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Mainou E, Berendam SJ, Obregon-Perko V, Uffman EA, Phan CT, Shaw GM, Bar KJ, Kumar MR, Fray EJ, Siliciano JM, Siliciano RF, Silvestri G, Permar SR, Fouda GG, McCarthy J, Chahroudi A, Chan C, Conway JM. Comparative analysis of within-host dynamics of acute infection and viral rebound dynamics in postnatally SHIV-infected ART-treated infant rhesus macaques. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.21.595130. [PMID: 38826467 PMCID: PMC11142125 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.21.595130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Viral dynamics of acute HIV infection and HIV rebound following suspension of antiretroviral therapy may be qualitatively similar but must differ given, for one, development of adaptive immune responses. Understanding the differences of acute HIV infection and viral rebound dynamics in pediatric populations may provide insights into the mechanisms of viral control with potential implications for vaccine design and the development of effective targeted therapeutics for infants and children. Mathematical models have been a crucial tool to elucidate the complex processes driving viral infections within the host. Traditionally, acute HIV infection has been modeled with a standard model of viral dynamics initially developed to explore viral decay during treatment, while viral rebound has necessitated extensions of that standard model to incorporate explicit immune responses. Previous efforts to fit these models to viral load data have underscored differences between the two infection stages, such as increased viral clearance rate and increased death rate of infected cells during rebound. However, these findings have been predicated on viral load measurements from disparate adult individuals. In this study, we aim to bridge this gap, in infants, by comparing the dynamics of acute infection and viral rebound within the same individuals by leveraging an infant nonhuman primate Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV) infection model. Ten infant Rhesus macaques (RMs) orally challenged with SHIV.C.CH505 375H dCT and given ART at 8 weeks post-infection. These infants were then monitored for up to 60 months post-infection with serial viral load and immune measurements. We use the HIV standard viral dynamics model fitted to viral load measurements in a nonlinear mixed effects framework. We find that the primary difference between acute infection and rebound is the increased death rate of infected cells during rebound. We use these findings to generate hypotheses on the effects of adaptive immune responses. We leverage these findings to formulate hypotheses to elucidate the observed results and provide arguments to support the notion that delayed viral rebound is characterized by a stronger CD8+ T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Mainou
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Emilie A Uffman
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Caroline T Phan
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mithra R Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emily J Fray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janet M Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Janice McCarthy
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Cliburn Chan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jessica M Conway
- Department of Mathematics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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2
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Fonseca JA, King AC, Chahroudi A. More than the Infinite Monkey Theorem: NHP Models in the Development of a Pediatric HIV Cure. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2024; 21:11-29. [PMID: 38227162 PMCID: PMC10859349 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-023-00686-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW An HIV cure that eliminates the viral reservoir or provides viral control without antiretroviral therapy (ART) is an urgent need in children as they face unique challenges, including lifelong ART adherence and the deleterious effects of chronic immune activation. This review highlights the importance of nonhuman primate (NHP) models in developing an HIV cure for children as these models recapitulate the viral pathogenesis and persistence. RECENT FINDINGS Several cure approaches have been explored in infant NHPs, although knowledge gaps remain. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) show promise for controlling viremia and delaying viral rebound after ART interruption but face administration challenges. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors hold the potential for sustained bNAb expression. Therapeutic vaccination induces immune responses against simian retroviruses but has yet to impact the viral reservoir. Combining immunotherapies with latency reversal agents (LRAs) that enhance viral antigen expression should be explored. Current and future cure approaches will require adaptation for the pediatric immune system and unique features of virus persistence, for which NHP models are fundamental to assess their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo A Fonseca
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexis C King
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory+Children's Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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3
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Dinh V, de Armas LR, Pallikkuth S, Pahwa R, Rinaldi S, Dang C, Kizhner A, Cotugno N, Palma P, Ismael N, Vaz P, Lain MG, Pahwa S. Longitudinal analysis of innate immune system in infants with perinatal HIV infection until 18 months of age. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.21.568007. [PMID: 38045254 PMCID: PMC10690219 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.21.568007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART), perinatal HIV infection is declining globally but prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa is still greater than other nations. The relationship of HIV replication in early infancy and the developing immune system is not well understood. In this study, we investigated cellular components of the innate immune system including Natural Killer (NK) cells, monocytes, and Dendritic Cells (DC) in a cohort of HIV exposed infected (HEI) and age-matched HIV exposed uninfected (HEU) infants from Mozambique. Study entry was at the first visit after delivery at age 1-2 months for HIV diagnosis and initiation of ART. Phenotypic analysis by multi-parameter flow cytometry revealed an expansion of total NK cells and the dysfunctional, CD56-CD16+, NK cell subset; increased activation in monocytes and DC; and higher levels of inflammatory homing receptor CCR5 on circulating DC subsets in the HEI infants. NKG2A, an inhibitory receptor for NK cytolytic function, was reduced in HEI compared to HEU and positively correlated with pre-ART viral load (VL) while expression of CCR2, the inflammatory homing receptor, on NK was negatively correlated with VL. Other subsets exhibited positive correlations with VL including the frequency of intermediate monocytes amongst total monocytes. Longitudinal analysis of VL indicated suboptimal ART adherence in HEI. Regardless of level of viral suppression achieved, the frequencies of specific innate immune subsets in HEI were normalized to HEU by 18m. These data support the notion that in early life, NK cells play a role in virus control and should be explored for functional attributes that are effective against HIV at this time during development. Overall, our study provides high resolution overview of the innate immune system during perinatal HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh Dinh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Lesley R. de Armas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Suresh Pallikkuth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Rajendra Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Stefano Rinaldi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Christine Dang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Alexander Kizhner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Nicola Cotugno
- Clinical and Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesu, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Palma
- Clinical and Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesu, Rome, Italy
| | - Nália Ismael
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Marracuene, Mozambique
| | - Paula Vaz
- Fundação Ariel Glaser Contra O Sida Pediátrico, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Savita Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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Mataramvura H, Bunders MJ, Duri K. Human immunodeficiency virus and antiretroviral therapy-mediated immune cell metabolic dysregulation in children born to HIV-infected women: potential clinical implications. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1182217. [PMID: 37350953 PMCID: PMC10282157 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1182217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Commencing lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) immediately following HIV diagnosis (Option B+) has dramatically improved the health of HIV-infected women and their children, with the majority being of HIV-exposed children born uninfected (HEU). This success has led to an increasing population of HIV-infected women receiving ART during pregnancy and children exposed to ART in utero. Nonetheless, a small proportion of children are still infected with HIV (HEI) each year. HEI children suffer from reduced immunocompetence and host-defence, due to CD4+ T lymphocyte depletion, but also dysregulation of other immune cells including CD8+ T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages including B lymphocytes. Furthermore, although HEU children are uninfected, altered immune responses are observed and associated with increased vulnerability to infections. The mechanisms underlying immune dysregulation in HEU children remain poorly described. Building on early studies, emerging data suggests that HIV/ART exposure early in life affects cell metabolic function of HEU children. Prenatal HIV/ART exposure has been associated with dysregulation of mitochondria, including impaired DNA polymerase activity. Furthermore, dysregulation of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) causes a decreased generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in oxidative stress. These altered metabolic processes can affect immune cell viability and immune responses. Recent studies have indicated that immune-metabolic dysregulation may contribute to HIV-associated pathogenesis and clinical observations associated with HIV and ART exposure in HEU/HEI children. Given the critical role metabolic processes in immune cell functioning, immune-metabolic dysregulation in HEU and HEI children may have implications in effective host-defence responses against pathogens, as well as efficacy of standard ART regimens and future novel HIV cure approaches in HEI children. At the same time, targeting metabolic pathways of immune cells may provide safer and novel approaches for HIV cure strategies. Here, we review the current literature investigating immune-metabolic dysregulation in paediatric HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Mataramvura
- Immunology Unit, University of Zimbabwe Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (UZ-FMHS), Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Madeleine J. Bunders
- III. Medical Department, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerina Duri
- Immunology Unit, University of Zimbabwe Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (UZ-FMHS), Harare, Zimbabwe
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5
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Abeynaike SA, Huynh TR, Mehmood A, Kim T, Frank K, Gao K, Zalfa C, Gandarilla A, Shultz L, Paust S. Human Hematopoietic Stem Cell Engrafted IL-15 Transgenic NSG Mice Support Robust NK Cell Responses and Sustained HIV-1 Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:365. [PMID: 36851579 PMCID: PMC9960100 DOI: 10.3390/v15020365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice reconstituted with human immune systems are instrumental in the investigation of HIV-1 pathogenesis and therapeutics. Natural killer (NK) cells have long been recognized as a key mediator of innate anti-HIV responses. However, established humanized mouse models do not support robust human NK cell development from engrafted human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). A major obstacle to human NK cell reconstitution is the lack of human interleukin-15 (IL-15) signaling, as murine IL-15 is a poor stimulator of the human IL-15 receptor. Here, we demonstrate that immunodeficient NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mice expressing a transgene encoding human IL-15 (NSG-Tg(IL-15)) have physiological levels of human IL-15 and support long-term engraftment of human NK cells when transplanted with human umbilical-cord-blood-derived HSCs. These Hu-NSG-Tg(IL-15) mice demonstrate robust and long-term reconstitution with human immune cells, but do not develop graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), allowing for long-term studies of human NK cells. Finally, we show that these HSC engrafted mice can sustain HIV-1 infection, resulting in human NK cell responses in HIV-infected mice. We conclude that Hu-NSG-Tg(IL-15) mice are a robust novel model to study NK cell responses to HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn A. Abeynaike
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tridu R. Huynh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Division of Internal Medicine, Scripps Clinic/Scripps Green Hospital, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Abeera Mehmood
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Teha Kim
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kayla Frank
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kefei Gao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cristina Zalfa
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Angel Gandarilla
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Silke Paust
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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6
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Smith DM, Schafer JR, Tullius B, Witkam L, Paust S. Natural killer cells for antiviral therapy. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eabl5278. [PMID: 36599006 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abl5278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy is being explored for treating infectious diseases, including viral infections. Here, we discuss evidence of NK cell responses to different viruses, ongoing clinical efforts to treat such infections with NK cell products, and review platforms to generate NK cell products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davey M Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | - Laura Witkam
- Kiadis Pharma, Sanofi, 1105BP Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Silke Paust
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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7
