1
|
Fu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Li R, Yang M, Bai T, Zheng X, Huang D, Zhang M, Tu K, Xu Q, Liu X. Nanoreactors with Cascade Catalytic Activity Reprogram the Tumor Microenvironment for Enhanced Immunotherapy by Synchronously Regulating Treg and Macrophage Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:49053-49068. [PMID: 39241037 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c09830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been extensively utilized and studied as a prominent therapeutic strategy for tumors. However, the presence of a hypoxic immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment significantly reduces the efficacy of the treatment, thus impeding its application. In addition, the hypoxic microenvironment can also lead to the enrichment of immunosuppressive cells and reduce the effectiveness of tumor immunotherapy; nanoparticles with biocatalytic activity have the ability to relieve hypoxia in tumor tissues and deliver drugs to target cells and have been widely concerned and applied in the field of tumor therapy. The present study involved the development of a dual nanodelivery system that effectively targets the immune system to modify the tumor microenvironment (TME). The nanodelivery system was developed by incorporating R848 and Imatinib (IMT) into Pt nanozyme loaded hollow polydopamine (P@HP) nanocarriers. Subsequently, their surface was modified with specifically targeted peptides that bind to M2-like macrophages and regulatory T (Treg) cells, thereby facilitating the precise targeting of these cells. When introduced into the tumor model, the nanocarriers were able to selectively target immune cells in tumor tissue, causing M2-type macrophages to change into the M1 phenotype and reducing Treg activation within the tumor microenvironment. In addition, the carriers demonstrated exceptional biocatalytic activity, effectively converting H2O2 into oxygen and water at the tumor site while the drug was active, thereby alleviating the hypoxic inhibitory conditions present in the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, this further enhanced the infiltration of M1-type macrophages and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Moreover, when used in conjunction with immune checkpoint therapy, the proposed approach demonstrated enhanced antitumor immunotherapeutic effects. The bimodal targeted immunotherapeutic strategy developed in the present study overcomes the drawbacks of traditional immunotherapy approaches while offering novel avenues for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Fu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Runqing Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery after Surgery of Intergrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Ting Bai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xiaoliang Zheng
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Dongsheng Huang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Kangsheng Tu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Qiuran Xu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Berenbrok N, Vargas-Delgado ME, Beitzen-Heineke A, Schmidt C, Gensch V, Loges S, Ben-Batalla I. Prolonged inhibition of intratumoral mast cells enhances efficacy of low-dose antiangiogenic therapy. Int J Cancer 2024. [PMID: 39175105 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.35132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Low-dose antiangiogenic therapies have demonstrated the ability to enhance normalization of tumor vessels, consequently improving hypoxia levels, drug delivery, and promoting anticancer immune responses. Mast cells have been identified as contributors to resistance against antiangiogenic therapy and facilitators of abnormal neoangiogenesis. In this study, we demonstrate that by simultaneously targeting intratumoral mast cells with Imatinib and administering low-dose anti-VEGFR2 therapy, antitumor efficacy can be enhanced in preclinical models. Thus, combinatory treatment overcomes therapy resistance, while concurrently promoting tumor vessel normalization. Notably, histomorphometric analysis of tumor sections revealed that vessel perfusion could be improved through mast cell inhibition and, despite a significantly reduced microvessel density, the combination treatment did not result in elevated tumor hypoxia levels compared to anti-VEGFR2 therapy alone. Short-term Imatinib application effectively increased antitumor efficacy, and by prolonging the application of Imatinib tumor vessel normalization was additionally improved. The combination of mast cell depletion and antiangiogenic treatments has not been investigated in detail and promises to help overcoming therapy resistance. Further studies will be required to explore their impact on other treatment approaches, and subsequently to validate these findings in a clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Berenbrok
- Division of Personalized Medical Oncology (A420), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Department for Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with the Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Elena Vargas-Delgado
- Division of Personalized Medical Oncology (A420), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Department for Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with the Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonia Beitzen-Heineke
- Department for Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with the Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Schmidt
- Light Microscopy Facility (W210), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Victoria Gensch
- Division of Personalized Medical Oncology (A420), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Department for Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with the Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Loges
- Division of Personalized Medical Oncology (A420), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Department for Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with the Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Ben-Batalla
- Division of Personalized Medical Oncology (A420), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Department for Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with the Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li F, Ouyang J, Chen Z, Zhou Z, Milon Essola J, Ali B, Wu X, Zhu M, Guo W, Liang XJ. Nanomedicine for T-Cell Mediated Immunotherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2301770. [PMID: 36964936 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
T-cell immunotherapy offers outstanding advantages in the treatment of various diseases, and with the selection of appropriate targets, efficient disease treatment can be achieved. T-cell immunotherapy has made great progress, but clinical results show that only a small proportion of patients can benefit from T-cell immunotherapy. The extensive mechanistic work outlines a blueprint for using T cells as a new option for immunotherapy, but also presents new challenges, including the balance between different fractions of T cells, the inherent T-cell suppression patterns in the disease microenvironment, the acquired loss of targets, and the decline of T-cell viability. The diversity, flexibility, and intelligence of nanomedicines give them great potential for enhancing T-cell immunotherapy. Here, how T-cell immunotherapy strategies can be adapted with different nanomaterials to enhance therapeutic efficacy is discussed. For two different pathological states, immunosuppression and immune activation, recent advances in nanomedicines for T-cell immunotherapy in diseases such as cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ulcerative colitis, and diabetes are summarized. With a focus on T-cell immunotherapy, this review highlights the outstanding advantages of nanomedicines in disease treatment, and helps advance one's understanding of the use of nanotechnology to enhance T-cell immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhou Li
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Engineering & The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Ouyang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Engineering & The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, P. R. China
| | - Zuqin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ziran Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Julien Milon Essola
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Barkat Ali
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Engineering & The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, P. R. China
- Food Sciences Research Institute, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Xinyue Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Mengliang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Weisheng Guo
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Engineering & The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Engineering & The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sharma P, Otto M. Multifunctional nanocomposites modulating the tumor microenvironment for enhanced cancer immunotherapy. Bioact Mater 2024; 31:440-462. [PMID: 37701452 PMCID: PMC10494322 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has gained momentum for treating malignant tumors over the past decade. Checkpoint blockade and chimeric antigen receptor cell therapy (CAR-T) have shown considerable potency against liquid and solid cancers. However, the tumor microenvironment (TME) is highly immunosuppressive and hampers the effect of currently available cancer immunotherapies on overall treatment outcomes. Advancements in the design and engineering of nanomaterials have opened new avenues to modulate the TME. Progress in the current nanocomposite technology can overcome immunosuppression and trigger robust immunotherapeutic responses by integrating synergistic functions of different molecules. We will review recent advancements in nanomedical applications and discuss specifically designed nanocomposites modulating the TME for cancer immunotherapy. In addition, we provide information on the current landscape of clinical-stage nanocomposites for cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Sharma
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, ABC1 Building, 425 N 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Mario Otto
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, ABC1 Building, 425 N 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders (CCBD), Phoenix Children's, 1919 E Thomas Rd, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Safaroghli-Azar A, Emadi F, Lenjisa J, Mekonnen L, Wang S. Kinase inhibitors: Opportunities for small molecule anticancer immunotherapies. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103525. [PMID: 36907320 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
As the fifth pillar of cancer treatment, immunotherapy has dramatically changed the paradigm of therapeutic strategies by focusing on the host's immune system. In the long road of immunotherapy development, the identification of immune-modulatory effects for kinase inhibitors opened a new chapter in this therapeutic approach. These small molecule inhibitors not only directly eradicate tumors by targeting essential proteins of cell survival and proliferation but can also drive immune responses against malignant cells. This review summarizes the current standings and challenges of kinase inhibitors in immunotherapy, either as a single agent or in a combined modality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ava Safaroghli-Azar
- Drug Discovery and Development, University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Emadi
- Drug Discovery and Development, University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Jimma Lenjisa
- Drug Discovery and Development, University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Laychiluh Mekonnen
- Drug Discovery and Development, University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Shudong Wang
