall is of major importance for the rational design of preventative and therapeutic vaccines/immunotherapies. In this review, we summarize the lessons learned over the last four decades and outline our current understanding of the basis and consequences of pMHC/TCR interactions on T cell development and function, and TCR diversity and composition, driving better clinical outcomes and prevention of viral escape. We also discuss the current models of T cell memory formation and determinants of immunodominant T cell responses in animal models and humans. As TCR composition and diversity can affect both the protective capacity of T cells and protection against viral escape, defining the spectrum of TCR selection has implications for improving the functional efficacy of effector T cell responsiveness and memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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9
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Running to Stand Still: Naive CD8 + T Cells Actively Maintain a Program of Quiescence. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249773. [PMID: 33371448 PMCID: PMC7767439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells play a pivotal role in clearing intracellular pathogens and combatting tumours. Upon infection, naïve CD8+ T cells differentiate into effector and memory cells, and this program is underscored by large-scale and coordinated changes in the chromatin architecture and gene expression. Importantly, recent evidence demonstrates that the epigenetic mechanisms that regulate the capacity for rapid effector function of memory T cells are shared by innate immune cells such as natural killer (NK) cells. Thus, it appears that the crucial difference between innate and adaptive immunity is the presence of the naïve state. This important distinction raises an intriguing new hypothesis, that the naïve state was evolutionary installed to restrain a default program of effector and memory differentiation in response to antigen recognition. We argue that the hallmark of adaptive T immunity is therefore the naïve program, which actively maintains CD8+ T cell quiescence until receipt of appropriate activation signals. In this review, we examine the mechanistic control of naïve CD8+ T cell quiescence and summarise the multiple levels of restraint imposed in naïve cells in to limit spontaneous and inappropriate activation. This includes epigenetic mechanisms and transcription factor (TF) regulation of gene expression, in addition to novel inhibitory receptors, abundance of RNA, and protein degradation.
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10
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Migueles SA, Rogan DC, Gavil NV, Kelly EP, Toulmin SA, Wang LT, Lack J, Ward AJ, Pryal PF, Ludwig AK, Medina RG, Apple BJ, Toumanios CN, Poole AL, Rehm CA, Jones SE, Liang CJ, Connors M. Antigenic Restimulation of Virus-Specific Memory CD8 + T Cells Requires Days of Lytic Protein Accumulation for Maximal Cytotoxic Capacity. J Virol 2020; 94:e01595-20. [PMID: 32907983 PMCID: PMC7654275 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01595-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In various infections or vaccinations of mice or humans, reports of the persistence and the requirements for restimulation of the cytotoxic mediators granzyme B (GrB) and perforin (PRF) in CD8+ T cells have yielded disparate results. In this study, we examined the kinetics of PRF and GrB mRNA and protein expression after stimulation and associated changes in cytotoxic capacity in virus-specific memory cells in detail. In patients with controlled HIV or cleared respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or influenza virus infections, all virus-specific CD8+ T cells expressed low PRF levels without restimulation. Following stimulation, they displayed similarly delayed kinetics for lytic protein expression, with significant increases occurring by days 1 to 3 before peaking on days 4 to 6. These increases were strongly correlated with, but were not dependent upon, proliferation. Incremental changes in PRF and GrB percent expression and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) were highly correlated with increases in HIV-specific cytotoxicity. mRNA levels in HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells exhibited delayed kinetics after stimulation as with protein expression, peaking on day 5. In contrast to GrB, PRF mRNA transcripts were little changed over 5 days of stimulation (94-fold versus 2.8-fold, respectively), consistent with posttranscriptional regulation. Changes in expression of some microRNAs, including miR-17, miR-150, and miR-155, suggested that microRNAs might play a significant role in regulation of PRF expression. Therefore, under conditions of extremely low or absent antigen levels, memory virus-specific CD8+ T cells require prolonged stimulation over days to achieve maximal lytic protein expression and cytotoxic capacity.IMPORTANCE Antigen-specific CD8+ T cells play a major role in controlling most virus infections, primarily by perforin (PRF)- and granzyme B (GrB)-mediated apoptosis. There is considerable controversy regarding whether PRF is constitutively expressed, rapidly increased similarly to a cytokine, or delayed in its expression with more prolonged stimulation in virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells. In this study, the degree of cytotoxic capacity of virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells was directly proportional to the content of lytic molecules, which required antigenic stimulation over several days for maximal levels. This appeared to be modulated by increases in GrB transcription and microRNA-mediated posttranscriptional regulation of PRF expression. Clarifying the requirements for maximal cytotoxic capacity is critical to understanding how viral clearance might be mediated by memory cells and what functions should be induced by vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Migueles
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel C Rogan
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Noah V Gavil
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Kelly
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sushila A Toulmin
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lawrence T Wang
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Justin Lack
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource (NCBR), Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Addison J Ward
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick F Pryal
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda K Ludwig
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Renata G Medina
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin J Apple
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christina N Toumanios
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - April L Poole
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Catherine A Rehm
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sara E Jones
- Clinical Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - C Jason Liang
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Connors
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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11
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Verdon DJ, Mulazzani M, Jenkins MR. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of CD8 + T Cell Differentiation, Dysfunction and Exhaustion. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197357. [PMID: 33027962 PMCID: PMC7582856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells follow a triphasic distinct pathway of activation, proliferation and differentiation before becoming functionally and phenotypically “exhausted” in settings of chronic infection, autoimmunity and in cancer. Exhausted T cells progressively lose canonical effector functions, exhibit altered transcriptional networks and epigenetic signatures and gain constitutive expression of a broad coinhibitory receptor suite. This review outlines recent advances in our understanding of exhausted T cell biology and examines cellular and molecular mechanisms by which a state of dysfunction or exhaustion is established, and mechanisms by which exhausted T cells may still contribute to pathogen or tumour control. Further, this review describes our understanding of exhausted T cell heterogeneity and outlines the mechanisms by which checkpoint blockade differentially engages exhausted T cell subsets to overcome exhaustion and recover T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Verdon
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (D.J.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Matthias Mulazzani
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (D.J.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Misty R. Jenkins
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (D.J.V.); (M.M.)