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Carrasco I, Tarancon-Diez L, Vázquez-Alejo E, Jiménez de Ory S, Sainz T, Apilanez M, Epalza C, Guillén S, Tomás Ramos J, Díez C, Bernardino JI, Iribarren JA, Zamora A, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Navarro ML. Innate and adaptive abnormalities in youth with vertically acquired HIV through a multicentre cohort in Spain. J Int AIDS Soc 2021; 24:e25804. [PMID: 34672108 PMCID: PMC8528666 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Immune abnormalities have been described among youth with vertically acquired HIV (YWVH) despite antiretroviral treatment (ART). The CD4/CD8 ratio could be a useful prognostic marker. We assess immune activation and senescence in a cohort of YWVH in comparison to youth without vertically acquired HIV. Methods YWVH under suppressive ART were included and compared to a group of HIV‐negative donors (HD) matched by age and sex, from September 2019 to September 2020. Subset distribution and expression of activation, maturation, senescence and exhaustion markers on T and NK cells were studied on peripheral blood mononuclear cells by multiparametric flow cytometry. Results Thirty‐two YWVH (median age: 24.4 years (interquartile range: 22.5 to 28.3 years)) were included. Among YWVH, CD4‐ and CD8‐T cells showed high levels of activation (HLA‐DR/CD38), IL‐7 receptor expression (CD127) and exhaustion (TIM‐3). Regarding NK cells, YWVH showed increased levels of activation and exhaustion markers compared to HD. Strong inverted correlations were observed between T‐cell activation (HLA‐DR/CD38), senescence (CD57) and exhaustion (TIGIT, PD‐1) levels with the CD4/CD8 ratio among YWVH. HLA‐DR, CD69, NKG2D and NKG2A expression levels on NK cells also correlated with the CD4/CD8 ratio. Age at ART initiation was directly associated with higher frequency of CD16high NK‐cell subsets, exhaustion T‐cell levels (CD57, TIM3) and NK cells activation levels. Conclusions Immunological changes associated with vertically acquired HIV, characterized by increased activation and exhaustion levels in innate and adaptive immune components, are only partially restored by ART. The CD4/CD8 ratio can be a useful marker of disease progression for routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzíar Carrasco
- Infectious Diseases in Paediatric Population, Gregorio Marañón Research Institute (IiSGM) and University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Tarancon-Diez
- Immunology Section, Inmuno-Biology Molecular Laboratory, Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital (HGUGM), Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Vázquez-Alejo
- Immunology Section, Inmuno-Biology Molecular Laboratory, Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital (HGUGM), Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Jiménez de Ory
- Infectious Diseases in Paediatric Population, Gregorio Marañón Research Institute (IiSGM) and University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Talía Sainz
- Department of Paediatrics, La Paz Research Institute (IdiPAZ) and University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miren Apilanez
- Department of Paediatrics, Donostia University Hospital, País Vasco, Spain
| | - Cristina Epalza
- Department of Paediatrics, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Guillén
- Department of Paediatrics, Getafe University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Tomás Ramos
- Department of Paediatrics, Clínico San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Díez
- Department Infectious Diseases, Gregorio Marañón Research Institute and University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Ignacio Bernardino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, La Paz Research Institute (IdiPAZ) and University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Angielys Zamora
- Biochemistry Section, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Immunology Section, Inmuno-Biology Molecular Laboratory, Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital (HGUGM), Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Navarro
- Infectious Diseases in Paediatric Population, Gregorio Marañón Research Institute (IiSGM) and University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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- Infectious Diseases in Paediatric Population, Gregorio Marañón Research Institute (IiSGM) and University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Doria M, Zicari S, Cotugno N, Domínguez‐Rodríguez S, Ruggiero A, Pascucci GR, Tagarro A, Rojo Conejo P, Nastouli E, Gärtner K, Cameron M, Richardson B, Foster C, Williams SL, Rinaldi S, De Rossi A, Giaquinto C, Rossi P, Pahwa S, Palma P. Early ART initiation during infancy preserves natural killer cells in young European adolescents living with HIV (CARMA cohort). J Int AIDS Soc 2021; 24:e25717. [PMID: 34235857 PMCID: PMC8264399 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV infection causes pathological changes in the natural killer (NK) cell compartment that can be only partially restored by antiretroviral therapy (ART). We investigated NK cells phenotype and function in children with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV) and long-term viral control (five years) due to effective ART in a multicentre cross-sectional European study (CARMA, EPIICAL consortium). The impact of age at ART start and viral reservoir was also evaluated. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 40 PHIV who started ART within two years of life (early treated patients (ET), ≤6 months; late treated patients (LT), > 6 months), with at least five years of HIV-1 suppression (<40 HIV copies/mL), were collected between November 2017 and August 2018. NK phenotype and function were analysed by flow cytometry and transcriptional profile of PBMCs by RNA-Seq. HIV-1 DNA was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (Data were analysed by Spearman correlation plots and multivariable Poisson regression model (adjusted for baseline %CD4 and RNA HIV viral load and for age at ART start as an interaction term, either ET or LT) to explore the association between NK cell parameters and HIV reservoir modulated by age at ART start. RESULTS A significantly higher frequency of CD56neg NK cells was found in LT compared with ET. We further found in LT a positive correlation of CD56neg NK cells with HIV-1 DNA. LT also displayed increased expression of the NKG2D and NKp46 activating receptors and perforin compared with ET. Moreover, CD107a+ and IFN-γ+ frequencies in non-stimulated NK were associated with HIV-1 DNA in LT patients. Finally, RNA-Seq analysis showed in LT an up-regulation of genes related to NK-activating pathways and susceptibility to apoptosis compared with ET. CONCLUSIONS We show that early initiation of ART during infancy preserves the NK compartment and is associated with lower HIV-1 reservoir. Such condition persists over adolescence due to long-term viral control achieved through effective ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Doria
- Research Unit of Primary ImmunodeficiencyBambino Gesú Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Sonia Zicari
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and VaccinologyAcademic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO)Bambino Gesù Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Nicola Cotugno
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and VaccinologyAcademic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO)Bambino Gesù Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
- Department of Systems MedicineChair of PediatricsUniversity of Rome "Tor Vergata"RomeItaly
| | - Sara Domínguez‐Rodríguez
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases UnitFundación para la Investigación Biomédica del HospitalMadridSpain
| | - Alessandra Ruggiero
- Research Unit of Primary ImmunodeficiencyBambino Gesú Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Giuseppe R Pascucci
- Research Unit of Primary ImmunodeficiencyBambino Gesú Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and VaccinologyAcademic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO)Bambino Gesù Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
- Department of Systems MedicineChair of PediatricsUniversity of Rome "Tor Vergata"RomeItaly
| | - Alfredo Tagarro
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases UnitFundación para la Investigación Biomédica del HospitalMadridSpain
| | - Pablo Rojo Conejo
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases UnitFundación para la Investigación Biomédica del HospitalMadridSpain
| | - Eleni Nastouli
- Department of VirologyUniversity College Hospital LondonUK
| | | | - Mark Cameron
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Brian Richardson
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | | | - Sion L Williams
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Stefano Rinaldi
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Anita De Rossi
- Section of Oncology and ImmunologyDepartment of Surgery, Oncology, and GastroenterologyUnit of Viral Oncology and AIDS Reference CenterUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
- Istituto Oncologico Veneto (IOV)‐IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Carlo Giaquinto
- Department of Mother and Child HealthUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Paolo Rossi
- Research Unit of Primary ImmunodeficiencyBambino Gesú Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and VaccinologyAcademic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO)Bambino Gesù Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
- Department of Systems MedicineChair of PediatricsUniversity of Rome "Tor Vergata"RomeItaly
| | - Savita Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Paolo Palma
- Research Unit of Primary ImmunodeficiencyBambino Gesú Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and VaccinologyAcademic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO)Bambino Gesù Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
- Department of Systems MedicineChair of PediatricsUniversity of Rome "Tor Vergata"RomeItaly
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9
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Killer-Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors (KIR) in HIV-Exposed Infants in Cameroon. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:9053280. [PMID: 33521134 PMCID: PMC7817297 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9053280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological reason(s) behind persistent mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV (albeit at reduced rate compared to the preantiretroviral therapy era) in spite of the successful implementation of advanced control measures in many African countries remains a priority concern to many HIV/AIDS control programs. This may be partly due to differences in host immunogenetic factors in highly polymorphic regions of the human genome such as those encoding the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) molecules which modulate the activities of natural killer cells. The primary aim of this study was to determine the variants of KIR genes that may have a role to play in MTCT in a cohort of infants born to HIV-infected mothers in Yaoundé, Cameroon. We designed a cross-sectional study to molecularly determine the frequencies of 15 KIR genes in 14 HIV-exposed infected (HEI), 39 HIV-exposed/uninfected (HEU), and 27 HIV-unexposed/uninfected (HUU) infants using the sequence specific primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR-SSP) method. We found that all 15 KIR genes were present in our cohort. The frequency of KIR2DL1 was significantly higher in the unexposed (control) group than in the HIV-exposed group (OR = 0.22, P = 0.006). Stratifying analysis by infection status but focusing only on exposed infants revealed that KIR2DL5, KIR2DS1, and KIR2DS5 were significantly overrepresented among the HIV-exposed/uninfected compared to infected infants (OR = 0.20, P = 0.006). Similarly, the frequencies of KIR2DS1, KIR2DS5, and KIR2DL5 were significantly different between infants perinatally infected with HIV (HIV+ by 6 months of age) and HIV-negative infants. Our study demonstrates that KIR genes may have differential effects with regard to MTCT of HIV-1.
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10
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Singh A, Kazer SW, Roider J, Krista KC, Millar J, Asowata OE, Ngoepe A, Ramsuran D, Fardoos R, Ardain A, Muenchhoff M, Kuhn W, Karim F, Ndung'u T, Shalek AK, Goulder P, Leslie A, Kløverpris HN. Innate Lymphoid Cell Activation and Sustained Depletion in Blood and Tissue of Children Infected with HIV from Birth Despite Antiretroviral Therapy. Cell Rep 2020; 32:108153. [PMID: 32937142 PMCID: PMC7495043 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are important for response to infection and for immune development in early life. HIV infection in adults depletes circulating ILCs, but the impact on children infected from birth remains unknown. We study vertically HIV-infected children from birth to adulthood and find severe and persistent depletion of all circulating ILCs that, unlike CD4+ T cells, are not restored by long-term antiretroviral therapy unless initiated at birth. Remaining ILCs upregulate genes associated with cellular activation and metabolic perturbation. Unlike HIV-infected adults, ILCs are also profoundly depleted in tonsils of vertically infected children. Transcriptional profiling of remaining ILCs reveals ongoing cell-type-specific activity despite antiretroviral therapy. Collectively, these data suggest an important and ongoing role for ILCs in lymphoid tissue of HIV-infected children from birth, where persistent depletion and sustained transcriptional activity are likely to have long-term immune consequences that merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alveera Singh
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Samuel W Kazer
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Julia Roider
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban 4001, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK; HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; Medizinische Klinik IV, Department of Infectious Diseases, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 80802, Germany
| | - Kami C Krista
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Jane Millar
- Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK; HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | | | - Abigail Ngoepe
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Duran Ramsuran
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Rabiah Fardoos
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban 4001, South Africa; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200N, Denmark
| | - Amanda Ardain
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban 4001, South Africa; School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Maximilian Muenchhoff
- Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK; Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich 81377, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Warren Kuhn
- ENT Department General Justice Gizenga Mpanza Regional Hospital (Stanger Hospital), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Farina Karim
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban 4001, South Africa; HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London WC1E 6AE, UK; Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Philip Goulder
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban 4001, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK; HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban 4001, South Africa; University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London WC1E 6AE, UK; School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Henrik N Kløverpris
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban 4001, South Africa; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200N, Denmark; University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London WC1E 6AE, UK; School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa.