- Drug Discovery and Development, University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, SA 5000, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Breast cancer tumor microenvironment affects Treg/IL-17-producing Treg/Th17 cell axis: Molecular and therapeutic perspectives. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 28:132-157. [PMID: 36816749 PMCID: PMC9922830 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) comprises a variety of immune cells, among which T cells exert a prominent axial role in tumor development or anti-tumor responses in patients with breast cancer (BC). High or low levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as transforming growth factor β, in the absence or presence of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), delineate the fate of T cells toward either regulatory T (Treg) or T helper 17 (Th17) cells, respectively. The transitional state of RORγt+Foxp3+ Treg (IL-17-producing Treg) resides in the middle of this reciprocal polarization, which is known as Treg/IL-17-producing Treg/Th17 cell axis. TME secretome, including microRNAs, cytokines, and extracellular vesicles, can significantly affect this axis. Furthermore, immune checkpoint inhibitors may be used to reconstruct immune cells; however, some of these novel therapies may favor tumor development. Therefore, understanding secretory and cell-associated factors involved in their differentiation or polarization and functions may be targeted for BC management. This review discusses microRNAs, cytokines, and extracellular vesicles (as secretome), as well as transcription factors and immune checkpoints (as cell-associated factors), which influence the Treg/IL-17-producing Treg/Th17 cell axis in BC. Furthermore, approved or ongoing clinical trials related to the modulation of this axis in the TME of BC are described to broaden new horizons of promising therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
|
7
|
Hirata A, Sawai E, Henmi M, Shibasaki C, Mizoguchi Y, Narumi K, Aoki K. Imatinib Mesylate Exerted Antitumor Effect by Promoting Infiltration of Effector T Cells in Tumor. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:34-41. [PMID: 34980779 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Imatinib mesylate is a potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor that may induce immunological effects, such as inhibition of immune suppressive cells; but, how it modulates the immune system remains to be completely elucidated. In this study, we showed that cell proliferation of CT26 colon cancer and Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) lung cancer cells was not inhibited by imatinib in vitro, although its administration significantly suppressed the growth of CT26, but not 3LL, subcutaneous tumors, and prolonged survival in CT26 tumor-bearing mice. Further, we examined the expression of immune cell-related molecules in the tumors to elucidate the differences in imatinib-mediated antitumor effects between CT26 and 3LL tumors. The nCounter assay showed that the expression of CD8 and CD8+ T cell-recruiting chemokine genes was significantly elevated in imatinib-treated CT26 tumors than that in control tumors; however, the gene expression remained unchanged in imatinib-treated or control 3LL tumors. Furthermore, frequency of interferon-γ+ (IFN-γ+) CD8+ T cells was increased in imatinib-treated CT26 tumors than control tumors, indicating induction of antitumor immunity by imatinib. The analysis indicates that imatinib promotes infiltration of effector T cells in tumors by upregulating expression of cytokines that recruit CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment, which may lead to a strong antitumor effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Hirata
- Department of Immune Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, National Cancer Center.,Division of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine
| | - Eri Sawai
- Department of Immune Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, National Cancer Center
| | - Marina Henmi
- Department of Immune Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, National Cancer Center
| | - Chihiro Shibasaki
- Department of Immune Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, National Cancer Center
| | - Yukihiro Mizoguchi
- Department of Immune Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, National Cancer Center
| | - Kenta Narumi
- Department of Immune Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, National Cancer Center
| | - Kazunori Aoki
- Department of Immune Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, National Cancer Center
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Activated naïve γδ T cells accelerate deep molecular response to BCR-ABL inhibitors in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood Cancer J 2021; 11:182. [PMID: 34785653 PMCID: PMC8595379 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-021-00572-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that target BCR-ABL are the frontline treatments in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Growing evidence has shown that TKIs also enhance immunity. Since gamma-delta T (γδT) cells possess the potent anticancer capability, here we investigated the potential involvement of γδT cells in TKI treatments for CML. We characterized γδT cells isolated from chronic-phase CML patients before and during TKI treatments. γδT expression increased significantly in CML patients who achieved major molecular response (MMR) and deep molecular response (DMR). Their Vδ2 subset of γδT also expanded, and increased expression of activating molecules, namely IFN-γ, perforin, and CD107a, as well as γδT cytotoxicity. Mechanistically, TKIs augmented the efflux of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) from CML cells, which stimulated IFN-γ production and γδT expansion. Notably, the size of the IFN-γ+ naïve γδT population in TKI-treated CML patients was strongly correlated with their rates to reach DMR and with the duration on DMR. Statistical analysis suggests that a cutoff of 7.5% IFN-γ+ naïve subpopulation of γδT in CML patients could serve as a determinant for MR4.0 sustainability. Our results highlight γδT cells as a positive regulator for TKI responses in CML patients.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ziogas DC, Mandellos D, Theocharopoulos C, Lialios PP, Bouros S, Ascierto PA, Gogas H. Neuromuscular Complications of Targeted Anticancer Agents: Can Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Induce Myasthenia Gravis? Getting Answers From a Case Report up to a Systematic Review. Front Oncol 2021; 11:727010. [PMID: 34722270 PMCID: PMC8554100 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.727010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 40 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have received hematological or oncological indications over the past 20 years, following the approval of imatinib, and many others are currently being tested in clinical and preclinical level. Beyond their common toxicities, no certain agent from this large class of molecularly targeted therapies was strongly associated with “off-target” impairment of neuromuscular transmission, and although myasthenia gravis (MG) is a well-characterized autoimmune disorder, only few sporadic events proven by serologically detected causative autoantibodies and/or by positive electrophysiological tests are reported in the literature. Herein, we present the first case of anti-MUSK (+) MG in a woman with metastatic BRAF-mutant melanoma after long-term treatment with dabrafenib (BRAF inhibitor) and trametinib (MEK inhibitor). Triggered by this report, a systematic literature review was conducted, summarizing all other cancer cases that developed MG, after exposure to any type of targeted agent and regardless of the underlying malignancy. All available data on the clinical diagnosis, the potential of administered TKIs to induce a seropositive myasthenic syndrome, the immune and non-immune-mediated pathogenesis of postsynaptic damage, and the challenging management of this neuromuscular toxicity were collected and discussed. In the presented case, MG was confirmed by both autoantibodies and nerve-conduction tests, while its reactivation after TKIs rechallenge supports a more than coincidental association. The following review identified 12 cancer cases with TKI-related MG in six case reports and one case series. In most of them, the myasthenia diagnosis was challenging, since the clinical symptomatology of fatigable weakness was not corroborating with consistent laboratory and electrophysiological findings. In fact, anti-AchR titers were positive in five and anti-MuSK only in the abovementioned individual. The symptomatology corresponded to TKI discontinuation and standard treatment with pyridostigmine and prednisolone; intravenous immunoglobulin was added only in three, and two required mechanical ventilation. In an era where TKIs will be prescribed more frequently for various malignancies, even in combinations with immune-checkpoint inhibitors, this report synthesizes their risk for neuromuscular complications and increases the clinicians’ awareness in order to extend the on-treatment and overall survival of TKI-treated cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios C Ziogas
- First Department of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Charalampos Theocharopoulos
- First Department of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis-Petros Lialios
- First Department of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Spyros Bouros
- First Department of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Paolo A Ascierto
- Department of Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Helen Gogas
- First Department of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kwaśnik P, Giannopoulos K. Treatment-Free Remission-A New Aim in the Treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. J Pers Med 2021; 11:697. [PMID: 34442340 PMCID: PMC8399881 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11080697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases inhibitors (TKIs) revolutionized chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) treatment for many years, prolonging patients' life expectancy to be comparable to age-matched healthy individuals. According to the latest the European LeukemiaNet (ELN) recommendations, CML treatment aims to achieve long-term remission without treatment (TFR), which is feasible in more than 40% of patients. Nearly all molecular relapses occur during the first 6 months after TKI withdrawal and do not progress to clinical relapse. The mechanisms that are responsible for CML relapses remain unexplained. It is suggested that maintaining TFR is not directly related to the total disposing of the gene transcript BCR-ABL1, but it might be a result of the restoration of the immune surveillance in CML. The importance of the involvement of immunocompetent cells in the period of TKI withdrawal is also emphasized by the presence of specific symptoms in some patients with "withdrawal syndrome". The goal of this review is to analyze data from studies regarding TFRs in order to characterize the elements of the immune system of patients that might prevent CML molecular relapse. The role of modern droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) in better identification of low levels of BCR-ABL1 transcripts was also taken into consideration for refining the eligibility criteria to stop TKI therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kwaśnik
- Department of Experimental Hematooncology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Giannopoulos
- Department of Experimental Hematooncology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
- Department of Hematology, St John’s Cancer Center, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Regulatory T cells and vaccine effectiveness in older adults. Challenges and prospects. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107761. [PMID: 34162139 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of lymphocytes with immunosuppressive activity, increasing interest has arisen in their possible influence on the immune response induced by vaccines. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for maintaining peripheral tolerance, preventing autoimmune diseases, and limiting chronic inflammatory diseases. However, they also limit beneficial immune responses by suppressing anti-infectious and anti-tumor immunity. Mounting evidence suggests that Tregs are involved, at least in part, in the low effectiveness of immunization against various diseases where it has been difficult to obtain protective vaccines. Interestingly, increased activity of Tregs is associated with aging, suggesting a key role for these cells in the lower vaccine effectiveness observed in older people. In this review, we analyze the impact of Tregs on vaccination, with a focus on older adults. Finally, we address an overview of current strategies for Tregs modulation with potential application to improve the effectiveness of future vaccines targeting older populations.