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- Correspondence:
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12
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Eberlein J, Davenport B, Nguyen TT, Victorino F, Jhun K, van der Heide V, Kuleshov M, Ma'ayan A, Kedl R, Homann D. Chemokine Signatures of Pathogen-Specific T Cells I: Effector T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2169-2187. [PMID: 32948687 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The choreography of complex immune responses, including the priming, differentiation, and modulation of specific effector T cell populations generated in the immediate wake of an acute pathogen challenge, is in part controlled by chemokines, a large family of mostly secreted molecules involved in chemotaxis and other patho/physiological processes. T cells are both responsive to various chemokine cues and a relevant source for certain chemokines themselves; yet, the actual range, regulation, and role of effector T cell-derived chemokines remains incompletely understood. In this study, using different in vivo mouse models of viral and bacterial infection as well as protective vaccination, we have defined the entire spectrum of chemokines produced by pathogen-specific CD8+ and CD4+T effector cells and delineated several unique properties pertaining to the temporospatial organization of chemokine expression patterns, synthesis and secretion kinetics, and cooperative regulation. Collectively, our results position the "T cell chemokine response" as a notably prominent, largely invariant, yet distinctive force at the forefront of pathogen-specific effector T cell activities and establish novel practical and conceptual approaches that may serve as a foundation for future investigations into the role of T cell-produced chemokines in infectious and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Eberlein
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Bennett Davenport
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Tom T Nguyen
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Francisco Victorino
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Kevin Jhun
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Verena van der Heide
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Maxim Kuleshov
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; and.,Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Avi Ma'ayan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; and.,Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Ross Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Dirk Homann
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; .,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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13
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Davenport B, Eberlein J, Nguyen TT, Victorino F, van der Heide V, Kuleshov M, Ma'ayan A, Kedl R, Homann D. Chemokine Signatures of Pathogen-Specific T Cells II: Memory T Cells in Acute and Chronic Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2188-2206. [PMID: 32948682 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen-specific memory T cells (TM) contribute to enhanced immune protection under conditions of reinfection, and their effective recruitment into a recall response relies, in part, on cues imparted by chemokines that coordinate their spatiotemporal positioning. An integrated perspective, however, needs to consider TM as a potentially relevant chemokine source themselves. In this study, we employed a comprehensive transcriptional/translational profiling strategy to delineate the identities, expression patterns, and dynamic regulation of chemokines produced by murine pathogen-specific TM CD8+TM, and to a lesser extent CD4+TM, are a prodigious source for six select chemokines (CCL1/3/4/5, CCL9/10, and XCL1) that collectively constitute a prominent and largely invariant signature across acute and chronic infections. Notably, constitutive CCL5 expression by CD8+TM serves as a unique functional imprint of prior antigenic experience; induced CCL1 production identifies highly polyfunctional CD8+ and CD4+TM subsets; long-term CD8+TM maintenance is associated with a pronounced increase of XCL1 production capacity; chemokines dominate the earliest stages of the CD8+TM recall response because of expeditious synthesis/secretion kinetics (CCL3/4/5) and low activation thresholds (CCL1/3/4/5/XCL1); and TM chemokine profiles modulated by persisting viral Ags exhibit both discrete functional deficits and a notable surplus. Nevertheless, recall responses and partial virus control in chronic infection appear little affected by the absence of major TM chemokines. Although specific contributions of TM-derived chemokines to enhanced immune protection therefore remain to be elucidated in other experimental scenarios, the ready visualization of TM chemokine-expression patterns permits a detailed stratification of TM functionalities that may be correlated with differentiation status, protective capacities, and potential fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett Davenport
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Jens Eberlein
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Tom T Nguyen
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Francisco Victorino
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Verena van der Heide
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Maxim Kuleshov
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; and.,Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Avi Ma'ayan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; and.,Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Ross Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Dirk Homann
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; .,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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14
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Frasca D, Blomberg BB, Garcia D, Keilich SR, Haynes L. Age-related factors that affect B cell responses to vaccination in mice and humans. Immunol Rev 2020; 296:142-154. [PMID: 32484934 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging significantly changes the ability to respond to vaccinations and infections. In this review, we summarize published results on age-related changes in response to infection with the influenza virus and on the factors known to increase influenza risk infection leading to organ failure and death. We also summarize how aging affects the response to the influenza vaccine with a special focus on B cells, which have been shown to be less responsive in the elderly. We show the cellular and molecular mechanisms contributing to the dysfunctional immune response of the elderly to the vaccine against influenza. These include a defective interaction of helper T cells (CD4+) with B cells in germinal centers, changes in the microenvironment, and the generation of immune cells with a senescence-associated phenotype. Finally, we discuss the effects of aging on metabolic pathways and we show how metabolic complications associated with aging lead to immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Frasca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Bonnie B Blomberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Denisse Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Spencer R Keilich
- UConn Center on Aging, Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Laura Haynes
- UConn Center on Aging, Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
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15
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Auladell M, Jia X, Hensen L, Chua B, Fox A, Nguyen THO, Doherty PC, Kedzierska K. Recalling the Future: Immunological Memory Toward Unpredictable Influenza Viruses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1400. [PMID: 31312199 PMCID: PMC6614380 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent and durable immunological memory forms the basis of any successful vaccination protocol. Generation of pre-existing memory B cell and T cell pools is thus the key for maintaining protective immunity to seasonal, pandemic and avian influenza viruses. Long-lived antibody secreting cells (ASCs) are responsible for maintaining antibody levels in peripheral blood. Generated with CD4+ T help after naïve B cell precursors encounter their cognate antigen, the linked processes of differentiation (including Ig class switching) and proliferation also give rise to memory B cells, which then can change rapidly to ASC status after subsequent influenza encounters. Given that influenza viruses evolve rapidly as a consequence of antibody-driven mutational change (antigenic drift), the current influenza vaccines need to be reformulated frequently and annual vaccination is recommended. Without that process of regular renewal, they provide little protection against “drifted” (particularly H3N2) variants and are mainly ineffective when a novel pandemic (2009 A/H1N1 “swine” flu) strain suddenly emerges. Such limitation of antibody-mediated protection might be circumvented, at least in part, by adding a novel vaccine component that promotes cross-reactive CD8+ T cells specific for conserved viral peptides, presented by widely distributed HLA types. Such “memory” cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can rapidly be recalled to CTL effector status. Here, we review how B cells and follicular T cells are elicited following influenza vaccination and how they survive into a long-term memory. We describe how CD8+ CTL memory is established following influenza virus infection, and how a robust CTL recall response can lead to more rapid virus elimination by destroying virus-infected cells, and recovery. Exploiting long-term, cross-reactive CTL against the continuously evolving and unpredictable influenza viruses provides a possible mechanism for preventing a disastrous pandemic comparable to the 1918-1919 H1N1 “Spanish flu,” which killed more than 50 million people worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Auladell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xiaoxiao Jia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Luca Hensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brendon Chua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Annette Fox
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter C Doherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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16
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Fulop T, Franceschi C, Hirokawa K, Pawelec G. Immunosenescence Modulation by Vaccination. HANDBOOK OF IMMUNOSENESCENCE 2019. [PMCID: PMC7121048 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99375-1_71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A decline in immune function is a hallmark of aging that leads to complicated illness from a variety of infectious diseases, cancer and other immune-mediated disorders, and may limit the ability to appropriately respond to vaccination. How vaccines might alter the senescent immune response and what are the immune correlates of protection will be addressed from the perspective of (1) stimulating a previously primed response as in the case of vaccines for seasonal influenza and herpes zoster, (2) priming the response to novel antigens such as pandemic influenza or West Nile virus, (3) vaccination against bacterial pathogens such as pneumococcus and pertussis, (4) vaccines against bacterial toxins such as tetanus and Clostridium difficile, and (5) vaccine approaches to mitigate effects of cytomegalovirus on immune senescence. New or improved vaccines developed over recent years demonstrate the considerable opportunity to improve current vaccines and develop new vaccines as a preventive approach to a variety of diseases in older adults. Strategies for selecting appropriate immunologic targets for new vaccine development and evaluating how vaccines may alter the senescent immune response in terms of potential benefits and risks in the preclinical and clinical trial phases of vaccine development will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Fulop
- Division of Geriatrics Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke Department of Medicine, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Graham Pawelec
- Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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17
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Regulation of H3K4me3 at Transcriptional Enhancers Characterizes Acquisition of Virus-Specific CD8 + T Cell-Lineage-Specific Function. Cell Rep 2018; 21:3624-3636. [PMID: 29262339 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection triggers large-scale changes in the phenotype and function of T cells that are critical for immune clearance, yet the gene regulatory mechanisms that control these changes are largely unknown. Using ChIP-seq for specific histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), we mapped the dynamics of ∼25,000 putative CD8+ T cell transcriptional enhancers (TEs) differentially utilized during virus-specific T cell differentiation. Interestingly, we identified a subset of dynamically regulated TEs that exhibited acquisition of a non-canonical (H3K4me3+) chromatin signature upon differentiation. This unique TE subset exhibited characteristics of poised enhancers in the naive CD8+ T cell subset and demonstrated enrichment for transcription factor binding motifs known to be important for virus-specific CD8+ T cell differentiation. These data provide insights into the establishment and maintenance of the gene transcription profiles that define each stage of virus-specific T cell differentiation.
