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Cebi M, Yilmaz Y. Immune system dysregulation in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: unveiling the critical role of T and B lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1445634. [PMID: 39148730 PMCID: PMC11324455 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1445634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by the excessive accumulation of fat within the cytoplasm of hepatocytes (exceeding 5% of liver weight) in individuals without significant alcohol consumption, has rapidly evolved into a pressing global health issue, affecting approximately 25% of the world population. This condition, closely associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome, encompasses a spectrum of liver disorders ranging from simple steatosis without inflammation to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhotic liver disease. Recent research has illuminated the complex interplay between metabolic and immune responses in the pathogenesis of NASH, underscoring the critical role played by T and B lymphocytes. These immune cells not only contribute to necroinflammatory changes in hepatic lobules but may also drive the onset and progression of liver fibrosis. This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive exploration of the effector mechanisms employed by T cells, B cells, and their respective subpopulations in the pathogenesis of NASH. Understanding the immunological complexity of NASH holds profound implications for the development of targeted immunotherapeutic strategies to combat this increasingly prevalent and burdensome metabolic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Cebi
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Türkiye
| | - Yusuf Yilmaz
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Türkiye
- The Global NASH Council, Washington, DC, United States
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2
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Miao Y, Li Z, Feng J, Lei X, Shan J, Qian C, Li J. The Role of CD4 +T Cells in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6895. [PMID: 39000005 PMCID: PMC11240980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has become the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide; annually, approximately 830,000 deaths related to liver cancer are diagnosed globally. Since early-stage HCC is clinically asymptomatic, traditional treatment modalities, including surgical ablation, are usually not applicable or result in recurrence. Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), provides new hope for cancer therapy; however, immune evasion mechanisms counteract its efficiency. In addition to viral exposure and alcohol addiction, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has become a major cause of HCC. Owing to NASH-related aberrant T cell activation causing tissue damage that leads to impaired immune surveillance, NASH-associated HCC patients respond much less efficiently to ICB treatment than do patients with other etiologies. In addition, abnormal inflammation contributes to NASH progression and NASH-HCC transition, as well as to HCC immune evasion. Therefore, uncovering the detailed mechanism governing how NASH-associated immune cells contribute to NASH progression would benefit HCC prevention and improve HCC immunotherapy efficiency. In the following review, we focused our attention on summarizing the current knowledge of the role of CD4+T cells in NASH and HCC progression, and discuss potential therapeutic strategies involving the targeting of CD4+T cells for the treatment of NASH and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Miao
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Ziyong Li
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xia Lei
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Juanjuan Shan
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
- Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
- Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jiatao Li
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
- Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
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3
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Popov J, Despot T, Avelar Rodriguez D, Khan I, Mech E, Khan M, Bojadzija M, Pai N. Implications of Microbiota and Immune System in Development and Progression of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease. Nutrients 2024; 16:1668. [PMID: 38892602 PMCID: PMC11175128 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the most prevalent type of liver disease worldwide. The exact pathophysiology behind MASLD remains unclear; however, it is thought that a combination of factors or "hits" act as precipitants for disease onset and progression. Abundant evidence supports the roles of diet, genes, metabolic dysregulation, and the intestinal microbiome in influencing the accumulation of lipids in hepatocytes and subsequent progression to inflammation and fibrosis. Currently, there is no cure for MASLD, but lifestyle changes have been the prevailing cornerstones of management. Research is now focusing on the intestinal microbiome as a potential therapeutic target for MASLD, with the spotlight shifting to probiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. In this review, we provide an overview of how intestinal microbiota interact with the immune system to contribute to the pathogenesis of MASLD and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). We also summarize key microbial taxa implicated in the disease and discuss evidence supporting microbial-targeted therapies in its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Popov
- Boston Combined Residency Program, Boston Children’s Hospital & Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Tijana Despot
- College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (T.D.); (I.K.)
| | - David Avelar Rodriguez
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1E8, Canada;
| | - Irfan Khan
- College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (T.D.); (I.K.)
| | - Eugene Mech
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Mahrukh Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada;
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Milan Bojadzija
- Department of Internal Medicine, Subotica General Hospital, 24000 Subotica, Serbia;
| | - Nikhil Pai
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada;
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, McMaster Children’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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4
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Mounika N, Mungase SB, Verma S, Kaur S, Deka UJ, Ghosh TS, Adela R. Inflammatory Protein Signatures as Predictive Disease-Specific Markers for Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH). Inflammation 2024:10.1007/s10753-024-02035-0. [PMID: 38676759 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-024-02035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic disease worldwide, consisting of a broad spectrum of diseases such as simple steatosis (NAFL), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatic inflammation plays a key role in the pathophysiology of NAFLD. Inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines are considered as contributing factors to NAFLD development and progression. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the inflammatory protein signatures as predictive disease-specific markers for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This cross-sectional study included healthy control (n = 64), NAFL (n = 109), and NASH (n = 60) human subjects. Serum concentrations of various cytokines and chemokines were evaluated using sensitive multiplex assays. We used principal component analysis (PCoA) to reveal distinct differences in the levels of cytokines and chemokines between each of the study groups. Further, a random forest classification model was developed to identify the panel of markers that could predict diseases. The protein-protein network analysis was performed to determine the various signaling pathways associated with the disease-specific panel of markers. Serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-1ra, G-CSF, PDGF-BB, MCP-1, MIP-1a, MIP-1b, RANTES, eotaxin, IL-8 and IP-10 were significantly increased in NASH group as compared to control group. Furthermore, serum concentrations of IL-9 and IL-13 were significantly lower in the NASH group, whereas IL-2 levels were significantly decreased in the NAFL group when compared to the control group. PCoA results demonstrated statistically significant differences in cytokines and chemokines between each of the study groups (PERMANOVA p = 0.001; R2 = 0.102). RANTES, IL-1ra, MIP-1b, IL-2, and G-CSF could differentiate the NAFL group from the controls; G-CSF, IL-1ra, TNF-α, RANTES, and IL-9 could differentiate the NASH group from the controls; and G-CSF, IL-9, IL-13, eotaxin, and TNF- α could differentiate the NASH group from the NAFL group. Our protein-protein network revealed that these markers are involved in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation, TNF, chemokine, JAK/STAT, P13K/Akt, TLR, NOD-like receptor, NF-kB, and adipocytokine signaling pathways which might be responsible for disease pathogenesis. Our study findings revealed a set of distinct cytokine and chemokine markers and they might be considered as biomarkers in distinguishing NASH from NAFL. Future multicentre studies with larger sample size are recommended to determine the potential utility of these panels of markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadella Mounika
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Assam-781101, India
| | - Suraj Bhausaheb Mungase
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Assam-781101, India
| | - Shivangi Verma
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Savneet Kaur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver & Biliary Science (ILBS), New Delhi-110 070, Vasant Kunj, India
| | - Utpal Jyoti Deka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Downtown Hospital, GS Road, Bormotoria, Guwahati, Assam-781006, India
| | - Tarini Shankar Ghosh
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Ramu Adela
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Assam-781101, India.
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5
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Li Z, Wang S, Xu Q, Su X, Wang Y, Wang L, Zhang Y. The double roles of T cell-mediated immune response in the progression of MASLD. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116333. [PMID: 38479177 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD), has become a major cause of chronic liver disease and a significant risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma, which poses a huge burden on global public health and economy. MASLD includes steatotic liver disease, steatohepatitis, and cirrhosis, and the latter two cause great harm to human health and life, even complicated with liver cancer. Immunologic mechanism plays a major role in promoting its development into hepatitis and cirrhosis. Now more and more evidences show that T cells play an important role in the progression of MASLD. In this review, we discuss the double roles of T cells in MASLD from the perspective of T cell response pathways, as well as new evidences regarding the possible application of immunomodulatory therapy in MASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zigan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Shujun Wang
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Qinchen Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Xin Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Yunshan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250021, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Third Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250031, China.