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11
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Hueber B, Curtis AD, Kroll K, Varner V, Jones R, Pathak S, Lifton M, Van Rompay KKA, De Paris K, Reeves RK. Functional Perturbation of Mucosal Group 3 Innate Lymphoid and Natural Killer Cells in Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Infant Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2020; 94:e01644-19. [PMID: 31801861 PMCID: PMC7022363 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01644-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) via breastfeeding is responsible for nearly half of new infections of children with HIV. Although innate lymphoid cells (ILC) and natural killer (NK) cells are found throughout the oral mucosae, the effects of HIV/simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) in these tissues are largely unknown. To better understand the mechanics of postnatal transmission, we performed a comprehensive study of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/SHIV-infected infant rhesus macaques (RM) and tracked changes in frequency, trafficking, and function of group 3 ILC (ILC3) and NK cells using polychromatic flow cytometry and cell stimulation assays in colon, tonsil, and oral lymph node samples. Infection led to a 3-fold depletion of ILC3 in the colon and an increase in the levels of NK cells in tonsils and oral lymph nodes. ILC3 and NK cells exhibited alterations in their trafficking repertoires as a result of infection, with increased expression of CD103 in colon NK cells and curtailment of CXCR3, and a significant decrease in α4β7 expression in colon ILC3. SPICE analyses revealed that ILC3 and NK cells displayed distinct functional profiles by tissue in naive samples. Infection perturbed these profiles, with a nearly total loss of interleukin-22 (IL-22) production in the tonsil and colon; an increase in the levels of CD107a, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) from ILC3; and an increase in the levels of CD107a, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta (MIP-1β), and TNF-α from NK cells. Collectively, these data reveal that lentivirus infection alters the frequencies, receptor repertoires, and functions of innate cells in the oral and gut mucosa of infants. Further study will be required to delineate the full extent of the effect that these changes have on oral and gut homeostasis, SHIV/SIV pathogenesis, and oral opportunistic disease.IMPORTANCE Vertical transmission of HIV from mother to child accounts for many of the new cases seen worldwide. There is currently no vaccine to mitigate this transmission, and there has been limited research on the effects that lentiviral infection has on the innate immune system in oral tissues of infected children. To fill this knowledge gap, our laboratory studied infant rhesus macaques to evaluate how acute SIV/SHIV infections impacted ILC3 and NK cells, which are immune cells critical for mucosal homeostasis and antimicrobial defense. Our data revealed that SIV/SHIV infection led to a depletion of ILC3 and an increase of NK cells and to a functional shift from a homeostatic to a multifunctional proinflammatory state. Taking the results together, we describe how lentiviral infection perturbs the oral and gastrointestinal mucosae of infant macaques through alterations of resident innate immune cells giving rise to chronic inflammation and potentially exacerbating morbidity and mortality in children living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady Hueber
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alan D Curtis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kyle Kroll
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Valerie Varner
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rhianna Jones
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sachi Pathak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michelle Lifton
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Koen K A Van Rompay
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kristina De Paris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - R Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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S100A14 Is Increased in Activated NK Cells and Plasma of HIV-Exposed Seronegative People Who Inject Drugs and Promotes Monocyte-NK Crosstalk. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019; 80:234-241. [PMID: 30422902 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-exposed seronegative people who inject drugs (HESN-PWID) have been shown to have increased natural killer (NK) cell and myeloid activation when compared with control donors. METHODS We investigated potential mechanisms maintaining NK activation by conducting quantitative proteome comparisons of NK cells from HESN-PWID subjects and control donors. Proteins upregulated in NK cells were measured in the plasma of HESN-PWID subjects by ELISA and further investigated for their ability to induce innate immune activation in vitro. RESULTS The NK cell proteome comparison showed markedly higher levels of interferon-stimulated proteins and S100 proteins, including S100A14. Consistent with these results, we observed significantly higher levels of S100A14 in the plasma of HESN-PWID subjects compared with controls (P = 0.033, n = 25). In vitro, the addition of recombinant S100A14 protein significantly activated NK cells in a peripheral blood mononuclear cell mixture (P = 0.011, n = 9), but not purified NK cells alone. Treatment of purified monocytes with recombinant S100A14 protein induced secretion of TNF-alpha and led to significantly higher NK CD69 activation (P = 0.0156, n = 7) in a co-culture through a TLR4-dependent interaction. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified S100A14 as a novel protein increased within NK cells and plasma of HESN-PWID subjects with the capacity to sustain NK activation through TLR4-dependent activation of myeloid cells.
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Naicker T, Phoswa WN, Onyangunga OA, Gathiram P, Moodley J. Angiogenesis, Lymphangiogenesis, and the Immune Response in South African Preeclamptic Women Receiving HAART. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153728. [PMID: 31366152 PMCID: PMC6696390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose of the review: This review highlights the role of angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and immune markers in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated preeclamptic (PE) pregnancies in an attempt to unravel the mysteries underlying the duality of both conditions in South Africa. Recent findings: Studies demonstrate that HIV-infected pregnant women develop PE at a lower frequency than uninfected women. In contrast, women receiving highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) are more inclined to develop PE, stemming from an imbalance of angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and immune response. Summary: In view of the paradoxical effect of HIV infection on PE development, this study examines angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and immune markers in the highly HIV endemic area of KwaZulu-Natal. We believe that HAART re-constitutes the immune response in PE, thereby predisposing women to PE development. This susceptibility is due to an imbalance in the angiogenic/lymphangiogenic/immune response as compared to normotensive pregnant women. Further large-scale studies are urgently required to investigate the effect of the duration of HAART on PE development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thajasvarie Naicker
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa.
| | - Wendy N Phoswa
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa.
| | - Onankoy A Onyangunga
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Premjith Gathiram
- Women's Health and HIV Research Group. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Jagidesa Moodley
- Women's Health and HIV Research Group. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa
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14
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NK cells in treated HIV-infected children display altered phenotype and function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:294-303.e13. [PMID: 30735686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic HIV infection is known to trigger a population redistribution and alteration in the functional capacity of natural killer (NK) cells. Because of improved antiretroviral treatments, there are rising numbers of adolescents and young adults worldwide who are living with HIV infection since birth. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine how NK-cell phenotypic and functional subsets are altered in treated pediatric patients. METHODS NK cells were contrasted among 29 HIV-unexposed and uninfected controls (5-19 years), 23 HIV-exposed but uninfected patients (3-19 years), and 25 HIV-infected patients (3-19 years) using multiparametric flow cytometry. RESULTS Although most NK-cell markers did not differ, activating receptors such as NKp46, DNAX accessory molecule-1, and NKG2C and stimulatory receptors such as CD2 and CD11c were expressed by a higher frequency of NK cells in HIV-infected patients than in controls. Interestingly, there were less differences between HIV-infected and HIV-exposed but uninfected children. There was an inverse relationship between CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio (as a marker of disease progression) and CD11c and NKG2C frequency and CD69 upregulation on stimulation among HIV-infected patients. CONCLUSIONS A chronic NK-cell activation phenotype persists in HIV-infected children receiving antiretroviral therapy and is associated with declining CD4/CD8 T-cell ratios. A lower CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio was associated with higher baseline granzyme B (P = .0068; R2 = 0.29) and degranulation potential (P = .022; R2 = 0.22) in stimulated NK cells. Thus, NK cells in HIV-infected children receiving treatment have reduced functional potential and an activated phenotype that distinguishes them from uninfected children.