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18
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Frasca D, Blomberg BB. Aging, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and influenza vaccine responses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 12:682-90. [PMID: 26588038 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1105413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza vaccination is less effective in elderly as compared to young individuals. Several studies have identified immune biomarkers able to predict a protective humoral immune response to the vaccine. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the effects of aging on influenza vaccine responses and on biomarkers so far identified, and we discuss the relevance of latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection on these vaccine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Frasca
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Bonnie B Blomberg
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA
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19
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Distinct transcriptome profiles of Gag-specific CD8+ T cells temporally correlated with the protection elicited by SIVΔnef live attenuated vaccine. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173929. [PMID: 28333940 PMCID: PMC5363825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The live attenuated vaccine (LAV) SIVmac239Δnef (SIVΔnef) confers the best protection among all the vaccine modalities tested in rhesus macaque model of HIV-1 infection. This vaccine has a unique feature of time-dependent protection: macaques are not protected at 3–5 weeks post vaccination (WPV), whereas immune protection emerges between 15 and 20 WPV. Although the exact mechanisms of the time-dependent protection remain incompletely understood, studies suggested that both cellular and humoral immunities contribute to this time-dependent protection. To further elucidate the mechanisms of protection induced by SIVΔnef, we longitudinally compared the global gene expression profiles of SIV Gag-CM9+ CD8+ (Gag-specific CD8+) T cells from peripheral blood of Mamu-A*01+ rhesus macaques at 3 and 20 WPV using rhesus microarray. We found that gene expression profiles of Gag-specific CD8+ T cells at 20 WPV are qualitatively different from those at 3 WPV. At 20 WPV, the most significant transcriptional changes of Gag-specific CD8+ T cells were genes involved in TCR signaling, differentiation and maturation toward central memory cells, with increased expression of CCR7, TCRα, TCRβ, CD28 and decreased expression of CTLA-4, IFN-γ, RANTES, granzyme A and B. Our study suggests that a higher quality of SIV-specific CD8+ T cells elicited by SIVΔnef over time contributes to the maturation of time-dependent protection.
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20
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Hou D, Ying T, Wang L, Chen C, Lu S, Wang Q, Seeley E, Xu J, Xi X, Li T, Liu J, Tang X, Zhang Z, Zhou J, Bai C, Wang C, Byrne-Steele M, Qu J, Han J, Song Y. Immune Repertoire Diversity Correlated with Mortality in Avian Influenza A (H7N9) Virus Infected Patients. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33843. [PMID: 27669665 PMCID: PMC5037391 DOI: 10.1038/srep33843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific changes in immune repertoires at genetic level responding to the lethal H7N9 virus are still poorly understood. We performed deep sequencing on the T and B cells from patients recently infected with H7N9 to explore the correlation between clinical outcomes and immune repertoire alterations. T and B cell repertoires display highly dynamic yet distinct clonotype alterations. During infection, T cell beta chain repertoire continues to contract while the diversity of immunoglobulin heavy chain repertoire recovers. Patient recovery is correlated to the diversity of T cell and B cell repertoires in different ways – higher B cell diversity and lower T cell diversity are found in survivors. The sequences clonally related to known antibodies with binding affinity to H7 hemagglutinin could be identified from survivors. These findings suggest that utilizing deep sequencing may improve prognostication during influenza infection and could help in development of antibody discovery methodologies for the treatment of virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongni Hou
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Cuicui Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shuihua Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Eric Seeley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Xiuhong Xi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xinjun Tang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chunxue Bai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Alabama, AL35806, USA
| | | | - Jieming Qu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jian Han
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Alabama, AL35806, USA
| | - Yuanlin Song
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Qingpu Branch, Shanghai, 200032, China
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21
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Grant EJ, Quiñones-Parra SM, Clemens EB, Kedzierska K. Human influenza viruses and CD8(+) T cell responses. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 16:132-142. [PMID: 26974887 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, despite new strain-specific vaccines being available annually. As IAV-specific CD8(+) T cells promote viral control in the absence of neutralizing antibodies, and can mediate cross-reactive immunity toward distinct IAVs to drive rapid recovery from both mild and severe influenza disease, there is great interest in developing a universal T cell vaccine. However, despite detailed studies in mouse models of influenza virus infection, there is still a paucity of data on human epitope-specific CD8(+) T cell responses to IAVs. This review focuses on our current understanding of human CD8(+) T cell immunity against distinct IAVs and discusses the possibility of achieving a CD8(+) T cell mediated-vaccine that protects against multiple, distinct IAV strains across diverse human populations. We also review the importance of CD8(+) T cell immunity in individuals highly susceptible to severe influenza infection, including those hospitalised with influenza, the elderly and Indigenous populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Grant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sergio M Quiñones-Parra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - E Bridie Clemens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
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22
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Wang Z, Wan Y, Qiu C, Quiñones-Parra S, Zhu Z, Loh L, Tian D, Ren Y, Hu Y, Zhang X, Thomas PG, Inouye M, Doherty PC, Kedzierska K, Xu J. Recovery from severe H7N9 disease is associated with diverse response mechanisms dominated by CD8⁺ T cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6833. [PMID: 25967273 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The avian origin A/H7N9 influenza virus causes high admission rates (>99%) and mortality (>30%), with ultimately favourable outcomes ranging from rapid recovery to prolonged hospitalization. Using a multicolour assay for monitoring adaptive and innate immunity, here we dissect the kinetic emergence of different effector mechanisms across the spectrum of H7N9 disease and recovery. We find that a diversity of response mechanisms contribute to resolution and survival. Patients discharged within 2-3 weeks have early prominent H7N9-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses, while individuals with prolonged hospital stays have late recruitment of CD8(+)/CD4(+) T cells and antibodies simultaneously (recovery by week 4), augmented even later by prominent NK cell responses (recovery >30 days). In contrast, those who succumbed have minimal influenza-specific immunity and little evidence of T-cell activation. Our study illustrates the importance of robust CD8(+) T-cell memory for protection against severe influenza disease caused by newly emerging influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfang Wang
- 1] Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China [2] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yanmin Wan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Chenli Qiu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Sergio Quiñones-Parra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhaoqin Zhu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Liyen Loh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Di Tian
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Yanqin Ren
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Yunwen Hu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennesse 38105, USA