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6
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Jiang S, Feng J, Jiang Y, Lu Z, Kong J, Li X, Lian H, Zhang F, Li Y, Li J. Triptolide attenuates CCL 4-induced liver fibrosis by regulating the differentiation of CD 4+ T cells in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111206. [PMID: 37956491 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a major global health issue, and immune dysregulation is a main contributor. Triptolide is a natural immunosuppressive agent with demonstrated effectiveness in ameliorating liver fibrosis, but whether it exerts anti-liver fibrotic effects via immunoregulation remains obscure. In this study, first, by employing a CCL4-induced liver fibrosis mouse model, we demonstrated that triptolide could alleviate pathological damage to liver tissue and attenuate liver function damaged by CCL4. In addition, triptolide inhibited the expression of liver fibrotic markers such as hydroxyproline, collagen type IV, hyaluronidase, laminin, and procollagen type III, and the protein expression of α-SMA in CCL4-induced liver fibrosis. Second, with the help of network pharmacology, we predicted that triptolide's anti-liver fibrotic effects might occur through the regulation of Th17, Th1, and Th2 cell differentiation, which indicated that triptolide might mitigate liver fibrosis via immunoregulation. Finally, multiplex immunoassays and flow cytometry were adopted to verify this prediction. The results suggested that triptolide could reverse the aberrant expression of inflammatory cytokines caused by CCL4 and regulate the differentiation of Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells. In conclusion, triptolide could attenuate CCL4-induced liver fibrosis by regulating the differentiation of CD4+ T cells. The results obtained in this study extended the application of triptolide and introduced a new mechanism of triptolide's anti-liver fibrotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyuan Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jing Feng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yanling Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Zhihao Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jingwei Kong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xueming Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Hui Lian
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
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7
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Raabe J, Kaiser KM, ToVinh M, Finnemann C, Lutz P, Hoffmeister C, Bischoff J, Goeser F, Kaczmarek DJ, Glowka TR, Manekeller S, Charpentier A, Langhans B, Nischalke HD, Toma M, Strassburg CP, Spengler U, Abdallah AT, Krämer B, Nattermann J. Identification and characterization of a hepatic IL-13-producing ILC3-like population potentially involved in liver fibrosis. Hepatology 2023; 78:787-802. [PMID: 37029085 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Human innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are critically involved in the modulation of homeostatic and inflammatory processes in various tissues. However, only little is known about the composition of the intrahepatic ILC pool and its potential role in chronic liver disease. Here, we performed a detailed characterization of intrahepatic ILCs in both healthy and fibrotic livers. APPROACH AND RESULTS A total of 50 livers (nonfibrotic = 22, and fibrotic = 29) were analyzed and compared with colon and tonsil tissue (each N = 14) and peripheral blood (N = 32). Human intrahepatic ILCs were characterized ex vivo and on stimulation using flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing. ILC differentiation and plasticity were analyzed by both bulk and clonal expansion experiments. Finally, the effects of ILC-derived cytokines on primary human HSteCs were studied. Unexpectedly, we found that an "unconventional" ILC3-like cell represented the major IL-13-producing liver ILC subset. IL-13 + ILC3-like cells were specifically enriched in the human liver, and increased frequencies of this cell type were found in fibrotic livers. ILC3-derived IL-13 production induced upregulation of proinflammatory genes in HSteCs, indicating a potential role in the regulation of hepatic fibrogenesis. Finally, we identified KLRG1-expressing ILC precursors as the potential progenitor of hepatic IL-13 + ILC3-like cells. CONCLUSIONS We identified a formerly undescribed subset of IL-13-producing ILC3-like cells that is enriched in the human liver and may be involved in the modulation of chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Raabe
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kim M Kaiser
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael ToVinh
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Claudia Finnemann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Lutz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Jenny Bischoff
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Felix Goeser
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Tim R Glowka
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Arthur Charpentier
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bettina Langhans
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Marieta Toma
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Spengler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ali T Abdallah
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- The German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)
| | - Benjamin Krämer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- The German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)
| | - Jacob Nattermann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- The German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)
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Roeb E. Interleukin-13 (IL-13)-A Pleiotropic Cytokine Involved in Wound Healing and Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12884. [PMID: 37629063 PMCID: PMC10454844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver, as a central metabolic organ, is systemically linked to metabolic-inflammatory diseases. In the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome, inflammatory and metabolic interactions between the intestine, liver, and adipose tissue lead to the progression of hepatic steatosis to metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and consecutive MASH-induced fibrosis. Clinical and animal studies revealed that IL-13 might be protective in the development of MASH through both the preservation of metabolic functions and Th2-polarized inflammation in the liver and the adipose tissue. In contrast, IL-13-associated loss of mucosal gut barrier function and IL-13-associated enhanced hepatic fibrosis may contribute to the progression of MASH. However, there are only a few publications on the effect of IL-13 on metabolic diseases and possible therapies to influence them. In this review article, different aspects of IL-13-associated effects on the liver and metabolic liver diseases, which are partly contradictory, are summarized and discussed on the basis of the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Roeb
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Klinikstr. 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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9
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Kim AD, Kui L, Kaufmann B, Kim SE, Leszczynska A, Feldstein AE. Myeloid-specific deletion of chitinase-3-like 1 protein ameliorates murine diet-induced steatohepatitis progression. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:813-828. [PMID: 37166517 PMCID: PMC10300183 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02325-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Chitinase-3-like 1 protein (CHI3L1) is a secreted glycoprotein, strongly correlated with fibrosis severity in chronic liver diseases including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, the mechanisms by which CHI3L1 contributes to fibrogenesis remain undefined. Here, we showed that infiltrating monocyte-derived liver macrophages represent the main source of CHI3L1 in murine NASH. We developed a floxed CHI3L1 knock-out (KO) mouse to further study the cell-specific role of CHI3L1 ablation. Wildtype (WT) and myeloid cell-specific CHI3L1 KO mice (CreLyz) were challenged with a highly inflammatory and fibrotic dietary model of NASH by administering choline-deficient high-fat diet for 10 weeks. Macrophage accumulation and inflammatory cell recruitment were significantly ameliorated in the CreLyz group compared to WT (F4/80 IHC p < 0.0001, CD11b IHC p < 0.0001). Additionally, hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and fibrosis were strongly decreased in this group (α-SMA IHC p < 0.0001, picrosirius red staining p < 0.0001). In vitro studies were performed stimulating bone marrow derived macrophages, THP-1 (human monocytes) and LX2 (human HSCs) cells with recombinant CHI3L1 to dissect its relationship with fibrosis development. Results showed an important role of CHI3L1 regulating fibrosis-promoting factors by macrophages (TGFB1 p < 0.05, CTGF p < 0.01) while directly activating HSCs (ACTA2 p < 0.01, COL1A1 p < 0.01), involving IL13Rα2 as the potential mediator. Our findings uncovered a novel role of CHI3L1 derived from liver macrophages in NASH progression and identifies this protein as a potential anti-fibrotic therapeutic target. KEY MESSAGES: We showed that CHI3L1 expression is increased in murine CDAA-HFAT diet NASH model, and that infiltrating macrophages are a key source of CHI3L1 production. Myeloid cell-specific CreLyz CHI3L1 knock-out in mice fed with CDAA-HFAT diet improved the NASH phenotype, with significantly reduced accumulation of pro-inflammatory macrophages and neutrophils compared with WT group. DEG and qPCR analysis of genes in CreLyz CHI3L1 knock-out mouse liver showed the mechanistic role of CHI3L1 in cellular chemotaxis. HSC is directly activated by CHI3L1 via receptor IL13Rα2, leading to upregulation of collagen deposition and pro-fibrotic gene, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 release in whole liver. Direct stimulation of macrophages with CHI3L1 leads to upregulated expression of HSC-activation factors, suggesting its role in modulating macrophage-HSC crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 3020 Children's Way, MC 5030, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92103-8450, USA
| | - Lin Kui
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 3020 Children's Way, MC 5030, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92103-8450, USA
| | - Benedikt Kaufmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 3020 Children's Way, MC 5030, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92103-8450, USA
- Department of Surgery, TUM School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sung Eun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 3020 Children's Way, MC 5030, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92103-8450, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Aleksandra Leszczynska
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 3020 Children's Way, MC 5030, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92103-8450, USA
| | - Ariel E Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 3020 Children's Way, MC 5030, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92103-8450, USA.
