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Ma L, Mi N, Wang Z, Bao R, Fang J, Ren Y, Xu X, Zhang H, Tang Y. Knockdown of IRF8 alleviates neuroinflammation through regulating microglial activation in Parkinson's disease. J Chem Neuroanat 2024; 138:102424. [PMID: 38670441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2024.102424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation associated with microglial activation plays a role in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). The upregulation of interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) in microglia following peripheral nerve injury has been observed to induce microglial activation. This suggests the potential therapeutic significance of IRF8 in PD. This research aims to explore the effects of IRF8 on the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mouse model and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation, along with its underlying mechanisms. The study examines the differential expression of IRF8 and its effects on neuropathological changes using a PD mouse model and a PD model established from BV2 cells in vitro. IRF8 was found to be prominently expressed in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) region of PD mice and LPS-stimulated BV2 cells, while the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine (DA) content in the SNpc region of PD mice was notably reduced. MPTP treatment and LPS stimulation intensified microglial activation, inflammation, and activation of the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro, respectively. Upon IRF8 silencing in the PD mouse and cell models, the knockdown of IRF8 ameliorated MPTP-induced behavioral deficits, increased the counts of TH and Nissl-positive neurons and DA content, reduced the number of Iba-1-positive microglia, and reduced the content of inflammatory factors, possibly by inhibiting the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. Similar outcomes were observed in the PD cell model. In conclusion, the suppression of IRF8 alleviates neuroinflammation through regulating microglial activation in PD models in vivo and in vitro by the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Department of Neurology, Jilin City Hospital of Chemical Industry, Jilin City, Jilin, China
| | - Na Mi
- Department of Neurology, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Rui Bao
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yajing Ren
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiuzhi Xu
- General Medical Department, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongjia Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Jilin City Hospital of Chemical Industry, Jilin City, Jilin, China.
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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Namba K, Tominaga T, Ishihara Y. Decreases in the number of microglia and neural circuit dysfunction elicited by developmental exposure to neonicotinoid pesticides in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:3944-3955. [PMID: 38581179 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are insecticides widely used in the world. Although neonicotinoids are believed to be toxic only to insects, their developmental neurotoxicity in mammals is a concern. Therefore, we examined the effects of developmental exposure to neonicotinoids on immune system in the brain and post-developmental behaviors in this study. Imidacloprid or clothianidin was orally administered to dams at a dosage of 0.1 mg/kg/day from embryonic day 11 to postnatal day 21. Imidacloprid decreased sociability, and both imidacloprid and clothianidin decreased locomotor activity and induced anxiety, depression and abnormal repetitive behaviors after the developmental period. There was no change in the number of neurons in the hippocampus of mice exposed to imidacloprid. However, the number and activity of microglia during development were significantly decreased by imidacloprid exposure. Imidacloprid also induced neural circuit dysfunction in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus during the early postnatal period. Exposure to imidacloprid suppressed the expression of csf1r during development. Collectively, these results suggest that developmental exposure to imidacloprid decreases the number and activity of microglia, which can cause neural circuit dysfunction and abnormal behaviors after the developmental period. Care must be taken to avoid exposure to neonicotinoids, especially during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaede Namba
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Tominaga
- Institute of Neuroscience, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ishihara
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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3
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Hu W, Wang M, Sun G, Zhang L, Lu H. RND3 modulates microglial polarization and alleviates neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Exp Cell Res 2024; 439:114088. [PMID: 38744409 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation mediated by microglia plays an important role in the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Rho family GTPase 3 (RND3) exerts anti-inflammatory effects and may act as a potential new inducer of neuroprotective phenotypes in microglia. However, whether RND3 can be used to regulate microglia activation or reduce neuroinflammation in PD remains elusive. The study investigated the microglia modulating effects and potential anti-inflammatory effects of RND3 in vivo and in vitro, using animal models of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD and cell models of BV-2 cells stimulated by LPS plus IFN-γ with or without RND3-overexpression. The results showed that RND3 was highly expressed in the MPTP-induced PD mouse model and BV-2 cells treated with LPS and IFN-γ. In vivo experiments confirmed that RND3 overexpression could modulate microglia phenotype and ameliorate MPTP-induced neuroinflammation through inhibiting activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). In vitro study showed that RND3 overexpression could attenuate the production of pro-inflammatory factors in BV2 cells stimulated by LPS and IFN-γ. Mechanistically, RND3 reduced the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome upon LPS and IFN-γ stimulation. Taken together, these findings suggest that RND3 modulates microglial polarization and alleviates neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Menghan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Guifang Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Hong Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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Jiang Z, He Q, Wezeman J, Darvas M, Ladiges W. A cocktail of rapamycin, acarbose, and phenylbutyrate prevents age-related cognitive decline in mice by targeting multiple aging pathways. GeroScience 2024:10.1007/s11357-024-01198-w. [PMID: 38755466 