| | - Michael Inouye
- 1] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia [2] Medical Systems Biology, Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Peter C Doherty
- 1] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia [2] Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennesse 38105, USA
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
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23
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Jenkins MR, Rudd-Schmidt JA, Lopez JA, Ramsbottom KM, Mannering SI, Andrews DM, Voskoboinik I, Trapani JA. Failed CTL/NK cell killing and cytokine hypersecretion are directly linked through prolonged synapse time. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:307-17. [PMID: 25732304 PMCID: PMC4354371 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Jenkins et al. discover that failure of perforin and granzyme cytotoxicity by human and mouse CTLs/NK cells prolongs the immunological synapse, leading to repetitive calcium signaling and hypersecretion of inflammatory mediators that subsequently activate macrophages. Disengagement from target cells is dependent on apoptotic caspase signaling. The findings may provide mechanistic understanding for immunopathology in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Failure of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) or natural killer (NK) cells to kill target cells by perforin (Prf)/granzyme (Gzm)-induced apoptosis causes severe immune dysregulation. In familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, Prf-deficient infants suffer a fatal “cytokine storm” resulting from macrophage overactivation, but the link to failed target cell death is not understood. We show that prolonged target cell survival greatly amplifies the quanta of inflammatory cytokines secreted by CTLs/NK cells and that interferon-γ (IFN-γ) directly invokes the activation and secondary overproduction of proinflammatory IL-6 from naive macrophages. Furthermore, using live cell microscopy to visualize hundreds of synapses formed between wild-type, Prf-null, or GzmA/B-null CTLs/NK cells and their targets in real time, we show that hypersecretion of IL-2, TNF, IFN-γ, and various chemokines is linked to failed disengagement of Prf- or Gzm-deficient lymphocytes from their targets, with mean synapse time increased fivefold, from ∼8 to >40 min. Surprisingly, the signal for detachment arose from the dying target cell and was caspase dependent, as delaying target cell death with various forms of caspase blockade also prevented their disengagement from fully competent CTLs/NK cells and caused cytokine hypersecretion. Our findings provide the cellular mechanism through which failed killing by lymphocytes causes systemic inflammation involving recruitment and activation of myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misty R Jenkins
- Cancer Cell Death and Killer Cell Biology Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; Department of Genetics; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jesse A Rudd-Schmidt
- Cancer Cell Death and Killer Cell Biology Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; Department of Genetics; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jamie A Lopez
- Cancer Cell Death and Killer Cell Biology Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; Department of Genetics; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kelly M Ramsbottom
- Cancer Cell Death and Killer Cell Biology Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; Department of Genetics; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stuart I Mannering
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; Department of Genetics; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Daniel M Andrews
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; Department of Genetics; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ilia Voskoboinik
- Cancer Cell Death and Killer Cell Biology Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; Department of Genetics; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; Department of Genetics; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Cancer Cell Death and Killer Cell Biology Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; Department of Genetics; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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24
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Russ BE, Olshanksy M, Smallwood HS, Li J, Denton AE, Prier JE, Stock AT, Croom HA, Cullen JG, Nguyen MLT, Rowe S, Olson MR, Finkelstein DB, Kelso A, Thomas PG, Speed TP, Rao S, Turner SJ. Distinct epigenetic signatures delineate transcriptional programs during virus-specific CD8(+) T cell differentiation. Immunity 2014; 41:853-65. [PMID: 25517617 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that regulate the rapid transcriptional changes that occur during cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) proliferation and differentiation in response to infection are poorly understood. We have utilized ChIP-seq to assess histone H3 methylation dynamics within naive, effector, and memory virus-specific T cells isolated directly ex vivo after influenza A virus infection. Our results show that within naive T cells, codeposition of the permissive H3K4me3 and repressive H3K27me3 modifications is a signature of gene loci associated with gene transcription, replication, and cellular differentiation. Upon differentiation into effector and/or memory CTLs, the majority of these gene loci lose repressive H3K27me3 while retaining the permissive H3K4me3 modification. In contrast, immune-related effector gene promoters within naive T cells lacked the permissive H3K4me3 modification, with acquisition of this modification occurring upon differentiation into effector/memory CTLs. Thus, coordinate transcriptional regulation of CTL genes with related functions is achieved via distinct epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan E Russ
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Doherty Institute at The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Moshe Olshanksy
- Department of Bioinformatics, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Heather S Smallwood
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jasmine Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Doherty Institute at The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Alice E Denton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Doherty Institute at The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Julia E Prier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Doherty Institute at The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Angus T Stock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Doherty Institute at The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Hayley A Croom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Doherty Institute at The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jolie G Cullen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Doherty Institute at The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Michelle L T Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Doherty Institute at The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Stephanie Rowe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Doherty Institute at The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew R Olson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Doherty Institute at The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - David B Finkelstein
- Hartwell Centre for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Anne Kelso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Doherty Institute at The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Doherty Institute at the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Terry P Speed
- Department of Bioinformatics, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Sudha Rao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Canberra University, Canberra, ACT 2000, Australia
| | - Stephen J Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Doherty Institute at The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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25