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10
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Tang L, Kang S, Yan W, Yu Y, Li J, Wang W, Ma Z, Fan X, Sun L. Low intensity pulsed ultrasound reduces liver inflammation caused by fatigue exercise. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 153:1375. [PMID: 36859127 DOI: 10.1121/10.0017355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been shown to have many benefits, such as inhibiting inflammation, stimulating cell proliferation and differentiation, promoting angiogenesis, and so on. So, can exercise fatigue induced liver inflammation be effectively relieved by LIPUS? If possible, what is the possible mechanism? This study first investigated the effect of different intensity exercise on liver inflammation. Rats were divided into three groups: normal control group, exercise fatigue group, and aerobic exercise group. The results showed that aerobic exercise increases both anti-inflammatory factors and pro-inflammatory factors, while fatigue exercise decreases anti-inflammatory factors and increases pro-inflammatory factors, leading to severe liver injury and fibrosis. Then, we investigated the therapeutic effect of LIPUS on liver inflammation caused by exercise fatigue. Starting from the 6th week, the liver was irradiated with LIPUS of 80 mW/cm2 for 20 min/d after daily exercise for 7 weeks. The results showed that LIPUS significantly decreased liver injury and fibrosis, significantly up-regulated the expression of STAT6, IL-13, and its receptors IL-13Rα1, and down regulated the expression of NF-κBp65 in exercise fatigue rats. These results indicate that LIPUS can reduce fatigue-induced liver inflammation, and the mechanism is related to the regulation of the IL-13/STAT6/NF-κBp65 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Tang
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Sufang Kang
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Wenkang Yan
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yanan Yu
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jiaxiang Li
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Wanzhao Wang
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Zhanke Ma
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xiushan Fan
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Lijun Sun
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
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11
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Tourkochristou E, Assimakopoulos SF, Thomopoulos K, Marangos M, Triantos C. NAFLD and HBV interplay - related mechanisms underlying liver disease progression. Front Immunol 2022; 13:965548. [PMID: 36544761 PMCID: PMC9760931 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.965548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and Hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) constitute common chronic liver diseases with worldwide distribution. NAFLD burden is expected to grow in the coming decade, especially in western countries, considering the increased incidence of diabetes and obesity. Despite the organized HBV vaccinations and use of anti-viral therapies globally, HBV infection remains endemic and challenging public health issue. As both NAFLD and HBV have been associated with the development of progressive fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the co-occurrence of both diseases has gained great research and clinical interest. The causative relationship between NAFLD and HBV infection has not been elucidated so far. Dysregulated fatty acid metabolism and lipotoxicity in NAFLD disease seems to initiate activation of signaling pathways that enhance pro-inflammatory responses and disrupt hepatocyte cell homeostasis, promoting progression of NAFLD disease to NASH, fibrosis and HCC and can affect HBV replication and immune encountering of HBV virus, which may further have impact on liver disease progression. Chronic HBV infection is suggested to have an influence on metabolic changes, which could lead to NAFLD development and the HBV-induced inflammatory responses and molecular pathways may constitute an aggravating factor in hepatic steatosis development. The observed altered immune homeostasis in both HBV infection and NAFLD could be associated with progression to HCC development. Elucidation of the possible mechanisms beyond HBV chronic infection and NAFLD diseases, which could lead to advanced liver disease or increase the risk for severe complications, in the case of HBV-NAFLD co-existence is of high clinical significance in the context of designing effective therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia Tourkochristou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Stelios F. Assimakopoulos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece,*Correspondence: Stelios F. Assimakopoulos,
| | - Konstantinos Thomopoulos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Markos Marangos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Christos Triantos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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12
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Zhou Y, Zhang H, Yao Y, Zhang X, Guan Y, Zheng F. CD4 + T cell activation and inflammation in NASH-related fibrosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:967410. [PMID: 36032141 PMCID: PMC9399803 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.967410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a common pathological feature of end stage liver failure, a severe life-threatening disease worldwide. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), especially its more severe form with steatohepatitis (NASH), results from obesity, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome and becomes a leading cause of liver fibrosis. Genetic factor, lipid overload/toxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation have all been implicated in the development and progression of NASH. Both innate immune response and adaptive immunity contribute to NASH-associated inflammation. Innate immunity may cause inflammation and subsequently fibrosis via danger-associated molecular patterns. Increasing evidence indicates that T cell-mediated adaptive immunity also provokes inflammation and fibrosis in NASH via cytotoxicity, cytokines and other proinflammatory and profibrotic mediators. Recently, the single-cell transcriptome profiling has revealed that the populations of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells, and TEMs are expanded in the liver with NASH. The activation of T cells requires antigen presentation from professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including macrophages, dendritic cells, and B-cells. However, since hepatocytes express MHCII molecules and costimulators, they may also act as an atypical APC to promote T cell activation. Additionally, the phenotypic switch of hepatocytes to proinflammatory cells in NASH contributes to the development of inflammation. In this review, we focus on T cells and in particular CD4+ T cells and discuss the role of different subsets of CD4+ T cells including Th1, Th2, Th17, Th22, and Treg in NASH-related liver inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Medical Research Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Wuhu Hospital & Health Science Center, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youfei Guan
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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13
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Schonfeld M, Averilla J, Gunewardena S, Weinman SA, Tikhanovich I. Alcohol-associated fibrosis in females is mediated by female-specific activation of lysine demethylases KDM5B and KDM5C. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:2042-2057. [PMID: 35468265 PMCID: PMC9315128 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease is a major cause of alcohol-related mortality. However, the mechanisms underlying disease progression are not fully understood. Recently we found that liver molecular pathways are altered by alcohol consumption differently in males and females. We were able to associate these sex-specific pathways with two upstream regulators: H3K4-specific demethylase enzymes KDM5B and KDM5C. Mice were fed the Lieber-DeCarli alcohol liquid diet for 3 weeks or a combination of a high-fat diet with alcohol in water for 16 weeks (western diet alcohol model [WDA] model). To assess the role of histone demethylases, mice were treated with AAV-shControl, AAV-shKdm5b, and/or AAV-shKdm5c and/or AAV-shAhR vectors. Gene expression and epigenetic changes after Kdm5b/5c knockdown were assessed by RNA-sequencing and H3K4me3 chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis. We found that less than 5% of genes affected by Kdm5b/Kdm5c knockdown were common between males and females. In females, Kdm5b/Kdm5c knockdown prevented fibrosis development in mice fed the WDA alcohol diet for 16 weeks and decreased fibrosis-associated gene expression in mice fed the Lieber-DeCarli alcohol liquid diet. In contrast, fibrosis was not affected by Kdm5b/Kdm5c knockdown in males. We found that KDM5B and KDM5C promote fibrosis in females through down-regulation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway components in hepatic stellate cells. Kdm5b/Kdm5c knockdown resulted in an up-regulation of Ahr, Arnt, and Aip in female but not in male mice, thus preventing fibrosis development. Ahr knockdown in combination with Kdm5b/Kdm5c knockdown restored profibrotic gene expression. Conclusion: KDM5 demethylases contribute to differences between males and females in the alcohol response in the liver. The KDM5/AhR axis is a female-specific mechanism of fibrosis development in alcohol-fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schonfeld
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA
| | - Janice Averilla
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA
| | - Sumedha Gunewardena
- Department of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA
| | - Steven A. Weinman
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA
- Liver CenterUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA
- Kansas City VA Medical CenterKansas CityMissouriUSA
| | - Irina Tikhanovich
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA
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14
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Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes a range of hepatic manifestations, starting with liver steatosis and potentially evolving towards non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis or even hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD is a major health burden, and its incidence is increasing worldwide. Although it is primarily a disease of disturbed metabolism, NAFLD involves several immune cell-mediated inflammatory processes, particularly when reaching the stage of NASH, at which point inflammation becomes integral to the progression of the disease. The hepatic immune cell landscape is diverse at steady state and it further evolves during NASH with direct consequences for disease severity. In this Review, we discuss current concepts related to the role of immune cells in the onset and progression of NASH. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which immune cells contribute to NASH pathogenesis should aid the design of innovative drugs to target NASH, for which current therapeutic options are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Huby
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm, UMR-S 1166), Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel L Gautier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm, UMR-S 1166), Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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15
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Mao T, Yang R, Luo Y, He K. Crucial role of T cells in NAFLD-related disease: A review and prospect. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1051076. [PMID: 36457551 PMCID: PMC9705593 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1051076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes a series of hepatic manifestations, starting with liver steatosis and potentially evolving towards nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis or even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Its incidence is increasing worldwide. Several factors including metabolic dysfunction, oxidative stress, lipotoxicity contribute to the liver inflammation. Several immune cell-mediated inflammatory processes are involved in NAFLD in which T cells play a crucial part in the progression of the disease. In this review, we focus on the role of different subsets of both conventional and unconventional T cells in pathogenesis of NAFLD. Factors regarding inflammation and potential therapeutic approaches targeting immune cells in NASH are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Mao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Transplantation and Immunology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Transplantation and Immunology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Transplantation and Immunology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Transplantation, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Kang He, ; Yi Luo,
| | - Kang He
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Transplantation and Immunology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Transplantation, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Kang He, ; Yi Luo,
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16
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Witayavanitkul N, Werawatganon D, Chayanupatkul M, Klaikeaw N, Siriviriyakul P. Genistein and exercise treatment reduced NASH related HDAC3, IL-13 and MMP-12 expressions in ovariectomized rats fed with high fat high fructose diet. J Tradit Complement Med 2021; 11:503-512. [PMID: 34765514 PMCID: PMC8572705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Genistein (GEN) and exercise (Ex) may be regarded as an alternative treatment for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, the mechanisms behind their therapeutic effects in NASH are not well-understood. Experimental procedure This study investigated the roles of histone deacetylase (HDAC)3 and interleukin-(IL-)13 in the NASH model of ovariectomized (OVX) rats fed with high fat high fructose (HFHF) diet. Results and conclusion Nine weeks after being fed with HFHF diet, severe NASH pathology with mild fibrosis were seen along with an increase in HDAC3, IL-13 and matrix metalloelastase (MMP-12) expressions in OVX rats. Five weeks of either GEN or Ex treatments abrogated the increase in both HDAC3 and IL-13 expressions in OVX rats fed with HFHF diet and ameliorated NASH features, liver fibrosis and MMP-12 expression. The combination of Gen and Ex, however, did not provide additional benefits on NASH features in OVX rats fed with HFHF diet. These results suggested that GEN and Ex treatments improved HFHF diet induced NASH in OVX rats through the suppression of HDAC3, IL-13 and MMP-12 expression. •Estrogen deficiency leads to NASH development. •Either genistein or exercise modulated lipid metabolism reducing steatohepatitis. •Either genistein or exercise attenuated liver fibrosis improving NASH. •Combining genistein and exercise did not provide additional benefits. •Genistein and exercise have beneficial effects in post-menopausal women with NASH.