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01198-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging is a primary risk factor for cognitive impairment and exacerbates multiple biological processes in the brain, including but not limited to nutrient sensing, insulin signaling, and histone deacetylation activity. Therefore, a pharmaceutical intervention of aging that targets distinct but overlapping pathways provides a basis for testing combinations of drugs as a cocktail. Our previous study showed that middle-aged mice treated with a cocktail of rapamycin, acarbose, and phenylbutyrate for 3 months had increased resilience to age-related cognitive decline. This finding provided the rationale to investigate the transcriptomic and molecular changes within the brains of mice that received this cocktail treatment or control treatment. Transcriptomic profiles were generated through ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing, and pathway analysis was performed by gene set enrichment analysis to evaluate the overall RNA message effect of the drug cocktail. Molecular endpoints representing aging pathways were measured using immunohistochemistry to further validate the attenuation of brain aging in the hippocampus of mice that received the cocktail treatment, each individual drug or control. Results showed that biological processes that enhance aging were suppressed, with an increased trend of autophagy in the brains of mice given the drug cocktail. The molecular endpoint assessments indicated that treatment with the drug cocktail was overall more effective than any of the individual drugs for relieving cognitive impairment by targeting multiple aging pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Jiang
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Qianpei He
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jackson Wezeman
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martin Darvas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Warren Ladiges
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Hou J, Chen Y, Cai Z, Heo GS, Yuede CM, Wang Z, Lin K, Saadi F, Trsan T, Nguyen AT, Constantopoulos E, Larsen RA, Zhu Y, Wagner ND, McLaughlin N, Kuang XC, Barrow AD, Li D, Zhou Y, Wang S, Gilfillan S, Gross ML, Brioschi S, Liu Y, Holtzman DM, Colonna M. Antibody-mediated targeting of human microglial leukocyte Ig-like receptor B4 attenuates amyloid pathology in a mouse model. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadj9052. [PMID: 38569016 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adj9052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Microglia help limit the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by constraining amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology, effected through a balance of activating and inhibitory intracellular signals delivered by distinct cell surface receptors. Human leukocyte Ig-like receptor B4 (LILRB4) is an inhibitory receptor of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily that is expressed on myeloid cells and recognizes apolipoprotein E (ApoE) among other ligands. Here, we find that LILRB4 is highly expressed in the microglia of patients with AD. Using mice that accumulate Aβ and carry a transgene encompassing a portion of the LILR region that includes LILRB4, we corroborated abundant LILRB4 expression in microglia wrapping around Aβ plaques. Systemic treatment of these mice with an anti-human LILRB4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) reduced Aβ load, mitigated some Aβ-related behavioral abnormalities, enhanced microglia activity, and attenuated expression of interferon-induced genes. In vitro binding experiments established that human LILRB4 binds both human and mouse ApoE and that anti-human LILRB4 mAb blocks such interaction. In silico modeling, biochemical, and mutagenesis analyses identified a loop between the two extracellular Ig domains of LILRB4 required for interaction with mouse ApoE and further indicated that anti-LILRB4 mAb may block LILRB4-mApoE by directly binding this loop. Thus, targeting LILRB4 may be a potential therapeutic avenue for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Hou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zhangying Cai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gyu Seong Heo
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carla M Yuede
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zuoxu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kent Lin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Fareeha Saadi
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tihana Trsan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aivi T Nguyen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Eleni Constantopoulos
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Rachel A Larsen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yiyang Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nicole D Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nolan McLaughlin
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xinyi Cynthia Kuang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alexander D Barrow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Dian Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yingyue Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shoutang Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Simone Brioschi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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6
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Tewari M, Michalski S, Egan TM. Modulation of Microglial Function by ATP-Gated P2X7 Receptors: Studies in Rat, Mice and Human. Cells 2024; 13:161. [PMID: 38247852 PMCID: PMC10814008 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors are a family of seven ATP-gated ion channels that trigger physiological and pathophysiological responses in a variety of cells. Five of the family members are sensitive to low concentrations of extracellular ATP, while the P2X6 receptor has an unknown affinity. The last subtype, the P2X7 receptor, is unique in requiring millimolar concentrations to fully activate in humans. This low sensitivity imparts the agonist with the ability to act as a damage-associated molecular pattern that triggers the innate immune response in response to the elevated levels of extracellular ATP that accompany inflammation and tissue damage. In this review, we focus on microglia because they are the primary immune cells of the central nervous system, and they activate in response to ATP or its synthetic analog, BzATP. We start by introducing purinergic receptors and then briefly consider the roles that microglia play in neurodevelopment and disease by referencing both original works and relevant reviews. Next, we move to the role of extracellular ATP and P2X receptors in initiating and/or modulating innate immunity in the central nervous system. While most of the data that we review involve work on mice and rats, we highlight human studies of P2X7R whenever possible.
