1
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Beumer-Chuwonpad A, Behr FM, van Alphen FPJ, Kragten NAM, Hoogendijk AJ, van den Biggelaar M, van Gisbergen KPJM. Intestinal tissue-resident memory T cells maintain distinct identity from circulating memory T cells after in vitro restimulation. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350873. [PMID: 38501878 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Resident memory T (TRM) cells have been recently established as an important subset of memory T cells that provide early and essential protection against reinfection in the absence of circulating memory T cells. Recent findings showing that TRM expand in vivo after repeated antigenic stimulation indicate that these memory T cells are not terminally differentiated. This suggests an opportunity for in vitro TRM expansion to apply in an immunotherapy setting. However, it has also been shown that TRM may not maintain their identity and form circulating memory T cells after in vivo restimulation. Therefore, we set out to determine how TRM respond to antigenic activation in culture. Using Listeria monocytogenes and LCMV infection models, we found that TRM from the intraepithelial compartment of the small intestine expand in vitro after antigenic stimulation and subsequent resting in homeostatic cytokines. A large fraction of the expanded TRM retained their phenotype, including the expression of key TRM markers CD69 and CD103 (ITGAE). The optimal culture of TRM required low O2 pressure to maintain the expression of these and other TRM-associated molecules. Expanded TRM retained their effector capacity to produce cytokines after restimulation, but did not acquire a highly glycolytic profile indicative of effector T cells. The proteomic analysis confirmed TRM profile retention, including expression of TRM-related transcription factors, tissue retention factors, adhesion molecules, and enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism. Collectively, our data indicate that limiting oxygen conditions supports in vitro expansion of TRM cells that maintain their TRM phenotype, at least in part, suggesting an opportunity for therapeutic strategies that require in vitro expansion of TRM.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Memory T Cells/immunology
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Mice
- Listeria monocytogenes/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Integrin alpha Chains/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Listeriosis/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytokines/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammarina Beumer-Chuwonpad
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Felix M Behr
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Floris P J van Alphen
- Department of Research Facilities, Sanquin Research and Laboratory Services, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Natasja A M Kragten
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arie J Hoogendijk
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Klaas P J M van Gisbergen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
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2
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Freen-van Heeren JJ. Broad-spectrum defenders: γδ T cells take on a multitude of immune challenges. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:794-796. [PMID: 38411623 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A recent article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences investigated γδ T cell antigen specificity in mice and humans, in which the authors show that γδ T cell antigen specificity is not constrained to one epitope. Rather, γδ T cells recognize a broad range of diverse antigens containing similar chemical structures or properties. In this News and Views, the importance of γδ T cell antigen polyspecificity during immune responses is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian J Freen-van Heeren
- Immunomonitoring Services, R&D, Sanquin Diagnostic Services, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066CX, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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3
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Adugna A, Muche Y, Jemal M, Habtegiorgis SD, Belew H, Azanaw Amare G. Gut microbes as medical signature for the effectiveness of immunotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Aging Med (Milton) 2024; 7:121-130. [PMID: 38571678 PMCID: PMC10985778 DOI: 10.1002/agm2.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is the most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide and poses a severe threat to public health. Immunotherapy with checkpoint blockers has improved the outlook for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) therapy. For the treatment of patients with advanced NSCLC, antibodies such as anti-programmed death 1 (anti-PD1), anti-programmed death ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1), and anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (anti-CTLA-4) are of paramount importance. Anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody therapies are used to block the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway and identify cancerous cells to the body's defenses. Antibodies directed against CTLA-4 (anti-CTLA-4) have also been shown to improve survival rates in patients with NSCLC. Currently, other immunotherapy approaches like neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors (NAICIs) and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapies are applied in NSCLC patients. NAICIs are used for resectable and early stage NSCLC and CAR-T is used to find more useful epitope sites for lung tumors and destroy cancer cells. A patient's gut microbiota might influence how their immune system reacts to NSCLC immunotherapy. The majority of intestinal microbes stimulate helper/cytotoxic T cells, induce natural killer (NK) cells, activate various toll-like receptors (TLR), build up cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8), increase PD-1 production, and attract chemokine receptors towards cancer cells. Thus, they serve as immune inducers in NSCLC immunotherapy. Nonetheless, certain bacteria can function as immune suppressors by inhibiting DC proliferation, stopping CD28 trafficking, restoring CD80/CD86, increasing immunological tolerance, and upsetting Th17 cells. Therefore, they are prevalent in non-responders with NSCLC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adane Adugna
- Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health SciencesDebre Markos UniversityDebre MarkosEthiopia
| | - Yalew Muche
- Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health SciencesDebre Markos UniversityDebre MarkosEthiopia
| | - Mohammed Jemal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Health SciencesDebre Markos UniversityDebre MarkosEthiopia
| | | | - Habtamu Belew
- Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health SciencesDebre Markos UniversityDebre MarkosEthiopia
| | - Gashaw Azanaw Amare
- Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health SciencesDebre Markos UniversityDebre MarkosEthiopia
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4
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Freen-van Heeren JJ. Posttranscriptional Events Orchestrate Immune Homeostasis of CD8 + T Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2782:65-80. [PMID: 38622392 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3754-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Maintaining immune homeostasis is instrumental for host health. Immune cells, such as T cells, are instrumental for the eradication of pathogenic bacteria, fungi and viruses. Furthermore, T cells also play a major role in the fight against cancer. Through the formation of immunological memory, a pool of antigen-experienced T cells remains in the body to rapidly protect the host upon reinfection or retransformation. In order to perform their protective function, T cells produce cytolytic molecules, such as granzymes and perforin, and cytokines such as interferon γ and tumor necrosis factor α. Recently, it has become evident that posttranscriptional regulatory events dictate the kinetics and magnitude of cytokine production by murine and human CD8+ T cells. Here, the recent literature regarding the role posttranscriptional regulation plays in maintaining immune homeostasis of antigen-experienced CD8+ T cells is reviewed.
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5
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Freen-van Heeren JJ, Palomares Cabeza V, Lopez DC, Kivits D, Rensink I, Turksma AW, Ten Brinke A. Assessing Antigen-Specific T Cell Responses Through IFN-γ Enzyme-Linked Immune Absorbent Spot (ELISpot). Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2782:209-226. [PMID: 38622405 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3754-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
T cells are instrumental in protecting the host against invading pathogens and the development of cancer. To do so, they produce effector molecules such as granzymes, interleukins, interferons, and perforin. For the development and immunomonitoring of therapeutic applications such as cell-based therapies and vaccines, assessing T cell effector function is paramount. This can be achieved through various methods, such as 51Cr release assays, flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immune absorbent spot (ELISpot) assays. For T cell ELISpots, plates are coated with antibodies directed against the effector molecule of interest (e.g., IFN-g). Subsequently, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or isolated T cells are cultured on the plate together with stimuli of choice, and the production of effector molecules is visualized via labeled detection antibodies. For clinical studies, ELISpot is currently the gold standard to determine antigen-specific T cell frequencies. In contrast to 51Cr release assays, ELISpot allows for the exact enumeration of responding T cells, and compared to flow cytometry, ELISpot is more cost-effective and high throughput. Here, we optimize and describe, in a step-by-step fashion, how to perform a controlled IFN-γ ELISpot experiment to determine the frequency of responding or antigen-specific T cells in healthy human volunteers. Of note, this protocol can also be employed to assess the frequency of antigen-specific T cells induced in, e.g., vaccination studies or present in cellular products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Virginia Palomares Cabeza
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David Cobeta Lopez
- Immunomonitoring Services, R&D, Sanquin Diagnostic Services, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Domenique Kivits
- Immunomonitoring Services, R&D, Sanquin Diagnostic Services, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Irma Rensink
- Immunomonitoring Services, R&D, Sanquin Diagnostic Services, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annelies W Turksma
- Immunomonitoring Services, R&D, Sanquin Diagnostic Services, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Anja Ten Brinke
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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6
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Freen-van Heeren JJ. Employing CRISPR-Cas9 to Enhance T Cell Effector Function. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2782:195-208. [PMID: 38622404 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3754-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
As part of the adaptive immune system, T cells are critical to maintain immune homeostasis. T cells provide protective immunity by killing infected cells and combatting cancerous cells. To do so, T cells produce and secrete effector molecules, such as granzymes, perforin, and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α and interferon γ. However, in immune suppressive environments, such as tumors, T cells gradually lose the capacity to perform their effector function. One way T cell effector function can be enhanced is through genetic engineering with tools such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9). This protocol explains in a step-by-step fashion how to perform a controlled electroporation-based CRISPR experiment to enhance human T cell effector function. Of note, these steps are suitable for CRISPR-mediated genome editing in T cells in general and can thus also be used to study proteins of interest that do not influence T cell effector function.