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Key Words
- DAB, Diaminobenzidine
- DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide
- ELISA, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- Estrogen deficiency
- Exercise
- FFA, Free fatty acid
- Genistein
- HDAC3, histone deacetylase 3
- HFHF, High-fat high-fructose
- IL-13, Interleukin-13
- MMP-12, matrix metalloelastase 12
- NAFLD, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- OVX, ovariectomized
- Ovariectomized
- TBA, Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances
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Affiliation(s)
- Namthip Witayavanitkul
- Alternative and Complementary Medicine for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Duangporn Werawatganon
- Alternative and Complementary Medicine for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Maneerat Chayanupatkul
- Alternative and Complementary Medicine for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Naruemon Klaikeaw
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Prasong Siriviriyakul
- Alternative and Complementary Medicine for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Potoupni V, Georgiadou M, Chatzigriva E, Polychronidou G, Markou E, Zapantis Gakis C, Filimidou I, Karagianni M, Anastasilakis D, Evripidou K, Ftergioti A, Togkaridou M, Tsaftaridis N, Apostolopoulos A, Polyzos SA. Circulating tumor necrosis factor-α levels in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and a meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 36:3002-3014. [PMID: 34289181 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM To synthesize data on circulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels between patients with histologically confirmed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (simple steatosis or non-alcoholic fatty liver [NAFL] and/or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis [NASH]) and controls. METHODS We performed a systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. Fifty-six studies, published between 2003 and 2019, were finally included, reporting data from 5848 individuals (1634 controls and 4214 NAFLD patients). RESULTS Higher circulating TNF-α levels were observed in NAFLD patients than controls (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.84; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.59-1.09), NAFL patients than controls (SMD 0.56; 95% CI 0.27-0.85), NASH patients than controls (SMD 0.93; 95% CI 0.64-1.22), and NASH than NAFL patients (SMD 0.31; 95% CI 0.16-0.46). There were only minimal changes in the comparisons between groups after excluding studies with morbidly obese populations (n = 11), or pediatric/adolescent populations (n = 6), or other than enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method of TNF-α measurement (n = 8). There was high heterogeneity among studies in all comparisons, which was not essentially affected after sensitivity analyses. The meta-regression analysis revealed that the male ratio was positively associated with TNF-α SMD in the comparison between patients with NASH and NAFL (beta = 0.809; 95% CI 0.052-1.566) and accounted for 36% (P = 0.037) of the heterogeneity in this pair of comparison. TNF-α SMD was not associated with age, body mass index, and alanine aminotransferase in any pair of comparisons. CONCLUSIONS Circulating TNF-α levels were higher in patients with NAFLD compared with controls. Higher levels of circulating TNF-α were also associated with the severity of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Potoupni
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Georgiadou
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eftychia Chatzigriva
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Polychronidou
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Erietta Markou
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos Zapantis Gakis
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioanna Filimidou
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Myriam Karagianni
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Anastasilakis
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kleo Evripidou
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Argyro Ftergioti
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marianthi Togkaridou
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Tsaftaridis
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Apostolos Apostolopoulos
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stergios A Polyzos
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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18
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Xiang H, Wu Z, Wang J, Wu T. Research progress, challenges and perspectives on PNPLA3 and its variants in Liver Diseases. J Cancer 2021; 12:5929-5937. [PMID: 34476007 PMCID: PMC8408107 DOI: 10.7150/jca.57951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The human patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 gene (PNPLA3) is highly expressed in liver and adipose tissue and encodes a transmembrane polypeptide chain containing 481 amino acids. The I148M variant of PNPLA3 is a single nucleotide polymorphism, which is related to a variety of liver and cardiovascular diseases and their complications (such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis, coronary artery disease). This review mainly describes the pathophysiological effects of PNPLA3 and its variants, and their roles in the progression of liver disease and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiao Xiang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zecheng Wu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Junmin Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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19
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Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Inactivation in NASH-Fibrosis-Roles as Putative Treatment Targets? Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040365. [PMID: 33807461 PMCID: PMC8066583 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is the primary predictor of mortality in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In this process, the activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) constitute the principal cells responsible for the deposition of a fibrous extracellular matrix, thereby driving the hepatic scarring. HSC activation, migration, and proliferation are controlled by a complex signaling network involving growth factors, lipotoxicity, inflammation, and cellular stress. Conversely, the clearance of activated HSCs is a prerequisite for the resolution of the extracellular fibrosis. Hence, pathways regulating the fate of the HSCs may represent attractive therapeutic targets for the treatment and prevention of NASH-associated hepatic fibrosis. However, the development of anti-fibrotic drugs for NASH patients has not yet resulted in clinically approved therapeutics, underscoring the complex biology and challenges involved when targeting the intricate cellular signaling mechanisms. This narrative review investigated the mechanisms of activation and inactivation of HSCs with a focus on NASH-associated hepatic fibrosis. Presenting an updated overview, this review highlights key cellular pathways with potential value for the development of future treatment modalities.
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20
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An SY, Petrescu AD, DeMorrow S. Targeting Certain Interleukins as Novel Treatment Options for Liver Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:645703. [PMID: 33841164 PMCID: PMC8024568 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.645703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a major metabolic organ and an immunologically complex organ. It produces and uses many substances such as acute phase proteins, cytokines, chemokines, and complementary components to maintain the balance between immunity and tolerance. Interleukins are important immune control cytokines, that are produced by many body cells. In liver injury, interleukins are produced in large amount by various cell types, and act as pro-inflammatory (e.g. interleukin (IL)-6, IL-13, IL-17, and IL-33) as well as anti-inflammatory (e.g. IL-10) functions in hepatic cells. Recently, interleukins are regarded as interesting therapeutic targets for the treatment of liver fibrosis patients. Hepatic cells such as hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, and hepatic macrophages are involved to the initiation, perpetuation, and resolution of fibrosis. The understanding of the role of interleukins in such cells provides opportunity for the development of therapeutic target drugs. This paper aims to understand the functional roles of interleukins in hepatic and immune cells when the liver is damaged, and suggests the possibility of interleukins as a new treatment target in liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yeon An
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Anca D Petrescu
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.,Research Division, Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Temple, TX, United States
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21
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Wong SW, Ting YW, Yong YK, Tan HY, Barathan M, Riazalhosseini B, Bee CJ, Tee KK, Larsson M, Velu V, Shankar EM, Mohamed R. Chronic inflammation involves CCL11 and IL-13 to facilitate the development of liver cirrhosis and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2021; 81:147-159. [PMID: 33528280 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2021.1876245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis involving non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the context of chronic HBV (CHB) virus infection requires to be understood for developing improved modalities of diagnosis and treatment. We retrospectively investigated the association between NAFLD and CHB virus infection in the context of liver fibrosis. Among the 522 consecutive CHB patients who underwent transient elastography between years 2013 and 2016, we studied 455 subjects in the current investigation. Controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) scores were generally higher in patients with steatosis and fibrosis or cirrhosis. Antiviral treatment had significantly reduced the hepatitis B virus (HBV) viral load. Other liver function markers showed a significant positive correlation with both CAP and LSM scores. Plasma IL-13 was independently associated with increased CAP score where every increase of 1 unit of IL-13 was associated with an increase in CAP score by 0.98 unit. CCL11 was independently associated with LSM with every increase of CCL11 by a unit that, in turn, was associated with an increase of LSM score. We found that there was a high concurrence of NAFLD among patients with CHB virus infection. The presence of metabolic syndrome and chronic inflammation in CHB virus-infected patients were two independent factors that led to the progression of liver cirrhosis, with IL-13 playing the key role in linking the metabolic with the inflammatory components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui-Weng Wong
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yi-Wen Ting
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yean-Kong Yong
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Laboratory Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Hong-Yien Tan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Muttiah Barathan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Behnaz Riazalhosseini
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Science, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Chook Jack Bee
- School of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Keng Tee
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Rosmawati Mohamed
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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22