Collapse
|
12
|
Elkoshi Z. The Binary Classification of Protein Kinases. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:929-947. [PMID: 33776467 PMCID: PMC7988341 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s303750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In an earlier publication a binary model for chronic diseases classification has been proposed. According to the model, chronic diseases were classified as “high Treg” or “low Treg” diseases, depending on whether the immune response is anti- or pro-inflammatory and assuming that regulatory T cells are major determinants of the response. It turned out that most cancers are “high Treg” diseases, while autoimmune diseases are “low Treg”. This paper proposes a molecular cause for this binary response. The mechanism proposed depends on the effect of protein kinases on the immune system. Thus, protein kinases are classified as anti- or pro-inflammatory kinases depending on whether they drive “high Treg” or “low Treg” diseases. Observations reported in the earlier publication can be described in terms of anti-inflammatory kinase (AIK) or pro-inflammatory kinase (PIK) activity. Analysis of literature data reveals that the two classes of kinases display distinctive properties relating to their interactions with pathogens and environmental factors. Pathogens that promote Treg activity (“high Treg” pathogens) activate AIKs, while pathogens that suppress Treg activity (“low Treg” pathogens) activate PIKs. Diseases driven by AIKs are associated with “high Treg” pathogens while those diseases driven by PIKs are associated with “low Treg” pathogens. By promoting the activity of AIKs, alcohol consumption increases the risk of “high Treg” cancers but decreases the risk of some “low Treg” autoimmune diseases. JAK1 gain-of-function mutations are observed at high frequencies in autoimmune diseases while JAK1 loss-of-function mutations are observed at high frequencies in cancers with high tumor-infiltrating Tregs. It should also be noted that the corresponding two classes of protein kinase inhibitors are mutually exclusive in terms of their approved therapeutic indications. There is no protein kinase inhibitor that is approved for the treatment of both autoimmune diseases and “high Treg” cancers. Although there are exceptions to the conclusions presented above, these conclusions are supported by the great bulk of published data. It therefore seems that the binary division of protein kinases is a useful tool for elucidating (at the molecular level) many distinctive properties of cancers and autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeev Elkoshi
- Research and Development Department, Taro Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Swatler J, Turos-Korgul L, Kozlowska E, Piwocka K. Immunosuppressive Cell Subsets and Factors in Myeloid Leukemias. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061203. [PMID: 33801964 PMCID: PMC7998753 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Effector immune system cells have the ability to kill tumor cells. However, as a cancer (such as leukemia) develops, it inhibits and evades the effector immune response. Such a state of immunosuppression can be driven by several factors – receptors, soluble cytokines, as well as by suppressive immune cells. In this review, we describe factors and cells that constitute immunosuppressive microenvironment of myeloid leukemias. We characterize factors of direct leukemic origin, such as inhibitory receptors, enzymes and extracellular vesicles. Furthermore, we describe suppressive immune cells, such as myeloid derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells. Finally, we sum up changes in these drivers of immune evasion in myeloid leukemias during therapy. Abstract Both chronic myeloid leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia evade the immune response during their development and disease progression. As myeloid leukemia cells modify their bone marrow microenvironment, they lead to dysfunction of cytotoxic cells, such as CD8+ T cells or NK cells, simultaneously promoting development of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells and suppressive myeloid cells. This facilitates disease progression, spreading of leukemic blasts outside the bone marrow niche and therapy resistance. The following review focuses on main immunosuppressive features of myeloid leukemias. Firstly, factors derived directly from leukemic cells – inhibitory receptors, soluble factors and extracellular vesicles, are described. Further, we outline function, properties and origin of main immunosuppressive cells - regulatory T cells, myeloid derived suppressor cells and macrophages. Finally, we analyze interplay between recovery of effector immunity and therapeutic modalities, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors and chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Swatler
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (J.S.); (L.T.-K.)
| | - Laura Turos-Korgul
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (J.S.); (L.T.-K.)
| | - Ewa Kozlowska
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Piwocka
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (J.S.); (L.T.-K.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li Z, Liu Y, Fang X, Shu Z. Nanomaterials Enhance the Immunomodulatory Effect of Molecular Targeted Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:1631-1661. [PMID: 33688183 PMCID: PMC7935456 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s290346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular targeted therapy, a tumor therapy strategy that inhibits specific oncogenic targets, has been shown to modulate the immune response. In addition to directly inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells, molecular targeted drugs can activate the immune system through a variety of mechanisms, including by promoting tumor antigen processing and presentation, increasing intratumoral T cell infiltration, enhancing T cell activation and function, and attenuating the immunosuppressive effect of the tumor microenvironment. However, poor water solubility, insufficient accumulation at the tumor site, and nonspecific targeting of immune cells limit their application. To this end, a variety of nanomaterials have been developed to overcome these obstacles and amplify the immunomodulatory effects of molecular targeted drugs. In this review, we summarize the impact of molecular targeted drugs on the antitumor immune response according to their mechanisms, highlight the advantages of nanomaterials in enhancing the immunomodulatory effect of molecular targeted therapy, and discuss the current challenges and future prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmin Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilun Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuedong Fang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenbo Shu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jacobs CF, Eldering E, Kater AP. Kinase inhibitors developed for treatment of hematologic malignancies: implications for immune modulation in COVID-19. Blood Adv 2021; 5:913-925. [PMID: 33560402 PMCID: PMC7871903 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are used to target dysregulated signaling pathways in virtually all hematologic malignancies. Many of the targeted signaling pathways are also essential in nonmalignant immune cells. The current coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic catalyzed clinical exploration of TKIs in the treatment of the various stages of COVID-19, which are characterized by distinct immune-related complications. Most of the reported effects of TKIs on immune regulation have been explored in vitro, with different class-specific drugs having nonoverlapping target affinities. Moreover, many of the reported in vivo effects are based on artificial animal models or on observations made in symptomatic patients with a hematologic malignancy who often already suffer from disturbed immune regulation. Based on in vitro and clinical observations, we attempt to decipher the impact of the main TKIs approved or in late-stage development for the treatment of hematological malignancies, including inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase, spleen tyrosine kinase, BCR-Abl, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/ mammalian target of rapamycin, JAK/STAT, and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3, to provide a rationale for how such inhibitors could modify clinical courses of diseases, such as COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaja F Jacobs
- Department of Experimental Immunology and
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Eric Eldering
- Department of Experimental Immunology and
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arnon P Kater
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lei T, Tan F, Hou Z, Liu P, Zhao X, Liu H. Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Patients Treated With Imatinib. Front Oncol 2021; 10:596500. [PMID: 33552970 PMCID: PMC7862776 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.596500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Hepatitis B virus reactivation (HBVr) in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) have not been sufficiently characterized. This study aimed to review the possible mechanism of HBVr induced by imatinib and explore appropriate measures for patient management and monitoring. Methods The clinical data of GIST patients who experienced HBVr due to treatment with imatinib at Xiangya Hospital (Changsha, Hunan, China) were retrospectively analyzed. A literature review was also conducted. Results Five cases were analyzed, including 3 cases in this study. The average age of the patients was 61.8 y, with male preponderance (4 of 5 vs. 1 of 5). These patients received imatinib as adjuvant treatment (n=4) or as neoadjuvant treatment (n=1). Primary tumors were mostly located in the stomach (n=4) or rectum (n=1). High (n=3) or intermediate (n=1) recurrence risk was categorized using the postoperative pathological results (n=4). Imatinib was then started at 400 (n=4) or 200 mg (n=1) daily. Patients first reported abnormal liver function during the 2th (n=1),6th (n=3), or 10th (n=1) month of treatment with imatinib. Some patients (n=4) discontinued imatinib following HBVr; notably, 1 month after discontinuation, 1 patient experienced HBVr. Antivirals (entecavir n=4, tenofovir n=1), artificial extracorporeal liver support (n=1), and liver transplant (n=1) were effective approaches to treating HBVr. Most patients (n=3) showed favorable progress, 1 patient underwent treatment, and 1 patient died due to severe liver failure induced by HBVr. Conclusions Although HBVr is a rare complication (6.12%), HBV screening should be conducted before starting treatment with imatinib in GIST patients. Prophylactic therapy for hepatitis B surface antigen positive patients, prompt antiviral treatment and cessation of imatinib are also necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Lei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fengbo Tan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhouhua Hou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xianhui Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Heli Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Accogli T, Bruchard M, Végran F. Modulation of CD4 T Cell Response According to Tumor Cytokine Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030373. [PMID: 33498483 PMCID: PMC7864169 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The advancement of knowledge on tumor biology over the past decades has demonstrated a close link between tumor cells and cells of the immune system. In this context, cytokines have a major role because they act as intermediaries in the communication into the tumor bed. Cytokines play an important role in the homeostasis of innate and adaptive immunity. In particular, they participate in the differentiation of CD4 T lymphocytes. These cells play essential functions in the anti-tumor immune response but can also be corrupted by tumors. The differentiation of naïve CD4 T cells depends on the cytokine environment in which they are activated. Additionally, at the tumor site, their activity can also be modulated according to the cytokines of the tumor microenvironment. Thus, polarized CD4 T lymphocytes can see their phenotype evolve, demonstrating functional plasticity. Knowledge of the impact of these cytokines on the functions of CD4 T cells is currently a source of innovation, for therapeutic purposes. In this review, we discuss the impact of the major cytokines present in tumors on CD4 T cells. In addition, we summarize the main therapeutic strategies that can modulate the CD4 response through their impact on cytokine production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Théo Accogli
- Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; (T.A.); (M.B.)
- Team “CAdIR”, CRI INSERM UMR1231 “Lipids, Nutrition and Cancer”, Dijon 21000, France
- LipSTIC LabEx, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Mélanie Bruchard
- Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; (T.A.); (M.B.)
- Team “CAdIR”, CRI INSERM UMR1231 “Lipids, Nutrition and Cancer”, Dijon 21000, France
- LipSTIC LabEx, 21000 Dijon, France
- Centre Georges François Leclerc, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Frédérique Végran
- Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; (T.A.); (M.B.)