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7
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Malik JA, Kaur G, Agrewala JN. Revolutionizing medicine with toll-like receptors: A path to strengthening cellular immunity. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127252. [PMID: 37802429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors play a vital role in cell-mediated immunity, which is crucial for the immune system's defense against pathogens and maintenance of homeostasis. The interaction between toll-like-receptor response and cell-mediated immunity is complex and essential for effectively eliminating pathogens and maintaining immune surveillance. In addition to pathogen recognition, toll-like receptors serve as adjuvants in vaccines, as molecular sensors, and recognize specific patterns associated with pathogens and danger signals. Incorporating toll-like receptor ligands into vaccines can enhance the immune response to antigens, making them potent adjuvants. Furthermore, they bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems and improve antigen-presenting cells' capacity to process and present antigens to T cells. The intricate signaling pathways and cross-talk between toll-like-receptor and T cell receptor (TCR) signaling emphasize their pivotal role in orchestrating effective immune responses against pathogens, thus facilitating the development of innovative vaccine strategies. This article provides an overview of the current understanding of toll-like receptor response and explores their potential clinical applications. By unraveling the complex mechanisms of toll-like-receptor signaling, we can gain novel insights into immune responses and potentially develop innovative therapeutic approaches. Ongoing investigations into the toll-like-receptor response hold promise in the future in enhancing our ability to combat infections, design effective vaccines, and improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonaid Ahmad Malik
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Punjab 140001, India; Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, Mohali, Punjab 140055, India
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Punjab 140001, India.
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8
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Wu Y, Ai H, Xi Y, Tan J, Qu Y, Xu J, Luo F, Dou C. Osteoclast-derived apoptotic bodies inhibit naive CD8 + T cell activation via Siglec15, promoting breast cancer secondary metastasis. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101165. [PMID: 37607544 PMCID: PMC10518580 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The bone microenvironment promotes cancer cell proliferation and dissemination. During periodic bone remodeling, osteoclasts undergo apoptosis, producing large numbers of apoptotic bodies (ABs). However, the biological role of osteoclast-derived ABs, which are residents of the bone-tumor niche, remains largely unknown. Here, we discover that AB-null MRL/lpr mice show resistance to breast cancer cell implantation, with more CD8+ T cell infiltrations and a higher survival rate. We uncover that the membranous Siglec15 on osteoclast-derived ABs binds with sialylated Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and blocks downstream co-stimulatory signaling, leading to the inhibition of naive CD8+ T cell activation. In addition, our study shows that treatment with Siglec15 neutralizing antibodies significantly reduces the incidence of secondary metastases and improves the survival rate of mice with advanced breast cancer bone metastasis. Our findings reveal the immunosuppressive function of osteoclast-derived ABs in the bone-tumor niche and demonstrate the potential of Siglec15 as a common target for anti-resorption and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hongbo Ai
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yuhang Xi
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jiulin Tan
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ying Qu
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Fei Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Ce Dou
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
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9
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Park JS, Gazzaniga FS, Kasper DL, Sharpe AH. Microbiota-dependent regulation of costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways via innate immune sensors and implications for immunotherapy. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1913-1921. [PMID: 37696895 PMCID: PMC10545783 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Our bodies are inhabited by trillions of microorganisms. The host immune system constantly interacts with the microbiota in barrier organs, including the intestines. Over decades, numerous studies have shown that our mucosal immune system is dynamically shaped by a variety of microbiota-derived signals. Elucidating the mediators of these interactions is an important step for understanding how the microbiota is linked to mucosal immune homeostasis and gut-associated diseases. Interestingly, the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies that manipulate costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways has been correlated with the gut microbiota. Moreover, adverse effects of these therapies in the gut are linked to dysregulation of the intestinal immune system. These findings suggest that costimulatory pathways in the immune system might serve as a bridge between the host immune system and the gut microbiota. Here, we review mechanisms by which commensal microorganisms signal immune cells and their potential impact on costimulation. We highlight how costimulatory pathways modulate the mucosal immune system through not only classical antigen-presenting cells but also innate lymphocytes, which are highly enriched in barrier organs. Finally, we discuss the adverse effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the gut and the possible relationship with the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Seok Park
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Francesca S Gazzaniga
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Dennis L Kasper
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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10
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Popović B, Nicolet BP, Guislain A, Engels S, Jurgens AP, Paravinja N, Freen-van Heeren JJ, van Alphen FPJ, van den Biggelaar M, Salerno F, Wolkers MC. Time-dependent regulation of cytokine production by RNA binding proteins defines T cell effector function. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112419. [PMID: 37074914 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Potent T cell responses against infections and malignancies require a rapid yet tightly regulated production of toxic effector molecules. Their production level is defined by post-transcriptional events at 3' untranslated regions (3' UTRs). RNA binding proteins (RBPs) are key regulators in this process. With an RNA aptamer-based capture assay, we identify >130 RBPs interacting with IFNG, TNF, and IL2 3' UTRs in human T cells. RBP-RNA interactions show plasticity upon T cell activation. Furthermore, we uncover the intricate and time-dependent regulation of cytokine production by RBPs: whereas HuR supports early cytokine production, ZFP36L1, ATXN2L, and ZC3HAV1 dampen and shorten the production duration, each at different time points. Strikingly, even though ZFP36L1 deletion does not rescue the dysfunctional phenotype, tumor-infiltrating T cells produce more cytokines and cytotoxic molecules, resulting in superior anti-tumoral T cell responses. Our findings thus show that identifying RBP-RNA interactions reveals key modulators of T cell responses in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branka Popović
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Immunity and Infection and Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Benoît P Nicolet
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Immunity and Infection and Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Aurélie Guislain
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Immunity and Infection and Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Engels
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Immunity and Infection and Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk P Jurgens
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Immunity and Infection and Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Natali Paravinja
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Immunity and Infection and Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Julian J Freen-van Heeren
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Immunity and Infection and Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Floris P J van Alphen
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Fiamma Salerno
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Immunity and Infection and Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Monika C Wolkers
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Immunity and Infection and Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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11
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Beumer-Chuwonpad A, van Alphen FPJ, Kragten NAM, Freen-van Heeren JJ, Rodriguez Gomez M, Verhoeven AJ, van den Biggelaar M, van Gisbergen KPJM. Memory CD8 + T cells upregulate glycolysis and effector functions under limiting oxygen conditions. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2249918. [PMID: 36482267 PMCID: PMC10108084 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Memory CD8+ T cells are indispensable for maintaining long-term immunity against intracellular pathogens and tumors. Despite their presence at oxygen-deprived infected tissue sites or in tumors, the impact of local oxygen pressure on memory CD8+ T cells remains largely unclear. We sought to elucidate how oxygen pressure impacts memory CD8+ T cells arising after infection with Listeria monocytogenes-OVA. Our data revealed that reduced oxygen pressure during in vitro culture switched CD8+ T cell metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation to a glycolytic phenotype. Quantitative proteomic analysis showed that limiting oxygen conditions increased the expression of glucose transporters and components of the glycolytic pathway, while decreasing TCA cycle and mitochondrial respiratory chain proteins. The altered CD8+ T cell metabolism did not affect the expansion potential, but enhanced the granzyme B and IFN-γ production capacity. In vivo, memory CD8+ T cells cultured under low oxygen pressure provided protection against bacterial rechallenge. Taken together, our study indicates that strategies of cellular immune therapy may benefit from reducing oxygen during culture to develop memory CD8+ T cells with superior effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammarina Beumer-Chuwonpad
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floris P J van Alphen
- Department of Research Facilities, Sanquin Research and Laboratory Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja A M Kragten
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julian J Freen-van Heeren
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Rodriguez Gomez
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur J Verhoeven
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Klaas P J M van Gisbergen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Leśniak M, Lipniarska J, Majka P, Kopyt W, Lejman M, Zawitkowska J. The Role of TRL7/8 Agonists in Cancer Therapy, with Special Emphasis on Hematologic Malignancies. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020277. [PMID: 36851155 PMCID: PMC9967151 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) belong to the pattern recognition receptors (PRR). TLR7 and the closely correlated TLR8 affiliate with toll-like receptors family, are located in endosomes. They recognize single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules and synthetic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)/RNA analogs-oligoribonucleotides. TLRs are primarily expressed in hematopoietic cells. There is compiling evidence implying that TLRs also direct the formation of blood cellular components and make a contribution to the pathogenesis of certain hematopoietic malignancies. The latest research shows a positive effect of therapy with TRL agonists on the course of hemato-oncological diseases. Ligands impact activation of antigen-presenting cells which results in production of cytokines, transfer of mentioned cells to the lymphoid tissue and co-stimulatory surface molecules expression required for T-cell activation. Toll-like receptor agonists have already been used in oncology especially in the treatment of dermatological neoplastic lesions. The usage of these substances in the treatment of solid tumors is being investigated. The present review discusses the direct and indirect influence that TLR7/8 agonists, such as imiquimod, imidazoquinolines and resiquimod have on neoplastic cells and their promising role as adjuvants in anticancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Leśniak