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El-Derany MO. Polymorphisms in Interleukin 13 Signaling and Interacting Genes Predict Advanced Fibrosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development in Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9040075. [PMID: 32283835 PMCID: PMC7236020 DOI: 10.3390/biology9040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) recently headlined hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. This study aims to unveil the role of some unaddressed critical players that might aid in understanding, predicting, and targeting NASH and NASH-HCC. Methods: Serum interleukin 13 (IL-13) levels and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within interleukin (IL)-13 rs20541, IL-13 receptors (IL-13R1) rs2248841, (IL-13R2) rs5946040, signal transducer activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) rs167769, yes-associated protein (YAP1) rs11225163, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) rs2282055, and programmed death-ligand 2 (PD-L2) rs7854413 genes were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Multiple stepwise regression analysis was performed on a cohort of 134 Egyptian male patients diagnosed with NASH and NASH-HCC. RESULTS: higher serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and higher serum IL-13 levels were directly associated with HCC development in NASH (odds ratio (OR) 19.6 and 1.9 p < 0.01). Reversibly, the presence of the C/C genotype in STAT6 rs167769 and the C allele carrier YAP1 rs11225163 were inversely associated with HCC in NASH patients (OR 0.015 and 0.047 p < 0.01). A predictive model was formulated with 97.5% specificity, 90.9% sensitivity, and 94.8% accuracy. Moreover, higher serum IL-13 levels and the presence of PD-L2 rs7854413 C allele carriers were associated with advanced fibrosis progression in NASH patients (OR 1.432 and 3.797 p < 0.01). Serum levels of IL-13 and C/C genotype in STAT6 rs167769 significantly increased the predictive capacity of serum AFP to predict HCC in F1–F2 and in F3–F4 fibrosis grades NASH patients. Conclusion: association between serum IL-13 and PD-L2 rs7854413 polymorphism successfully predict advanced fibrosis in NASH. However, HCC development in NASH is associated with higher serum AFP, IL-13 levels, and STAT6 rs167769, YAP1 rs11225163 polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa O El-Derany
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
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23
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Russo R, Cozzani E, Gasparini G, Parodi A. Targeting interleukin 4 receptor α: A new approach to the treatment of cutaneous autoimmune bullous diseases? Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:e13190. [PMID: 31863534 PMCID: PMC7154653 DOI: 10.1111/dth.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid, mucous membrane pemphigoid, and pemphigus vulgaris are different cutaneous autoimmune blistering diseases, with complex pathogenic mechanisms. In all of them, a type-2 response is thought to have a central role. Interleukin 4 and Interleukin 13 are crucial cytokines in type-2 response. Treatment of these conditions is often challenging. Dupilumab, a recombinant fully human IgG4 monoclonal antibody with binding specificity to human interleukin-4 receptor IL-4Rα, has the potential to inhibit both IL-4 and IL-13. We propose IL-4Rα as a theoretical drug target for cutaneous autoimmune bullous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Russo
- Di.S.SAL Section of DermatologyUniversity of Genoa, Via Pastore 1GenoaItaly
- Section of Dermatology, IRCCS San Martino Policlinic HospitalGenoaItaly
| | - Emanuele Cozzani
- Di.S.SAL Section of DermatologyUniversity of Genoa, Via Pastore 1GenoaItaly
- Section of Dermatology, IRCCS San Martino Policlinic HospitalGenoaItaly
| | - Giulia Gasparini
- Di.S.SAL Section of DermatologyUniversity of Genoa, Via Pastore 1GenoaItaly
- Section of Dermatology, IRCCS San Martino Policlinic HospitalGenoaItaly
| | - Aurora Parodi
- Di.S.SAL Section of DermatologyUniversity of Genoa, Via Pastore 1GenoaItaly
- Section of Dermatology, IRCCS San Martino Policlinic HospitalGenoaItaly
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24
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Association of Interleukin 13/+110 Gene Polymorphism with Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Golestan Province, Northern Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.68270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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25
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Fibrogenic Gene Expression in Hepatic Stellate Cells Induced by HCV and HIV Replication in a Three Cell Co-Culture Model System. Sci Rep 2019; 9:568. [PMID: 30679661 PMCID: PMC6345841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retrospective studies indicate that co-infection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) accelerates hepatic fibrosis progression. We have developed a co-culture system (MLH) comprising primary macrophages, hepatic stellate cells (HSC, LX-2), and hepatocytes (Huh-7), permissive for active replication of HCV and HIV, and assessed the effect of these viral infections on the phenotypic changes and fibrogenic gene expression in LX-2 cells. We detected distinct morphological changes in LX-2 cells within 24 hr post-infection with HCV, HIV or HCV/HIV in MLH co-cultures, with migration enhancement phenotypes. Human fibrosis microarrays conducted using LX-2 cell RNA derived from MLH co-culture conditions, with or without HCV and HIV infection, revealed novel insights regarding the roles of these viral infections on fibrogenic gene expression in LX-2 cells. We found that HIV mono-infection in MLH co-culture had no impact on fibrogenic gene expression in LX-2 cells. HCV infection of MLH co-culture resulted in upregulation (>1.9x) of five fibrogenic genes including CCL2, IL1A, IL1B, IL13RA2 and MMP1. These genes were upregulated by HCV/HIV co-infection but in a greater magnitude. Conclusion: Our results indicate that HIV-infected macrophages accelerate hepatic fibrosis during HCV/HIV co-infection by amplifying the expression of HCV-dependent fibrogenic genes in HSC.
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26
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Maricic I, Marrero I, Eguchi A, Nakamura R, Johnson CD, Dasgupta S, Hernandez CD, Nguyen PS, Swafford AD, Knight R, Feldstein AE, Loomba R, Kumar V. Differential Activation of Hepatic Invariant NKT Cell Subsets Plays a Key Role in Progression of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 201:3017-3035. [PMID: 30322964 PMCID: PMC6219905 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune mechanisms play an important role in inflammatory chronic liver diseases. In this study, we investigated the role of type I or invariant NKT (iNKT) cell subsets in the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We used α-galactosylceramide/CD1d tetramers and clonotypic mAb together with intracytoplasmic cytokine staining to analyze iNKT cells in choline-deficient l-amino acid-defined (CDAA)-induced murine NASH model and in human PBMCs, respectively. Cytokine secretion of hepatic iNKT cells in CDAA-fed C57BL/6 mice altered from predominantly IL-17+ to IFN-γ+ and IL-4+ during NASH progression along with the downmodulation of TCR and NK1.1 expression. Importantly, steatosis, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis were dependent upon the presence of iNKT cells. Hepatic stellate cell activation and infiltration of neutrophils, Kupffer cells, and CD8+ T cells as well as expression of key proinflammatory and fibrogenic genes were significantly blunted in Jα18-/- mice and in C57BL/6 mice treated with an iNKT-inhibitory RAR-γ agonist. Gut microbial diversity was significantly impacted in Jα18-/- and in CDAA diet-fed mice. An increased frequency of CXCR3+IFN-γ+T-bet+ and IL-17A+ iNKT cells was found in PBMC from NASH patients in comparison with nonalcoholic fatty liver patients or healthy controls. Consistent with their in vivo activation, iNKT cells from NASH patients remained hyporesponsive to ex-vivo stimulation with α-galactosylceramide. Accumulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in both mice and NASH patients suggest their role in activation of iNKT cells. In summary, our findings indicate that the differential activation of iNKT cells play a key role in mediating diet-induced hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in mice and its potential involvement in NASH progression in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Maricic
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Idania Marrero
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Akiko Eguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Ryota Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Casey D Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Suryasarathi Dasgupta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Carolyn D Hernandez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Phirum Sam Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Austin D Swafford
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Ariel E Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Rohit Loomba
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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27
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Role of hepatic stellate cell (HSC)-derived cytokines in hepatic inflammation and immunity. Cytokine 2018; 124:154542. [PMID: 30241896 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In their quiescent state, Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), are present in the sub-endothelial space of Disse and have minimal interaction with immune cells. However, upon activation following injury, HSCs directly or indirectly interact with various immune cells that enter the space of Disse and thereby regulate diverse hepatic function and immune physiology. Other than the normal physiological functions of HSCs such as hepatic homeostasis, maturation and differentiation, they also participate in hepatic inflammation by releasing a battery of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and interacting with other liver cells. Here, we have reviewed the role of HSC in the pathogenesis of liver inflammation and some infectious diseases in order to understand how the interplay between immune cells and HSCs regulates the overall outcome and disease pathology.
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28
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Liver fibrosis: Pathophysiology, pathogenetic targets and clinical issues. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 65:37-55. [PMID: 30213667 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 613] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The progression of chronic liver diseases (CLD), irrespective of etiology, involves chronic parenchymal injury, persistent activation of inflammatory response as well as sustained activation of liver fibrogenesis and wound healing response. Liver fibrogenesis, is a dynamic, highly integrated molecular, cellular and tissue process responsible for driving the excess accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components (i.e., liver fibrosis) sustained by an eterogeneous population of hepatic myofibroblasts (MFs). The process of liver fibrogenesis recognizes a number of common and etiology-independent mechanisms and events but it is also significantly influenced by the specific etiology, as also reflected by peculiar morphological patterns of liver fibrosis development. In this review we will analyze the most relevant established and/or emerging pathophysiological issues underlying CLD progression with a focus on the role of critical hepatic cell populations, mechanisms and signaling pathways involved, as they represent potential therapeutic targets, to finally analyze selected and relevant clinical issues.