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Brennan AJ, House IG, Oliaro J, Ramsbottom KM, Hagn M, Yagita H, Trapani JA, Voskoboinik I. A method for detecting intracellular perforin in mouse lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5744-50. [PMID: 25348626 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes destroy pathogen-infected and transformed cells through the cytotoxic granule exocytosis death pathway, which is dependent on the delivery of proapoptotic granzymes into the target cell cytosol by the pore-forming protein, perforin. Despite the importance of mouse models in understanding the role of cytotoxic lymphocytes in immune-mediated disease and their role in cancer immune surveillance, no reliable intracellular detection method exists for mouse perforin. Consequently, rapid, flow-based assessment of cytotoxic potential has been problematic, and complex assays of function are generally required. In this study, we have developed a novel method for detecting perforin in primary mouse cytotoxic T lymphocytes by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. We used this new technique to validate perforin colocalization with granzyme B in cytotoxic granules polarized to the immunological synapse, and to assess the expression of perforin in cytotoxic T lymphocytes at various stages of activation. The sensitivity of this technique also allowed us to distinguish perforin levels in Prf1(+/+) and Prf1(+/-) mice. This new methodology will have broad applications and contribute to advances within the fields of lymphocyte biology, infectious disease, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia J Brennan
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia;
| | - Imran G House
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jane Oliaro
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kelly M Ramsbottom
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Magdalena Hagn
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ilia Voskoboinik
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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26
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La Gruta NL, Turner SJ. T cell mediated immunity to influenza: mechanisms of viral control. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:396-402. [PMID: 25043801 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Infection with influenza A virus (IAV) is a major cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. Recent findings indicate that T cell immunity is key to limiting severity of disease arising from IAV infection, particularly in instances where antibody immunity is ineffective. As such, there is a need to understand better the mechanisms that mediate effective IAV-specific cellular immunity, especially given that T cell immunity must form an integral part of any vaccine designed to elicit crossreactive immunity against existing and new strains of influenza virus. Here, we review the current understanding of cellular immunity to IAV, highlighting recent findings that demonstrate important roles for both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immunity in protection from IAV-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L La Gruta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen J Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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27
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Valkenburg SA, Quiñones-Parra S, Gras S, Komadina N, McVernon J, Wang Z, Halim H, Iannello P, Cole C, Laurie K, Kelso A, Rossjohn J, Doherty PC, Turner SJ, Kedzierska K. Acute emergence and reversion of influenza A virus quasispecies within CD8+ T cell antigenic peptides. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2663. [PMID: 24173108 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) provide a degree of cross-strain protection that is potentially subverted by mutation. Here we describe the sequential emergence of such variants within CTL epitopes for a persistently infected, immunocompromised infant. Further analysis in immunodeficient and wild-type mice supports the view that CTL escape variants arise frequently in influenza, accumulate with time and revert in the absence of immune pressure under MHCI-mismatched conditions. Viral fitness, the abundance of endogenous CD8(+) T cell responses and T cell receptor repertoire diversity influence the nature of these de novo mutants. Structural characterization of dominant escape variants shows how the peptide-MHCI interaction is modified to affect variant-MHCI stability. The mechanism of influenza virus escape thus looks comparable to that recognized for chronic RNA viruses like HIV and HCV, suggesting that immunocompromised patients with prolonged viral infection could have an important part in the emergence of influenza quasispecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Valkenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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28
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Kedzierski L, Linossi EM, Kolesnik TB, Day EB, Bird NL, Kile BT, Belz GT, Metcalf D, Nicola NA, Kedzierska K, Nicholson SE. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 4 (SOCS4) protects against severe cytokine storm and enhances viral clearance during influenza infection. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004134. [PMID: 24809749 PMCID: PMC4014316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are key regulators of innate and adaptive immunity. There is no described biological role for SOCS4, despite broad expression in the hematopoietic system. We demonstrate that mice lacking functional SOCS4 protein rapidly succumb to infection with a pathogenic H1N1 influenza virus (PR8) and are hypersusceptible to infection with the less virulent H3N2 (X31) strain. In SOCS4-deficient animals, this led to substantially greater weight loss, dysregulated pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production in the lungs and delayed viral clearance. This was associated with impaired trafficking of influenza-specific CD8 T cells to the site of infection and linked to defects in T cell receptor activation. These results demonstrate that SOCS4 is a critical regulator of anti-viral immunity. The suppressor of cytokine signaling proteins are key regulators of immunity. As yet there is no described biological role for SOCS4, despite its broad expression in cells of the immune system. Given the important role of other SOCS proteins in controlling the immune response, we have generated SOCS4-mutant mice and used a mouse influenza infection model to investigate the biological function of SOCS4. We demonstrate that mice lacking SOCS4 rapidly succumb to infection with a pathogenic H1N1 influenza virus and are hypersusceptible to infection with the less virulent H3N2 strain. This is the first demonstration of a functional phenotype in SOCS4-deficient mice. Our study reveals that in SOCS4-deficient animals, there is a dysregulated pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production in the lungs and delayed viral clearance. This is associated with impaired trafficking of virus-specific CD8 T cells to the site of infection and linked to defects in T cell receptor activation. These results demonstrate that SOCS4 is a critical regulator of anti-viral immunity. Understanding the regulation of the inflammatory response to influenza is particularly relevant given the current climate concerning pandemic influenza outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Kedzierski
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (LK); (SEN)
| | - Edmond M. Linossi
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tatiana B. Kolesnik
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - E. Bridie Day
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicola L. Bird
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin T. Kile
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gabrielle T. Belz
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Donald Metcalf
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicos A. Nicola
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sandra E. Nicholson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (LK); (SEN)
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Joeckel LT, Bird PI. Are all granzymes cytotoxic in vivo? Biol Chem 2014; 395:181-202. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Granzymes are serine proteases mainly found in cytotoxic lymphocytes. The most-studied member of this group is granzyme B, which is a potent cytotoxin that has set the paradigm that all granzymes are cyototoxic. In the last 5 years, this paradigm has become controversial. On one hand, there is a plethora of sometimes contradictory publications showing mainly caspase-independent cytotoxic effects of granzyme A and the so-called orphan granzymes in vitro. On the other hand, there are increasing numbers of reports of granzymes failing to induce cell death in vitro unless very high (potentially supra-physiological) concentrations are used. Furthermore, experiments with granzyme A or granzyme M knock-out mice reveal little or no deficit in their cytotoxic lymphocytes’ killing ability ex vivo, but indicate impairment in the inflammatory response. These findings of non-cytotoxic effects of granzymes challenge dogma, and thus require alternative or additional explanations to be developed of the role of granzymes in defeating pathogens. Here we review evidence for granzyme cytotoxicity, give an overview of their non-cytotoxic functions, and suggest technical improvements for future investigations.