- Student Scientific Society of Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Justyna Lipniarska
- Student Scientific Society of Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Majka
- Student Scientific Society of Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Weronika Kopyt
- Student Scientific Society of Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Lejman
- Independent Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Zawitkowska
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
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13
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Akbari B, Hosseini Z, Shahabinejad P, Ghassemi S, Mirzaei HR, O'Connor RS. Metabolic and epigenetic orchestration of (CAR) T cell fate and function. Cancer Lett 2022; 550:215948. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Qiu C, Wang J, Zhu L, Cheng X, Xia B, Jin Y, Qin R, Zhang L, Hu H, Yan J, Zhao C, Zhang X, Xu J. Improving the ex vivo expansion of human tumor-reactive CD8 + T cells by targeting toll-like receptors. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1027619. [DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1027619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important pattern recognition receptor(s) known to mediate the sensing of invading pathogens and subsequent immune responses. In this study, we investigate whether TLRs could be explored for the preparation of human CD8+ T cell products used in adoptive cell therapy (ACT). Following characterization of TLRs expression on human CD8+ T cells, we screened TLR-specific agonists for their ability to act in concert with anti-CD3 to stimulate the proliferation of these cells and corroborated the observed co-stimulatory effect by transcriptional profiling analyses. Consequently, we developed an optimal formulation for human CD8+ T cell amplification by combining CD3/CD28 antibody, interleukin 7 (IL-7), interleukin 15 (IL-15), and three agonists respectively targeting TLR1/2, TLR2/6, and TLR5. This new formulation performed better in amplifying PD-1+CD8+ T cells, a potential repertoire of tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells, from tumor patients than the conventional formulation. Importantly, the expanded CD8+ T cells showed restored functionality and consequently a robust anti-tumor activity in an in vitro co-culturing system. Together, our study established the utility of TLR agonists in ex vivo expansion of tumor-targeting CD8+ T cells, thus providing a new avenue toward a more effective ACT.
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15
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Contribution of T- and B-cell intrinsic toll-like receptors to the adaptive immune response in viral infectious diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:547. [PMID: 36224474 PMCID: PMC9555683 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04582-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) comprise a class of highly conserved molecules that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and play a vital role in host defense against multiple viral infectious diseases. Although TLRs are highly expressed on innate immune cells and play indirect roles in regulating antiviral adaptive immune responses, intrinsic expression of TLRs in adaptive immune cells, including T cells and B cells, cannot be ignored. TLRs expressed in CD4 + and CD8 + T cells play roles in enhancing TCR signal-induced T-cell activation, proliferation, function, and survival, serving as costimulatory molecules. Gene knockout of TLR signaling molecules has been shown to diminish antiviral adaptive immune responses and affect viral clearance in multiple viral infectious animal models. These results have highlighted the critical role of TLRs in the long-term immunological control of viral infection. This review summarizes the expression and function of TLR signaling pathways in T and B cells, focusing on the in vitro and vivo mechanisms and effects of intrinsic TLR signaling in regulating T- and B-cell responses during viral infection. The potential clinical use of TLR-based immune regulatory drugs for viral infectious diseases is also explored.
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16
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Wang X, Huang Y, Li S, Zhang H. Integrated machine learning methods identify FNDC3B as a potential prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltrates in glioma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1027154. [PMID: 36275754 PMCID: PMC9582524 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1027154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent discoveries have revealed that fibronectin type III domain containing 3B (FNDC3B) acts as an oncogene in various cancers; however, its role in glioma remains unclear. Methods In this study, we comprehensively investigated the expression, prognostic value, and immune significance of FNDC3B in glioma using several databases and a variety of machine learning algorithms. RNA expression data and clinical information of 529 patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and 1319 patients from Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) databases were downloaded for further investigation. To evaluate whether FNDC3B expression can predict clinical prognosis of glioma, we constructed a clinical nomogram to estimate long-term survival probabilities. The predicted nomogram was validated by CGGA cohorts. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected by the Wilcoxon test based on the TCGA-LGG dataset and the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was implemented to identify the significant module associated with the expression level of FNDC3B. Furthermore, we investigated the correlation between FNDC3B with cancer immune infiltrates using TISIDB, ESTIMATE, and CIBERSORTx. Results Higher FNDC3B expression displayed a remarkably worse overall survival and the expression level of FNDC3B was an independent prognostic indicator for patients with glioma. Based on TCGA LGG dataset, a co-expression network was established and the hub genes were identified. FNDC3B expression was positively correlated to the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and immune infiltration score, and high FNDC3B expression was accompanied by the increased expression of B7-H3, PD-L1, TIM-3, PD-1, and CTLA-4. Moreover, expression of FNDC3B was significantly associated with infiltrating levels of several types of immune cells and most of their gene markers in glioma. Conclusion This study demonstrated that FNDC3B may be involved in the occurrence and development of glioma and can be regarded as a promising prognostic and immunotherapeutic biomarker for the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yeping Huang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Zhang,
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17
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Freen‐van Heeren JJ. FISHing for COVID-19: Studying SARS-CoV-2 with single-molecule FISH and flow-FISH. Cytometry A 2022; 103:107-109. [PMID: 36065003 PMCID: PMC9539210 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Antoni AC, Pylaeva E, Budeus B, Jablonska J, Klein-Hitpaß L, Dudda M, Flohé SB. TLR2-induced CD8+ T-cell deactivation shapes dendritic cell differentiation in the bone marrow during sepsis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:945409. [PMID: 36148245 PMCID: PMC9488929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.945409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is associated with profound immune dysregulation that increases the risk for life-threatening secondary infections: Dendritic cells (DCs) undergo functional reprogramming due to yet unknown changes during differentiation in the bone marrow (BM). In parallel, lymphopenia and exhaustion of T lymphocytes interfere with antigen-specific adaptive immunity. We hypothesized that there exists a link between T cells and the modulation of DC differentiation in the BM during murine polymicrobial sepsis. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), a model for human bacterial sepsis. At different time points after CLP, the BM and spleen were analyzed in terms of T-cell subpopulations, activation, and Interferon (IFN)-γ synthesis as well as the number of pre-DCs. BM-derived DCs were generated in vitro. We observed that naïve and virtual memory CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells, were activated in an antigen-independent manner and accumulated in the BM early after CLP, whereas lymphopenia was evident in the spleen. The number of pre-DCs strongly declined during acute sepsis in the BM and almost recovered by day 4 after CLP, which required the presence of CD8+ T cells. Adoptive transfer experiments and in vitro studies with purified T cells revealed that Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling in CD8+ T cells suppressed their capacity to secrete IFN-γ and was sufficient to change the transcriptome of the BM during sepsis. Moreover, the diminished IFN-γ production of CD8+ T cells favored the differentiation of DCs with increased production of the immune-activating cytokine Interleukin (IL)-12. These data identify a novel role of CD8+ T cells in the BM during sepsis as they sense TLR2 ligands and control the number and function of de novo differentiating DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Charlotte Antoni
- Department of Trauma, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Pylaeva
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bettina Budeus
- Institute of Cell Biology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jadwiga Jablonska
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ludger Klein-Hitpaß
- Institute of Cell Biology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marcel Dudda
- Department of Trauma, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefanie B. Flohé
- Department of Trauma, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Stefanie B. Flohé,
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19
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Experiences with Glofitamab Administration following CAR T Therapy in Patients with Relapsed Mantle Cell Lymphoma. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172747. [PMID: 36078155 PMCID: PMC9454987 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare type of B-cell Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) affecting predominantly male patients. While complete remissions following first-line treatment are frequent, most patients ultimately relapse, with a usually aggressive further disease course. The use of cytarabine-comprising induction chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation, Rituximab maintenance, Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors and CAR T therapy has substantially improved survival. Still, options for patients relapsing after CAR T therapy are limited and recommendations for the treatment of these patients are lacking. We report two cases of patients with mantle cell lymphoma who relapsed after CAR T therapy and were treated with the bispecific CD20/CD3 T cell engaging antibody glofitamab. Both patients showed marked increases of circulating CAR T cells and objective responses after glofitamab administration. Therapy was tolerated without relevant side effects in both patients. One patient completed all 12 planned cycles of glofitamab therapy and was alive and without clinical progression at the last follow-up. The second patient declined further treatment after the first cycle and succumbed to disease progression. We review the literature and investigate possible mechanisms involved in the observed responses after administration of glofitamab, such as proliferation of CAR T cells, anti-tumor effects of the bispecific antibody and the role of other possibly contributing factors. Therapy with bispecific antibodies might offer an effective and well-tolerated option for patients with mantle cell lymphoma relapsing after CAR T therapy.