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He Y, Liu T, He Q, Ke W, Li X, Du J, Deng S, Shu Z, Wu J, Yang B, Wang Y, Mao Y, Rao Y, Shu Y, Peng B. Microglia facilitate and stabilize the response to general anesthesia via modulating the neuronal network in a brain region-specific manner. eLife 2023; 12:RP92252. [PMID: 38131301 PMCID: PMC10746144 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia leads to a loss of consciousness and an unrousable state in patients. Although general anesthetics are widely used in clinical practice, their underlying mechanisms remain elusive. The potential involvement of nonneuronal cells is unknown. Microglia are important immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that play critical roles in CNS function and dysfunction. We unintentionally observed delayed anesthesia induction and early anesthesia emergence in microglia-depleted mice. We found that microglial depletion differentially regulates neuronal activities by suppressing the neuronal network of anesthesia-activated brain regions and activating emergence-activated brain regions. Thus, microglia facilitate and stabilize the anesthesia status. This influence is not mediated by dendritic spine plasticity. Instead, it relies on the activation of microglial P2Y12 and subsequent calcium influx, which facilitates the general anesthesia response. Together, we elucidate the regulatory role of microglia in general anesthesia, extending our knowledge of how nonneuronal cells modulate neuronal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Taohui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Quansheng He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Ke
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jinjin Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhouChina
| | - Suixin Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhenfeng Shu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jialin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Baozhi Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhouChina
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhouChina
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yanxia Rao
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Department of Laboratory Animal Science, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yousheng Shu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Co-Innovation Center of Neurodegeneration, Nantong UniversityNantongChina
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Katoku-Kikyo N, Lim S, Yuan C, Koroth J, Nakagawa Y, Bradley EW, Kikyo N. The circadian regulator PER1 promotes cell reprogramming by inhibiting inflammatory signaling from macrophages. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002419. [PMID: 38048364 PMCID: PMC10721173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian regulation of gene expression is prevalent and plays critical roles in cell differentiation. However, its roles in the reprogramming of differentiated cells remain largely unknown. Here, we found that one of the master circadian regulators PER1 promoted virus-mediated reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to induced neurons (iNs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Unexpectedly, PER1 achieved this by repressing inflammatory activation of contaminating macrophages in the MEF culture, rather than by directly modulating the reprogrammability of MEFs. More specifically, we found that transduced viruses activated inflammatory genes in macrophages, such as Tnf encoding TNFα, one of the central inflammatory regulators and an autocrine activator of macrophages. TNFα inhibited iN reprogramming, whereas a TNFα inhibitor promoted iN reprogramming, connecting the inflammatory responses to iN reprogramming. In addition, macrophages were induced to proliferate and mature by non-macrophage cells serving as feeders, which also supported up-regulation of TNFα in macrophages without virus transduction. Furthermore, the 2 inflammatory responses were repressed by the circadian regulator PER1 in macrophages, making reprogrammability dependent on time-of-day of virus transduction. Similar results were obtained with iPSC reprogramming, suggesting a wide occurrence of macrophage-mediated inhibition of cell reprogramming. This study uncovers mechanistic links between cell reprogramming, bystander inflammatory macrophages, and circadian rhythms, which are particularly relevant to in vivo reprogramming and organoid formation incorporating immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Katoku-Kikyo
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Seunghyun Lim
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ce Yuan
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jinsha Koroth
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Yasushi Nakagawa
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth W. Bradley
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Nobuaki Kikyo
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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9
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Taylor X, Clark IM, Fitzgerald GJ, Oluoch H, Hole JT, DeMattos RB, Wang Y, Pan F. Amyloid-β (Aβ) immunotherapy induced microhemorrhages are associated with activated perivascular macrophages and peripheral monocyte recruitment in Alzheimer's disease mice. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:59. [PMID: 37649100 PMCID: PMC10469415 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00649-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) have been identified as the most common and serious adverse events resulting from pathological changes in the cerebral vasculature during several recent anti-amyloid-β (Aβ) immunotherapy trials. However, the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying how amyloid immunotherapy enhances cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA)-mediated alterations in vascular permeability and microhemorrhages are not currently understood. Interestingly, brain perivascular macrophages have been implicated in regulating CAA deposition and cerebrovascular function however, further investigations are required to understand how perivascular macrophages play a role in enhancing CAA-related vascular permeability and microhemorrhages associated with amyloid immunotherapy. METHODS In this study, we examined immune responses induced by amyloid-targeting antibodies and CAA-induced microhemorrhages using histology and gene expression analyses in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models and primary culture systems. RESULTS In the present study, we demonstrate that anti-Aβ (3D6) immunotherapy leads to the formation of an antibody immune complex with vascular amyloid deposits and induces the activation of CD169+ perivascular macrophages. We show that macrophages activated by antibody mediated Fc receptor signaling have increased expression of inflammatory signaling and extracellular matrix remodeling genes such as Timp1 and MMP9 in vitro and confirm these key findings in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate enhanced vascular permeability of plasma proteins and recruitment of inflammatory monocytes around vascular amyloid deposits, which are associated with hemosiderin deposits from cerebral microhemorrhages, suggesting the multidimensional roles of activated perivascular macrophages in response to Aβ immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our study establishes a connection between Aβ antibodies engaged at CAA deposits, the activation of perivascular macrophages, and the upregulation of genes involved in vascular permeability. However, the implications of this phenomenon on the susceptibility to microhemorrhages remain to be fully elucidated. Further investigations are warranted to determine the precise role of CD169 + perivascular macrophages in enhancing CAA-mediated vascular permeability, extravasation of plasma proteins, and infiltration of immune cells associated with microhemorrhages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Taylor
- Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Isaiah M Clark
- Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Griffin J Fitzgerald
- Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Herold Oluoch
- Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Justin T Hole
- Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Ronald B DeMattos
- Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA.