- Team “CAdIR”, CRI INSERM UMR1231 “Lipids, Nutrition and Cancer”, Dijon 21000, France
- LipSTIC LabEx, 21000 Dijon, France
- Centre Georges François Leclerc, 21000 Dijon, France
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nejat R, Sadr AS. Are losartan and imatinib effective against SARS-CoV2 pathogenesis? A pathophysiologic-based in silico study. In Silico Pharmacol 2020; 9:1. [PMID: 33294307 PMCID: PMC7716628 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-020-00058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proposing a theory about the pathophysiology of cytokine storm in COVID19, we were to find the potential drugs to treat this disease and to find any effect of these drugs on the virus infectivity through an in silico study. COVID-19-induced ARDS is linked to a cytokine storm phenomenon not explainable solely by the virus infectivity. Knowing that ACE2, the hydrolyzing enzyme of AngII and SARS-CoV2 receptor, downregulates when the virus enters the host cells, we hypothesize that hyperacute AngII upregulation is the eliciting factor of this ARDS. We were to validate this theory through reviewing previous studies to figure out the role of overzealous activation of AT1R in ARDS. According to this theory losartan may attenuate ARDS in this disease. Imatinib, has previously been elucidated to be promising in modulating lung inflammatory reactions and virus infectivity in SARS and MERS. We did an in silico study to uncover any probable other unconsidered inhibitory effects of losartan and imatinib against SARS-CoV2 pathogenesis. Reviewing the literature, we could find that over-activation of AT1R could explain precisely the mechanism of cytokine storm in COVID19. Our in silico study revealed that losartan and imatinib could probably: (1) decline SARS-CoV2 affinity to ACE2. (2) inhibit the main protease and furin, (3) disturb papain-like protease and p38MAPK functions. Our reviewing on renin-angiotensin system showed that overzealous activation of AT1R by hyper-acute excess of AngII due to acute downregulation of ACE2 by SARS-CoV2 explains precisely the mechanism of cytokine storm in COVID-19. Besides, based on our in silico study we concluded that losartan and imatinib are promising in COVID19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Nejat
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Shahir Sadr
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Cheragh Medical Institute and Hospital, Kabul, Afghanistan
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sinha D, Smith C, Khanna R. Joining Forces: Improving Clinical Response to Cellular Immunotherapies with Small-Molecule Inhibitors. Trends Mol Med 2020; 27:75-90. [PMID: 33011081 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) has emerged as a powerful therapeutic tool against both hematological and virus-associated cancers. However, extension of this success to solid cancers has been challenging owing to intratumoral mechanisms that induce a hostile immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Delineating the impact of tumor-intrinsic adaptive resistance mechanisms on immune-based therapies is essential to improve long-term efficacy. We discuss the different tumor-intrinsic factors that lead to resistance to ACT. We highlight the potential of repurposing molecular targeted therapies to modulate immune responses and override intratumor resistance to ACT. Finally, we discuss the potential of combining targeted therapy and ACT as a new paradigm to improve the clinical efficacy of cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debottam Sinha
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Corey Smith
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Engineering anti-cancer nanovaccine based on antigen cross-presentation. Biosci Rep 2020; 39:220729. [PMID: 31652460 PMCID: PMC6822533 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) present exogenous antigens on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, thereby activating CD8+ T cells, contributing to tumor elimination through a mechanism known as antigen cross-presentation. A variety of factors such as maturation state of DCs, co-stimulatory signals, T-cell microenvironment, antigen internalization routes and adjuvants regulate the process of DC-mediated antigen cross-presentation. Recently, the development of successful cancer immunotherapies may be attributed to the ability of DCs to cross-present tumor antigens. In this review article, we focus on the underlying mechanism of antigen cross-presentation and ways to improve antigen cross-presentation in different DC subsets. We have critically summarized the recent developments in the generation of novel nanovaccines for robust CD8+ T-cell response in cancer. In this context, we have reviewed nanocarriers that have been used for cancer immunotherapeutics based on antigen cross-presentation mechanism. Additionally, we have also expressed our views on the future applications of this mechanism in curing cancer.
Collapse
|
21
|
Qin X, Denton WD, Huiting LN, Smith KS, Feng H. Unraveling the regulatory role of endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation in tumor immunity. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:322-353. [PMID: 32633575 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1784085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During malignant transformation and cancer progression, tumor cells face both intrinsic and extrinsic stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in particular. To survive and proliferate, tumor cells use multiple stress response pathways to mitigate ER stress, promoting disease aggression and treatment resistance. Among the stress response pathways is ER-associated degradation (ERAD), which consists of multiple components and steps working together to ensure protein quality and quantity. In addition to its established role in stress responses and tumor cell survival, ERAD has recently been shown to regulate tumor immunity. Here we summarize current knowledge on how ERAD promotes protein degradation, regulates immune cell development and function, participates in antigen presentation, exerts paradoxical roles on tumorigenesis and immunity, and thus impacts current cancer therapy. Collectively, ERAD is a critical protein homeostasis pathway intertwined with cancer development and tumor immunity. Of particular importance is the need to further unveil ERAD's enigmatic roles in tumor immunity to develop effective targeted and combination therapy for successful treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Qin
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William D Denton
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leah N Huiting
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kaylee S Smith
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hui Feng
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sun B, Hyun H, Li LT, Wang AZ. Harnessing nanomedicine to overcome the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:970-985. [PMID: 32424240 PMCID: PMC7470849 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0424-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has received extensive attention due to its ability to activate the innate or adaptive immune systems of patients to combat tumors. Despite a few clinical successes, further endeavors are still needed to tackle unresolved issues, including limited response rates, development of resistance, and immune-related toxicities. Accumulating evidence has pinpointed the tumor microenvironment (TME) as one of the major obstacles in cancer immunotherapy due to its detrimental impacts on tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Nanomedicine has been battling with the TME in the past several decades, and the experience obtained could be exploited to improve current paradigms of immunotherapy. Here, we discuss the metabolic features of the TME and its influence on different types of immune cells. The recent progress in nanoenabled cancer immunotherapy has been summarized with a highlight on the modulation of immune cells, tumor stroma, cytokines and enzymes to reverse the immunosuppressive TME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Hyesun Hyun
- Laboratory of Nano and Translational Medicine, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Lian-Tao Li
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Andrew Z Wang
- Laboratory of Nano and Translational Medicine, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lee MY, Park CJ, Cho YU, You E, Jang S, Seol CA, Seo EJ, Choi EJ, Lee JH. Differences in PD-1 expression on CD8+ T-cells in chronic myeloid leukemia patients according to disease phase and TKI medication. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:2223-2232. [PMID: 32474769 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Malignant cells can increase in number using immune escape mechanisms such as immune checkpoints. In this study, we evaluated the expression of an immune checkpoint programmed death 1 (PD-1) on T-cell subsets in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). We obtained bone marrow aspirate samples from CML patients and from individuals without evidence of hematologic malignancies (controls). PD-1 expression on T-cell subsets was measured using flow cytometric analysis. PD-1 expression levels on CD8+ T-cells were significantly lower in complete hematologic response (CHR) than in controls, chronic phase, and blast phase (BP). In CML patients receiving imatinib and dasatinib, PD-1 expression levels on CD8+ T-cells were lower than that at diagnosis. PD-1 expression levels on CD8+ T-cells were positively correlated with quantitative levels of the BCR/ABL fusion gene. PD-1 expression levels on CD4+ T-cells were higher in BP than in CHR. PD-1 expression levels on CD4+ T-cells did not differ significantly according to different medications or quantitative BCR/ABL1 fusion gene levels. Low PD-1 expression on CD8+ T-cells might play a role in maintaining CHR in CML patients. Immune monitoring of PD-1 expression on CD8+ T-cells may predict the disease course. In cases of refractory disease or resistance to imatinib or dasatinib, the use of PD-1 inhibitors would be helpful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Young Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital At Gangdong, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan-Jeoung Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea.
| | - Young-Uk Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea.
| | - Eunkyoung You
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Seongsoo Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Ahn Seol
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eul-Ju Seo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Choi
- Department of Hematology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Je-Hwan Lee
- Department of Hematology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nanoparticle mediated cancer immunotherapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 69:307-324. [PMID: 32259643 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The versatility and nanoscale size have helped nanoparticles (NPs) improve the efficacy of conventional cancer immunotherapy and opened up exciting approaches to combat cancer. This review first outlines the tumor immune evasion and the defensive tumor microenvironment (TME) that hinders the activity of host immune system against tumor. Then, a detailed description on how the NP based strategies have helped improve the efficacy of conventional cancer vaccines and overcome the obstacles led by TME. Sustained and controlled drug delivery, enhanced cross presentation by immune cells, co-encapsulation of adjuvants, inhibition of immune checkpoints and intrinsic adjuvant like properties have aided NPs to improve the therapeutic efficacy of cancer vaccines. Also, NPs have been efficient modulators of TME. In this context, NPs facilitate better penetration of the chemotherapeutic drug by dissolution of the inhibitory meshwork formed by tumor associated cells, blood vessels, soluble mediators and extra cellular matrix in TME. NPs achieve this by suppression, modulation, or reprogramming of the immune cells and other mediators localised in TME. This review further summarizes the applications of NPs used to enhance the efficacy of cancer vaccines and modulate the TME to improve cancer immunotherapy. Finally, the hurdles faced in commercialization and translation to clinic have been discussed and intriguingly, NPs owe great potential to emerge as clinical formulations for cancer immunotherapy in near future.