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29
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Bartas M, Červeň J, Oppelt J, Peteja M, Vávra P, Zonča P, Procházka V, Brázda V, Pečinka P. Liver regeneration during the associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy procedure in Sus scrofa is positively modulated by stem cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:6309-6321. [PMID: 29616108 PMCID: PMC5876427 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This present study investigated the impact of the application of stem cells to liver regeneration following the first stage of associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS). The experiment was conducted on a pig model (n=6, 3 that did not receive application of stem cells, 3 that received application stem cells). Collected samples of liver (day 0 and 9 following surgery) were subjected to complete transcriptome sequencing. In total, 39 differentially expressed genes were found in the group without the application of the stem cells (genes of unwanted processes such as fibrosis and inflammation). In the group that did receive application of stem cells, no significantly differentially expressed genes were found, indicating a properly regenerated liver remnant. The present study therefore demonstrated, to the best of our knowledge for the first time, the positive effect of stem cells application in the liver regeneration process during ALPPS procedure in the pig model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bartas
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Červeň
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Institute of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Oppelt
- Centre for Structural Biology, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.,National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Centre for Structural Biology, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, 70852 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Matus Peteja
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital in Ostrava, 70852 Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Surgical Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70852 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Vávra
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital in Ostrava, 70852 Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Surgical Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70852 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Zonča
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital in Ostrava, 70852 Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Surgical Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70852 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Procházka
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital in Ostrava, 70852 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Brázda
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of The Czech Republic, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pečinka
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Institute of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic
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30
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The Roles of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 mRNA-Binding Protein 2 in Cancer and Cancer Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:4217259. [PMID: 29736175 PMCID: PMC5874980 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4217259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) mediate the localization, stability, and translation of the target transcripts and fine-tune the physiological functions of the proteins encoded. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 2 mRNA-binding protein (IGF2BP, IMP) family comprises three RBPs, IGF2BP1, IGF2BP2, and IGF2BP3, capable of associating with IGF2 and other transcripts and mediating their processing. IGF2BP2 represents the least understood member of this family of RBPs; however, it has been reported to participate in a wide range of physiological processes, such as embryonic development, neuronal differentiation, and metabolism. Its dysregulation is associated with insulin resistance, diabetes, and carcinogenesis and may potentially be a powerful biomarker and candidate target for relevant diseases. This review summarizes the structural features, regulation, and functions of IGF2BP2 and their association with cancer and cancer stem cells.
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31
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Carson JP, Ramm GA, Robinson MW, McManus DP, Gobert GN. Schistosome-Induced Fibrotic Disease: The Role of Hepatic Stellate Cells. Trends Parasitol 2018. [PMID: 29526403 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a common pathology in various liver diseases. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the main cell type responsible for collagen deposition and fibrosis formation in the liver. Schistosomiasis is characterised by granulomatous fibrosis around parasite eggs trapped within the liver and other host tissues. This response is facilitated by the recruitment of immune cells and the activation of HSCs. The interactions between HSCs and schistosome eggs are complex and diverse, and a better understanding of these interactions could lead to improved resolution of fibrotic liver disease, including that associated with schistosomiasis. Here, we discuss recent advances in HSC biology and the role of HSCs in hepatic schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack P Carson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Grant A Ramm
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 2000, Royal Brisbane Hospital QLD 4029, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Level 6, Oral Health Centre (Building), Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Mark W Robinson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Donald P McManus
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 2000, Royal Brisbane Hospital QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Geoffrey N Gobert
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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32
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Cannito S, Novo E, Parola M. Therapeutic pro-fibrogenic signaling pathways in fibroblasts. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 121:57-84. [PMID: 28578015 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myofibroblasts (MFs) play a critical role in the progression of chronic inflammatory and fibroproliferative diseases in different tissues/organs, whatever the etiology. Fibrosis is preceded and sustained by persistent injury and inflammatory response in a profibrogenic scenario involving mutual interactions, operated by several mediators and pathways, of MFs and related precursor cells with innate immunity cells and virtually any cell type in a defined tissue. These interactions, mediators and related signaling pathways are critical in initiating and perpetuating the differentiation of precursor cells into MFs that in different tissues share peculiar traits and phenotypic responses, including the ability to proliferate, produce ECM components, migrate and contribute to the modulation of inflammatory response and tissue angiogenesis. Literature studies related to liver, lung and kidney fibrosis have outlined a number of MF-related core regulatory fibrogenic signaling pathways conserved across these different organs and potentially targetable in order to develop effective antifibrotic therapeutic strategies.
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33
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Bian F, Jiang H, Man M, Mai K, Zhou H, Xu W, He G. Dietary gossypol suppressed postprandial TOR signaling and elevated ER stress pathways in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 312:E37-E47. [PMID: 27894064 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00285.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Gossypol is known to be a polyphenolic compound toxic to animals. However, its molecular targets are far from fully characterized. To evaluate the physiological and molecular effects of gossypol, we chose turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.), a carnivorous fish, as our model species. Juvenile turbots (7.83 ± 0.02 g) were fed diets containing gradient levels of gossypol at 0 (G0), 600 (G1), and 1,200 (G2) mg/kg diets for 11 wk. After the feeding trial, fish growth, body protein, and fat contents were significantly reduced in the G2 group compared with those of the G0 group (P < 0.05). Gossypol had little impact on digestive enzyme activities and intestine morphology. However, gossypol caused liver fibrosis and stimulated chemokine and proinflammatory cytokine secretions. More importantly, gossypol suppressed target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling and induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway in both the feeding experiment and cell cultures. Our results demonstrated that gossypol inhibited TOR signaling and elevated ER stress pathways both in vivo and in vitro, thus providing new mechanism of action of gossypol in nutritional physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyun Bian
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Haowen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingsan Man
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Kangsen Mai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Huihui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Gen He
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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34
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Hepatocyte TAZ/WWTR1 Promotes Inflammation and Fibrosis in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Cell Metab 2016; 24:848-862. [PMID: 28068223 PMCID: PMC5226184 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a leading cause of liver disease worldwide. However, the molecular basis of how benign steatosis progresses to NASH is incompletely understood, which has limited the identification of therapeutic targets. Here we show that the transcription regulator TAZ (WWTR1) is markedly higher in hepatocytes in human and murine NASH liver than in normal or steatotic liver. Most importantly, silencing of hepatocyte TAZ in murine models of NASH prevented or reversed hepatic inflammation, hepatocyte death, and fibrosis, but not steatosis. Moreover, hepatocyte-targeted expression of TAZ in a model of steatosis promoted NASH features, including fibrosis. In vitro and in vivo mechanistic studies revealed that a key mechanism linking hepatocyte TAZ to NASH fibrosis is TAZ/TEA domain (TEAD)-mediated induction of Indian hedgehog (Ihh), a secretory factor that activates fibrogenic genes in hepatic stellate cells. In summary, TAZ represents a previously unrecognized factor that contributes to the critical process of steatosis-to-NASH progression.
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Deushi M, Osaka M, Nakano K, Osada K, Egashira K, Yoshida M. Ezetimibe reduced hepatic steatosis induced by dietary oxysterols in nonhuman primates. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:1008-1015. [PMID: 27761360 PMCID: PMC5055037 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized cholesterol (oxysterols) plays an important and multifaceted role in lipid metabolism. Here we examined whether dietary oxysterols accelerate hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammation in nonhuman primates. We also examined the effect of the Niemann–Pick C1‐like1 inhibitor, ezetimibe (Ez). Macaca fascicularis (5‐year‐old males) were fed either regular cholesterol + high‐fat diet (control‐HFD) or oxysterols + high‐fat diet (ox‐HFD; with 0.015% of oxysterols cholesterol) for 24 weeks. Compared with control‐HFD, ox‐HFD did not affect plasma lipid levels, but it did affect hepatic lipid levels [total cholesterol, 40.9 mg·g−1 (ox‐HFD) versus 3.2 (control‐HFD) mg·g−1; triglycerides, 28.0 (ox‐HFD) versus 5.7 (control‐HFD) mg·g−1]. Ox‐HFD increased lipid accumulation as well as recruitment of inflammatory cells when compared to control‐HFD. We then examined the effects of Ez, 0.2 mg·kg−1·day−1 for 12 weeks. In addition to a significant reduction in dyslipidemia, Ez alleviated biochemical and pathological aspects of steatosis. Dietary oxysterols aggravate steatosis in nonhuman primates. Treatment with Ez may be a novel therapeutic approach to NAFLD by alleviating dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Deushi
- Department of Life Sciences and Bioethics Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Tokyo Medical and Dental University Japan
| | - Mizuko Osaka
- Department of Life Sciences and Bioethics Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Tokyo Medical and Dental University Japan
| | - Kaku Nakano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Kyoichi Osada
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry School of Agriculture Meiji University Kanagawa Japan
| | - Kensuke Egashira
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Masayuki Yoshida
- Department of Life Sciences and Bioethics Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Tokyo Medical and Dental University Japan
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Gieseck RL, Ramalingam TR, Hart KM, Vannella KM, Cantu DA, Lu WY, Ferreira-González S, Forbes SJ, Vallier L, Wynn TA. Interleukin-13 Activates Distinct Cellular Pathways Leading to Ductular Reaction, Steatosis, and Fibrosis. Immunity 2016; 45:145-58. [PMID: 27421703 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibroproliferative diseases are driven by dysregulated tissue repair responses and are a major cause of morbidity and mortality because they affect nearly every organ system. Type 2 cytokine responses are critically involved in tissue repair; however, the mechanisms that regulate beneficial regeneration versus pathological fibrosis are not well understood. Here, we have shown that the type 2 effector cytokine interleukin-13 simultaneously, yet independently, directed hepatic fibrosis and the compensatory proliferation of hepatocytes and biliary cells in progressive models of liver disease induced by interleukin-13 overexpression or after infection with Schistosoma mansoni. Using transgenic mice with interleukin-13 signaling genetically disrupted in hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, or resident tissue fibroblasts, we have revealed direct and distinct roles for interleukin-13 in fibrosis, steatosis, cholestasis, and ductular reaction. Together, these studies show that these mechanisms are simultaneously controlled but distinctly regulated by interleukin-13 signaling. Thus, it may be possible to promote interleukin-13-dependent hepatobiliary expansion without generating pathological fibrosis. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Gieseck
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Thirumalai R Ramalingam
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Kevin M Hart
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Kevin M Vannella
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - David A Cantu
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Wei-Yu Lu
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Sofía Ferreira-González
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Thomas A Wynn
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA.