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15
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Angrand RC, Sperling R, Roccobono K, Osborne LM, Jao J. Depression in perinatally HIV-infected pregnant women compared to non-perinatally HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected pregnant women. AIDS Care 2018; 30:1168-1172. [PMID: 29776314 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2018.1476659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
"Depression (as noted in chart by a physician)" was compared between HIV infected pregnant women and controls. Perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV), non-perinatally HIV-infected (NPHIV), and HIV-uninfected (HIV-U) pregnant women were all compared using a logistic regression model. Overall, HIV-infected women had higher rates of depression than HIV-U, with PHIV women demonstrating a clinically and statistically significant increased risk compared to HIV-U women [adjusted OR: 15.9, 95% CI = 1.8-143.8]. Future studies in larger populations are warranted to confirm these findings and further elucidate mental health outcomes of PHIV and NPHIV pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth C Angrand
- a Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - Rhoda Sperling
- a Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | | | - Lauren M Osborne
- c The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Jennifer Jao
- a Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
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Rivas JL, Palencia T, Fernández G, García M. Association of T and NK Cell Phenotype With the Diagnosis of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). Front Immunol 2018; 9:1028. [PMID: 29867995 PMCID: PMC5954087 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a pathological condition characterized by incapacitating fatigue and a combination of neurologic, immunologic, and endocrine symptoms. At present its diagnosis is based exclusively on clinical criteria. Several studies have described altered immunologic profiles; therefore, we proposed to further examine the more significant differences, particularly T and NK cell subpopulations that could be conditioned by viral infections, to discern their utility in improving the diagnosis and characterization of the patients. The study included 76 patients that fulfilled the revised Canadian Consensus Criteria (CCC 2010) for ME/CFS and 73 healthy controls, matched for age and gender. Immunophenotyping of different T cell and natural killer cell subpopulations in peripheral blood was determined by flow cytometry. ME/CFS patients showed significantly lower values of T regulatory cells (CD4+CD25++(high)FOXP3+) and higher NKT-like cells (CD3+CD16+/-CD56+) than the healthy individuals. Regarding NK phenotypes, NKG2C was significantly lower and NKCD69 and NKCD56 bright were significantly higher in the patients group. A classification model was generated using the more relevant cell phenotype differences (NKG2C and T regulatory cells) that was able to classify the individuals as ME/CFS patients or healthy in a 70% of cases. The observed differences in some of the subpopulations of T and NK cells between patients and healthy controls could define a distinct immunological profile that can help in the diagnostic process of ME/CFS patients, contribute to the recognition of the disease and to the search of more specific treatments. However, more studies are needed to corroborate these findings and to contribute to establish a consensus in diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guerau Fernández
- Bioinformatics Unit, Genetics and Molecular Medicine Service, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Milagros García
- ME/CFS Unit, ASSSEMBiomédics, Barcelona, Spain.,Immunology Department, Biomedical Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Omosun YO, Blackstock AJ, Williamson J, van Eijk AM, Ayisi J, Otieno J, Lal RB, ter Kuile FO, Slutsker L, Shi YP. Association of maternal KIR gene content polymorphisms with reduction in perinatal transmission of HIV-1. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191733. [PMID: 29360870 PMCID: PMC5779696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) in the transmission of HIV-1 has not been extensively studied. Here, we investigated the association of KIR gene content polymorphisms with perinatal HIV-1 transmission. The KIR gene family comprising 16 genes was genotyped in 313 HIV-1 positive Kenyan mothers paired with their infants. Gene content polymorphisms were presented as presence of individual KIR genes, haplotypes, genotypes and KIR gene concordance. The genetic data were analyzed for associations with perinatal transmission of HIV. There was no association of infant KIR genes with perinatal HIV-1 transmission. After adjustment for gravidity, viral load, and CD4 cell count, there was evidence of an association between reduction in perinatal HIV-1 transmission and the maternal individual KIR genes KIR2DL2 (adjusted OR = 0.50; 95% CI: 0.24–1.02, P = 0.06), KIR2DL5 (adjusted OR = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.23–0.95, P = 0.04) and KIR2DS5 (adjusted OR = 0.39; 95% CI: 0.18–0.80, P = 0.01). Furthermore, these maternal KIR genes were only significantly associated with reduction in perinatal HIV transmission in women with CD4 cell count ≥ 350 cells/ μl and viral load <10000 copies/ml. Concordance analysis showed that when both mother and child had KIR2DS2, there was less likelihood of perinatal HIV-1 transmission (adjusted OR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.20–0.96, P = 0.039). In conclusion, the maternal KIR genes KIR2DL2, KIR2DL5, KIR2DS5, and KIR2DS2 were associated with reduction of HIV-1 transmission from mother to child. Furthermore, maternal immune status is an important factor in the association of KIR with perinatal HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf O. Omosun
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anna J. Blackstock
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John Williamson
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anne Maria van Eijk
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenyan Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
- Child and Reproductive Health Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John Ayisi
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenyan Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Juliana Otieno
- New Nyanza Provincial General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Renu B. Lal
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Feiko O. ter Kuile
- Child and Reproductive Health Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence Slutsker
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ya Ping Shi
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ma M, Wang Z, Chen X, Tao A, He L, Fu S, Zhang Z, Fu Y, Guo C, Liu J, Han X, Xu J, Chu Z, Ding H, Shang H, Jiang Y. NKG2C +NKG2A - Natural Killer Cells are Associated with a Lower Viral Set Point and may Predict Disease Progression in Individuals with Primary HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1176. [PMID: 28979268 PMCID: PMC5611385 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are the first line of defense against pathogens of the immune system and also play an important role in resistance against HIV. The activating receptor NKG2C and the inhibitory receptor NKG2A co-modulate the function of NK cells by recognizing the same ligand, HLA-E. However, the role of NKG2A and NKG2C on viral set point and the prediction of HIV disease progression have been rarely reported. In this study, we determined the expression of NKG2C or NKG2A on the surface of NK cells from 22 individuals with primary HIV infection (PHI) stage and 23 HIV-negative normal control (NC) subjects. The CD4+ T cell count and plasma level of HIV RNA in the infected individuals were longitudinally followed-up for about 720 days. The proportion of NKG2C+NKG2A- NK cells was higher in subjects from the low set point group and was negatively correlated with the viral load. In addition, strong anti-HIV activities were observed in NKG2C+ NK cells from the HIV-positive donors. Furthermore, a proportion of NKG2C+NKG2A- NK cells >35.45%, and a ratio of NKG2C/NKG2A >1.7 were predictive for higher CD4+ T cell counts 720 days after infection. Collectively, the experimental results allow us to draw the conclusion that NKG2C+ NK cells might exert an antiviral effect and that the proportion of NKG2C+NKG2A- NK cells, and the ratio of NKG2C/NKG2A, are potential biomarkers for predicting HIV disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichen Ma
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anfu Tao
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei He
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Fu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zining Zhang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yajing Fu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenxi Guo
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenxing Chu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Ding
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Shang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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Smith C, Jalbert E, de Almeida V, Canniff J, Lenz LL, Mussi-Pinhata MM, Cohen RA, Yu Q, Amaral FR, Pinto J, Alarcon JO, Siberry G, Weinberg A. Altered Natural Killer Cell Function in HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants. Front Immunol 2017; 8:470. [PMID: 28484464 PMCID: PMC5403425 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants have higher rates of severe and fatal infections compared with HIV-unexposed (HUU) infants, likely due to immune perturbations. We hypothesized that alterations in natural killer (NK) cell activity might occur in HEU infants and predispose them to severe infections. Design Case–control study using cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at birth and 6 months from HEU infants enrolled from 2002 to 2009 and HUU infants enrolled from 2011 to 2013. Methods NK cell phenotype and function were assessed by flow cytometry after 20-h incubation with and without K562 cells. Results The proportion of NK cells among PBMCs was lower at birth in 12 HEU vs. 22 HUU (1.68 vs. 10.30%, p < 0.0001) and at 6 months in 52 HEU vs. 72 HUU (3.09 vs. 4.65%, p = 0.0005). At birth, HEU NK cells demonstrated increased killing of K562 target cells (p < 0.0001) and increased expression of CD107a (21.65 vs. 12.70%, p = 0.047), but these differences resolved by 6 months. Stimulated HEU NK cells produced less interferon (IFN)γ at birth (0.77 vs. 2.64%, p = 0.008) and at 6 months (4.12 vs. 8.39%, p = 0.001), and showed reduced perforin staining at 6 months (66.95 vs. 77.30%, p = 0.0008). Analysis of cell culture supernatants indicated that lower NK cell activity in HEU was associated with reduced interleukin (IL)-12, IL-15, and IL-18. Addition of recombinant human IL-12 to stimulated HEU PBMCs restored IFNγ production to that seen in stimulated HUU cultures. Conclusion NK cell proportion, phenotype, and function are altered in HEU infants. NK cell cytotoxicity and degranulation are increased in HEU at birth, but HEU NK cells have reduced IFNγ and perforin production, suggesting an adequate initial response, but decreased functional reserve. NK cell function improved with addition of exogenous IL-12, implicating impaired production of IL-12 by accessory cells. Alterations in NK cell and accessory cell function may contribute to the increased susceptibility to infection in HEU infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Smith
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Emilie Jalbert
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Volia de Almeida
- Federal University of Sao Carlos Biological and Health Sciences Center, Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Canniff
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laurel L Lenz
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Marisa M Mussi-Pinhata
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fabiana R Amaral
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Pinto
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jorge O Alarcon
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Daniel A. Carrión" de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
| | - George Siberry
- Maternal and Pediatric Infectious Disease Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adriana Weinberg
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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20
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Moreno-Nieves UY, Didier C, Lévy Y, Barré-Sinoussi F, Scott-Algara D. S100A9 Tetramers, Which are Ligands of CD85j, Increase the Ability of MVAHIV-Primed NK Cells to Control HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2015; 6:478. [PMID: 26441983 PMCID: PMC4585218 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are the major antiviral effector population of the innate immune system. We previously found that S100A9 is a novel ligand of the receptor CD85j and that S100A9 tetramers enhance the anti-HIV activity of NK cells. Also, we found that dendritic cells (DCs) infected by the HIV vaccine candidate, MVAHIV, prime NK cells to specifically control HIV infection in autologous CD4(+) T cells. In this study, we analyzed whether stimulation of NK cells by S100A9 tetramers prior to the priming by MVAHIV-infected DCs modulates the subsequent anti-HIV activity of NK cells. We found that S100A9 tetramers activate NK cells and that DCs enhance the anti-HIV activity of NK cells. Interestingly, we observed that stimulation of NK cells by S100A9 tetramers, prior to the priming, significantly increased the subsequent anti-HIV activity of NK cells and that the enhanced anti-HIV activity was observed following different conditions of priming, including the MVAHIV-priming. As S100A9 tetramers alone directly increase the anti-HIV activity of NK cells and as this increased anti-HIV activity is also observed following the interaction of NK cells with MVAHIV-infected DCs, we propose S100A9 tetramers as potential adjuvants to stimulate the anti-HIV activity of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uriel Y Moreno-Nieves
- Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur , Paris , France
| | - Céline Didier
- Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur , Paris , France
| | - Yves Lévy
- INSERM U955, AP-HP, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Immunologie Clinique , Creteil , France
| | - Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
- Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur , Paris , France
| | - Daniel Scott-Algara
- Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur , Paris , France
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21
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Chavan VR, Ahir S, Ansari Z, Samant-Mawani P, Nanavati R, Mehta P, Mania-Pramanik J. Diversity in KIR gene repertoire in HIV-1 exposed infected and uninfected infants: A study from India. J Med Virol 2015; 88:417-25. [PMID: 26255774 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have antiviral activity mediated through killer immunoglobulin receptors (KIRs). Studies have shown the importance of KIR receptors in HIV infection. However reports on association of KIR genes in HIV infection from Indian population are limited, not a single study is reported in HIV exposed uninfected (EU) and infected infants. This study compared the KIR gene repertoire of HIV-1 positive (n = 29) with EU (n = 76) infants to elucidate its association with transmission. KIR genotyping was analysed using the PCR-SSP method. Viral load of mothers, CD4 count of both mothers and infected infants were done using commercial kits. The data was analysed using SPSS software. Results revealed presence of significantly high frequencies of activating gene KIR 2DS5 (P = 0.040) and inhibitory gene KIR 2DL3 (P = 0.013) in EU infants as compared to HIV-1 positive infants, confirmed with multivariable linear regression modelling. Fifty-nine KIR genotypes were identified in these 105 infants. Nine genotypes were unique, reported for the first time. Twenty six genotypes were shared with the World populations. Twenty four genotypes were reported for the first time from India. Specific KIR genotype combinations (GIDs) were exclusively present either in HIV-1 positive (n = 19) or in EU infants (n = 30). The Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis shows a strong linkage between four pairs of genes in HIV-1 positive and three pairs of genes in EU infants. In conclusion, this study revealed that, besides maternal confounding factors such as ART and viral load, specific KIR genes are associated independently with perinatal HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay R Chavan
- Department of Infectious Diseases Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Swati Ahir
- Department of Infectious Diseases Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Zakiya Ansari
- Department of Infectious Diseases Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Padmaja Samant-Mawani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Seth G.S. Medical College and K.E.M. Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ruchi Nanavati
- Department of Neonatology, Seth G.S. Medical College and K.E.M. Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Preeti Mehta
- Department of Microbiology, Seth G.S. Medical College and K.E.M. Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jayanti Mania-Pramanik
- Department of Infectious Diseases Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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22
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Association of KIR3DL1/S1 and HLA-Bw4 with CD4 T cell counts in HIV-infected Mexican mestizos. Immunogenetics 2015; 67:413-24. [PMID: 26033692 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-015-0848-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Certain genotypic combinations of killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and human leukocyte antigens (HLA) have been associated with favourable outcomes after exposure to human immunodeficiency virus in Caucasoid and African populations. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is characterized by a rapid exhaustion of CD4 cells, which results in impaired cellular immunity. During this early phase of infection, it is thought that the natural killer (NK) cells represent the main effector arm of the host immune response to HIV. This study investigates whether KIR and HLA factors are associated to CD4 T cell numbers after HIV infection in Mexican mestizos as assessed at the time of initial medical evaluation and subsequent clinical follow-up. KIR and HLA-B gene carrier frequency differences were compared between groups of patients stratified by CD4 T cell numbers as assessed during their first medical evaluation (a point in time at which all patients were anti-retroviral therapy naïve). In addition, the influence that these genetic factors have on averaged historical CD4 cell counts in patients subjected to follow-up (mostly therapy-experienced) was also evaluated. Our results suggest a protective role for the HLA-Bw4 and KIR3D + Bw4 combination in both therapy-naïve and therapy-experienced patients. This report furthers our understanding on the way that immune genes modulate HIV disease progression in less-studied human populations such as the Mexican mestizos with a special focus on CD4 T cell number and behaviour.