Collapse
|
25
|
Baeza A. Tumor Targeted Nanocarriers for Immunotherapy. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071508. [PMID: 32225049 PMCID: PMC7180856 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The paramount discovery of passive accumulation of nanoparticles in tumoral tissues triggered the development of a wide number of different nanoparticles capable of transporting therapeutic agents to tumoral tissues in a controlled and selective way. These nanocarriers have been endowed with important capacities such as stimuli-responsive properties, targeting abilities, or the capacity to be monitored by imaging techniques. However, after decades of intense research efforts, only a few nanomedicines have reached the market. The reasons for this disappointing outcome are varied, from the high tumor-type dependence of enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect to the poor penetration capacity of nanocarriers within the cancerous tissue, among others. The rapid nanoparticle clearance by immune cells, considered another important barrier, which compromises the efficacy of nanomedicines, would become an important ally in the fight against cancer. In the last years, the fine-tuned ability of immune cells to recognize and engulf nanoparticles have been exploited to deliver immunoregulating agents to specific immune cell populations selectively. In this work, the recent advances carried out in the development of nanocarriers capable of operating with immune and tumoral cells in order to orchestrate an efficient antitumoral response will be presented. The combination of nanoparticles and immunotherapy would deliver powerful weapons to the clinicians that offer safer and more efficient antitumoral treatments for the patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Baeza
- Dpto. Materiales y Producción Aeroespacial, ETSI Aeronáutica y del Espacio, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Dpto. Materiales y Producción Aeroespacial, ETSI Aeronáutica y del Espacio, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rovatti PE, Gambacorta V, Lorentino F, Ciceri F, Vago L. Mechanisms of Leukemia Immune Evasion and Their Role in Relapse After Haploidentical Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:147. [PMID: 32158444 PMCID: PMC7052328 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the development of multiple strategies to allow the safe transfer from the donor to the patient of high numbers of partially HLA-incompatible T cells has dramatically reduced the toxicities of haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation (haplo-HCT), but this was not accompanied by a similar positive impact on the incidence of post-transplantation relapse. In the present review, we will elaborate on how the unique interplay between HLA-mismatched immune system and malignancy that characterizes haplo-HCT may impact relapse biology, shaping the selection of disease variants that are resistant to the “graft-vs.-leukemia” effect. In particular, we will present current knowledge on genomic loss of HLA, a relapse modality first described in haplo-HCT and accounting for a significant proportion of relapses in this setting, and discuss other more recently identified mechanisms of post-transplantation immune evasion and relapse, including the transcriptional downregulation of HLA class II molecules and the enforcement of inhibitory checkpoints between T cells and leukemia. Ultimately, we will review the available treatment options for patients who relapse after haplo-HCT and discuss on how a deeper insight into relapse immunobiology might inform the rational and personalized selection of therapies to improve the largely unsatisfactory clinical outcome of relapsing patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pier Edoardo Rovatti
- Unit of Immunogenetics, Leukemia Genomics and Immunobiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Gambacorta
- Unit of Immunogenetics, Leukemia Genomics and Immunobiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Unit of Senescence in Stem Cell Aging, Differentiation and Cancer, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Lorentino
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Ciceri
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Vago
- Unit of Immunogenetics, Leukemia Genomics and Immunobiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Alves R, McArdle SEB, Vadakekolathu J, Gonçalves AC, Freitas-Tavares P, Pereira A, Almeida AM, Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Rutella S. Flow cytometry and targeted immune transcriptomics identify distinct profiles in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitors with or without interferon-α. J Transl Med 2020; 18:2. [PMID: 31900171 PMCID: PMC6941328 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-02194-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor cells have evolved complex strategies to escape immune surveillance, a process which involves NK cells and T lymphocytes, and various immunological factors. Indeed, tumor cells recruit immunosuppressive cells [including regulatory T-cells (Treg), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC)] and express factors such as PD-L1. Molecularly targeted therapies, such as imatinib, have off-target effects that may influence immune function. Imatinib has been shown to modulate multiple cell types involved in anti-cancer immune surveillance, with potentially detrimental or favorable outcomes. Imatinib and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) have dramatically changed disease course. Our study aimed to characterize the different populations of the immune system in patients with CML affected by their treatment. Methods Forty-one patients with CML [33 treated with TKIs and 8 with TKIs plus interferon (IFN)-α] and 20 controls were enrolled in the present study. Peripheral blood populations of the immune system [referred to as the overview of immune system (OVIS) panel, Treg cells and MDSCs] and PD-1 expression were evaluated by flow cytometry. The immunological profile was assessed using the mRNA Pan-Cancer Immune Profiling Panel and a NanoString nCounter FLEX platform. Results Patients receiving combination therapy (TKIs + IFN-α) had lower numbers of lymphocytes, particularly T cells [838/µL (95% CI 594–1182)] compared with healthy controls [1500/µL (95% CI 1207 – 1865), p = 0.017]. These patients also had a higher percentage of Treg (9.1%) and CD4+PD-1+ cells (1.65%) compared with controls [Treg (6.1%) and CD4+/PD-1+(0.8%); p ≤ 0.05]. Moreover, patients treated with TKIs had more Mo-MDSCs (12.7%) whereas those treated with TKIs + IFN-α had more Gr-MDSC (21.3%) compared to controls [Mo-MDSC (11.4%) and Gr-MDSC (8.48%); p ≤ 0.05]. CD56bright NK cells, a cell subset endowed with immune-regulatory properties, were increased in patients receiving TKIs plus IFN-α compared with those treated with TKIs alone. Interestingly, serum IL-21 was significantly lower in the TKIs plus IFN-α cohort. Within the group of patients treated with TKI monotherapy, we observed that individuals receiving 2nd generation TKIs had lower percentages of CD4+ Treg (3.63%) and Gr-MDSC (4.2%) compared to patients under imatinib treatment (CD4+ Treg 6.18% and Gr-MDSC 8.2%), but higher levels of PD-1-co-expressing CD4+ cells (1.92%). Conclusions Our results suggest that TKIs in combination with IFN-α may promote an enhanced immune suppressive state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Alves
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology and University Clinic of Hematology/Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) - Group of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Stephanie E B McArdle
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Jayakumar Vadakekolathu
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Ana Cristina Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology and University Clinic of Hematology/Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) - Group of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Freitas-Tavares
- Clinical Hematology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Amélia Pereira
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) - Group of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal.,Internal Medicine Service, Hospital Distrital da Figueira da Foz (HDFF), Figueira da Foz, Portugal
| | - Antonio M Almeida
- Hospital da Luz, Lisbon, Portugal.,CIIS (Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Católica Portuguesa de Lisboa), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Bela Sarmento-Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology and University Clinic of Hematology/Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) - Group of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Hematology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sergio Rutella
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK. .,Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ureshino H, Shindo T, Kimura S. Role of cancer immunology in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Leuk Res 2019; 88:106273. [PMID: 31765938 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2019.106273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is caused by the BCR-ABL chimeric tyrosine kinase, which is derived from the reciprocal translocation, t(9;22)(q34;q11). BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) can provide prolonged overall survival in CML patients, resulting in life expectancy nearly to general population, and now approximately half of patients who achieved deep molecular response (DMR) can sustain durable molecular remission after discontinuation TKIs. However, residual leukemic cells still detected in the patients who sustained in molecular remission after discontinuation TKIs with the sensitive BCL-ABL1 transcript detection method. Given the fact that residual leukemic cells can exist in these patients, host immune systems can protect the patients to develop CML progression derived from residual leukemic cells. The human immune system is generally composed by innate and adaptive immune systems, corresponding to their functional diversities. Natural killer (NK) cells are major components of the innate immune system, while T lymphocytes (T cells) are major components of the adaptive immune system, and both NK cell and T cell mediate immune responses have an important role in CML. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) that promote expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs), leading to host immune suppression, are also important. Although regulation mechanism of these immune system has not been fully elucidated, tumor antigen (e.g. Wilms tumor-1), and surface receptors (e.g. killer immunoglobulin-like receptor and natural killer group 2) on NK cells, are pivotal role in these immune system regulations. Hence, we reviewed the current the immunological analysis, especially T cell and NK cell immunity in CML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ureshino
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan; Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Saga University, Saga, Japan.
| | - Takero Shindo
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan; Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Kimura
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan; Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Saga University, Saga, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Le QV, Suh J, Oh YK. Nanomaterial-Based Modulation of Tumor Microenvironments for Enhancing Chemo/Immunotherapy. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 21:64. [PMID: 31102154 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0333-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) has drawn considerable research attention as an alternative target for nanomedicine-based cancer therapy. Various nanomaterials that carry active substances have been designed to alter the features or composition of the TME and thereby improve the delivery and efficacy of anticancer chemotherapeutics. These alterations include disruption of the extracellular matrix and tumor vascular systems to promote perfusion or modulate hypoxia. Nanomaterials have also been used to modulate the immunological microenvironment of tumors. In this context, nanomaterials have been shown to alter populations of cancer-associated fibroblasts, tumor-associated macrophages, regulatory T cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Despite considerable progress, nanomaterial-based TME modulation must overcome several limitations before this strategy can be translated to clinical trials, including issues related to limited tumor tissue penetration, tumor heterogeneity, and immune toxicity. In this review, we summarize recent progress and challenges of nanomaterials used to modulate the TME to enhance the efficacy of anticancer chemotherapy and immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quoc-Viet Le
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhan Suh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Kyoung Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Han S, Toker A, Liu ZQ, Ohashi PS. Turning the Tide Against Regulatory T Cells. Front Oncol 2019; 9:279. [PMID: 31058083 PMCID: PMC6477083 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells play crucial roles in health and disease through their immunosuppressive properties against various immune cells. In this review we will focus on the inhibitory role of Treg cells in anti-tumor immunity. We outline how Treg cells restrict T cell function based on our understanding of T cell biology, and how we can shift the equilibrium against regulatory T cells. To date, numerous strategies have been proposed to limit the suppressive effects of Treg cells, including Treg cell neutralization, destabilizing Treg cells and rendering T cells resistant to Treg cells. Here, we focus on key mechanisms which render T cells resistant to the suppressive effects of Treg cells. Lastly, we also examine current limitations and caveats of overcoming the inhibitory activity of Treg cells, and briefly discuss the potential to target Treg cell resistance in the context of anti-tumor immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- SeongJun Han
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aras Toker
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhe Qi Liu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pamela S. Ohashi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Longo V, Brunetti O, Azzariti A, Galetta D, Nardulli P, Leonetti F, Silvestris N. Strategies to Improve Cancer Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Efficacy, Other Than Abscopal Effect: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040539. [PMID: 30991686 PMCID: PMC6521062 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite that the impact of immune checkpoint inhibitors on malignancies treatment is unprecedented, a lack of response to these molecules is observed in several cases. Differently from melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer, where the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors results in a high efficacy, the response rate in other tumors, such as gastrointestinal cancers, breast cancer, sarcomas, and part of genitourinary cancers remains low. The first strategy evaluated to improve the response rate to immune checkpoint inhibitors is the use of predictive factors for the response such as PD-L1 expression, tumor mutational burden, and clinical features. In addition to the identification of the patients with a higher expression of immune checkpoint molecules, another approach currently under intensive investigation is the use of therapeutics in a combinatory manner with immune checkpoint inhibitors in order to obtain an enhancement of efficacy through the modification of the tumor immune microenvironment. In addition to the abscopal effect induced by radiotherapy, a lot of studies are evaluating several drugs able to improve the response rate to immune checkpoint inhibitors, including microbiota modifiers, drugs targeting co-inhibitory receptors, anti-angiogenic therapeutics, small molecules, and oncolytic viruses. In view of the rapid and extensive development of this research field, we conducted a systematic review of the literature identifying which of these drugs are closer to achieving validation in the clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vito Longo
- Medical Thoracic Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco, 65, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital of Barletta, Viale Ippocrate, 15, 70051 Barletta, Italy.