| | - Yaming Wang
- Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Feng Pan
- Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
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10
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Strizova Z, Benesova I, Bartolini R, Novysedlak R, Cecrdlova E, Foley L, Striz I. M1/M2 macrophages and their overlaps - myth or reality? Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:1067-1093. [PMID: 37530555 PMCID: PMC10407193 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages represent heterogeneous cell population with important roles in defence mechanisms and in homoeostasis. Tissue macrophages from diverse anatomical locations adopt distinct activation states. M1 and M2 macrophages are two polarized forms of mononuclear phagocyte in vitro differentiation with distinct phenotypic patterns and functional properties, but in vivo, there is a wide range of different macrophage phenotypes in between depending on the microenvironment and natural signals they receive. In human infections, pathogens use different strategies to combat macrophages and these strategies include shaping the macrophage polarization towards one or another phenotype. Macrophages infiltrating the tumours can affect the patient's prognosis. M2 macrophages have been shown to promote tumour growth, while M1 macrophages provide both tumour-promoting and anti-tumour properties. In autoimmune diseases, both prolonged M1 activation, as well as altered M2 function can contribute to their onset and activity. In human atherosclerotic lesions, macrophages expressing both M1 and M2 profiles have been detected as one of the potential factors affecting occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. In allergic inflammation, T2 cytokines drive macrophage polarization towards M2 profiles, which promote airway inflammation and remodelling. M1 macrophages in transplantations seem to contribute to acute rejection, while M2 macrophages promote the fibrosis of the graft. The view of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages suppressing inflammation seems to be an oversimplification because these cells exploit very high level of plasticity and represent a large scale of different immunophenotypes with overlapping properties. In this respect, it would be more precise to describe macrophages as M1-like and M2-like.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Strizova
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 15006, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Benesova
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 15006, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robin Bartolini
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, U.K
| | - Rene Novysedlak
- Third Department of Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 15006, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Cecrdlova
- Department of Clinical and Transplant Immunology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lily Koumbas Foley
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, U.K
| | - Ilja Striz
- Department of Clinical and Transplant Immunology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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11
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Brioschi S, Belk JA, Peng V, Molgora M, Rodrigues PF, Nguyen KM, Wang S, Du S, Wang WL, Grajales-Reyes GE, Ponce JM, Yuede CM, Li Q, Baer JM, DeNardo DG, Gilfillan S, Cella M, Satpathy AT, Colonna M. A Cre-deleter specific for embryo-derived brain macrophages reveals distinct features of microglia and border macrophages. Immunity 2023; 56:1027-1045.e8. [PMID: 36791722 PMCID: PMC10175109 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Genetic tools to target microglia specifically and efficiently from the early stages of embryonic development are lacking. We generated a constitutive Cre line controlled by the microglia signature gene Crybb1 that produced nearly complete recombination in embryonic brain macrophages (microglia and border-associated macrophages [BAMs]) by the perinatal period, with limited recombination in peripheral myeloid cells. Using this tool in combination with Flt3-Cre lineage tracer, single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis, and confocal imaging, we resolved embryonic-derived versus monocyte-derived BAMs in the mouse cortex. Deletion of the transcription factor SMAD4 in microglia and embryonic-derived BAMs using Crybb1-Cre caused a developmental arrest of microglia, which instead acquired a BAM specification signature. By contrast, the development of genuine BAMs remained unaffected. Our results reveal that SMAD4 drives a transcriptional and epigenetic program that is indispensable for the commitment of brain macrophages to the microglia fate and highlight Crybb1-Cre as a tool for targeting embryonic brain macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Brioschi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Julia A Belk
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Peng
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Martina Molgora
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Patrick Fernandes Rodrigues
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Khai M Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shoutang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Siling Du
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Wei-Le Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gary E Grajales-Reyes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer M Ponce
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carla M Yuede
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Qingyun Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - John M Baer
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - David G DeNardo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marina Cella
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ansuman T Satpathy
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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12
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Modvig S, Jeyakumar J, Marquart HV, Christensen C. Integrins and the Metastasis-like Dissemination of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia to the Central Nervous System. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092504. [PMID: 37173970 PMCID: PMC10177281 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) disseminates with high prevalence to the central nervous system (CNS) in a process resembling aspects of the CNS surveillance of normal immune cells as well as aspects of brain metastasis from solid cancers. Importantly, inside the CNS, the ALL blasts are typically confined within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled cavities of the subarachnoid space, which they use as a sanctuary protected from both chemotherapy and immune cells. At present, high cumulative doses of intrathecal chemotherapy are administered to patients, but this is associated with neurotoxicity and CNS relapse still occurs. Thus, it is imperative to identify markers and novel therapy targets specific to CNS ALL. Integrins represent a family of adhesion molecules involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, implicated in the adhesion and migration of metastatic cancer cells, normal immune cells, and leukemic blasts. The ability of integrins to also facilitate cell-adhesion mediated drug resistance, combined with recent discoveries of integrin-dependent routes of leukemic cells into the CNS, have sparked a renewed interest in integrins as markers and therapeutic targets in CNS leukemia. Here, we review the roles of integrins in CNS surveillance by normal lymphocytes, dissemination to the CNS by ALL cells, and brain metastasis from solid cancers. Furthermore, we discuss whether ALL dissemination to the CNS abides by known hallmarks of metastasis, and the potential roles of integrins in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Modvig