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Heiberg IL, Pallett LJ, Winther TN, Høgh B, Maini MK, Peppa D. Defective natural killer cell anti-viral capacity in paediatric HBV infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 179:466-76. [PMID: 25311087 PMCID: PMC4337679 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells exhibit dysregulated effector function in adult chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (CHB), which may contribute to virus persistence. The role of NK cells in children infected perinatally with HBV is less studied. Access to a unique cohort enabled the cross-sectional evaluation of NK cell frequency, phenotype and function in HBV-infected children relative to uninfected children. We observed a selective defect in NK cell interferon (IFN)-γ production, with conserved cytolytic function, mirroring the functional dichotomy observed in adult infection. Reduced expression of NKp30 on NK cells suggests a role of impaired NK-dendritic cell (DC) cellular interactions as a potential mechanism leading to reduced IFN-γ production. The finding that NK cells are already defective in paediatric CHB, albeit less extensively than in adult CHB, has potential implications for the timing of anti-viral therapy aiming to restore immune control.
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Affiliation(s)
- I L Heiberg
- Department of Paediatrics, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Innate activation of MDC and NK cells in high-risk HIV-1-exposed seronegative IV-drug users who share needles when compared with low-risk nonsharing IV-drug user controls. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 68:264-73. [PMID: 25514793 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have described increased innate immune activation in HIV-1-exposed seronegative intravenous drug users (HESN-IDU), but have not addressed the independent role of injected drugs and/or repeated injections in driving immune activation. METHODS In this study, we investigated innate [natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells] and adaptive (HIV-specific antibody and CD8 T cell) immune parameters among a high-risk cohort of needle-sharing HESN-IDU subjects and compared them with low-risk nonsharing IDU subjects (NS-IDU) and non-drug-user controls. RESULTS We observed that HIV-specific antibody and CD8 T-cell responses were not detected in HESN-IDU subjects, yet innate immune cell activation was found to be significantly increased on NK cells (CD69 and CD107a upregulation) and myeloid dendritic cells (CD40 and CD83 upregulation) when compared with NS-IDU subjects or non-drug-user controls (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). HESN-IDU subjects maintained strong NK-cell CD107a degranulation and cytokine (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and MIP-1 beta) production after target cell incubation suggesting that constitutive innate activation does not induce functional exhaustion of innate cells in HESN-IDU subjects. NK activation in HESN-IDU subjects was independent of drug use patterns but was durable over time and correlated with plasma levels of IP-10 by Luminex analysis (ρ = 0.5073, P = 0.0059, n = 28). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that heightened innate immune cell activation in HESN-IDU subjects is not the result of the IV drugs and repeated injection practice itself, but to repeated exposure to factors intrinsic to sharing needles (ie, exposure to pathogens or heterologous cells among donor blood).
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25
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Muenchhoff M, Prendergast AJ, Goulder PJR. Immunity to HIV in Early Life. Front Immunol 2014; 5:391. [PMID: 25161656 PMCID: PMC4130105 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The developing immune system is adapted to the exposure to a plethora of pathogenic and non-pathogenic antigens encountered in utero and after birth, requiring a fine balance between protective immunity and immune tolerance. In early stages of life, this tolerogenic state of the innate and adaptive immune system and the lack of immunological memory render the host more susceptible to infectious pathogens like HIV. HIV pathogenesis is different in children, compared to adults, with more rapid disease progression and a substantial lack of control of viremia compared to adults. Plasma viral load remains high during infancy and only declines gradually over several years in line with immune maturation, even in rare cases where children maintain normal CD4 T-lymphocyte counts for several years without antiretroviral therapy (ART). These pediatric slow progressors also typically show low levels of immune activation despite persistently high viremia, resembling the phenotype of natural hosts of SIV infection. The lack of immunological memory places the fetus and the newborn at higher risk of infections; however, it may also provide an opportunity for unique interventions. Frequencies of central memory CD4+ T-lymphocytes, one of the main cellular reservoirs of HIV, are very low in the newborn child, so immediate ART could prevent the establishment of persistent viral reservoirs and result in "functional cure." However, as recently demonstrated in the case report of the "Mississippi child" who experienced viral rebound after more than 2 years off ART, additional immunomodulatory strategies might be required for sustained viral suppression after ART cessation. In this review, we discuss the interactions between HIV and the developing immune system in children and the potential implications for therapeutic and prophylactic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Muenchhoff
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research , Oxford , UK
| | - Andrew J Prendergast
- Centre for Paediatrics, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK ; Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research , Harare , Zimbabwe
| | - Philip Jeremy Renshaw Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research , Oxford , UK ; HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa
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26
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Variations in KIR genes: a study in HIV-1 serodiscordant couples. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:891402. [PMID: 24877146 PMCID: PMC4022261 DOI: 10.1155/2014/891402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background. NK cells have anti-HIV activity mediated through killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs). The current prospective cohort study evaluated whether variation in KIR genes is associated with HIV infection in discordant couples (DCs), where one spouse remains seronegative (HSN) despite repeated exposure to the HIV. Methods. KIR was genotyped using PCR SSP. Viral load and CD4 counts were estimated using commercially available reagents. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results. Among the 47 DCs, HSN spouses had significantly (P = 0.006) higher frequencies of KIR3DS1. Regression analysis revealed significant (P = 0.009) association of KIR2DS1 with low viral load. KIR2DS4 variant was associated (P = 0.032) with high viral load. Three pairs of KIR genes were in strong LD in HSNs and two pairs in HSPs. There were 60 KIR genotypes, and 16 are reported the first time in the Indian population. Exclusive genotypes were present either in HSPs (N = 22, 11 unique genotypes) or in HSNs (n = 27, 9 unique genotypes). Conclusions. This study highlights for the first time in the Indian population an association of KIR genes in HIV infection where presence of exclusive and unique genotypes indicates possible association with either HIV infection or with protection.
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The natural killer cell interferon-gamma response to bacteria is diminished in untreated HIV-1 infection and defects persist despite viral suppression. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014; 65:259-67. [PMID: 24091697 DOI: 10.1097/01.qai.0000435603.50598.2b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Natural killer (NK) cells are important in innate immune responses to bacterial and viral pathogens. HIV-1 infection is associated with opportunistic bacterial infections and with microbial translocation, but the nature of the NK cell response to bacteria during HIV-1 infection has not been studied extensively. The objective of this study was to compare NK cell responses to bacteria in HIV-1-infected versus that in uninfected individuals. METHODS Multicolor flow cytometry was used to evaluate the ability of blood NK cell subsets (CD56CD16, CD56CD16, and CD56CD16) from treated, virally suppressed, and untreated viremic subjects with chronic HIV-1 infection and uninfected controls, to secrete interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in response to the in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with heat-killed commensal Escherichia coli or pathogenic Salmonella typhimurium. RESULTS All 3 NK cell subsets produced IFN-γ in response to bacteria, but CD56CD16 NK cells were least responsive. Untreated HIV-1-infected donors had increased frequencies of CD56CD16 NK cells and lower overall frequencies of IFN-γ-producing NK cells responding to E. coli and S. typhimurium than did NK cells from uninfected donors. These NK cell defects were not fully restored in antiretroviral therapy-treated donors. Monocytes were necessary for NK cells to respond to bacteria, but the HIV-associated defect was intrinsic to NK cells because the addition of normal monocytes did not restore IFN-γ production in response to bacteria. CONCLUSIONS Functional defects and numeric alterations of NK cell subsets lead to decreased frequencies of bacteria-reactive, IFN-γ-producing NK cells in HIV-1-infected subjects, even those on antiretroviral therapy.
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Bayigga L, Nabatanzi R, Sekiziyivu PN, Mayanja-Kizza H, Kamya MR, Kambugu A, Olobo J, Kiragga A, Kirimunda S, Joloba M, Nakanjako D. High CD56++CD16- natural killer (NK) cells among suboptimal immune responders after four years of suppressive antiretroviral therapy in an African adult HIV treatment cohort. BMC Immunol 2014; 15:2. [PMID: 24483185 PMCID: PMC3915033 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-15-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Up to 40% of HIV-infected individuals receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) have poor CD4+ T-cell recovery. The role of natural killer (NK) cells in immune recovery during HAART is not well understood. We described the profiles of NK cell subsets and their expression of activating receptor, NKG2D and cytotoxicity receptor NKp46 among suboptimal immune responders to despite four years of suppressive HAART. Methods A case control study utilized frozen peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from a cohort of HIV-infected adults that initiated HAART in 2004/5, at CD4 < 200 cells/μl. Cases were ‘suboptimal’ responders; patients within the lowest quartile of CD4+ T-cell reconstitution, with a median CD4 count increase of 129 (-43-199) cells/μl (difference between CD4 count at baseline and after 4 years of HAART) and controls were ‘super-optimal’ responders; patients within the highest quartile of CD4 T-cell reconstitution with a median CD4 count increase of 528 (416-878) cells/μl). Expression of NK cell lineage markers (CD56+/-CD16+/-) and receptors NKG2D and NKp46, was measured among PBMC from 29 cases of ‘suboptimal’ responders’ and 23 controls of ‘super-optimal responders’, and compared among ‘suboptimal’ and ‘super-optimal’ responders. NK cell populations were compared using the Holm Sidak multiple comparison test and p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Data was analyzed using FLOWJO and GraphPad Prism 6. Results ‘Suboptimal responders’ had a higher proportion of cytokine producing CD56++CD16+/- (CD56bri) NK cells than the ‘super-optimal responders’ p = 0.017, and CD56neg NK cells were lower among suboptimal than super-optimal responders (p = 0.007). The largest NK cell subset, CD56dim, was comparable among suboptimal responders and ‘super-optimal immune responders’. Expression of NKG2D and NKp46 receptors on NK cell subsets (CD56bri, CD56neg and CD56dim), was comparable among ‘suboptimal’ and ‘super-optimal’ immune responders. Conclusions The pro-inflammatory CD56++CD16-- NK cells were higher among ‘suboptimal’ responders relative to ‘super-optimal’ responders, despite four years of suppressive HAART. Alteration of NK cell populations could inhibit host immune responses to infections among suboptimal responders. We recommend further analysis of NK cell function among suboptimal immune responders in order to inform targeted interventions to optimize immune recovery among HAART-treated adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Damalie Nakanjako
- Department of Internal Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
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29
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Neonatal natural killer cell function: relevance to antiviral immune defense. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:427696. [PMID: 24066005 PMCID: PMC3770027 DOI: 10.1155/2013/427696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neonates are particularly susceptible to various pathogens compared to adults, which is attributed in part to their immature innate and adaptive immunity. Natural killer cells provide first-line innate immune reactions against virus-infected cells without prior sensitization. This review updates phenotypic and functional deficiencies of neonatal cells compared to their adult counterparts and their clinical implications.