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20
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Zhang W, Zhang J, Liu T, Xing J, Zhang H, Wang D, Tang D. Bidirectional effects of intestinal microbiota and antibiotics: a new strategy for colorectal cancer treatment and prevention. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 148:2387-2404. [PMID: 35661254 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide, and its incidence and mortality rates are increasing every year. The intestinal microbiota has been called the "neglected organ" and there is growing evidence that the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites can be used in combination with immunotherapy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy to greatly enhance the treatment of colorectal cancer and to address some of the side effects and adverse effects of these therapies. Antibiotics have great potential to eliminate harmful microbiota, control infection, and reduce colorectal cancer side effects. However, the use of antibiotics has been a highly controversial issue, and numerous retrospective studies have shown that the use of antibiotics affects the effectiveness of treatment (especially immunotherapy). Understanding the bi-directional role of the gut microbiota and antibiotics will further enhance our research into the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. METHODS We searched the "PubMed" database and selected the following keywords "intestinal microbiota, antibiotics, treatment, prevention, colorectal cancer". In this review, we discuss the role of the intestinal microbiota in immunotherapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, diagnosis, and prevention of CRC. We also conclude that the intestinal microbiota and antibiotics work together to promote the treatment of CRC through a bidirectional effect. RESULTS We found that the intestinal microbiota plays a key role in promoting immunotherapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, diagnosis and prevention of CRC. In addition, gut microbiota and antibiotic interactions could be a new strategy for CRC treatment. CONCLUSION The bi-directional role of the intestinal microbiota and antibiotics plays a key role in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhang
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Juan Xing
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Daorong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of General Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Northern Jiangsu Province Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Dong Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of General Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Northern Jiangsu Province Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China.
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21
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Lee WS, Kim DS, Kim JH, Heo Y, Yang H, Go EJ, Kim JH, Lee SJ, Ahn BC, Yum JS, Chon HJ, Kim C. Intratumoral immunotherapy using a TLR2/3 agonist, L-pampo, induces robust antitumor immune responses and enhances immune checkpoint blockade. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-004799. [PMID: 35764365 PMCID: PMC9240943 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical innate immune sensors that elicit antitumor immune responses in cancer immunotherapy. Although a few TLR agonists have been approved for the treatment of patients with early-stage superficial cancers, their therapeutic efficacy is limited in patient with advanced invasive cancers. Here, we identified the therapeutic role of a TLR2/3 agonist, L-pampo (LP), which promotes antitumor immunity and enhances the immune checkpoint blockade. METHODS We generated LP by combining a TLR2 agonist, Pam3CSK4, with a TLR3 agonist, Poly (I:C). Immune responses to stimulation with various TLR agonists were compared. Tumor-bearing mice were intratumorally treated with LP, and their tumor sizes were measured. The antitumor effects of LP treatment were determined using flow cytometry, multiplexed imaging, and NanoString nCounter immune profiling. The immunotherapeutic potential of LP in combination with α-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) or α-cytotoxic T-lymphocytes-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) was evaluated in syngeneic MC38 colon cancer and B16F10 melanoma. RESULTS The LP treatment induced a potent activation of T helper 1 (Th1) and 2 (Th2)-mediated immunity, tumor cell apoptosis, and immunogenic tumor cell death. Intratumoral LP treatment effectively inhibited tumor progression by activating tumor-specific T cell immunity. LP-induced immune responses were mediated by CD8+ T cells and interferon-γ, but not by CD4+ T cells and CD25+ T cells. LP simultaneously activated TLR2 and TLR3 signaling, thereby extensively changing the immune-related gene signatures within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Moreover, intratumoral LP treatment led to systemic abscopal antitumor effects in non-injected distant tumors. Notably, LP treatment combined with ɑPD-1 and ɑCTLA-4 further enhanced the efficacy of monotherapy, resulting in complete tumor regression and prolonged overall survival. Furthermore, LP-based combination immunotherapy elicited durable antitumor immunity with tumor-specific immune memory in colon cancer and melanoma. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that intratumoral LP treatment improves the innate and adaptive antitumor immunity within the TME and enhances the efficacy of αPD-1 and αCTLA-4 immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Suk Lee
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of).,Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Dong Sung Kim
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of).,Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Yoonki Heo
- CHA Vaccine Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Hannah Yang
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of).,Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Eun-Jin Go
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of).,Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Jin Hyoung Kim
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of).,Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Seung Joon Lee
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Byung Cheol Ahn
- CHA Vaccine Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Jung Sun Yum
- CHA Vaccine Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Hong Jae Chon
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of) .,Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of).,Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Chan Kim
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of) .,Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of).,Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
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22
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Targeting toll-like receptors on T cells as a therapeutic strategy against tumors. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 107:108708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Haegebaert RM, Kempers M, Ceelen W, Lentacker I, Remaut K. Nanoparticle mediated targeting of toll-like receptors to treat colorectal cancer. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 172:16-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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24
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Thomas S, Ouhtit A, Al Khatib HA, Eid AH, Mathew S, Nasrallah GK, Emara MM, Al Maslamani MA, Yassine HM. Burden and Disease Pathogenesis of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses in Diabetic Patients. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:412-424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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25
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Jiao A, Sun C, Wang X, Lei L, Liu H, Li W, Yang X, Zheng H, Ding R, Zhu K, Su Y, Zhang C, Zhang L, Zhang B. DExD/H-box helicase 9 intrinsically controls CD8 + T cell-mediated antiviral response through noncanonical mechanisms. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk2691. [PMID: 35138904 PMCID: PMC8827654 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk2691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Upon virus infection, CD8+ T cell accumulation is tightly controlled by simultaneous proliferation and apoptosis. However, it remains unclear how TCR signal coordinates these events to achieve expansion and effector cell differentiation. We found that T cell-specific deletion of nuclear helicase Dhx9 led to impaired CD8+ T cell survival, effector differentiation, and viral clearance. Mechanistically, Dhx9 acts as the key regulator to ensure LCK- and CD3ε-mediated ZAP70 phosphorylation and ERK activation to protect CD8+ T cells from apoptosis before proliferative burst. Dhx9 directly regulates Id2 transcription to control effector CD8+ T cell differentiation. The DSRM and OB_Fold domains are required for LCK binding and Id2 transcription, respectively. Dhx9 expression is predominantly increased in effector CD8+ T cells of COVID-19 patients. Therefore, we revealed a previously unknown regulatory mechanism that Dhx9 protects activated CD8+ T cells from apoptosis and ensures effector differentiation to promote antiviral immunity independent of nuclear sensor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjun Jiao
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chenming Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huiqiang Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Renyi Ding
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun Zhu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanhong Su
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cangang Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lianjun Zhang
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China
- Corresponding author. (B.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Corresponding author. (B.Z.); (L.Z.)