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30
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McElhaney JE. Prevention of infectious diseases in older adults through immunization: the challenge of the senescent immune response. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 8:593-606. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Russ BE, Prier JE, Rao S, Turner SJ. T cell immunity as a tool for studying epigenetic regulation of cellular differentiation. Front Genet 2013; 4:218. [PMID: 24273551 PMCID: PMC3824109 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular differentiation is regulated by the strict spatial and temporal control of gene expression. This is achieved, in part, by regulating changes in histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) and DNA methylation that in turn, impact transcriptional activity. Further, histone PTMs and DNA methylation are often propagated faithfully at cell division (termed epigenetic propagation), and thus contribute to maintaining cellular identity in the absence of signals driving differentiation. Cardinal features of adaptive T cell immunity include the ability to differentiate in response to infection, resulting in acquisition of immune functions required for pathogen clearance; and the ability to maintain this functional capacity in the long-term, allowing more rapid and effective pathogen elimination following re-infection. These characteristics underpin vaccination strategies by effectively establishing a long-lived T cell population that contributes to an immunologically protective state (termed immunological memory). As we discuss in this review, epigenetic mechanisms provide attractive and powerful explanations for key aspects of T cell-mediated immunity – most obviously and notably, immunological memory, because of the capacity of epigenetic circuits to perpetuate cellular identities in the absence of the initial signals that drive differentiation. Indeed, T cell responses to infection are an ideal model system for studying how epigenetic factors shape cellular differentiation and development generally. This review will examine how epigenetic mechanisms regulate T cell function and differentiation, and how these model systems are providing general insights into the epigenetic regulation of gene transcription during cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan E Russ
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Russ BE, Denton AE, Hatton L, Croom H, Olson MR, Turner SJ. Defining the molecular blueprint that drives CD8(+) T cell differentiation in response to infection. Front Immunol 2012; 3:371. [PMID: 23267358 PMCID: PMC3525900 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A cardinal feature of adaptive, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immunity is the ability of naïve CTLs to undergo a program of differentiation and proliferation upon activation resulting in the acquisition of lineage-specific T cell functions and eventual establishment of immunological memory. In this review, we examine the molecular factors that shape both the acquisition and maintenance of lineage-specific effector function in virus-specific CTL during both the effector and memory phases of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan E Russ
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
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33
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Kedzierska K, Valkenburg SA, Doherty PC, Davenport MP, Venturi V. Use it or lose it: establishment and persistence of T cell memory. Front Immunol 2012; 3:357. [PMID: 23230439 PMCID: PMC3515894 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing T cell memory provides substantial protection against viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. The generation of protective T cell memory constitutes a primary goal for cell-mediated vaccines, thus understanding the mechanistic basis of memory development and maintenance are of major importance. The widely accepted idea that T cell memory pools are directly descended from the effector populations has been challenged by recent reports that provide evidence for the early establishment of T cell memory and suggest that the putative memory precursor T cells do not undergo full expansion to effector status. Moreover, it appears that once the memory T cells are established early in life, they can persist for the lifetime of an individual. This is in contrast to the reported waning of naïve T cell immunity with age. Thus, in the elderly, immune memory that was induced at an early age may be more robust than recently induced memory, despite the necessity for long persistence. The present review discusses the mechanisms underlying the early establishment of immunological memory and the subsequent persistence of memory T cell pools in animal models and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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34
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La Gruta N, Kelso A, Brown LE, Chen W, Jackson DC, Turner SJ. Role of CD8(+) T-cell immunity in influenza infection: potential use in future vaccine development. Expert Rev Respir Med 2012; 3:523-37. [PMID: 20477341 DOI: 10.1586/ers.09.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Continued circulation of the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A virus has many people worried that an influenza pandemic is imminent. Compounding this is the realization that H5N1 vaccines based on current influenza vaccine technology (designed to generate protective antibody responses) may be suboptimal at providing protection. As a consequence, there is recent interest in vaccine strategies that elicit cellular immunity, particularly the cytotoxic T lymphocyte response, in an effort to provide protection against a potential pandemic. A major issue is the lack of information about the precise role that these 'hitmen' of the immune system have in protecting against both pandemic and seasonal influenza. We need to know more about how the induction and maintenance of cytotoxic T lymphocytes after influenza infection can impact protection from further infection. The challenge is then to use this information in the design of vaccines that will protect against pandemic influenza and will help optimize CD8(+) killer T-cell responses in other infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole La Gruta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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35
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Smyth K, Garcia K, Sun Z, Tuo W, Xiao Z. Repetitive peptide boosting progressively enhances functional memory CTLs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 424:635-40. [PMID: 22809501 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a critical role in controlling intracellular pathogens and cancer cells, and induction of memory CTLs holds promise for developing effective vaccines against critical virus infections. However, generating memory CTLs remains a major challenge for conventional vector-based, prime-boost vaccinations. Thus, it is imperative that we explore nonconventional alternatives, such as boosting without vectors. We show here that repetitive intravenous boosting with peptide and adjuvant generates memory CD8 T cells of sufficient quality and quantity to protect against infection in mice. The resulting memory CTLs possess a unique and long-lasting effector memory phenotype, characterized by decreased interferon-γ but increased granzyme B production. These results are observed in both transgenic and endogenous models. Overall, our findings have important implications for future vaccine development, as they suggest that intravenous peptide boosting with adjuvant following priming can induce long-term functional memory CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra Smyth
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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36
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Duffy KR, Hodgkin PD. Intracellular competition for fates in the immune system. Trends Cell Biol 2012; 22:457-64. [PMID: 22727035 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
During an adaptive immune response, lymphocytes proliferate for five to 20 generations, differentiating to take on effector functions, before cessation and cell death become dominant. Recent experimental methodologies enable direct observation of individual lymphocytes and the times at which they adopt fates. Data from these experiments reveal diversity in fate selection, heterogeneity and involved correlation structures in times to fate, as well as considerable familial correlations. Despite the significant complexity, these data are consistent with the simple hypothesis that each cell possesses autonomous processes, subject to temporal competition, leading to each fate. This article addresses the evidence for this hypothesis, its hallmarks, and, should it be an appropriate description of a cell system, its ramifications for manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken R Duffy
- Hamilton Institute, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
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37
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Interleukin-1R signaling is essential for induction of proapoptotic CD8 T cells, viral clearance, and pathology during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in mice. J Virol 2012; 86:8713-9. [PMID: 22674984 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00682-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The T cell granule exocytosis pathway is essential to control hepatotropic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus strain WE (LCMV-WE) but also contributes to the observed pathology in mice. Although effective antiviral T cell immunity and development of viral hepatitis are strictly dependent on perforin and granzymes, the molecular basis underlying induction of functionally competent virus-immune T cells, including participation of the innate immune system, is far from being resolved. We demonstrate here that LCMV-immune T cells of interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)-deficient mice readily express transcripts for perforin and granzymes but only translate perforin, resulting in the lack of proapoptotic potential in vitro. LCMV is not cleared in IL-1R-deficient mice, and yet the infected mice develop neither splenomegaly nor hepatitis. These results demonstrate that IL-1R signaling is central to the induction of proapoptotic CD8 T cell immunity, including viral clearance and associated tissue injuries in LCMV infection.