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30
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Jacobson A, Bell F, Lejarcegui N, Mitchell C, Frenkel L, Horton H. Healthy Neonates Possess a CD56-Negative NK Cell Population with Reduced Anti-Viral Activity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67700. [PMID: 23805324 PMCID: PMC3689709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neonatal Natural Killer (NK) cells show functional impairment and expansion of a CD56 negative population of uncertain significance. Methods NK cells were isolated from cord blood and from adult donors. NK subpopulations were identified as positive or negative for the expression of CD56 and characterized for expression of granzyme B and surface markers by multi-parameter flow cytometry. Cell function was assessed by viral suppression and cytokine production using autologous lymphocytes infected with HIV. Activating (NKp30, NKp46) and inhibitory (Siglec-7) markers in healthy infants and adults were compared with viremic HIV-infected adults. Results Cord blood contained increased frequencies of CD56 negative (CD56neg) NK cells with reduced expression of granzyme B and reduced production of IFNγ and the CC-class chemokines RANTES, MIP1α and MIP1β upon stimulation. Both CD56pos and CD56neg NK subpopulations showed impaired viral suppression in cord blood, with impairment most marked in the CD56neg subset. CD56neg NK cells from cord blood and HIV-infected adults shared decreased inhibitory and activating receptor expression when compared with CD56pos cells. Conclusions CD56neg NK cells are increased in number in normal infants and these effectors show reduced anti-viral activity. Like the expanded CD56neg population described in HIV-infected adults, these NK cells demonstrate functional impairments which may reflect inadequate development or activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Jacobson
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America,
| | - Frank Bell
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America,
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Lejarcegui
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America,
| | - Caroline Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lisa Frenkel
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Lab Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Helen Horton
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America,
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Moussa S, Jenabian MA, Gody JC, Léal J, Grésenguet G, Le Faou A, Bélec L. Adaptive HIV-specific B cell-derived humoral immune defenses of the intestinal mucosa in children exposed to HIV via breast-feeding. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63408. [PMID: 23704905 PMCID: PMC3660449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We evaluated whether B cell-derived immune defenses of the gastro-intestinal tract are activated to produce HIV-specific antibodies in children continuously exposed to HIV via breast-feeding. Methods Couples of HIV-1-infected mothers (n = 14) and their breastfed non HIV-infected (n = 8) and HIV-infected (n = 6) babies, and healthy HIV-negative mothers and breastfed babies (n = 10) as controls, were prospectively included at the Complexe Pédiatrique of Bangui, Central African Republic. Immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG and IgM) and anti-gp160 antibodies from mother’s milk and stools of breastfed children were quantified by ELISA. Immunoaffinity purified anti-gp160 antibodies were characterized functionally regarding their capacity to reduce attachment and/or infection of R5- and X4- tropic HIV-1 strains on human colorectal epithelial HT29 cells line or monocyte-derived-macrophages (MDM). Results The levels of total IgA and IgG were increased in milk of HIV-infected mothers and stools of HIV-exposed children, indicating the activation of B cell-derived mucosal immunity. Breast milk samples as well as stool samples from HIV-negative and HIV-infected babies exposed to HIV by breast-feeding, contained high levels of HIV-specific antibodies, mainly IgG antibodies, less frequently IgA antibodies, and rarely IgM antibodies. Relative ratios of excretion by reference to lactoferrin calculated for HIV-specific IgA, IgG and IgM in stools of HIV-exposed children were largely superior to 1, indicating active production of HIV-specific antibodies by the intestinal mucosa. Antibodies to gp160 purified from pooled stools of HIV-exposed breastfed children inhibited the attachment of HIV-1NDK on HT29 cells by 63% and on MDM by 77%, and the attachment of HIV-1JRCSF on MDM by 40%; and the infection of MDM by HIV-1JRCSF by 93%. Conclusions The intestinal mucosa of children exposed to HIV by breast-feeding produces HIV-specific antibodies harbouring in vitro major functional properties against HIV. These observations lay the conceptual basis for the design of a prophylactic vaccine against HIV in exposed children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Moussa
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Laboratoire des Rétrovirus-VIH, Bangui, Central African Republic.
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32
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Gagne K, Willem C, Legrand N, Djaoud Z, David G, Rettman P, Bressollette-Bodin C, Senitzer D, Esbelin J, Cesbron-Gautier A, Schneider T, Retière C. Both the nature of KIR3DL1 alleles and the KIR3DL1/S1 allele combination affect the KIR3DL1 NK-cell repertoire in the French population. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1085-98. [PMID: 23436464 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
NK-cell functions are regulated by many activating and inhibitory receptors including KIR3DL1. Extensive allelic polymorphism and variability in expression can directly alter NK-cell phenotype and functions. Here we investigated the KIR3DL1(+) NK-cell repertoire, taking into account the allelic KIR3DL1/S1 polymorphism, KIR3DL1 phenotype, and function. All 109 studied individuals possessed at least one KIR3DL1 allele, with weak KIR3DL1*054, or null alleles being frequently present. In KIR3DL1(high/null) individuals, we observed a bimodal distribution of KIR3DL1(+) NK cells identified by a different KIR3DL1 expression level and cell frequency regardless of a similar amount of both KIR3DL1 transcripts, HLA background, or KIR2D expression. However, this bimodal distribution can be explained by a functional selection following a hierarchy of KIR3DL1 receptors. The higher expression of KIR3DL1 observed on cord blood NK cells suggests the expression of the functional KIR3DL1*004 receptors. Thus, the low amplification of KIR3DL1(high) , KIR3DL1*004 NK-cell subsets during development may be due to extensive signaling via these two receptors. Albeit in a nonexclusive manner, individual immunological experience may contribute to shaping the KIR3DL1 NK-cell repertoire. Together, this study provides new insight into the mechanisms regulating the KIR3DL1 NK-cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Gagne
- Etablissement Français du Sang and Université de Nantes, EA4271 Immunovirologie et Polymorphisme Génétique, Nantes, France.
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33
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Jia M, Li D, He X, Zhao Y, Peng H, Ma P, Hong K, Liang H, Shao Y. Impaired natural killer cell-induced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity is associated with human immunodeficiency virus-1 disease progression. Clin Exp Immunol 2013. [PMID: 23199330 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the correlation between natural killer (NK) cell function and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 disease progression in 133 untreated HIV-1 positive Chinese subjects, including 41 former plasma donors (FPDs) and 92 men who have sex with men, and 35 HIV-negative controls. Flow cytometry was used to determine the abundance of NK cell subsets, the expression levels of receptor species, human leucocyte antigen (HLA) genotyping and the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses of NK cells. We observed a decreased expression of CD56(dim) CD16(+) NK cell subsets and an increased expression of CD56(-) CD16(+) with HIV-1 infection. As well, the expression of activating and inhibitory receptors increased significantly in NK cells, but CD16 receptor levels and the NKG2A/NKG2C ratio were down-regulated with HIV-1 infection. ADCC responses were higher in elite controllers than in all other groups, and were correlated inversely with HIV-1 viral load but correlated positively with CD4 count only in FPDs. Furthermore, individuals infected for < 1 year have lower ADCC responses than those infected for > 1 year. We also observed a negative association between ADCC responses and viral load in those who carry the HLA-A*30/B*13/Cw*06 haplotype. The positive correlation between CD16 expression and ADCC responses and a negative correlation trend between CD158a and ADCC responses were also observed (P = 0·058). Our results showed that the ADCC response is associated with patients' disease status, receptor expression levels, infection time and specific HLA alleles, which indicates that ADCC may offer protective effects against HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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34
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Slyker JA, Lohman-Payne B, John-Stewart GC, Dong T, Mbori-Ngacha D, Tapia K, Atzberger A, Taylor S, Rowland-Jones SL, Blish CA. The impact of HIV-1 infection and exposure on natural killer (NK) cell phenotype in Kenyan infants during the first year of life. Front Immunol 2012; 3:399. [PMID: 23293640 PMCID: PMC3533178 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in the containment of HIV replication during primary infection, though their functions are impaired during chronic HIV infection. Infants experience more rapid HIV disease progression than adults, but contributions of infant NK cells to containing HIV infection are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of HIV infection on infant NK cell phenotype by evaluating samples and data from a cohort study of women and their infants, conducted in Nairobi, Kenya between 1999 and 2003. The percentage and phenotype of NK cells was evaluated longitudinally by multi-parameter flow cytometry over the first year of life in HIV-infected (HIV+, = 16), HIV-exposed uninfected (HIV-EU, n = 6), and healthy unexposed controls (HIV–, n = 4). At birth, NK subset distributions based on expression of CD56 and CD16 did not differ between HIV+, HIV-EU, or HIV– infants. However, HIV infection was associated with a subsequent decline in NK cells as a percentage of total lymphocytes (p < 0.001), and an expanding proportion of CD56-CD16+ NK cells (p < 0.001). Activated CD38brightCD69+ NK cells were more frequent in the HIV+ infants, followed by HIV-EU and HIV- infants, in both CD56dim (p = 0.005) and CD56bright compartments (p = 0.03). HIV infection and exposure was also associated with a significant decline in the percentage of perforin-expressing NK cells in the CD56dim compartment over the first year of life, with HIV+ infants losing approximately 2.5% (p < 0.001) and HIV-EU infants losing 3.0% (p = 0.01) of perforin+ cells per month. Thus, infant HIV infection is associated with alterations in NK cell subsets, activation, and cytolytic potential that could contribute to their poor control over HIV infection. Furthermore, exposure to HIV infection in infants who escaped infection is also associated with alterations in NK cells that may contribute to the reduced ability to fight infections that is observed in HIV-EU infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Slyker
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA ; MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University Oxford, UK
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35
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Thomas R, Low HZ, Kniesch K, Jacobs R, Schmidt RE, Witte T. NKG2C deletion is a risk factor of HIV infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:844-51. [PMID: 22074011 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cell function is important in the immune response to HIV infection. NKG2C and NKG2A are activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors, respectively, and their only known ligand, HLA-E, demonstrates increased expression in HIV infection and presents at least one HIV-derived peptide. A variation in chromosome 12 exists in which the 16-kb section of DNA encompassing the nkg2c gene is completely absent. DNA samples of 433 HIV-1-infected patients and 280 controls were genotyped by PCR, and revealed an association of the absence variation with a higher risk of HIV infection, as well as faster progression and higher pretreatment viral loads (p<0.05, respectively). Surface NKG2C expression, analyzed by FACS, on the freshly isolated lymphocytes of 20 control and 19 HIV-infected donors revealed that NKG2C expression is genotype dependent in both populations: no NKG2C expression in the -/- groups, intermediate expression in the +/- groups, and highest expression in the +/+ groups. The comparison of NKG2C and NKG2A expression in HIV and control groups (+/- and +/+ included) indicates an increased NKG2C expression on HIV patient NK cells (p<0.05) and decreased inhibitory NKG2A expression on CD8 T cells (p<0.001), and both these effects are more striking in the +/+ genotype (p<0.005). Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between HIV viral load and the proportion of NKG2C(+) NK cells. The increased expression of NKG2C in HIV patients, in combination with the genetic association of the absence variation with an increased susceptibility to HIV infection, higher HIV viral set point, and a faster progression, indicate that NKG2C is important in the defense against HIV infection and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Thomas
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical University, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hui Zhi Low
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical University, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katja Kniesch
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical University, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roland Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical University, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold E. Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical University, Hannover, Germany
| | - Torsten Witte
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical University, Hannover, Germany
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36
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A distinct cytokine and chemokine profile at the genital mucosa is associated with HIV-1 protection among HIV-exposed seronegative commercial sex workers. Mucosal Immunol 2012; 5:277-87. [PMID: 22318497 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The predominance of HIV-1 sexual transmission requires a greater understanding of the interaction between HIV-1 and the mucosal immune system. The study of HIV-1-exposed seronegative (HESN) individuals serves as a model to identify the correlates of protection and to aid in microbicide development. A total of 22 cytokines/chemokines were analyzed at the systemic and mucosal compartments in 57 HESN, 51 HIV-1-negative, and 67 HIV-1-infected commercial sex workers from Nairobi, Kenya. HESN individuals had significantly lower expression of monokine induced by interferon-γ (MIG), interferon-γ-induced protein 10 (IP-10), and interleukin-1α (IL-1α) in their genital mucosa compared with controls. HESN cytokine expression also distinctly correlates with mucosal antiproteases, suggesting that HESN individuals have a unique pattern of mucosal chemokine/cytokine expression, which may result in reduced trafficking at the mucosa. These data support the immune quiescence model of protection, whereby lower T-cell activation/recruitment at the mucosal compartment reduces HIV-1 target cell numbers and is an important component of natural protection from HIV-1.