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The Critical Role of Toll-like Receptor-mediated Signaling in Cancer Immunotherapy. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2022.100122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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27
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Nouri Y, Weinkove R, Perret R. T-cell intrinsic Toll-like receptor signaling: implications for cancer immunotherapy and CAR T-cells. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003065. [PMID: 34799397 PMCID: PMC8606765 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved molecules that specifically recognize common microbial patterns, and have a critical role in innate and adaptive immunity. Although TLRs are highly expressed by innate immune cells, particularly antigen-presenting cells, the very first report of a human TLR also described its expression and function within T-cells. Gene knock-out models and adoptive cell transfer studies have since confirmed that TLRs function as important costimulatory and regulatory molecules within T-cells themselves. By acting directly on T-cells, TLR agonists can enhance cytokine production by activated T-cells, increase T-cell sensitivity to T-cell receptor stimulation, promote long-lived T-cell memory, and reduce the suppressive activity of regulatory T-cells. Direct stimulation of T-cell intrinsic TLRs may be a relevant mechanism of action of TLR ligands currently under clinical investigation as cancer immunotherapies. Finally, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells afford a new opportunity to specifically exploit T-cell intrinsic TLR function. This can be achieved by expressing TLR signaling domains, or domains from their signaling partner myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), within or alongside the CAR. This review summarizes the expression and function of TLRs within T-cells, and explores the relevance of T-cell intrinsic TLR expression to the benefits and risks of TLR-stimulating cancer immunotherapies, including CAR T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Nouri
- Cancer Immunotherapy Programme, Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Robert Weinkove
- Cancer Immunotherapy Programme, Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.,Wellington Blood & Cancer Centre, Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Rachel Perret
- Cancer Immunotherapy Programme, Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
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Wang F, He J, Liu S, Gao A, Yang L, Sun G, Ding W, Li CY, Gou F, He M, Wang F, Wang X, Zhao X, Zhu P, Hao S, Ma Y, Cheng H, Yu J, Cheng T. A comprehensive RNA editome reveals that edited Azin1 partners with DDX1 to enable hematopoietic stem cell differentiation. Blood 2021; 138:1939-1952. [PMID: 34388251 PMCID: PMC8602937 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021011314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing and the catalyzing enzyme adenosine deaminase are both essential for hematopoietic development and differentiation. However, the RNA editome during hematopoiesis and the underlying mechanisms are poorly defined. Here, we sorted 12 murine adult hematopoietic cell populations at different stages and identified 30 796 editing sites through RNA sequencing. The dynamic landscape of the RNA editome comprises stage- and group-specific and stable editing patterns, but undergoes significant changes during lineage commitment. Notably, we found that antizyme inhibitor 1 (Azin1) was highly edited in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Azin1 editing results in an amino acid change to induce Azin1 protein (AZI) translocation to the nucleus, enhanced AZI binding affinity for DEAD box polypeptide 1 to alter the chromatin distribution of the latter, and altered expression of multiple hematopoietic regulators that ultimately promote HSPC differentiation. Our findings have delineated an essential role for Azin1 RNA editing in hematopoietic cells, and our data set is a valuable resource for studying RNA editing on a more general basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiahuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of RNA Regulation and Hematopoiesis, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, CAMS and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of RNA Regulation and Hematopoiesis, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, CAMS and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ai Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Guohuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Wanqiu Ding
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Chuan-Yun Li
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Fanglin Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Manman He
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of RNA Regulation and Hematopoiesis, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, CAMS and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of RNA Regulation and Hematopoiesis, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, CAMS and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of RNA Regulation and Hematopoiesis, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, CAMS and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangnan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Sha Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanni Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of RNA Regulation and Hematopoiesis, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, CAMS and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of RNA Regulation and Hematopoiesis, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, CAMS and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
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Zandhuis ND, Nicolet BP, Wolkers MC. RNA-Binding Protein Expression Alters Upon Differentiation of Human B Cells and T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:717324. [PMID: 34867946 PMCID: PMC8635512 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.717324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells and T cells are key players in the defence against infections and malignancies. To exert their function, B cells and T cells differentiate into effector and memory cells. Tight regulation of these differentiation processes is key to prevent their malfunction, which can result in life-threatening disease. Lymphocyte differentiation relies on the appropriate timing and dosage of regulatory molecules, and post-transcriptional gene regulation (PTR) is a key player herein. PTR includes the regulation through RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), which control the fate of RNA and its translation into proteins. To date, a comprehensive overview of the RBP expression throughout lymphocyte differentiation is lacking. Using transcriptome and proteome analyses, we here catalogued the RBP expression for human B cells and T cells. We observed that even though the overall RBP expression is conserved, the relative RBP expression is distinct between B cells and T cells. Differentiation into effector and memory cells alters the RBP expression, resulting into preferential expression of different classes of RBPs. For instance, whereas naive T cells express high levels of translation-regulating RBPs, effector T cells preferentially express RBPs that modulate mRNA stability. Lastly, we found that cytotoxic CD8+ and CD4+ T cells express a common RBP repertoire. Combined, our study reveals a cell type-specific and differentiation-dependent RBP expression landscape in human lymphocytes, which will help unravel the role of RBPs in lymphocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nordin D. Zandhuis
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Benoit P. Nicolet
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Monika C. Wolkers
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
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30
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Freen-van Heeren JJ. Flow-FISH as a Tool for Studying Bacteria, Fungi and Viruses. BIOTECH 2021; 10:21. [PMID: 35822795 PMCID: PMC9245478 DOI: 10.3390/biotech10040021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many techniques are currently in use to study microbes. These can be aimed at detecting, identifying, and characterizing bacterial, fungal, and viral species. One technique that is suitable for high-throughput analysis is flow cytometry-based fluorescence in situ hybridization, or Flow-FISH. This technique employs (fluorescently labeled) probes directed against DNA or (m)RNA, for instance targeting a gene or microorganism of interest and provides information on a single-cell level. Furthermore, by combining Flow-FISH with antibody-based protein detection, proteins of interest can be measured simultaneously with genetic material. Additionally, depending on the type of Flow-FISH assay, Flow-FISH can also be multiplexed, allowing for the simultaneous measurement of multiple gene targets and/or microorganisms. Together, this allows for, e.g., single-cell gene expression analysis or identification of (sub)strains in mixed cultures. Flow-FISH has been used in mammalian cells but has also been extensively employed to study diverse microbial species. Here, the use of Flow-FISH for studying microorganisms is reviewed. Specifically, the detection of (intracellular) pathogens, studying microorganism biology and disease pathogenesis, and identification of bacterial, fungal, and viral strains in mixed cultures is discussed, with a particular focus on the viruses EBV, HIV-1, and SARS-CoV-2.
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31
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Xu J, Guo R, Jia J, He Y, He S. Activation of Toll-like receptor 2 enhances peripheral and tumor-infiltrating CD8 + T cell cytotoxicity in patients with gastric cancer. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:67. [PMID: 34620075 PMCID: PMC8499526 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00459-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play central roles in the initiation of innate immune response, and also control adaptive immunity activation. Thus, the aim of the study was to investigate the regulation of TLR activation to CD8+ T cells has not been fully elucidated in gastric cancer (GC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-two GC patients and twenty-three healthy controls were enrolled. Expression profile of TLRs in peripheral and tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells was investigated. Purified CD8+ T cells were stimulated with Pam3Csk4, an agonist of TLR2, and cytotoxic and co-inhibitory molecules in CD8+ T cells was measured. Direct and indirect contact coculture system between CD8+ T cells and AGS cells was set up. Modulation of TLR2 activation to CD8+ T cells was assessed by measuring lactate dehydrogenase release and cytokine secretion. RESULTS TLR2 mRNA and TLR2+ cell percentage was down-regulated in GC derived peripheral and tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells. CD8+ T cells from GC patients showed exhausted phenotype, which presented as decreased perforin/granzyme B, increased programmed death-1, and reduced cytotoxicity to AGS cells. TLR2 activation by Pam3Csk4 enhanced perforin and granzyme B expression in CD8+ T cells, however, did not affect either proinflammatory cytokine production or co-inhibitory molecules expression. Pam3Csk4 stimulation enhanced cytolytic activation of peripheral and tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells from GC, but not those from healthy individuals. CONCLUSION The present data revealed an important immunomodulatory activity of TLR2 to CD8+ T cells in GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Rd, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an No.1 Hospital, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Rongya Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Shaanxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Xi'an, 710065, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Department of Dermatology, Xi'an No.1 Hospital, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yun He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an No.1 Hospital, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shuixiang He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Rd, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.