| | - Amalia Azzariti
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco, 65, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Domenico Galetta
- Medical Thoracic Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco, 65, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Nardulli
- Pharmacy Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco, 65, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Francesco Leonetti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, University of Bari, Piazza Umberto I, 1, 70121 Bari, Italy.
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Scientific Guidance, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco, 65, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Loh CY, Arya A, Naema AF, Wong WF, Sethi G, Looi CY. Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STATs) Proteins in Cancer and Inflammation: Functions and Therapeutic Implication. Front Oncol 2019; 9:48. [PMID: 30847297 PMCID: PMC6393348 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) pathway is connected upstream with Janus kinases (JAK) family protein and capable of integrating inputs from different signaling pathways. Each family member plays unique functions in signal transduction and crucial in mediating cellular responses to different kind of cytokines. STAT family members notably STAT3 and STAT5 have been involved in cancer progression whereas STAT1 plays opposite role by suppressing tumor growth. Persistent STAT3/5 activation is known to promote chronic inflammation, which increases susceptibility of healthy cells to carcinogenesis. Here, we review the role of STATs in cancers and inflammation while discussing current therapeutic implications in different cancers and test models, especially the delivery of STAT3/5 targeting siRNA using nanoparticulate delivery system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Yap Loh
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Aditya Arya
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed Fadhil Naema
- Center of Biotechnology Researches, University of Al-Nahrain, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Seijkens TTP, Lutgens E. Cardiovascular oncology: exploring the effects of targeted cancer therapies on atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2018; 29:381-388. [PMID: 30074493 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Targeted cancer therapies have revolutionized the treatment of cancer in the past decade, but cardiovascular toxicity is a rising problem in cancer patients. Here we discuss the effects of targeted cancer therapies on atherosclerosis. Increasing the awareness of these adverse effects will promote the development of evidence-based preventive strategies in the emerging field of cardiovascular oncology. RECENT FINDINGS Vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors, immunomodulatory imide drugs, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors are successfully used as treatment for many types of solid and hematologic malignancies. However, clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated that these drugs can drive atherosclerosis, thereby causing adverse cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction, stroke and peripheral arterial occlusive diseases. SUMMARY In this review, we discuss how on-target and off-target effects of novel cancer drugs may affect atherosclerosis and we postulate how these cardiovascular adverse events can be prevented in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom T P Seijkens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
The Application of Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Checkpoint Blockade Cancer Immunotherapy. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:3673295. [PMID: 30406152 PMCID: PMC6186339 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3673295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor is the most serious threat to human beings. Although war against cancer has been launched over forty years, cancer treatment is still far away from being satisfactory. Immunotherapy, especially checkpoint blockade immunotherapy, is a rising star that shows a promising future. To fulfill the requirement of depleting primary tumor and inhibiting tumor metastasis and recurrence, many researchers combined checkpoint blockade immunotherapy with other treatment strategies to extend the treatment outcome. Photodynamic therapy could induce immunogenic cell death, and checkpoint blockade could further accelerate the immunity; therefore, combining these two strategies publishes many papers. Additionally, photothermal therapy and immunotherapy were also utilized for combining with checkpoint blockade, which were also reviewed in this paper. Furthermore, antibodies, siRNA, and small molecule inhibitors are developed to block the checkpoint; therefore, we categorized the papers into three sections, combination nanoparticles with checkpoint blockade antibody, combination nanoparticles with checkpoint blockade siRNA, and combination nanoparticles with small molecule checkpoint inhibitors, and related researches were summarized. In conclusion, the combination nanoparticle with checkpoint blockade cancer immunity is a promising direction that may fulfill the requirement of cancer treatment.
Collapse
|
35
|
Ou W, Jiang L, Thapa RK, Soe ZC, Poudel K, Chang JH, Ku SK, Choi HG, Yong CS, Kim JO. Combination of NIR therapy and regulatory T cell modulation using layer-by-layer hybrid nanoparticles for effective cancer photoimmunotherapy. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:4574-4590. [PMID: 30279723 PMCID: PMC6160765 DOI: 10.7150/thno.26758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of combined near-infrared (NIR) and immune therapies for inhibiting tumor growth and recurrence has gained increasing research attention. Regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment constitute a major obstacle in achieving robust CD8+ T cell antitumor immunotherapy. In the present study, we designed a photoimmunotherapy-based strategy involving a combination of photothermal and photodynamic therapies, followed by Treg cell suppression, for eliciting an immune response with IR-780- and imatinib-loaded layer-by-layer hybrid nanoparticles. Methods: The layer-by-layer hybrid nanoparticles were prepared through electrostatic interactions. Their photothermal effect, photodynamic effect as well as their effect on inhibiting Treg cells' suppressive function were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Their antitumor effect was evaluated using B16/BL6 and MC-38 tumor-bearing mice. Results: The layer-by-layer hybrid nanoparticles, which were pH-sensitive, enabled the release of IR-780 dye for NIR-induced photothermal and photodynamic effects, and the release of imatinib-loaded glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor family-related protein/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (GITR-PLGA) nanoparticles to initiate antitumor immunotherapy. The photothermal and photodynamic effects caused by IR-780 under NIR exposure resulted in direct tumor apoptosis/necrosis and the production of tumor-associated antigen, promoted dendritic cell maturation, and enhanced the presentation of tumor-associated antigen to T cells, while the imatinib-loaded GITR-PLGA cores reduced the suppressive function of Treg cells, and consequently activated effective CD8+ T cells towards tumors. Conclusion: With the significant photothermal, photodynamic and immunotherapies, the system successfully eradicated tumor growth, diminished tumor recurrence, and improved survival in vivo. The proposed nanoparticles provide a novel and versatile approach to boost antitumor photoimmunotherapy.
Collapse
|
36
|
Brück O, Blom S, Dufva O, Turkki R, Chheda H, Ribeiro A, Kovanen P, Aittokallio T, Koskenvesa P, Kallioniemi O, Porkka K, Pellinen T, Mustjoki S. Immune cell contexture in the bone marrow tumor microenvironment impacts therapy response in CML. Leukemia 2018; 32:1643-1656. [DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
37
|
Fathi N, Rashidi G, Khodadadi A, Shahi S, Sharifi S. STAT3 and apoptosis challenges in cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 117:993-1001. [PMID: 29782972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have processed conceivable evidence for the vital role of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) in cancer transformation and carcinogenesis. Therefore, one of the important factors in formation of cancer is STAT3 and for design of novel anticancer drugs is a suitable target. On the other hand, apoptosis pathway has a critical role in the cancers pathogenesis. Generally, increasing developments have been existed to expression, production, phosphorylation or activation of STAT3 in the effective or responsible cells of most of the cancers. In return, apoptosis process in this cells have been suffered inhibition, decrease in expression, produce or activation in some related factors which lead to debilitation or inhibition of the process. Further understanding of the STAT3 related signaling and apoptosis pathway can lead to the invention of novel approaches for therapies in unstudied disease. In this manuscript, review and highlight recent knowledge of the STAT3 pathway and its connection with apoptosis process in cancers and discuss STAT3-targeting agents to therapeutic developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Fathi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Golnaz Rashidi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Khodadadi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Cancer, Environmental and Petroleum Pollutants Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shahriar Shahi
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Simin Sharifi
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ou W, Thapa RK, Jiang L, Soe ZC, Gautam M, Chang JH, Jeong JH, Ku SK, Choi HG, Yong CS, Kim JO. Regulatory T cell-targeted hybrid nanoparticles combined with immuno-checkpoint blockage for cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2018; 281:84-96. [PMID: 29777794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppression in tumor microenvironments induced by regulatory T (Treg) cells is regarded a critical mechanism of tumor immune escape and poses a major impediment to cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we developed tLyp1 peptide-conjugated hybrid nanoparticles for targeting Treg cells in the tumor microenvironment. The tLyp1 peptide-modified hybrid nanoparticles presented good stability and effective targeting to Treg cells, and they enhanced the effect of imatinib in downregulating Treg cell suppression through inhibition of STAT3 and STAT5 phosphorylation. In addition, an in vivo study revealed high tumor accumulation of the hybrid nanoparticle. Specifically, prolonged survival rate, enhanced tumor inhibition, reduced intratumoral Treg cells, and elevated intratumoral CD8+ T cells against tumor were observed when combined with checkpoint-blockade by using anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 antibody. This study provided groundwork for a repertoire of nanoparticle-based drugs for targeting and modulating Treg cell function in the tumor microenvironment and for improving antitumor immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenquan Ou
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Raj Kumar Thapa
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Liyuan Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Zar Chi Soe
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Milan Gautam
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Jee-Heon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Sae Kwang Ku
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715, South Korea
| | - Han-Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55, Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Chul Soon Yong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea.