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37
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38
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Wiesmayr S, Webber SA, Macedo C, Popescu I, Smith L, Luce J, Metes D. Decreased NKp46 and NKG2D and elevated PD-1 are associated with altered NK-cell function in pediatric transplant patients with PTLD. Eur J Immunol 2011; 42:541-50. [PMID: 22105417 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) are life-threatening complications of organ transplantation caused by EBV infection and the use of chronic immunosuppression. While T-cell impairment is known to play a critical role in the immunopathogenesis of EBV complications post-transplantation, the role of NK cells is still under investigation. Here, we have characterized NK-cell phenotype and function in peripheral blood from asymptomatic pediatric thoracic transplant patients, patients with PTLD, and healthy controls. Overall, asymptomatic pediatric solid organ transplant (Tx) patients presented significant expansion of the CD56(bright) CD16(±) subset and displayed effective NK-cell function, while PTLD patients accumulated CD56(dim) CD16(-) and CD56(-) CD16(+) NK-cell subsets. In addition, NK cells from PTLD patients down-regulated NKp46 and NKG2D, and significantly up-regulated PD-1. These phenotypic changes were associated with NK functional impairment, resembling cellular exhaustion. Disrupting PD-1 inhibitory pathway improved IFN-γ release, but did not enhance cytotoxicity in PTLD patients, suggesting that these defects were partially PD-1 independent. Our results indicate the important role of NK cells during EBV surveillance post-transplantation, with implications for the immunopathogenesis of EBV complications, and suggest that monitoring NK cells in transplant patients may hold clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Wiesmayr
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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39
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Tomescu C, Abdulhaqq S, Montaner LJ. Evidence for the innate immune response as a correlate of protection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 highly exposed seronegative subjects (HESN). Clin Exp Immunol 2011; 164:158-69. [PMID: 21413945 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The description of highly exposed individuals who remain seronegative (HESN) despite repeated exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 has heightened interest in identifying potential mechanisms of HIV-1 resistance. HIV-specific humoral and T cell-mediated responses have been identified routinely in HESN subjects, although it remains unknown if these responses are a definitive cause of protection or merely a marker for exposure. Approximately half of HESN lack any detectible HIV-specific adaptive immune responses, suggesting that other mechanisms of protection from HIV-1 infection also probably exist. In support of the innate immune response as a mechanism of resistance, increased natural killer (NK) cell activity has been correlated with protection from infection in several high-risk cohorts of HESN subjects, including intravenous drug users, HIV-1 discordant couples and perinatally exposed infants. Inheritance of protective NK KIR3DL1(high) and KIR3DS1 receptor alleles have also been observed to be over-represented in a high-risk cohort of HESN intravenous drug users and HESN partners of HIV-1-infected subjects. Other intrinsic mechanisms of innate immune protection correlated with resistance in HESN subjects include heightened dendritic cell responses and increased secretion of anti-viral factors such as β-chemokines, small anti-viral factors and defensins. This review will highlight the most current evidence in HESN subjects supporting the role of epithelial microenvironment and the innate immune system in sustaining resistance against HIV-1 infection. We will argue that as a front-line defence the innate immune response determines the threshold of infectivity that HIV-1 must overcome to establish a productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tomescu
- The Wistar Institute, HIV Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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40
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Guilmot A, Hermann E, Braud VM, Carlier Y, Truyens C. Natural killer cell responses to infections in early life. J Innate Immun 2011; 3:280-8. [PMID: 21411972 DOI: 10.1159/000323934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are an important component of innate immune responses to infectious diseases. They mediate protection by being able to rapidly lyse infected cells and produce cytokines (primarily interferon-γ) that shape innate and adaptive immune responses. This review summarizes current knowledge on the phenotype and functional abilities of NK cells from healthy newborns/infants and on NK cell responses against viral, bacterial and protozoan infections in early life. Interestingly, NK cell blood counts are higher in newborns than in adults but they do not display striking differences in phenotype, except for an increased frequency of expression of the inhibitory CD94/NKG2A receptor. They display some inherent functional defects, mainly a lower cytolytic capacity that may contribute to the immaturity of the neonatal immune system. Changes in circulating levels of NK cells observed during pediatric infections and the ability of NK cells from newborns and children to produce interferon-γ at the encounter with pathogens indicate that NK cells participate in the immune response to infectious diseases in early life. Unfortunately, information is currently insufficient to assess whether these NK cell responses really contribute to control infections, either vertically transmitted or acquired in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Guilmot
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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41
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Quantification of the relative importance of CTL, B cell, NK cell, and target cell limitation in the control of primary SIV-infection. PLoS Comput Biol 2011; 7:e1001103. [PMID: 21408213 PMCID: PMC3048377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1001103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), natural killer (NK) cells, B cells and target cell limitation have all been suggested to play a role in the control of SIV and HIV-1 infection. However, previous research typically studied each population in isolation leaving the magnitude, relative importance and in vivo relevance of each effect unclear. Here we quantify the relative importance of CTLs, NK cells, B cells and target cell limitation in controlling acute SIV infection in rhesus macaques. Using three different methods, we find that the availability of target cells and CD8+ T cells are important predictors of viral load dynamics. If CTL are assumed to mediate this anti-viral effect via a lytic mechanism then we estimate that CTL killing is responsible for approximately 40% of productively infected cell death, the remaining cell death being attributable to intrinsic, immune (CD8+ T cell, NK cell, B cell) -independent mechanisms. Furthermore, we find that NK cells have little impact on the death rate of infected CD4+ cells and that their net impact is to increase viral load. We hypothesize that NK cells play a detrimental role in SIV infection, possibly by increasing T cell activation.