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32
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Roßmann L, Bagola K, Stephen T, Gerards AL, Walber B, Ullrich A, Schülke S, Kamp C, Spreitzer I, Hasan M, David-Watine B, Shorte SL, Bastian M, van Zandbergen G. Distinct single-component adjuvants steer human DC-mediated T-cell polarization via Toll-like receptor signaling toward a potent antiviral immune response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2103651118. [PMID: 34561306 PMCID: PMC8488681 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103651118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the importance of efficient and safe vaccine development. Vaccine adjuvants are essential to boost and tailor the immune response to the corresponding pathogen. To allow for an educated selection, we assessed the effect of different adjuvants on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and their ability to polarize innate and adaptive immune responses. In contrast to commonly used adjuvants, such as aluminum hydroxide, Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists induced robust phenotypic and functional DC maturation. In a DC-lymphocyte coculture system, we investigated the ensuing immune reactions. While monophosphoryl lipid A synthetic, a TLR4 ligand, induced checkpoint inhibitors indicative for immune exhaustion, the TLR7/8 agonist Resiquimod (R848) induced prominent type-1 interferon and interleukin 6 responses and robust CTL, B-cell, and NK-cell proliferation, which is particularly suited for antiviral immune responses. The recently licensed COVID-19 vaccines, BNT162b and mRNA-1273, are both based on single-stranded RNA. Indeed, we could confirm that the cytokine profile induced by lipid-complexed RNA was almost identical to the pattern induced by R848. Although this awaits further investigation, our results suggest that their efficacy involves the highly efficient antiviral response pattern stimulated by the RNAs' TLR7/8 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Roßmann
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Katrin Bagola
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Tharshana Stephen
- Cytometry and Biomarkers UTechS, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Anna-Lisa Gerards
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Bianca Walber
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Anja Ullrich
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Schülke
- Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Christel Kamp
- Division of Microbiology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Ingo Spreitzer
- Division of Microbiology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Milena Hasan
- Cytometry and Biomarkers UTechS, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Max Bastian
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ger van Zandbergen
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany;
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Schubert ML, Rohrbach R, Schmitt M, Stein-Thoeringer CK. The Potential Role of the Intestinal Micromilieu and Individual Microbes in the Immunobiology of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:670286. [PMID: 34135898 PMCID: PMC8200823 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.670286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular immunotherapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells (CARTs) represents a breakthrough in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. CARTs are genetically engineered hybrid receptors that combine antigen-specificity of monoclonal antibodies with T cell function to direct patient-derived T cells to kill malignant cells expressing the target (tumor) antigen. CARTs have been introduced into clinical medicine as CD19-targeted CARTs for refractory and relapsed B cell malignancies. Despite high initial response rates, current CART therapies are limited by a long-term loss of antitumor efficacy, the occurrence of toxicities, and the lack of biomarkers for predicting therapy and toxicity outcomes. In the past decade, the gut microbiome of mammals has been extensively studied and evidence is accumulating that human health, apart from our own genome, largely depends on microbes that are living in and on the human body. The microbiome encompasses more than 1000 bacterial species who collectively encode a metagenome that guides multifaceted, bidirectional host-microbiome interactions, primarily through the action of microbial metabolites. Increasing knowledge has been accumulated on the role of the gut microbiome in T cell-driven anticancer immunotherapy. It has been shown that antibiotics, dietary components and gut microbes reciprocally affect the efficacy and toxicity of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo HCT) as the prototype of T cell-based immunotherapy for hematologic malignancies, and that microbiome diversity metrics can predict clinical outcomes of allo HCTs. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive overview of the principles of CD19-CART immunotherapy and major aspects of the gut microbiome and its modulators that impact antitumor T cell transfer therapies. We will outline i) the extrinsic and intrinsic variables that can contribute to the complex interaction of the gut microbiome and host in CART immunotherapy, including ii) antibiotic administration affecting loss of colonization resistance, expansion of pathobionts and disturbed mucosal and immunological homeostasis, and ii) the role of specific gut commensals and their microbial virulence factors in host immunity and inflammation. Although the role of the gut microbiome in CART immunotherapy has only been marginally explored so far, this review may open a new chapter and views on putative connections and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Luisa Schubert
- Klinik fuer Haematologie, Onkologie und Rheumatologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roman Rohrbach
- Research Division Microbiome and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Klinik fuer Haematologie, Onkologie und Rheumatologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph K Stein-Thoeringer
- Research Division Microbiome and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Klinik fuer Medizinische Onkologie, Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
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34
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Freen-van Heeren JJ. Addressing HIV-1 latency with Flow-FISH: Finding, characterizing and targeting HIV-1 infected cells. Cytometry A 2021; 99:861-865. [PMID: 34018663 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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35
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Reens AL, Cabral DJ, Liang X, Norton JE, Therien AG, Hazuda DJ, Swaminathan G. Immunomodulation by the Commensal Microbiome During Immune-Targeted Interventions: Focus on Cancer Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy and Vaccination. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643255. [PMID: 34054810 PMCID: PMC8155485 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence in clinical and preclinical studies indicates that success of immunotherapies can be impacted by the state of the microbiome. Understanding the role of the microbiome during immune-targeted interventions could help us understand heterogeneity of treatment success, predict outcomes, and develop additional strategies to improve efficacy. In this review, we discuss key studies that reveal reciprocal interactions between the microbiome, the immune system, and the outcome of immune interventions. We focus on cancer immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment and vaccination as two crucial therapeutic areas with strong potential for immunomodulation by the microbiota. By juxtaposing studies across both therapeutic areas, we highlight three factors prominently involved in microbial immunomodulation: short-chain fatty acids, microbe-associate molecular patterns (MAMPs), and inflammatory cytokines. Continued interrogation of these models and pathways may reveal critical mechanistic synergies between the microbiome and the immune system, resulting in novel approaches designed to influence the efficacy of immune-targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail L. Reens
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Damien J. Cabral
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Xue Liang
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - James E. Norton
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Alex G. Therien
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Daria J. Hazuda
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
- Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Gokul Swaminathan
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
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36
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Freen-van Heeren JJ. Post-transcriptional control of T-cell cytokine production: Implications for cancer therapy. Immunology 2021; 164:57-72. [PMID: 33884612 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of the adaptive immune system, T cells are vital for the eradication of infected and malignantly transformed cells. To perform their protective function, T cells produce effector molecules that are either directly cytotoxic, such as granzymes, perforin, interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor α, or attract and stimulate (immune) cells, such as interleukin-2. As these molecules can also induce immunopathology, tight control of their production is required. Indeed, inflammatory cytokine production is regulated on multiple levels. Firstly, locus accessibility and transcription factor availability and activity determine the amount of mRNA produced. Secondly, post-transcriptional mechanisms, influencing mRNA splicing/codon usage, stability, decay, localization and translation rate subsequently determine the amount of protein that is produced. In the immune suppressive environments of tumours, T cells gradually lose the capacity to produce effector molecules, resulting in tumour immune escape. Recently, the role of post-transcriptional regulation in fine-tuning T-cell effector function has become more appreciated. Furthermore, several groups have shown that exhausted or dysfunctional T cells from cancer patients or murine models possess mRNA for inflammatory mediators, but fail to produce effector molecules, hinting that post-transcriptional events also play a role in hampering tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte effector function. Here, the post-transcriptional regulatory events governing T-cell cytokine production are reviewed, with a specific focus on the importance of post-transcriptional regulation in anti-tumour responses. Furthermore, potential approaches to circumvent tumour-mediated dampening of T-cell effector function through the (dis)engagement of post-transcriptional events are explored, such as CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing or chimeric antigen receptors.
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Kasimsetty S, Hawkes A, DeWolf SE, Welch A, McKay DB. Blockade of T cell activation induced by the simultaneous absence of Nod1 and Nod2 is bypassed by TLR2 signals. Transpl Immunol 2021; 65:101348. [PMID: 33706865 PMCID: PMC10425202 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2020.101348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) trigger adaptive inflammatory responses and as such are attractive targets for therapeutic manipulation of inflammation. In order to develop effective therapies however we need to understand the complexities of PRR signaling and clarify how individual PRRs contribute to an inflammatory response in a given cell type. Data from our lab and others have shown that cross-talk occurs between different PRR family members that directs T cell responses to a particular stimuli. It is well-established that the cell surface toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) provides a potent costimulatory signal for TCR-stimulated T cell activation. We have shown that signaling through the intracellular nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing proteins 1 and 2 (Nod1 and Nod2) also provides important signals for T cell activation, and that when both Nod1 and Nod 2 are deleted stimulated T cells undergo activation-induced cell death. This study found that TLR2 costimulation could bypass the defect induced by the simultaneous absence of Nods1 and 2 in both antibody- and antigen-stimulated T cells. Since blocking one set of PRR-mediated responses can be overcome by signaling through another PRR family member, then effective therapeutic immune blockade strategies will likely require a multi-pronged approach in order to be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashi Kasimsetty
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Alana Hawkes
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Sean E DeWolf
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Alexander Welch
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Dianne B McKay
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America.