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38
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Chronic HIV infection affects the expression of the 2 transcription factors required for CD8 T-cell differentiation into cytolytic effectors. Blood 2012; 119:4928-38. [PMID: 22490682 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-12-395186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells lose the capacity to control HIV infection, but the extent of the impairment of CD8 T-cell functions and the mechanisms that underlie it remain controversial. Here we report an extensive ex vivo analysis of HIV-specific CD8 T cells, covering the expression of 16 different molecules involved in CD8 function or differentiation. This approach gave remarkably homogeneous readouts in different donors and showed that CD8 dysfunction in chronic HIV infection was much more severe than described previously: some Ifng transcription was observed, but most cells lost the expression of all cytolytic molecules and Eomesodermin and T-bet by chronic infection. These results reveal a cellular mechanism explaining the dysfunction of CD8 T cells during chronic HIV infection, as CD8 T cells are known to maintain some functionality when either of these transcription factors is present, but to lose all cytotoxic activity when both are not expressed. Surprisingly, they also show that chronic HIV and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections have a very different impact on fundamental T-cell functions, "exhausted" lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific cells losing the capacity to secrete IFN-γ but maintaining some cytotoxic activity as granzyme B and FasL are overexpressed and, while down-regulating T-bet, up-regulating Eomesodermin expression.
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39
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Janbazian L, Price DA, Canderan G, Filali-Mouhim A, Asher TE, Ambrozak DR, Scheinberg P, Boulassel MR, Routy JP, Koup RA, Douek DC, Sekaly RP, Trautmann L. Clonotype and repertoire changes drive the functional improvement of HIV-specific CD8 T cell populations under conditions of limited antigenic stimulation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 188:1156-67. [PMID: 22210916 PMCID: PMC3262882 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Persistent exposure to cognate Ag leads to the functional impairment and exhaustion of HIV-specific CD8 T cells. Ag withdrawal, attributable either to antiretroviral treatment or the emergence of epitope escape mutations, causes HIV-specific CD8 T cell responses to wane over time. However, this process does not continue to extinction, and residual CD8 T cells likely play an important role in the control of HIV replication. In this study, we conducted a longitudinal analysis of clonality, phenotype, and function to define the characteristics of HIV-specific CD8 T cell populations that persist under conditions of limited antigenic stimulation. Ag decay was associated with dynamic changes in the TCR repertoire, increased expression of CD45RA and CD127, decreased expression of programmed death-1, and the emergence of polyfunctional HIV-specific CD8 T cells. High-definition analysis of individual clonotypes revealed that the Ag loss-induced gain of function within HIV-specific CD8 T cell populations could be attributed to two nonexclusive mechanisms: 1) functional improvement of persisting clonotypes; and 2) recruitment of particular clonotypes endowed with superior functional capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loury Janbazian
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H2X 1P1, Canada
| | - David A. Price
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Institute of InfectionandImmunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
| | - Glenda Canderan
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute - Florida (VGTI-FL), Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Abdelali Filali-Mouhim
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H2X 1P1, Canada
| | - Tedi E. Asher
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David R. Ambrozak
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Phillip Scheinberg
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mohamad Rachid Boulassel
- Division of Hematology, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Division of Hematology, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sekaly
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H2X 1P1, Canada
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute - Florida (VGTI-FL), Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute - Florida (VGTI-FL), Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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40
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Zhong C, Li C, Wang X, Toyoda T, Gao G, Fan Z. Granzyme K inhibits replication of influenza virus through cleaving the nuclear transport complex importin α1/β dimer of infected host cells. Cell Death Differ 2011; 19:882-90. [PMID: 22139131 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus is a causative agent of influenza, which infects human cells and uses host factors to accomplish viral genome replication as part of its life cycle. The nucleoprotein (NP) and PB2 of the influenza virus associate with importin α1 to gain access to the host nucleus through a ternary import complex. Killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity is the primary mechanism of eliminating the influenza virus. Here, we showed that lymphokine-activated killer cells participated in the elimination of the influenza virus. Granzyme (Gzm) K inhibition elevated viral replication in vitro and aggravated viral infection in vivo. We identified that importin α1 and its transport partner protein importin β are physiological substrates of GzmK. Proteolysis of these two substrates wrecked their association to generate the importin α1/β dimer and disrupted transportation of viral NP to the nucleus, leading to inhibition of influenza virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity and Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Doherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia 3010.
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42
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Differentiation-dependent functional and epigenetic landscapes for cytokine genes in virus-specific CD8+ T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:15306-11. [PMID: 21876173 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1112520108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the simultaneous engagement of multiple effector mechanisms is thought to characterize optimal CD8(+) T-cell immunity and facilitate pathogen clearance, the differentiation pathways leading to the acquisition and maintenance of such polyfunctional activity are not well understood. Division-dependent profiles of effector molecule expression for virus-specific T cells are analyzed here by using a combination of carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester dilution and intracellular cytokine staining subsequent to T-cell receptor ligation. The experiments show that, although the majority of naive CD8(+) T-cell precursors are preprogrammed to produce TNF-α soon after stimulation and a proportion make both TNF-α and IL-2, the progressive acquisition of IFN-γ expression depends on continued lymphocyte proliferation. Furthermore, the extensive division characteristic of differentiation to peak effector activity is associated with the progressive dominance of IFN-γ and the concomitant loss of polyfunctional cytokine production, although this is not apparent for long-term CD8(+) T-cell memory. Such proliferation-dependent variation in cytokine production appears tied to the epigenetic signatures within the ifnG and tnfA proximal promoters. Specifically, those cytokine gene loci that are rapidly expressed following antigen stimulation at different stages of T-cell differentiation can be shown (by ChIP) to have permissive epigenetic and RNA polymerase II docking signatures. Thus, the dynamic changes in cytokine profiles for naive, effector, and memory T cells are underpinned by specific epigenetic landscapes that regulate responsiveness following T-cell receptor ligation.
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43
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Abstract
Granzymes (gzms) are key components of T-killer (Tc) cells believed to mediate pro-apoptotic activities. Recent evidence suggests that gzms also possess non-cytotoxic activities that contribute to host defense. In this study, we show that Tc cells from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-infected wild-type (wt) and gzm A/B-deficient mice express similar levels of gzmK protein, with both mouse strains efficiently controlling infection. GzmK, in recombinant form or secreted by ex vivo-derived LCMV-immune gzmAxB(-/-) Tc cells, lacks pro-apoptotic activity. Instead, gzmK induces primary mouse macrophages to process and secrete interleukin-1β, independent of the ATP receptor P2X(7). Together with the finding that IL-1Ra (Anakinra) treatment inhibits virus elimination but not generation of cytotoxic Tc cells in wt mice, the data suggest that Tc cells control LCMV through non-cytotoxic processes that involve gzmK.