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May RD, Fung M. Strategies targeting the IL-4/IL-13 axes in disease. Cytokine 2016; 75:89-116. [PMID: 26255210 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
IL-4 and IL-13 are pleiotropic Th2 cytokines produced by a wide variety of different cell types and responsible for a broad range of biology and functions. Physiologically, Th2 cytokines are known to mediate host defense against parasites but they can also trigger disease if their activities are dysregulated. In this review we discuss the rationale for targeting the IL-4/IL-13 axes in asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, COPD, cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune disease and fibrotic disease as well as evaluating the associated clinical data derived from blocking IL-4, IL-13 or IL-4 and IL-13 together.
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Borthwick LA, Wynn TA. IL-13 and TGF-β1: Core Mediators of Fibrosis. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-015-0091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
The pathophysiology of thyroid eye disease (TED) is complex and incompletely understood. Orbital fibroblasts (OFs) seem to be the key effector cells that are responsible for the characteristic soft tissue enlargement seen in TED. They express potentially pathogenic autoantigens, such as thyrotropin receptor and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor. An intricate interplay between these autoantigens and the autoantibodies found in Graves disease may lead to the activation of OFs, which then leads to increased hyaluronan production, proinflammatory cytokine synthesis, and enhanced differentiation into either myofibroblasts or adipocytes. Some of the OFs in TED patients seem to be derived from infiltrating fibrocytes. These cells originate from the bone marrow and exhibit both fibroblast and myeloid phenotype. In the TED orbit, they may mediate the orbital expansion and inflammatory infiltration. Last, lymphocytes and cytokines are intimately involved in the initiation, amplification, and maintenance of the autoimmune process in TED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon J C Shan
- Wilmer Eye Institute (SJCS), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and Kellogg Eye Center (RSD), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Fujisawa T, Joshi BH, Puri RK. Interleukin 13 receptor alpha 2 directed immunotherapy targets hepatic fibrosis and tumorigenesis induced by choline deficient diet in an in vivo mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Immunother Cancer 2014. [PMCID: PMC4292313 DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-2-s3-p182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Seth RK, Das S, Pourhoseini S, Dattaroy D, Igwe S, Ray JB, Fan D, Michelotti GA, Diehl AM, Chatterjee S. M1 polarization bias and subsequent nonalcoholic steatohepatitis progression is attenuated by nitric oxide donor DETA NONOate via inhibition of CYP2E1-induced oxidative stress in obese mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 352:77-89. [PMID: 25347994 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.218131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of M1 macrophages in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is produced by several external or endogenous factors: inflammatory stimuli, oxidative stress, and cytokines are known. However, any direct role of oxidative stress in causing M1 polarization in NASH has been unclear. We hypothesized that CYP2E1-mediated oxidative stress causes M1 polarization in experimental NASH, and that nitric oxide (NO) donor administration inhibits CYP2E1-mediated inflammation with concomitant attenuation of M1 polarization. Because CYP2E1 takes center stage in these studies, we used a toxin model of NASH that uses a ligand and a substrate of CYP2E1 for inducing NASH. Subsequently, we used a methionine and choline-deficient diet-induced rodent NASH model where the role of CYP2E1 in disease progression has been shown. Our results show that CYP2E1 causes M1 polarization bias, which includes a significant increase in interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-12 in both models of NASH, whereas CYP2E1-null mice or diallyl sulfide administration prevented it. Administration of gadolinium chloride (GdCl3), a macrophage toxin, attenuated both the initial M1 response and the subsequent M2 response, showing that the observed increase in cytokine levels is primarily from macrophages. Based on the evidence of an adaptive NO increase, the NO donor administration in vivo that mechanistically inhibited CYP2E1 catalyzed the oxidative stress during the entire study in NASH-abrogated M1 polarization and NASH progression. The results obtained show the association of CYP2E1 in M1 polarization, and that inhibition of CYP2E1 catalyzed oxidative stress by an NO donor (DETA NONOate [(Z)-1-[N-(2-aminoethyl)-N-(2-ammonioethyl)amino]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate]) can be a promising therapeutic strategy in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratanesh Kumar Seth
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (R.K.S., S.D., S.P., D.D., S.C.); School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), Dillard University, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.I., J.B.R.); Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina (D.F.); and Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (G.A.M., A.M.D.)
| | - Suvarthi Das
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (R.K.S., S.D., S.P., D.D., S.C.); School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), Dillard University, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.I., J.B.R.); Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina (D.F.); and Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (G.A.M., A.M.D.)
| | - Sahar Pourhoseini
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (R.K.S., S.D., S.P., D.D., S.C.); School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), Dillard University, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.I., J.B.R.); Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina (D.F.); and Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (G.A.M., A.M.D.)
| | - Diptadip Dattaroy
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (R.K.S., S.D., S.P., D.D., S.C.); School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), Dillard University, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.I., J.B.R.); Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina (D.F.); and Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (G.A.M., A.M.D.)
| | - Stephen Igwe
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (R.K.S., S.D., S.P., D.D., S.C.); School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), Dillard University, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.I., J.B.R.); Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina (D.F.); and Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (G.A.M., A.M.D.)
| | - Julie Basu Ray
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (R.K.S., S.D., S.P., D.D., S.C.); School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), Dillard University, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.I., J.B.R.); Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina (D.F.); and Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (G.A.M., A.M.D.)
| | - Daping Fan
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (R.K.S., S.D., S.P., D.D., S.C.); School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), Dillard University, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.I., J.B.R.); Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina (D.F.); and Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (G.A.M., A.M.D.)
| | - Gregory A Michelotti
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (R.K.S., S.D., S.P., D.D., S.C.); School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), Dillard University, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.I., J.B.R.); Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina (D.F.); and Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (G.A.M., A.M.D.)
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (R.K.S., S.D., S.P., D.D., S.C.); School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), Dillard University, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.I., J.B.R.); Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina (D.F.); and Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (G.A.M., A.M.D.)
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina (R.K.S., S.D., S.P., D.D., S.C.); School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), Dillard University, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.I., J.B.R.); Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina (D.F.); and Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (G.A.M., A.M.D.)