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jenani Jeyakumar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Vibeke Marquart
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Christensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Bhatti JS, Khullar N, Mishra J, Kaur S, Sehrawat A, Sharma E, Bhatti GK, Selman A, Reddy PH. Stem cells in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease - Promises and pitfalls. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166712. [PMID: 37030521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most widespread form of neurodegenerative disorder that causes memory loss and multiple cognitive issues. The underlying mechanisms of AD include the build-up of amyloid-β and phosphorylated tau, synaptic damage, elevated levels of microglia and astrocytes, abnormal microRNAs, mitochondrial dysfunction, hormonal imbalance, and age-related neuronal loss. However, the etiology of AD is complex and involves a multitude of environmental and genetic factors. Currently, available AD medications only alleviate symptoms and do not provide a permanent cure. Therefore, there is a need for therapies that can prevent or reverse cognitive decline, brain tissue loss, and neural instability. Stem cell therapy is a promising treatment for AD because stem cells possess the unique ability to differentiate into any type of cell and maintain their self-renewal. This article provides an overview of the pathophysiology of AD and existing pharmacological treatments. This review article focuses on the role of various types of stem cells in neuroregeneration, the potential challenges, and the future of stem cell-based therapies for AD, including nano delivery and gaps in stem cell technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
| | - Naina Khullar
- Department of Zoology, Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India
| | - Jayapriya Mishra
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Satinder Kaur
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Abhishek Sehrawat
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Eva Sharma
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Gurjit Kaur Bhatti
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, University Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Ashley Selman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, 1301 Akron Ave, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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14
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Huang J, Su B, Karhunen V, Gill D, Zuber V, Ahola-Olli A, Palaniswamy S, Auvinen J, Herzig KH, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Salmi M, Jalkanen S, Lehtimäki T, Salomaa V, Raitakari OT, Matthews PM, Elliott P, Tsilidis KK, Jarvelin MR, Tzoulaki I, Dehghan A. Inflammatory Diseases, Inflammatory Biomarkers, and Alzheimer Disease: An Observational Analysis and Mendelian Randomization. Neurology 2023; 100:e568-e581. [PMID: 36384659 PMCID: PMC9946179 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Whether chronic autoimmune inflammatory diseases causally affect the risk of Alzheimer disease (AD) is controversial. We characterized the relationship between inflammatory diseases and risk of AD and explored the role of circulating inflammatory biomarkers in the relationships between inflammatory diseases and AD. METHODS We performed observational analyses for chronic autoimmune inflammatory diseases and risk of AD using data from 2,047,513 participants identified in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). Using data of a total of more than 1,100,000 individuals from 15 large-scale genome-wide association study data sets, we performed 2-sample Mendelian randomizations (MRs) to investigate the relationships between chronic autoimmune inflammatory diseases, circulating inflammatory biomarker levels, and risk of AD. RESULTS Cox regression models using CPRD data showed that the overall incidence of AD was higher among patients with inflammatory bowel disease (hazard ratio [HR] 1.17; 95% CI 1.15-1.19; p = 2.1 × 10-4), other inflammatory polyarthropathies and systematic connective tissue disorders (HR 1.13; 95% CI 1.12-1.14; p = 8.6 × 10-5), psoriasis (HR 1.13; 95% CI 1.10-1.16; p = 2.6 × 10-4), rheumatoid arthritis (HR 1.08; 95% CI 1.06-1.11; p = 4.0 × 10-4), and multiple sclerosis (HR 1.06; 95% CI 1.04-1.07; p = 2.8 × 10-4) compared with the age (±5 years) and sex-matched comparison groups free from all inflammatory diseases under investigation. Bidirectional MR analysis identified relationships between chronic autoimmune inflammatory diseases and circulating inflammatory biomarkers. Particularly, circulating monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG) level was suggestively associated with a higher risk of AD (odds ratio from inverse variance weighted [ORIVW] 1.23; 95% CI 1.06-1.42; p IVW = 0.007) and lower risk of Crohn disease (ORIVW 0.73; 95% CI -0.62 to 0.86; p IVW = 1.3 × 10-4). Colocalization supported a common causal single nucleotide polymorphism for MIG and Crohn disease (posterior probability = 0.74), but not AD (posterior probability = 0.03). Using a 2-sample MR approach, genetically predicted risks of inflammatory diseases were not associated with higher AD risk. DISCUSSION Our data suggest that the association between inflammatory diseases and risk of AD is unlikely to be causal and may be a result of confounding. In support, although inflammatory biomarkers showed evidence for causal associations with inflammatory diseases, evidence was weak that they affected both inflammatory disease and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Bowen Su
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Ville Karhunen
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Dipender Gill
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Verena Zuber
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Ari Ahola-Olli
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Saranya Palaniswamy
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Juha Auvinen
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Marko Salmi
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M Matthews
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Elliott
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos K Tsilidis
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Ioanna Tzoulaki
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.H., B.S., V.K., D.G., V.Z., S.P., P.E., K.K.T., M.-r.J., A.D.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS) (J.H.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Center for Life Course Health Research (V.K., S.P., J.A., S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences (V.K.), University of Oulu, Finland; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research (A.A.-O.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit (A.A.-O.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (A.A.-O.), University of Helsinki; Research Unit of Biomedicine (K.-H.H.), Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism (K.-H.H.), Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Unit of Primary Care (S.K.-K., M.-r.J.), Oulu University Hospital; Healthcare and Social Services of Selänne (S.K.-K., I.T.), Pyhäjärvi, Finland and City of Oulu; MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine (M.S., S.J.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (V.S.), Helsinki; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital; Centre for Population Health Research (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Brain Sciences (P.M.M.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London (P.M.M., P.E.); MRC Centre for Environment and Health (P.E., M.-r.J.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology (K.K.T.), University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece; Biocenter Oulu (M.-r.J.), University of Oulu, Finland; and Department of Life Sciences (M.-r.J.), College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom.