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Imatinib prevents lung cancer metastasis by inhibiting M2-like polarization of macrophages. Pharmacol Res 2018; 133:121-131. [PMID: 29730267 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have been considered as a vital therapeutic target in cancer therapy due to their role in promoting tumor progression and metastasis, very few compounds have been identified to inhibit M2-like polarization of TAMs. Here, we showed that Imatinib significantly prevented macrophage M2-like polarization induced by IL-13 or IL-4 in vitro, as illustrated by reduced expression of cell surface marker CD206 and M2-like genes, including Arg1, Mgl2, Mrc1, CDH1, and CCL2. Further, the migration of lung cancer cells promoted by the conditioned medium from M2-like macrophages could be restrained by Imatinib. Mechanistically, Imatinib inhibited STAT6 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, resulting in the macrophage M2-like polarization arrest. Furthermore, Imatinib reduced the number of metastasis of Lewis lung cancer without affecting tumor growth. Both in tumor and lung tissues, the percentage of M2-like macrophages decreased after the administration of Imatinib for one week. Taken together, these data suggest that Imatinib is able to inhibit macrophage M2-like polarization, which plays a vital role in Imatinib suppressed metastasis of Lewis lung cancer.
Collapse
|
40
|
Varda-Bloom N, Danylesko I, Shouval R, Eldror S, Lev A, Davidson J, Rosenthal E, Volchek Y, Shem-Tov N, Yerushalmi R, Shimoni A, Somech R, Nagler A. Immunological effects of nilotinib prophylaxis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with advanced chronic myeloid leukemia or philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Oncotarget 2018; 8:418-429. [PMID: 27880933 PMCID: PMC5352130 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation remains the standard treatment for resistant advanced chronic myeloid leukemia and Philadelphia chromosome–positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Relapse is the major cause of treatment failure in both diseases. Post-allo-SCT administration of TKIs could potentially reduce relapse rates, but concerns regarding their effect on immune reconstitution have been raised. We aimed to assess immune functions of 12 advanced CML and Ph+ ALL patients who received post-allo-SCT nilotinib. Lymphocyte subpopulations and their functional activities including T-cell response to mitogens, NK cytotoxic activity and thymic function, determined by quantification of the T cell receptor (TCR) excision circles (TREC) and TCR repertoire, were evaluated at several time points, including pre-nilotib-post-allo-SCT, and up to 365 days on nilotinib treatment. NK cells were the first to recover post allo-SCT. Concomitant to nilotinib administration, total lymphocyte counts and subpopulations gradually increased. CD8 T cells were rapidly reconstituted and continued to increase until day 180 post SCT, while CD4 T cells counts were low until 180−270 days post nilotinib treatment. T-cell response to mitogenic stimulation was not inhibited by nilotinib administration. Thymic activity, measured by TREC copies and surface membrane expression of 24 different TCR Vβ families, was evident in all patients at the end of follow-up after allo-SCT and nilotinib treatment. Finally, nilotinib did not inhibit NK cytotoxic activity. In conclusion, administration of nilotinib post allo-SCT, in attempt to reduce relapse rates or progression of Ph+ ALL and CML, did not jeopardize immune reconstitution or function following transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nira Varda-Bloom
- Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Ivetta Danylesko
- Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Roni Shouval
- Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.,Dr. Pinchas Bornstein Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Israel.,Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Shiran Eldror
- Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Atar Lev
- Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.,Pediatric Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation, USA.,Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Israel
| | - Jacqueline Davidson
- Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Esther Rosenthal
- Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Yulia Volchek
- Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Noga Shem-Tov
- Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Ronit Yerushalmi
- Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Avichai Shimoni
- Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Raz Somech
- Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.,Pediatric Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation, USA.,Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Israel
| | - Arnon Nagler
- Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Li C. Identifying the optimal anticancer targets from the landscape of a cancer-immunity interaction network. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:7642-7651. [PMID: 28256642 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07767f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy, an approach of targeting immune cells to attack tumor cells, has been suggested to be a promising way for cancer treatment recently. However, the successful application of this approach warrants a deeper understanding of the intricate interplay between cancer cells and the immune system. Especially, the mechanisms of immunotherapy remain elusive. In this work, we constructed a cancer-immunity interplay network by incorporating interactions among cancer cells and some representative immune cells, and uncovered the potential landscape of the cancer-immunity network. Three attractors emerge on the landscape, representing the cancer state, the immune state, and the hybrid state, which can correspond to escape, elimination, and equilibrium phases in the immunoediting theory, respectively. We quantified the transition processes between the cancer state and the immune state by calculating transition actions and identifying the corresponding minimum action paths (MAPs) between these two attractors. The transition actions, directly calculated from the high dimensional system, are correlated with the barrier heights from the landscape, but provide a more precise description of the dynamics of a system. By optimizing the transition actions from the cancer state to the immune state, we identified some optimal combinations of anticancer targets. Our combined approach of the landscape and optimization of transition actions offers a framework to study the stochastic dynamics and identify the optimal combination of targets for the cancer-immunity interplay, and can be applied to other cell communication networks or gene regulatory networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhe Li
- Shanghai Center for Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. and Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bruchard M, Ghiringhelli F. Effect of Pharmaceutical Compounds on Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells. Oncoimmunology 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-62431-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
43
|
Marinelli Busilacchi E, Costantini A, Viola N, Costantini B, Olivieri J, Butini L, Mancini G, Scortechini I, Chiarucci M, Poiani M, Poloni A, Leoni P, Olivieri A. Immunomodulatory Effects of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2017; 24:267-275. [PMID: 29128554 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenesis of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is incompletely defined, involving donor-derived CD4 and CD8-positive T lymphocytes as well as B cells. Standard treatment is lacking for steroid-dependent/refractory cases; therefore, the potential usefulness of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has been suggested, based on their potent antifibrotic effect. However, TKIs seem to have pleiotropic activity. We sought to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo impact of different TKIs on lymphocyte phenotype and function. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors were cultured in the presence of increasing concentrations of nilotinib, imatinib, dasatinib, and ponatinib; in parallel, 44 PBMC samples from 15 patients with steroid-dependent/refractory cGVHD treated with nilotinib in the setting of a phase I/II trial were analyzed at baseline, after 90, and after 180 days of therapy. Flow cytometry was performed after labeling lymphocytes with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (CD3, CD4, CD16, CD56, CD25, CD19, CD45RA, FoxP3, CD127, and 7-amino actinomycin D). Cytokine production was assessed in supernatants of purified CD3+ T cells and in plasma samples from nilotinib-treated patients. Main T lymphocyte subpopulations were not significantly affected by therapeutic concentrations of TKIs in vitro, whereas proinflammatory cytokine (in particular, IL-2, IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-10) and IL-17 production showed a sharp decline. Frequency of T regulatory, B, and natural killer (NK) cells decreased progressively in presence of therapeutic concentrations of all TKIs tested in vitro, except for nilotinib, which showed little effect on these subsets. Of note, naive T regulatory cell (Treg) subset accumulated after exposure to TKIs. Results obtained in vivo on nilotinib-treated patients were largely comparable, both on lymphocyte subset kinetics and on cytokine production by CD3-positive cells. This study underlines the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of TKIs and supports their potential usefulness as treatment for patients with steroid-dependent/refractory cGVHD. In addition, both in vitro and in vivo data point out that compared with other TKIs, nilotinib could better preserve the integrity of some important regulatory subsets, such as Treg and NK cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Marinelli Busilacchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Clinica di Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Costantini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Servizio di Immunologia Clinica, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - Nadia Viola
- Servizio di Immunologia Clinica, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - Benedetta Costantini
- Haematological Medicine Department, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacopo Olivieri
- UOC Medicina interna ed Ematologia, ASUR AV3, Civitanova Marche, Italy
| | - Luca Butini
- Servizio di Immunologia Clinica, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giorgia Mancini
- Clinica di Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Scortechini
- Clinica di Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - Martina Chiarucci
- Clinica di Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - Monica Poiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Clinica di Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonella Poloni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Clinica di Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - Pietro Leoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Clinica di Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - Attilio Olivieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Clinica di Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Liu X, Zhou Q, Xu Y, Chen M, Zhao J, Wang M. Harness the synergy between targeted therapy and immunotherapy: what have we learned and where are we headed? Oncotarget 2017; 8:86969-86984. [PMID: 29156850 PMCID: PMC5689740 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of imatinib for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia, several oncogenic mutations have been identified in various malignancies that can serve as targets for therapy. More recently, a deeper insight into the mechanism of antitumor immunity and tumor immunoevasion have facilitated the development of novel immunotherapy agents. Certain targeted agents have the ability of inhibiting tumor growth without causing severe lymphocytopenia and amplifying antitumor immune response by increasing tumor antigenicity, enhancing intratumoral T cell infiltration, and altering the tumor immune microenvironment, which provides a rationale for combining targeted therapy with immunotherapy. Targeted therapy can elicit dramatic responses in selected patients by interfering with the tumor-intrinsic driver mutations. But in most cases, resistance will occur over a relatively short period of time. In contrast, immunotherapy can yield durable, albeit generally mild, responses in several tumor types via unleashing host antitumor immunity. Thus, combination approaches might be able to induce a rapid tumor regression and a prolonged duration of response. We examine the available evidence regarding immune effects of targeted therapy, and review preclinical and clinical studies on the combination of targeted therapy and immunotherapy for cancer treatment. Furthermore, we discuss challenges of the combined therapy and highlight the need for continued translational research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Lung Cancer Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Lung Cancer Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Lung Cancer Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Minjiang Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Lung Cancer Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Lung Cancer Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengzhao Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Lung Cancer Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Song W, Musetti SN, Huang L. Nanomaterials for cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2017; 148:16-30. [PMID: 28961532 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is quickly growing to be the fourth most important cancer therapy, after surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Immunotherapy is the most promising cancer management strategy because it orchestrates the body's own immune system to target and eradicate cancer cells, which may result in durable antitumor responses and reduce metastasis and recurrence more than traditional treatments. Nanomaterials hold great promise in further improving the efficiency of cancer immunotherapy - in many cases, they are even necessary for effective delivery. In this review, we briefly summarize the basic principles of cancer immunotherapy and explain why and where to apply nanomaterials in cancer immunotherapy, with special emphasis on cancer vaccines and tumor microenvironment modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wantong Song