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38
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Freen-van Heeren JJ. Using CRISPR to enhance T cell effector function for therapeutic applications. Cytokine X 2021; 3:100049. [PMID: 33604565 PMCID: PMC7885876 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are critical to fight pathogenic microbes and combat malignantly transformed cells in the fight against cancer. To exert their effector function, T cells produce effector molecules, such as the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2. Tumors possess many inhibitory mechanisms that dampen T cell effector function, limiting the secretion of cytotoxic molecules. As a result, the control and elimination of tumors is impaired. Through recent advances in genomic editing, T cells can now be successfully modified via CRISPR/Cas9 technology. For instance, engaging (post-)transcriptional mechanisms to enhance T cell cytokine production, the retargeting of T cell antigen specificity or rendering T cells refractive to inhibitory receptor signaling can augment T cell effector function. Therefore, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing might provide novel strategies for cancer immunotherapy. Recently, the first-in-patient clinical trial was successfully performed with CRISPR/Cas9-modified human T cell therapy. In this review, a brief overview of currently available techniques is provided, and recent advances in T cell genomic engineering for the enhancement of T cell effector function for therapeutic purposes are discussed.
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Key Words
- AP-1, activator protein 1
- ARE, AU-rich element
- ARE-Del, deletion of the 3′UTR AREs from the Ifng/IFNG gene
- CAR T cells
- CAR, Chimeric Antigen Receptor
- CRISPR
- CRISPR, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat
- CRS, cytokine release syndrome
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4
- Cas, CRISPR-associated
- Cas9
- Cytokines
- DGK, Diacylglycerol kinase
- DHX37, DEAH-box helicase 37
- EBV, Epstein Barr virus
- FOXP3, Forkhead box P3
- GATA, GATA binding protein
- Genome editing
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- LAG-3, Lymphocyte Activating 3
- NF-κB, nuclear factor of activated B cells
- PD-1, Programmed cell Death 1
- PD-L1, Programmed Death Ligand 1
- PTPN2, Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Non-Receptor 2
- Pdia3, Protein Disulfide Isomerase Family A Member 3
- RBP, RNA-binding protein
- RNP, ribonuclear protein
- T cell effector function
- T cells
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TIL, Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocyte
- TLRs, Toll-like receptors
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TRAC, TCR-α chain
- TRBC, TCR-β chain
- UTR, untranslated region
- tTCR, transgenic TCR
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Freen-van Heeren JJ. Harnessing high-throughput flow cytometric protein and RNA detection to enhance TIL therapy. Cytometry A 2021; 99:766-768. [PMID: 33609079 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Freen-van Heeren JJ. Toll-like receptor-2/7-mediated T cell activation: An innate potential to augment CD8 + T cell cytokine production. Scand J Immunol 2021; 93:e13019. [PMID: 33377182 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are critical to combat pathogens and eradicate malignantly transformed cells. To exert their effector function and kill target cells, T cells produce copious amounts of effector molecules, including the pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon γ, tumour necrosis factor α and interleukin 2. TCR triggering alone is sufficient to induce cytokine secretion by effector and memory CD8+ T cells. However, T cells can also be directly activated by pathogen-derived molecules, such as through the triggering of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLR-mediated pathogen sensing by T cells results in the production of only interferon γ. However, in particular when the antigen load on target cells is low, or when TCR affinity to the antigen is limited, antigen-experienced T cells can benefit from costimulatory signals. TLR stimulation can also function in a costimulatory fashion to enhance TCR triggering. Combined TCR and TLR triggering enhances the proliferation, memory formation and effector function of T cells, resulting in enhanced production of interferon γ, tumour necrosis factor α and interleukin 2. Therefore, TLR ligands or the exploitation of TLR signalling could provide novel opportunities for immunotherapy approaches. In fact, CD19 CAR T cells bearing an intracellular TLR2 costimulatory domain were recently employed to treat cancer patients in a clinical trial. Here, the current knowledge regarding TLR2/7 stimulation-induced cytokine production by T cells is reviewed. Specifically, the transcriptional and post-transcriptional pathways engaged upon TLR2/7 sensing and TLR2/7 signalling are discussed. Finally, the potential uses of TLRs to enhance the anti-tumor effector function of T cells are explored.
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41
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Stojić-Vukanić Z, Hadžibegović S, Nicole O, Nacka-Aleksić M, Leštarević S, Leposavić G. CD8+ T Cell-Mediated Mechanisms Contribute to the Progression of Neurocognitive Impairment in Both Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer's Disease? Front Immunol 2020; 11:566225. [PMID: 33329528 PMCID: PMC7710704 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.566225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocognitive impairment (NCI) is one of the most relevant clinical manifestations of multiple sclerosis (MS). The profile of NCI and the structural and functional changes in the brain structures relevant for cognition in MS share some similarities to those in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of neurocognitive disorders. Additionally, despite clear etiopathological differences between MS and AD, an accumulation of effector/memory CD8+ T cells and CD8+ tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells in cognitively relevant brain structures of MS/AD patients, and higher frequency of effector/memory CD8+ T cells re-expressing CD45RA (TEMRA) with high capacity to secrete cytotoxic molecules and proinflammatory cytokines in their blood, were found. Thus, an active pathogenetic role of CD8+ T cells in the progression of MS and AD may be assumed. In this mini-review, findings supporting the putative role of CD8+ T cells in the pathogenesis of MS and AD are displayed, and putative mechanisms underlying their pathogenetic action are discussed. A special effort was made to identify the gaps in the current knowledge about the role of CD8+ T cells in the development of NCI to "catalyze" translational research leading to new feasible therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Stojić-Vukanić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Senka Hadžibegović
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, UMR5293, Bordeaux, France.,Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Université de Bordeaux, UMR5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Nicole
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, UMR5293, Bordeaux, France.,Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Université de Bordeaux, UMR5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mirjana Nacka-Aleksić
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Leštarević
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Leposavić
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
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42
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Freen-van Heeren JJ, Popović B, Guislain A, Wolkers MC. Human T cells employ conserved AU-rich elements to fine-tune IFN-γ production. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:949-958. [PMID: 32112565 PMCID: PMC7384093 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Long‐lasting CD8+ T cell responses are critical in combatting infections and tumors. The pro‐inflammatory cytokine IFN‐γ is a key effector molecule herein. We recently showed that in murine T cells the production of IFN‐γ is tightly regulated through adenylate uridylate–rich elements (AREs) that are located in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of the Ifng mRNA molecule. Loss of AREs resulted in prolonged cytokine production in activated T cells and boosted anti‐tumoral T cell responses. Here, we investigated whether these findings can be translated to primary human T cells. Utilizing CRISPR‐Cas9 technology, we deleted the ARE region from the IFNG 3′ UTR in peripheral blood‐derived human T cells. Loss of AREs stabilized the IFNG mRNA in T cells and supported a higher proportion of IFN‐γ protein‐producing T cells. Importantly, combining MART‐1 T cell receptor engineering with ARE‐Del gene editing showed that this was also true for antigen‐specific activation of T cells. MART‐1‐specific ARE‐Del T cells showed higher percentages of IFN‐γ producing T cells in response to MART‐1 expressing tumor cells. Combined, our study reveals that ARE‐mediated posttranscriptional regulation is conserved between murine and human T cells. Furthermore, generating antigen‐specific ARE‐Del T cells is feasible, a feature that could potentially be used for therapeutical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian J Freen-van Heeren
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research-Amsterdam UMC Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematopoiesis, Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Branka Popović
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research-Amsterdam UMC Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematopoiesis, Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aurélie Guislain
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research-Amsterdam UMC Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematopoiesis, Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monika C Wolkers
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research-Amsterdam UMC Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematopoiesis, Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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43
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Salerno F, Turner M, Wolkers MC. Dynamic Post-Transcriptional Events Governing CD8+ T Cell Homeostasis and Effector Function. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:240-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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44
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Meng Z, Chen Y, Lu M. Advances in Targeting the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems to Cure Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3127. [PMID: 32117201 PMCID: PMC7018702 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