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Hammerich L, Tacke F. Interleukins in chronic liver disease: lessons learned from experimental mouse models. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2014; 7:297-306. [PMID: 25214799 PMCID: PMC4158890 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s43737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukins represent a class of immunomodulatory cytokines, small intercellular signaling proteins, that are critically involved in the regulation of immune responses. They are produced in large amounts by various cell types during inflammatory reactions, and the balance of cytokines determines the outcome of an immune response. Therefore, cytokines are regarded as interesting therapeutic targets for the treatment of patients with liver diseases. Mouse models provide a good tool for in vivo studies on cytokine function, as human and mouse cytokines share many homologies. Sophisticated mouse models either mimicking distinct pathological conditions or targeting cytokines and cytokine-signaling pathways in the liver or even in distinct cellular compartments have provided enormous insight into the different functions of interleukins during hepatic inflammation. Interleukins may have pro- as well as anti-inflammatory functions in chronic liver diseases, some interleukins even both, dependent on the inflammatory stimulus, the producing and the responding cell type. IL-17, for example, promotes hepatic fibrogenesis through activation of hepatic stellate cells and facilitates development of liver cancer through recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. IL-22, on the other hand, protects from development of fibrosis or steatohepatitis. IL-12 balances T-helper (Th)-1 and Th2 cell responses in infectious disease models. IL-13 and IL-33, two cytokines related to Th2 cells and innate lymphoid cells, promote fibrotic responses in the liver. IL-10 is the prototypic anti-inflammatory interleukin with tissue-protective functions during chronic liver injury and fibrogenesis. Despite its critical role for inducing the acute-phase response in the liver, IL-6 signaling is protective during fibrosis progression, but promotes hepatocellular carcinoma. Experimental studies in mice help to define the exact influence of a specific cytokine on the outcome of chronic liver diseases and to identify useful therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Hammerich
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Tan Y, Ge G, Pan T, Wen D, Gan J. A pilot study of serum microRNAs panel as potential biomarkers for diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105192. [PMID: 25141008 PMCID: PMC4139327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The invasive nature of liver biopsy makes the histopathological diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) difficult and its diagnostic performance unsatisfactory. The present study aimed to identify a serum microRNA (miRNA) expression profile that could serve as a novel diagnostic biomarker for NAFLD. Methods Serum miRNA expression was investigated using three cohorts comprising 465 participants (healthy controls and NAFLD patients) recruited between August 2010 and June 2013. miRNA expression was initially screened by Illumina sequencing using serum samples pooled from 20 patients and 20 controls. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay was then used to evaluate the expression of selected miRNAs. A logistic regression model was constructed using a training cohort (n = 242) and validated using another cohort (n = 183). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to evaluate diagnostic accuracy. Results We identified an miRNA panel (hsa-miR-122-5p, hsa-miR-1290, hsa-miR-27b-3p, and hsa-miR-192-5p) with a high diagnostic accuracy for NAFLD. The satisfactory diagnostic performance of the miRNA panel remained regardless of the NAFLD activity score (NAS) status. There was significant difference between the AUC values of the miRNA panel and those of ALT (AUC = 0.786, 95% CI = 0.717–0.855; P = 0.142) and FIB-4 (AUC = 0.795, 95% CI = 0.730–0.860; sensitivity = 69.9%, specificity = 83.7%. Conclusion We identified a serum microRNA panel with considerable clinical value in NAFLD diagnosis. The results indicate that the miRNA panel is a more sensitive and specific biomarker for NAFLD than ALT and FIB-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Hepatosis, The Third Hospital of Zhenjiang Affiliated Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guohong Ge
- Department of Hepatosis, The Third Hospital of Zhenjiang Affiliated Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Tengli Pan
- Department of Hepatosis, The Third Hospital of Zhenjiang Affiliated Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Danfeng Wen
- Department of Hepatosis, The Third Hospital of Zhenjiang Affiliated Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jianhe Gan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Oliveira VB, Ferreira AV, Oliveira MC, Teixeira MM, Brandão MG. Effects of Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. fruit on metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction induced by high refined carbohydrate-containing-diet in mice. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Xu J, Liu X, Koyama Y, Wang P, Lan T, Kim IG, Kim IH, Ma HY, Kisseleva T. The types of hepatic myofibroblasts contributing to liver fibrosis of different etiologies. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:167. [PMID: 25100997 PMCID: PMC4105921 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis results from dysregulation of normal wound healing, inflammation, activation of myofibroblasts, and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). Chronic liver injury causes death of hepatocytes and formation of apoptotic bodies, which in turn, release factors that recruit inflammatory cells (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes) to the injured liver. Hepatic macrophages (Kupffer cells) produce TGFβ1 and other inflammatory cytokines that activate Collagen Type I producing myofibroblasts, which are not present in the normal liver. Secretion of TGFβ1 and activation of myofibroblasts play a critical role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis of different etiologies. Although the composition of fibrogenic myofibroblasts varies dependent on etiology of liver injury, liver resident hepatic stellate cells and portal fibroblasts are the major source of myofibroblasts in fibrotic liver in both experimental models of liver fibrosis and in patients with liver disease. Several studies have demonstrated that hepatic fibrosis can reverse upon cessation of liver injury. Regression of liver fibrosis is accompanied by the disappearance of fibrogenic myofibroblasts followed by resorption of the fibrous scar. Myofibroblasts either apoptose or inactivate into a quiescent-like state (e.g., stop collagen production and partially restore expression of lipogenic genes). Resolution of liver fibrosis is associated with recruitment of macrophages that secrete matrix-degrading enzymes (matrix metalloproteinase, collagenases) and are responsible for fibrosis resolution. However, prolonged/repeated liver injury may cause irreversible crosslinking of ECM and formation of uncleavable collagen fibers. Advanced fibrosis progresses to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The current review will summarize the role and contribution of different cell types to populations of fibrogenic myofibroblasts in fibrotic liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiao Liu
- School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yukinori Koyama
- School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tian Lan
- School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - In-Gyu Kim
- School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - In H Kim
- School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hsiao-Yen Ma
- School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
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Rouberol F, Chiquet C. [Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: pathophysiology and clinical diagnosis]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2014; 37:557-65. [PMID: 24997864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) remains one of the most common causes of failed retinal detachment (RD) surgery. Many histological and clinical studies have highlighted the chain of events leading to PVR: cellular migration into the vitreous cavity, cellular differentiation, myofibroblast proliferation and activation, synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins, then contraction of preretinal tissues. The development of PVR can be explained schematically by cellular exposure to growth factors and cytokines (particularly retinal pigment epithelial cells and glial cells), in the context of break-down of the blood-retinal barrier (inflammation, choroidal detachment, iatrogenic effect of cryotherapy and surgery) and of cellular contact with the vitreous. Although the pathophysiology of PVR is now better understood, its severity remains an issue. A systematic search for preoperative PVR risk factors allows the most suitable therapeutic option to be chosen.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rouberol
- Centre d'ophtalmologie Kléber, 50, cours Franklin-Roosevelt, 69006 Lyon, France
| | - C Chiquet
- Clinique universitaire d'ophtalmologie, université J.-Fourier, CHU de Grenoble, CS 2017, 38043 Grenoble cedex 09, France.
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Simon Y, Kessler SM, Bohle RM, Haybaeck J, Kiemer AK. The insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) mRNA-binding protein p62/IGF2BP2-2 as a promoter of NAFLD and HCC? Gut 2014; 63:861-3. [PMID: 24173291 PMCID: PMC3995267 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Simon
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarbrücken, Saarland, Germany
| | - Sonja M Kessler
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarbrücken, Saarland, Germany,Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rainer M Bohle
- Department of Pathology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | | | - Alexandra K Kiemer
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarbrücken, Saarland, Germany
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Kramann R, DiRocco DP, Humphreys BD. Understanding the origin, activation and regulation of matrix-producing myofibroblasts for treatment of fibrotic disease. J Pathol 2013; 231:273-89. [PMID: 24006178 DOI: 10.1002/path.4253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis and scar formation results from chronic progressive injury in virtually every tissue and affects a growing number of people around the world. Myofibroblasts drive fibrosis, and recent work has demonstrated that mesenchymal cells, including pericytes and perivascular fibroblasts, are their main progenitors. Understanding the cellular mechanisms of pericyte/fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition, myofibroblast proliferation and the key signalling pathways that regulate these processes is essential to develop novel targeted therapeutics for the growing patient population suffering from solid organ fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about different progenitor cells of myofibroblasts, discuss major pathways that regulate their transdifferentiation and discuss the current status of novel targeted anti-fibrotic therapeutics in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Kramann
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; RWTH Aachen University, Division of Nephrology, Aachen, Germany
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O'Reilly S. Role of interleukin-13 in fibrosis, particularly systemic sclerosis. Biofactors 2013; 39:593-6. [PMID: 23893513 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation can lead to altered extracellular matrix deposition and ultimately fibrosis. Interleukin-13 (IL-13) is a cytokine that was found to promote IgE class switching and inhibit proinflammatory cytokines. However, it is now recognized as an important mediator in allergy and most importantly fibrosis. Indeed, animal studies with genetically deleted mice have demonstrated its critical role in fibrosis and although it shares over lapping functions with IL-4 it is the dominant cytokine in fibrosis. Systemic sclerosis is an autoimmune disease in which there is chronic inflammation and fibrosis. The disease is associated with a Th2 polarization and IL-13 levels are elevated both in the blood and in the skin of patients. This review will examine the role of IL-13 in driving fibrosis with a particular emphasis on systemic sclerosis as a prototypical fibrotic disease. It will highlight recent research into the role of IL-13 and how this cytokine may be targeted in systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven O'Reilly
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Ferreira TPT, de Arantes ACS, do Nascimento CVMF, Olsen PC, Trentin PG, Rocco PRM, Hogaboam CM, Puri RK, Martins MA, Silva PMRE. IL-13 Immunotoxin Accelerates Resolution of Lung Pathological Changes Triggered by Silica Particles in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5220-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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