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44
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Chandele A, Mukerjee P, Das G, Ahmed R, Chauhan VS. Phenotypic and functional profiling of malaria-induced CD8 and CD4 T cells during blood-stage infection with Plasmodium yoelii. Immunology 2010; 132:273-86. [PMID: 21039472 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that antibodies and CD4 T cells play critical roles in the immune response during the blood stage of malaria, whereas the role of CD8 T cells remains controversial. Here, we show that both CD8 and CD4 T cells robustly responded to an acute self-limiting blood-stage infection with Plasmodium yoelii. Similar to antigen-specific T cells, both CD8 and CD4 T cells showed dynamic expression of the surface proteins interleukin (IL)-7R and programmed death-1 (PD-1). Additionally, activated CD8 T cells showed differences in the expression of Killer cell lectin-like receptor G1, L-selectin and B cell lymphoma-2 and produced granzyme B, indicating cytotoxic activity, and the initially high expression of T-box transcription factor TBX21 in malaria-activated CD4 T cells indicated an early T helper type 1 (Th1)-skewed immune response. Our data demonstrate that blood-stage malaria infection results in a striking T-cell response and that activated CD8 and CD4 T cells have phenotypic and functional characteristics that are consistent with conventional antigen-specific effector and memory T cells. Therefore, a better understanding of the CD8 and CD4 T-cell response induced by blood-stage infection may prove to be essential in the development of a vaccine that targets the erythrocytic stage of the malarial parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmol Chandele
- Joint ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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45
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Olson MR, Russ BE, Doherty PC, Turner SJ. The role of epigenetics in the acquisition and maintenance of effector function in virus-specific CD8 T cells. IUBMB Life 2010; 62:519-26. [PMID: 20552633 DOI: 10.1002/iub.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells are critical for protecting the body from infectious disease. To achieve this protection, CD8(+) T cells must undergo a highly involved process of differentiation that involves the activation of naïve/quiescent cells followed by robust rounds of cell division and the acquisition of effector functions that mediate viral clearance. After the pathogen is eliminated, a small number of these cells survive into long-lived memory and maintain the capacity to respond rapidly and reacquire effector function after secondary exposure to their cognate antigen. This review focuses on how CD8(+) T cells acquire and regulate effector functions and how the capacity to produce effector molecules is maintained into memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Olson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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46
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Kohlmeier JE, Cookenham T, Roberts AD, Miller SC, Woodland DL. Type I interferons regulate cytolytic activity of memory CD8(+) T cells in the lung airways during respiratory virus challenge. Immunity 2010; 33:96-105. [PMID: 20637658 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Memory CD8(+) T cells in the lung airways provide protection from secondary respiratory virus challenge by limiting early viral replication. Here, we demonstrate that although airway-resident memory CD8(+) T cells were poorly cytolytic, memory CD8(+) T cells recruited to the airways early during a recall response showed markedly enhanced cytolytic ability. This enhanced lytic activity did not require cognate antigen stimulation, but rather was dependent on STAT1 transcription factor signaling through the interferon-alpha receptor (Ifnar1), resulting in the antigen-independent expression of granzyme B protein in both murine and human virus-specific T cells. Signaling through Ifnar1 was required for the enhanced lytic activity and control of early viral replication by memory CD8(+) T cells in the lung airways. These findings demonstrate that innate inflammatory signals act directly on memory T cells, enabling them to rapidly destroy infected host cells once they enter infected tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Trudeau Institute, 154 Algonquin Avenue, Saranac Lake, NY 12983, USA.
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47
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Forewarned is forearmed. Immunity 2010; 33:5-6. [PMID: 20643333 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Memory killer T cells contribute to control of secondary viral infection by exhibiting rapid effector function upon reinfection. In this issue of Immunity, Kohlmeier et al. (2010) demonstrate that type I interferon is key for rapid upregulation of effector function within circulating memory T cells, ensuring efficient control of infection.
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48
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Abstract
Signals orchestrating productive CD4+ T-cell responses are well documented; however, the regulation of contraction of CD4+ T-cell effector populations following the resolution of primary immune responses is not well understood. While distinct mechanisms of T-cell death have been defined, the relative importance of discrete death pathways during the termination of immune responses in vivo remains unclear. Here, we review the current understanding of cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic variables that regulate contraction of CD4+ T-cell effector populations through multiple pathways that operate both initially during T-cell priming and later during the effector phase. We discuss the relative importance of antigen-dependent and -independent mechanisms of CD4+ T-cell contraction during in vivo responses, with a special emphasis on influenza virus infection. In this model, we highlight the roles of greater differentiation and presence in the lung of CD4+ effector T cells, as well as their polarization to particular T-helper subsets, in maximizing contraction. We also discuss the role of autocrine interleukin-2 in limiting the extent of contraction, and we point out that these same factors regulate contraction during secondary CD4+ T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kai McKinstry
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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49
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Jenkins MR, Griffiths GM. The synapse and cytolytic machinery of cytotoxic T cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 22:308-13. [PMID: 20226643 PMCID: PMC4101800 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) rapidly kill target cells via the release of lytic granules into the immunological synapse, a process directed by the docking of the centrosome at the plasma membrane. New evidence highlights how signal strength and avidity influence the recruitment of cytolytic machinery to the synapse, and the role of each synaptic compartment. Release of cytolytic effector proteins, including perforin and FasL, is controlled at multiple levels and is also influenced by the avidity of the interaction. New imaging technologies and the use of photoactivatable peptides have allowed the dissection of signalling molecules involved in each step of the cytolytic process. This review highlights the important role of avidity in controlling how a T cell kills its target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misty R Jenkins
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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La Gruta NL, Rothwell WT, Cukalac T, Swan NG, Valkenburg SA, Kedzierska K, Thomas PG, Doherty PC, Turner SJ. Primary CTL response magnitude in mice is determined by the extent of naive T cell recruitment and subsequent clonal expansion. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:1885-94. [PMID: 20440073 DOI: 10.1172/jci41538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cell responses to viral infection are characterized by the emergence of dominant and subdominant CTL populations. The immunodominance hierarchies of these populations are highly reproducible for any given spectrum of virus-induced peptide-MHCI complexes and are likely determined by multiple factors. Recent studies demonstrate a direct correlation between naive epitope-specific CD8+ T cell precursor (CTLp) frequency and the magnitude of the response after antigen challenge. Thus, the number of available precursors in the naive pool has emerged as a key predictor of immunodominance. In contrast to this, we report here no consistent relationship between CTLp frequency and the subsequent magnitude of the immune response for 4 influenza virus-derived epitopes following intranasal infection of mice with influenza A virus. Rather, the characteristic, antigen-driven T cell immunodominance hierarchy was determined by the extent of recruitment from the available pool of epitope-specific precursors and the duration of their continued expansion over the course of the infection. These findings suggest possibilities for enhancing protective immune memory by maximizing both the size and diversity of typically subdominant T cell responses through rational vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L La Gruta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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