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Jennes W, Verheyden S, Demanet C, Menten J, Vuylsteke B, Nkengasong JN, Kestens L. Low CD4+ T cell counts among African HIV-1 infected subjects with group B KIR haplotypes in the absence of specific inhibitory KIR ligands. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17043. [PMID: 21347267 PMCID: PMC3038936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are regulated by interactions between polymorphic killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and human leukocyte antigens (HLA). Genotypic combinations of KIR3DS1/L1 and HLA Bw4-80I were previously shown to influence HIV-1 disease progression, however other KIR genes have not been well studied. In this study, we analyzed the influence of all activating and inhibitory KIR, in association with the known HLA inhibitory KIR ligands, on markers of disease progression in a West African population of therapy-naïve HIV-1 infected subjects. We observed a significant association between carriage of a group B KIR haplotype and lower CD4+ T cell counts, with an additional effect for KIR3DS1 within the frame of this haplotype. In contrast, we found that individuals carrying genes for the inhibitory KIR ligands HLA-Bw4 as well as HLA-C1 showed significantly higher CD4+ T cell counts. These associations were independent from the viral load and from individual HIV-1 protective HLA alleles. Our data suggest that group B KIR haplotypes and lack of specific inhibitory KIR ligand genes, genotypes considered to favor NK cell activation, are predictive of HIV-1 disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Jennes
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
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43
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Paximadis M, Minevich G, Winchester R, Schramm DB, Gray GE, Sherman GG, Coovadia AH, Kuhn L, Tiemessen CT. KIR-HLA and maternal-infant HIV-1 transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16541. [PMID: 21346814 PMCID: PMC3035631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have suggested a role for natural killer (NK) cells in attenuation of HIV-1 disease progression via recognition by killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) of specific HLA class I molecules. The role of KIR and HLA class I has not been addressed in the context of maternal-infant HIV-1 transmission. KIR and HLA class I B and C genes from 224 HIV-1-infected mothers and 222 infants (72 infected and 150 uninfected) from South Africa were characterized. Although a number of significant associations were determined in both the total group and in the nevirapine (NVP) exposed group, the most significant findings involved KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 and HLA-C. KIR2DL2/KIR2DL3 was underrepresented in intrapartum (IP)-transmitting mothers compared to non-transmitting (NT) mothers (P = 0.008) and remained significant (P = 0.036) after correction for maternal viral load (MVL). Homozygosity for KIR2DL3 alone and in combination with HLA-C allotype heterozygosity (C1C2) was elevated in IP-transmitting mothers compared to NT mothers (P = 0.034 and P = 0.01 respectively), and after MVL correction (P = 0.033 and P = 0.027, respectively). In infants, KIR2DL3 in combination with its HLA-C1 ligand (C1) as well as homozygosity for KIR2DL3 with C1C2, were both found to be underrepresented in infected infants compared to exposed uninfected infants in the total group (P = 0.06 and P = 0.038, respectively) and in the sub-group of infants whose mothers received NVP (P = 0.007 and P = 0.03, respectively). These associations were stronger post MVL adjustment (total group: P = 0.02 and P = 0.009, respectively; NVP group: P = 0.004 and P = 0.02, respectively). Upon stratification according to low and high MVL, all significant associations fell within the low MVL group, suggesting that with low viral load, the effects of genotype can be more easily detected. In conclusion this study has identified a number of significant associations that suggest an important role for NK cells in maternal-to-infant HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paximadis
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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44
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Almeida-Oliveira A, Smith-Carvalho M, Porto LC, Cardoso-Oliveira J, Ribeiro ADS, Falcão RR, Abdelhay E, Bouzas LF, Thuler LCS, Ornellas MH, Diamond HR. Age-related changes in natural killer cell receptors from childhood through old age. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:319-29. [PMID: 21262312 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Most studies on natural killer (NK) cells and aging have focused on overall cell numbers and global cytotoxic activity. NK cell functions are controlled by surface receptors belonging to three major families: killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs), and C-type lectins. The expression of these receptors was investigated from childhood through old age in T, NKT- and NK cells and also in the CD56(dim) (cytotoxic) and CD56(bright) (responsible for cytokine production) NK cell subsets. A decrease in the expression of activating receptors (NKp30 and NKp46) was observed in NK cells in elderly individuals. KIR expression was increased only in the CD56(bright) subset. Children presented similar results regarding expression of NKp30 and KIR, but not NKp46. NKG2D expression was decreased in T cells of elderly subjects. Analysis of KIR genotype revealed that KIR2DL5 and KIR2DS3 were significantly associated with old age. Cytotoxic activity was preserved from childhood through old age, suggesting that the increase of the absolute number of CD56(dim), observed in elderly, may represent a compensatory mechanism for the receptor expression alterations. This initial study provides the framework for more focused studies of this subject, which are necessary to determine whether the changing balance of NK receptor expression may influence susceptibility to infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Almeida-Oliveira
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center (CEMO), National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Tomescu C, Duh FM, Lanier MA, Kapalko A, Mounzer KC, Martin MP, Carrington M, Metzger DS, Montaner LJ. Increased plasmacytoid dendritic cell maturation and natural killer cell activation in HIV-1 exposed, uninfected intravenous drug users. AIDS 2010; 24:2151-60. [PMID: 20647906 PMCID: PMC3253656 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32833dfc20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased natural killer (NK) activation has been associated with resistance to HIV-1 infection in several cohorts of HIV-1 exposed, uninfected individuals. Inheritance of protective NK receptor alleles (KIR3DS1 and KIR3DL1) has also been observed in a subset of HIV-1 exposed, uninfected individuals. However, the exact mechanism contributing to NK activation in HIV-1 exposed, uninfected intravenous drug users (EU-IDU) remains to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE We investigated the role of both host genotype and pathogen-induced dendritic cell modulation of NK activation during high-risk activity in a cohort of 15 EU-IDU individuals and 15 control, uninfected donors from Philadelphia. DESIGN We assessed the activation status of NK cells and dendritic cells by flow cytometry and utilized functional assays of NK-DC cross-talk to characterize the innate immune compartment in EU-IDU individuals. RESULTS As previously reported, NK cell activation (CD69) and/or degranulation (CD107a) was significantly increased in EU-IDU individuals compared with control uninfected donors (P = 0.0056, n = 13). Genotypic analysis indicated that the frequency of protective KIR (KIR3DS1) and HLA-Bw4*80I ligands was not enriched in our cohort of EU-IDU individuals. Rather, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC) from EU-IDU exhibited heightened maturation (CD83) compared with control uninfected donors (P = 0.0011, n = 12). When stimulated in vitro, both PDCs and NK cells from EU-IDU individuals maintained strong effector cell function and did not exhibit signs of exhaustion. CONCLUSION Increased maturation of PDCs is associated with heightened NK activation in EU-IDU individuals suggesting that both members of the innate compartment may contribute to resistance from HIV-1 infection in EU-IDU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costin Tomescu
- The Wistar Institute, HIV Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Fuh-Mei Duh
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 and Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Michael A. Lanier
- The University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, HIV Prevention Division, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Angela Kapalko
- Philadelphia FIGHT, The Jonathan Lax Treatment Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19017
| | - Karam C. Mounzer
- Philadelphia FIGHT, The Jonathan Lax Treatment Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19017
| | - Maureen P. Martin
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 and Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Mary Carrington
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 and Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA 02114
| | - David S. Metzger
- The University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, HIV Prevention Division, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Luis J. Montaner
- The Wistar Institute, HIV Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Long BR, Erickson AE, Chapman JM, Barbour JD, Vu BAN, Ho EL, Lanier LL, Sauer MM, Carvalho KI, Nixon DF, Kallas EG. Increased number and function of natural killer cells in human immunodeficiency virus 1-positive subjects co-infected with herpes simplex virus 2. Immunology 2009; 129:186-96. [PMID: 19824915 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells bridge the interface between innate and adaptive immunity and are implicated in the control of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infection. In subjects infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), the critical impact of the innate immune response on disease progression has recently come into focus. Higher numbers of NK cells are associated with lower HIV-1 plasma viraemia. Individuals with the compound genotype of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) 3DS1 and human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-Bw4-80I, or who have alleles of KIR3DL1 that encode proteins highly expressed on the NK cell surface, have a significant delay in disease progression. We studied the effect of HSV-2 co-infection in HIV-1-infected subjects, and show that HSV-2 co-infection results in a pan-lymphocytosis, with elevated absolute numbers of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and NK cells. The NK cells in HSV-2 co-infected subjects functioned more efficiently, with an increase in degranulation after in vitro stimulation. The number of NK cells expressing the activating receptors NKp30 and NKp46, and expressing KIR3DL1 or KIR3DS1, was inversely correlated with HIV-1 plasma viral load in subjects mono-infected with HIV-1, but not in subjects co-infected with HSV-2. This suggests that HSV-2 infection mediates changes within the NK cell population that may affect immunity in HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Long
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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Elevated Natural Killer Cell Activity Despite Altered Functional and Phenotypic Profile in Ugandans With HIV-1 Clade A or Clade D Infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 51:380-9. [DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3181aa256e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Bostik P, Kobkitjaroen J, Tang W, Villinger F, Pereira LE, Little DM, Stephenson ST, Bouzyk M, Ansari AA. Decreased NK cell frequency and function is associated with increased risk of KIR3DL allele polymorphism in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques with high viral loads. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:3638-49. [PMID: 19265142 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
NK cells have been established as an important effector of innate immunity in a variety of viral infections. In HIV-1 infection in humans, alterations of NK cell function, frequency, and expression of various NK receptors have been reported to be associated with differential dynamics of disease progression. Expression of certain alleles of KIR3DL and KIR3DS receptors on NK cells was shown to correlate with levels of virus replication. In the SIV-infected rhesus macaque (RM) model of AIDS, several families of killer inhibitory Ig-related receptors (KIR receptors) corresponding to their human counterparts have been characterized, but only at the level of individual sequence variants. Here we define 14 different alleles of KIR3DL expressed among 38 SIV-infected RM, characterized by either high or low levels of SIV replication, by analyzing multiple sequences from individual animals and show an unequal distribution of certain alleles in these cohorts. High levels of SIV replication were associated with significant increases in KIR3DL mRNA levels in addition to decreases in both the frequency and function of NK cells in these animals. The higher frequency of inheritance of two KIR3DL alleles characterized by a single nucleotide polymorphism 159 H/Q was associated with RM that exhibited high plasma viral load. This data for the first time defines multiple alleles of KIR3DL in RM and shows an association between virus control, NK cell function and genetic polymorphisms of KIR receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Bostik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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A combined genotype of KIR3DL1 high expressing alleles and HLA-B*57 is associated with a reduced risk of HIV infection. AIDS 2008; 22:1487-91. [PMID: 18614872 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3282ffde7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Coexpression of certain combinations of natural killer cell receptor KIR3DL1 and HLA-B alleles is associated with slower time to AIDS. The strongest protection in terms of disease outcome in KIR3DL1 homozygotes (3DL1 hmz) is coexpression of HLA-B*57 and a set of KIR3DL1 genotypes (3DL1*h/*y) lacking alleles expressed at low levels on natural killer cells. We questioned whether this allele combination could also influence resistance to infection. DESIGN The genetic distribution of 3DL1*h/*y and HLA-B*57 was compared in 41 HIV-exposed uninfected and 186 recently HIV-infected 3DL1 hmz. METHODS KIR3DL1 subtyping was performed by sequencing the exons 3, 4, 5, 7-9. The major histocompatibility complex class IB locus was typed by sequence specific oligonucleotide PCR and sequencing to resolve Bw4 and Bw6 alleles and the amino acid present at position 80. RESULTS Percentage carriers of HLA-B*57 in HIV-exposed uninfected and individuals in a primary infection cohort was 12.2 and 4.3%, respectively (P = 0.0631), whereas that of 3DL1*h/*y was similar in both populations (P = 0.221). The 3DL1*h/*y-HLA-B*57 combined genotype was more frequent in exposed uninfected individuals (12.2%) than individuals in primary infection (2.7%) (P = 0.019; odds ratio, 5.03; 95% confidence intervals, 1.38-18.3). CONCLUSION Coexpression of 3DL1*h/*y and B*57, which has been associated with a reduced risk of progressing to AIDS in HIV-infected individuals also lowers the risk of HIV infection in exposed uninfected individuals.
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Sooty mangabeys and rhesus macaques exhibit significant divergent natural killer cell responses during both acute and chronic phases of SIV infection. Cell Immunol 2008; 254:10-9. [PMID: 18640666 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A correlation between NK cells and rate of disease progression in HIV-1-infected individuals has been documented. The role NK cells play in disease outcome can optimally be studied in SIV-infected disease susceptible rhesus macaques (RM) and SIV-infected disease resistant sooty mangabeys (SM). In this study, three main subsets of CD16(+)CD56(-), CD16(-/dim)CD56(+) and CD16(-)CD56(-) NK cells have been identified with the predominant CD16(+)CD56(-) subset being primarily responsible for cytolytic activity in both species. Cross-sectional studies revealed a significant decline in the frequency and function of this cytolytic subset in SIV-infected RM while an increase occurred in SIV-infected SM. Longitudinal studies revealed that an earlier NK response during acute infection occurred in all SIV-infected SM and in select SIV-infected RM that eventually controlled viral load set point during chronic infection, suggesting that early NK activity and continued maintenance of this cell lineage may indirectly contribute to disease resistance.
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