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15
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Fernandez A, Gomez MT, Vidal R. Lack of ApoE inhibits ADan amyloidosis in a mouse model of familial Danish dementia. J Biol Chem 2022; 299:102751. [PMID: 36436561 PMCID: PMC9792896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Apolipoprotein E-ε4 allele (APOE-ε4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for late onset Alzheimer disease (AD). ApoE plays a critical role in amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation in AD, and genetic deletion of the murine ApoE gene in mouse models results in a decrease or inhibition of Aβ deposition. The association between the presence of ApoE and amyloid in amyloidoses suggests a more general role for ApoE in the fibrillogenesis process. However, whether decreasing levels of ApoE would attenuate amyloid pathology in different amyloidoses has not been directly addressed. Familial Danish dementia (FDD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease characterized by the presence of widespread parenchymal and vascular Danish amyloid (ADan) deposition and neurofibrillary tangles. A transgenic mouse model for FDD (Tg-FDD) is characterized by parenchymal and vascular ADan deposition. To determine the effect of decreasing ApoE levels on ADan accumulation in vivo, we generated a mouse model by crossing Tg-FDD mice with ApoE KO mice (Tg-FDD+/-/ApoE-/-). Lack of ApoE results in inhibition of ADan deposition up to 18 months of age. Additionally, our results from a genetic screen of Tg-FDD+/-/ApoE-/- mice emphasize the significant role for ApoE in neurodegeneration in FDD via glial-mediated mechanisms. Taken together, our findings suggest that the interaction between ApoE and ADan plays a key role in FDD pathogenesis, in addition to the known role for ApoE in amyloid plaque formation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anllely Fernandez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Maria-Teresa Gomez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Ruben Vidal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA,For correspondence: Ruben Vidal
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16
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Microglial debris is cleared by astrocytes via C4b-facilitated phagocytosis and degraded via RUBICON-dependent noncanonical autophagy in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6233. [PMID: 36280666 PMCID: PMC9592609 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33932-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are important immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that undergo turnover throughout the lifespan. If microglial debris is not removed in a timely manner, accumulated debris may influence CNS function. Clearance of microglial debris is crucial for CNS homeostasis. However, underlying mechanisms remain obscure. We here investigate how dead microglia are removed. We find that although microglia can phagocytose microglial debris in vitro, the territory-dependent competition hinders the microglia-to-microglial debris engulfment in vivo. In contrast, microglial debris is mainly phagocytosed by astrocytes in the brain, facilitated by C4b opsonization. The engulfed microglial fragments are then degraded in astrocytes via RUBICON-dependent LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), a form of noncanonical autophagy. Interference with C4b-mediated engulfment and subsequent LAP disrupt the removal and degradation of microglial debris, respectively. Together, we elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of microglial debris removal in mice, extending the knowledge on the maintenance of CNS homeostasis.
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17
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Mercau ME, Patwa S, Bhat KPL, Ghosh S, Rothlin CV. Cell death in development, maintenance, and diseases of the nervous system. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:725-738. [PMID: 35508671 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00938-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell death, be it of neurons or glial cells, marks the development of the nervous system. Albeit relatively less so than in tissues such as the gut, cell death is also a feature of nervous system homeostasis-especially in context of adult neurogenesis. Finally, cell death is commonplace in acute brain injuries, chronic neurodegenerative diseases, and in some central nervous system tumors such as glioblastoma. Recent studies are enumerating the various molecular modalities involved in the execution of cells. Intimately linked with cell death are mechanisms of disposal that remove the dead cell and bring about a tissue-level response. Heretofore, the association between these methods of dying and physiological or pathological responses has remained nebulous. It is envisioned that careful cartography of death and disposal may reveal novel understandings of disease states and chart new therapeutic strategies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Mercau
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Siraj Patwa
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Krishna P L Bhat
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Division of Pathology-Lab Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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18
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Cai S, Lei T, Bi W, Sun S, Deng S, Zhang X, Yang Y, Xiao Z, Du H. Chitosan Hydrogel Supplemented with Metformin Promotes Neuron-like Cell Differentiation of Gingival Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063276. [PMID: 35328696 PMCID: PMC8955038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Human gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) are derived from migratory neural crest stem cells and have the potential to differentiate into neurons. Metformin can inhibit stem–cell aging and promotes the regeneration and development of neurons. In this study, we investigated the potential of metformin as an enhancer on neuronal differentiation of GMSCs in the growth environment of chitosan hydrogel. The crosslinked chitosan/β–glycerophosphate hydrogel can form a perforated microporous structure that is suitable for cell growth and channels to transport water and macromolecules. GMSCs have powerful osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic abilities in the induction medium supplemented with metformin. After induction in an induction medium supplemented with metformin, Western blot and immunofluorescence results showed that GMSCs differentiated into neuron–like cells with a significantly enhanced expression of neuro–related markers, including Nestin (NES) and β–Tubulin (TUJ1). Proteomics was used to construct protein profiles in neural differentiation, and the results showed that chitosan hydrogels containing metformin promoted the upregulation of neural regeneration–related proteins, including ATP5F1, ATP5J, NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe–S protein 3 (NDUFS3), and Glutamate Dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1). Our results help to promote the clinical application of stem–cell neural regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanglin Cai
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (S.C.); (T.L.); (W.B.); (S.D.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.X.)
- Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tong Lei
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (S.C.); (T.L.); (W.B.); (S.D.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.X.)
- Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wangyu Bi
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (S.C.); (T.L.); (W.B.); (S.D.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.X.)
- Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shutao Sun
- Institutional Center for Shared Technologies and Facilities, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Shiwen Deng
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (S.C.); (T.L.); (W.B.); (S.D.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.X.)
| | - Xiaoshuang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (S.C.); (T.L.); (W.B.); (S.D.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.X.)
- Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanjie Yang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (S.C.); (T.L.); (W.B.); (S.D.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.X.)
- Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (S.C.); (T.L.); (W.B.); (S.D.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.X.)
- Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hongwu Du
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (S.C.); (T.L.); (W.B.); (S.D.); (X.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.X.)
- Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence:
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19
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Munro DAD, Movahedi K, Priller J. Macrophage compartmentalization in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid system. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabk0391. [PMID: 35245085 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abk0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages reside within the diverse anatomical compartments of the central nervous system (CNS). Within each compartment, these phagocytes are exposed to unique combinations of niche signals and mechanical stimuli that instruct their tissue-specific identities. Whereas most CNS macrophages are tissue-embedded, the macrophages of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) system are bathed in an oscillating liquid. Studies using multiomics technologies have recently uncovered the transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of CSF macrophages, enhancing our understanding of their cellular characteristics in both rodents and humans. Here, we review the relationships between CNS macrophage populations, with a focus on the origins, phenotypes, and functions of CSF macrophages in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A D Munro
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Kiavash Movahedi
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Josef Priller
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.,Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and DZNE, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
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20
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Sankowski R, Ahmari J, Mezö C, Hrabě de Angelis AL, Fuchs V, Utermöhlen O, Buch T, Blank T, Gomez de Agüero M, Macpherson AJ, Erny D. Commensal microbiota divergently affect myeloid subsets in the mammalian central nervous system during homeostasis and disease. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108605. [PMID: 34622466 PMCID: PMC8634130 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) comprise parenchymal microglia and at the CNS border regions meningeal, perivascular, and choroid plexus macrophages (collectively called CNS‐associated macrophages, CAMs). While previous work has shown that microglial properties depend on environmental signals from the commensal microbiota, the effects of microbiota on CAMs are unknown. By combining several microbiota manipulation approaches, genetic mouse models, and single‐cell RNA‐sequencing, we have characterized CNS myeloid cell composition and function. Under steady‐state conditions, the transcriptional profiles and numbers of choroid plexus macrophages were found to be tightly regulated by complex microbiota. In contrast, perivascular and meningeal macrophages were affected to a lesser extent. An acute perturbation through viral infection evoked an attenuated immune response of all CAMs in germ‐free mice. We further assessed CAMs in a more chronic pathological state in 5xFAD mice, a model for Alzheimer’s disease, and found enhanced amyloid beta uptake exclusively by perivascular macrophages in germ‐free 5xFAD mice. Our results aid the understanding of distinct microbiota–CNS macrophage interactions during homeostasis and disease, which could potentially be targeted therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Sankowski
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Berta-Ottenstein-Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Ahmari
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Mezö
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Vidmante Fuchs
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Utermöhlen
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene & Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Koeln, Germany
| | - Thorsten Buch
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Blank
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mercedes Gomez de Agüero
- Maurice E. Müller Laboratories, Department for Biomedical Research (DBMR), University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J Macpherson
- Maurice E. Müller Laboratories, Department for Biomedical Research (DBMR), University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Erny
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Berta-Ottenstein-Programme for Advanced Clinician Scientists, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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21
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Wu X, Saito T, Saido TC, Barron AM, Ruedl C. Microglia and CD206 + border-associated mouse macrophages maintain their embryonic origin during Alzheimer's disease. eLife 2021; 10:71879. [PMID: 34609281 PMCID: PMC8523151 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain microglia and border-associated macrophages (BAMs) display distinct spatial, developmental, and phenotypic features. Although at steady state, the origins of distinct brain macrophages are well-documented, the dynamics of their replenishment in neurodegenerative disorders remain elusive, particularly for activated CD11c+ microglia and BAMs. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive fate-mapping analysis of murine microglia and BAMs and their turnover kinetics during Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progression. We used a novel inducible AD mouse model to investigate the contribution of bone marrow (BM) cells to the pool of fetal-derived brain macrophages during the development of AD. We demonstrated that microglia remain a remarkably stable embryonic-derived population even during the progression of AD pathology, indicating that neither parenchymal macrophage subpopulation originates from, nor is replenished by, BM-derived cells. At the border-associated brain regions, bona fide CD206+ BAMs are minimally replaced by BM-derived cells, and their turnover rates are not accelerated by AD. In contrast, all other myeloid cells are swiftly replenished by BM progenitors. This information further elucidates the turnover kinetics of these cells not only at steady state, but also in neurodegenerative diseases, which is crucial for identifying potential novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Takashi Saito
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako-Shi, Japan
| | - Anna M Barron
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christiane Ruedl
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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22
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Muzio L, Viotti A, Martino G. Microglia in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration: From Understanding to Therapy. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:742065. [PMID: 34630027 PMCID: PMC8497816 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.742065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) acting as the first line of defense in the brain by phagocytosing harmful pathogens and cellular debris. Microglia emerge from early erythromyeloid progenitors of the yolk sac and enter the developing brain before the establishment of a fully mature blood-brain barrier. In physiological conditions, during brain development, microglia contribute to CNS homeostasis by supporting cell proliferation of neural precursors. In post-natal life, such cells contribute to preserving the integrity of neuronal circuits by sculpting synapses. After a CNS injury, microglia change their morphology and down-regulate those genes supporting homeostatic functions. However, it is still unclear whether such changes are accompanied by molecular and functional modifications that might contribute to the pathological process. While comprehensive transcriptome analyses at the single-cell level have identified specific gene perturbations occurring in the "pathological" microglia, still the precise protective/detrimental role of microglia in neurological disorders is far from being fully elucidated. In this review, the results so far obtained regarding the role of microglia in neurodegenerative disorders will be discussed. There is solid and sound evidence suggesting that regulating microglia functions during disease pathology might represent a strategy to develop future therapies aimed at counteracting brain degeneration in multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Muzio