“Functional cure” is being pursued as the ultimate endpoint of antiviral treatment in chronic hepatitis B (CHB), which is characterized by loss of HBsAg whether or not anti-HBs antibodies are present. “Functional cure” can be achieved in <10% of CHB patients with currently available therapeutic agents. The dysfunction of specific immune responses to hepatitis B virus (HBV) is considered the major cause of persistent HBV infection. Thus, modulating the host immune system to strengthen specific cellular immune reactions might help eliminate HBV. Strategies are needed to restore/enhance innate immunity and induce HBV-specific adaptive immune responses in a coordinated way. Immune and resident cells express pattern recognition receptors like TLRs and RIG I/MDA5, which play important roles in the induction of innate immunity through sensing of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and bridging to adaptive immunity for pathogen-specific immune control. TLR/RIG I agonists activate innate immune responses and suppress HBV replication in vitro and in vivo, and are being investigated in clinical trials. On the other hand, HBV-specific immune responses could be induced by therapeutic vaccines, including protein (HBsAg/preS and HBcAg), DNA, and viral vector-based vaccines. More than 50 clinical trials have been performed to assess therapeutic vaccines in CHB treatment, some of which display potential effects. Most recently, using genetic editing technology to generate CAR-T or TCR-T, HBV-specific T cells have been produced to efficiently clear HBV. This review summarizes the progress in basic and clinical research investigating immunomodulatory strategies for curing chronic HBV infection, and critically discusses the rather disappointing results of current clinical trials and future strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongji Meng
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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45
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Freen-van Heeren JJ, Nicolet BP, Wolkers MC. Combined Single-Cell Measurement of Cytokine mRNA and Protein in Immune Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2108:259-271. [PMID: 31939187 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0247-8_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A key feature of immune cells, such as T cells, is their rapid responsiveness to activation. The response rate of T cells depends on the signal strength, and the type of signals they receive. Studying the underlying mechanisms that define responsiveness, however, is confounded by the fact that immune cells do not uniformly respond to activation. Tools that measure gene products on a single-cell level therefore provide additional insights in T cell biology. Here we describe flow cytometry-based fluorescence in situ hybridization (Flow-FISH), a high-throughput assay that allows for the simultaneous measurement of cytokine mRNA and protein levels of the gene(s) of interest by flow cytometry. We present several possible applications of Flow-FISH in human and murine T cells that-with minor adjustments-should also be applicable for other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian J Freen-van Heeren
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research-Amsterdam UMC Landsteiner Laboratory and Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benoit P Nicolet
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research-Amsterdam UMC Landsteiner Laboratory and Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monika C Wolkers
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research-Amsterdam UMC Landsteiner Laboratory and Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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46
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The activation of bystander CD8 + T cells and their roles in viral infection. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-9. [PMID: 31827070 PMCID: PMC6906361 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During viral infections, significant numbers of T cells are activated in a T cell receptor-independent and cytokine-dependent manner, a phenomenon referred to as "bystander activation." Cytokines, including type I interferons, interleukin-18, and interleukin-15, are the most important factors that induce bystander activation of T cells, each of which plays a somewhat different role. Bystander T cells lack specificity for the pathogen, but can nevertheless impact the course of the immune response to the infection. For example, bystander-activated CD8+ T cells can participate in protective immunity by secreting cytokines, such as interferon-γ. They also mediate host injury by exerting cytotoxicity that is facilitated by natural killer cell-activating receptors, such as NKG2D, and cytolytic molecules, such as granzyme B. Interestingly, it has been recently reported that there is a strong association between the cytolytic function of bystander-activated CD8+ T cells and host tissue injury in patients with acute hepatitis A virus infection. The current review addresses the induction of bystander CD8+ T cells, their effector functions, and their potential roles in immunity to infection, immunopathology, and autoimmunity.
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47
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Zhang E, Ma Z, Li Q, Yan H, Liu J, Wu W, Guo J, Zhang X, Kirschning CJ, Xu H, Lang PA, Yang D, Dittmer U, Yan H, Lu M. TLR2 Stimulation Increases Cellular Metabolism in CD8 + T Cells and Thereby Enhances CD8 + T Cell Activation, Function, and Antiviral Activity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2872-2886. [PMID: 31636238 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
TLR2 serves as a costimulatory molecule on activated T cells. However, it is unknown how the functionality and antiviral activity of CD8+ T cells are modulated by direct TLR2 signaling. In this study, we looked at the TLR2-mediated enhancement of TCR-driven CD8+ T cell activation in vitro and in woodchuck hepatitis virus transgenic mice. In vitro stimulation of CD8+ T cells purified from C57BL/6 mice showed that TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4 directly enhanced the TCR-dependent CD8+ T cell activation. Transcriptome analysis revealed that TLR2 signaling increased expression of bioenergy metabolism-related genes in CD8+ T cells, such as IRF4, leading to improved glycolysis and glutaminolysis. This was associated with the upregulation of genes related to immune regulation and functions such as T-bet and IFN-γ. Glycolysis and glutaminolysis were in turn essential for the TLR2-mediated enhancement of T cell activation. Administration of TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4 promoted the expansion and functionality of vaccine-primed, Ag-specific CD8+ T cells in both wild type and transgenic mice and improved viral suppression. Thus, TLR2 could promote CD8+ T cell immunity through regulating the energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ejuan Zhang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071 Wuhan, China.,Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Li
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Hu Yan
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071 Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, China
| | - Weimin Wu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Jiabao Guo
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071 Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Carsten J Kirschning
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; and
| | - Haifeng Xu
- Institute of Virology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Institute of Virology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, China
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Huimin Yan
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071 Wuhan, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany;
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48
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Li Q, Yan Y, Liu J, Huang X, Zhang X, Kirschning C, Xu HC, Lang PA, Dittmer U, Zhang E, Lu M. Toll-Like Receptor 7 Activation Enhances CD8+ T Cell Effector Functions by Promoting Cellular Glycolysis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2191. [PMID: 31572396 PMCID: PMC6751247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of TLR7 signaling in T cells accelerates antigen-specific responses. Such responses play an essential role in eliminating viral infections and can be anti-tumorigenic. However, the underlying mechanisms of how TLR7 can promote the optimal function of CD8+ T cells remain unclear. To investigate how TLR signaling directly contributes to CD8+ T cell functions, we examine the activation of cellular TLR7-related pathways and functional and metabolic alterations in TLR7-stimulated T cells during T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. In the present study, we investigated the activation of CD8+ T cells in response to direct stimulation by TLR7 ligands. TLR7 stimulation could promote the effector functions of purified CD8+ T cells in vitro. The TLR7-induced activation of CD8+ T cells occurs if CD8+ T cells were primed by αCD3 activation and increasingly expressed TLR7. MyD88 and AKT-mTOR signaling plays a critical role in TLR7-induced T cell activation. In addition to the upregulation of immune-related genes, metabolic alterations in CD8+ T cells, including the upregulation of glucose uptake and glycolysis, occurred by TLR7 stimulation. Glycolysis was found to be regulated by the AKT-mTOR pathway and a downstream transcription factor IRF4. Blocking glycolysis by either direct glucose deprivation or modulating the mTOR pathway and IRF4 expression was found to impair T cell activation and functions. Taken together, the activation of TLR7 signaling promotes the effector functions of CD8+ T cells by enhancing cellular glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yan Yan
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Carsten Kirschning
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Haifeng C Xu
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ejuan Zhang
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Sharbafi MH, Assadiasl S, Pour‐reza‐gholi F, Barzegari S, Mohammadi Torbati P, Samavat S, Nicknam MH, Amirzargar A. TLR‐2, TLR‐4 and MyD88 genes expression in renal transplant acute and chronic rejections. Int J Immunogenet 2019; 46:427-436. [DOI: 10.1111/iji.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Assadiasl
- Molecular Immunology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Fatemeh Pour‐reza‐gholi
- Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Saeed Barzegari
- Department of health information technology, Amol Faculty of Paramedical Sciences Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
| | - Peyman Mohammadi Torbati
- Department of Pathology Labbafinejad Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Shiva Samavat
- Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nicknam
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Molecular Immunology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Aliakbar Amirzargar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Molecular Immunology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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50
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Activation of the TLR signaling pathway in CD8+ T cells counteracts liver endothelial cell-induced T cell tolerance. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 16:774-776. [PMID: 31243356 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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