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Sara N Musetti
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Leaf Huang
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Stahl M, Gedrich R, Peck R, LaVallee T, Eder JP. Targeting KIT on innate immune cells to enhance the antitumor activity of checkpoint inhibitors. Immunotherapy 2017; 8:767-74. [PMID: 27349976 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2016-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune cells such as mast cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells are key components of the tumor microenvironment. Recent evidence indicates that levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in melanoma patients are associated with poor survival to checkpoint inhibitors. This suggests that targeting both the innate and adaptive suppressive components of the immune system will maximize clinical benefit and elicit more durable responses in cancer patients. Preclinical data suggest that targeting signaling by the receptor tyrosine kinase KIT, particularly on mast cells, may modulate innate immune cell numbers and activity in tumors. Here, we review data highlighting the importance of the KIT signaling in regulating antitumor immune responses and the potential benefit of combining selective KIT inhibitors with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Stahl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard Gedrich
- Kolltan Pharmaceuticals, 300 George Street Suite 530, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ronald Peck
- Kolltan Pharmaceuticals, 300 George Street Suite 530, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Theresa LaVallee
- Kolltan Pharmaceuticals, 300 George Street Suite 530, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joseph Paul Eder
- Department of Medical Oncology & Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, WWW211, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lu Z, Xu N, Zhou X, Gao G, Li L, Huang J, Li Y, Lu Q, He B, Pan C, Liu X. Therapeutic immune monitoring of CD4 +CD25 + T cells in chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:1363-1372. [PMID: 28808483 PMCID: PMC5542035 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), including imatinib, dasatinib and nilotinib, are effective forms of therapy for various types of solid cancers and Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) chronic myeloid leukemia. A number of TKIs have been known to have strong effects on T cells, particularly cluster of differentiation (CD) 4+CD25+ T cells, also known as regulatory T cells (Tregs). There is currently a deficit in the available clinical data regarding this area of study. In the present study, a total of 108 peripheral blood samples were collected from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) at diagnosis (n=31), and at 3 and 6 months following treatment with TKI [imatinib (n=12), dasatinib (n=11) and nilotinib groups (n=8)] and healthy controls (n=15). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from the patients prior to and following TKI treatment. The subtype and number of T lymphocytes in patients and healthy donors were analyzed using flow cytometry. Additionally, flow cytometry and ELISA were used to detect the proliferation and suppression of Tregs. Expression of cytokines and other molecules [forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4)] were also analyzed at 3 and 6 months following treatment with TKIs. It was indicated that, at diagnosis, a similar number of lymphocytes were detected in patients and control. However, following treatment with a TKI, the number of total T cells, Tregs, CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells decreased to various degrees in patients. Furthermore, the decrease in the number of Tregs was more significant with time. Although treatment with imatinib, dasatinib and nilotinib demonstrated similar inhibitory effects on the quantity of Tregs in vivo, the TKIs exhibited differential effects on the function of Tregs in vitro. Proliferation, suppression and expression of cytokines [interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β] and molecules (FOXP3, GITR and CTLA-4) decreased significantly in treatment groups with imatinib and dasatinib. The decrease was not significant in the nilotinib treatment group. Imatinib and dasatinib may exert more marked inhibitory roles compared with nilotinib on regulating the number and function of Tregs. These results suggest that personalized treatment and follow-up of CML patients during TKI treatment, particularly for those who received post-transplant TKI treatment may be beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Lu
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Na Xu
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Guanlun Gao
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Jixian Huang
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yuling Li
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Qisi Lu
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Bolin He
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Chengyun Pan
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Overcoming immunosuppression in bone metastases. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 117:114-127. [PMID: 28600175 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastases are present in up to 70% of advanced prostate and breast cancers and occur at significant rates in a variety of other cancers. Bone metastases can be associated with significant morbidity. The establishment of bone metastasis activates several immunosuppressive mechanisms. Hence, understanding the tumor-bone microenvironment is crucial to inform the development of novel therapies. This review describes the current standard of care for patients with bone metastatic disease and novel treatment options targeting the microenvironment. Treatments reviewed include immunotherapies, cryoablation, and targeted therapies. Combinatorial treatment strategies including targeted therapies and immunotherapies show promise in pre-clinical and clinical studies to overcome the suppressive environment and improve treatment of bone metastases.
Collapse
|
49
|
Chen J, Zhang M, Zhou F, Wang J, Niu B, Zhang W. Immunological effects of vaccines combined with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on a murine WEHI-3 leukemia model. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:2323-2329. [PMID: 28454398 PMCID: PMC5403228 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) mobilizes regulatory T cells (Tregs) from bone marrow into the peripheral blood, by reducing the expression of stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α). However, G-CSF has rarely been studied in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) immunotherapy. The present study performed a Transwell migration assay in vitro to determine the contribution of SDF-1α to the migration of leukemia cells, and the effects of G-CSF were evaluated. The effects of G-CSF on SDF-1α and Tregs in the AML microenvironment were examined, by employing a WEHI-3-grafted BALB/c mouse AML model (AML-M4). It is evident that G-CSF reversed immunosuppression of the AML microenvironment by reducing SDF-1α in bone marrow and elevating Tregs in the peripheral blood in in vivo studies. Furthermore, AML mice treated with vaccines combined with G-CSF achieved a longer survival time than those treated with vaccines without G-CSF, showing the efficiency of the regimen. The present study demonstrates the effects of G-CSF on the mobilization of leukemia cells and Tregs into the peripheral blood. In addition, immunotherapy with G-CSF priming represents a promising therapeutic strategy of targeting the immunosuppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiu Chen
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Miling Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital of Xianyang, Xianyang, Shanxi 712000, P.R. China
| | - Fuling Zhou
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Ben Niu
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Wanggang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710004, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Hughes A, Yong ASM. Immune Effector Recovery in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia and Treatment-Free Remission. Front Immunol 2017; 8:469. [PMID: 28484463 PMCID: PMC5402174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a hematological cancer, characterized by a reciprocal chromosomal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 [t(9;22)], producing the Bcr-Abl oncogene. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) represent the standard of care for CML patients and exert a dual mode of action: direct oncokinase inhibition and restoration of effector-mediated immune surveillance, which is rendered dysfunctional in CML patients at diagnosis, prior to TKI therapy. TKIs such as imatinib, and more potent second-generation nilotinib and dasatinib induce a high rate of deep molecular response (DMR, BCR-ABL1 ≤ 0.01%) in CML patients. As a result, the more recent goal of therapy in CML treatment is to induce a durable DMR as a prelude to successful treatment-free remission (TFR), which occurs in approximately half of all CML patients who cease TKI therapy. The lack of overt relapse in such patients has been attributed to immunological control of CML. In this review, we discuss an immunological timeline to successful TFR, focusing on the immunology of CML during TKI treatment; an initial period of immune suppression, limiting antitumor immune effector responses in newly diagnosed CML patients, linked to an expansion of immature myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells and aberrant expression of immune checkpoint signaling pathways, including programmed death-1/programmed death ligand-1. Commencement of TKI treatment is associated with immune system re-activation and restoration of effector-mediated [natural killer (NK) cell and T cell] immune surveillance in CML patients, albeit with differing frequencies in concert with differing levels of molecular response achieved on TKI. DMR is associated with maximal restoration of immune recovery in CML patients on TKI. Current data suggest a net balance between both the effector and suppressor arms of the immune system, at a minimum involving mature, cytotoxic CD56dim NK cells may be important in mediating TFR success. However, a major goal remains in CML to identify the most effective pathways to target to maximize an advantageous immune response and promote TFR success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hughes
- Department of Haematology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Cancer Theme, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Agnes S M Yong
- Department of Haematology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Cancer Theme, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|