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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23
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Lee E, Eo JC, Lee C, Yu JW. Distinct Features of Brain-Resident Macrophages: Microglia and Non-Parenchymal Brain Macrophages. Mol Cells 2021; 44:281-291. [PMID: 33972475 PMCID: PMC8175151 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages play an important role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and innate immune defense against invading microbial pathogens. Brain-resident macrophages can be classified into microglia in the brain parenchyma and non-parenchymal brain macrophages, also known as central nervous system-associated or border-associated macrophages, in the brain-circulation interface. Microglia and non-parenchymal brain macrophages, including meningeal, perivascular, and choroid plexus macrophages, are mostly produced during embryonic development, and maintained their population by self-renewal. Microglia have gained much attention for their dual roles in the maintenance of brain homeostasis and the induction of neuroinflammation. In particular, diverse phenotypes of microglia have been increasingly identified under pathological conditions. Single-cell phenotypic analysis revealed that microglia are highly heterogenous and plastic, thus it is difficult to define the status of microglia as M1/M2 or resting/activated state due to complex nature of microglia. Meanwhile, physiological function of non-parenchymal brain macrophages remain to be fully demonstrated. In this review, we have summarized the origin and signatures of brain-resident macrophages and discussed the unique features of microglia, particularly, their phenotypic polarization, diversity of subtypes, and inflammasome responses related to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jun-Cheol Eo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Changjun Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Je-Wook Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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24
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Hume DA, Caruso M, Keshvari S, Patkar OL, Sehgal A, Bush SJ, Summers KM, Pridans C, Irvine KM. The Mononuclear Phagocyte System of the Rat. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2251-2263. [PMID: 33965905 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The laboratory rat continues to be the model of choice for many studies of physiology, behavior, and complex human diseases. Cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS; monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells) are abundant residents in every tissue in the body and regulate postnatal development, homeostasis, and innate and acquired immunity. Recruitment and proliferation of MPS cells is an essential component of both initiation and resolution of inflammation. The large majority of current knowledge of MPS biology is derived from studies of inbred mice, but advances in technology and resources have eliminated many of the advantages of the mouse as a model. In this article, we review the tools available and the current state of knowledge of development, homeostasis, regulation, and diversity within the MPS of the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melanie Caruso
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sahar Keshvari
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Omkar L Patkar
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anuj Sehgal
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen J Bush
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kim M Summers
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Clare Pridans
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine M Irvine
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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25
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Ivan DC, Walthert S, Berve K, Steudler J, Locatelli G. Dwellers and Trespassers: Mononuclear Phagocytes at the Borders of the Central Nervous System. Front Immunol 2021; 11:609921. [PMID: 33746939 PMCID: PMC7973121 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.609921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma is enclosed and protected by a multilayered system of cellular and acellular barriers, functionally separating glia and neurons from peripheral circulation and blood-borne immune cells. Populating these borders as dynamic observers, CNS-resident macrophages contribute to organ homeostasis. Upon autoimmune, traumatic or neurodegenerative inflammation, these phagocytes start playing additional roles as immune regulators contributing to disease evolution. At the same time, pathological CNS conditions drive the migration and recruitment of blood-borne monocyte-derived cells across distinct local gateways. This invasion process drastically increases border complexity and can lead to parenchymal infiltration of blood-borne phagocytes playing a direct role both in damage and in tissue repair. While recent studies and technical advancements have highlighted the extreme heterogeneity of these resident and CNS-invading cells, both the compartment-specific mechanism of invasion and the functional specification of intruding and resident cells remain unclear. This review illustrates the complexity of mononuclear phagocytes at CNS interfaces, indicating how further studies of CNS border dynamics are crucially needed to shed light on local and systemic regulation of CNS functions and dysfunctions.
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26
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Morini R, Bizzotto M, Perrucci F, Filipello F, Matteoli M. Strategies and Tools for Studying Microglial-Mediated Synapse Elimination and Refinement. Front Immunol 2021; 12:640937. [PMID: 33708226 PMCID: PMC7940197 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.640937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of microglia in controlling synapse homeostasis is becoming increasingly recognized by the scientific community. In particular, the microglia-mediated elimination of supernumerary synapses during development lays the basis for the correct formation of neuronal circuits in adulthood, while the possible reactivation of this process in pathological conditions, such as schizophrenia or Alzheimer's Disease, provides a promising target for future therapeutic strategies. The methodological approaches to investigate microglial synaptic engulfment include different in vitro and in vivo settings. Basic in vitro assays, employing isolated microglia and microbeads, apoptotic membranes, liposomes or synaptosomes allow the quantification of the microglia phagocytic abilities, while co-cultures of microglia and neurons, deriving from either WT or genetically modified mice models, provide a relatively manageable setting to investigate the involvement of specific molecular pathways. Further detailed analysis in mice brain is then mandatory to validate the in vitro assays as representative for the in vivo situation. The present review aims to dissect the main technical approaches to investigate microglia-mediated phagocytosis of neuronal and synaptic substrates in critical developmental time windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Morini
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neurocenter, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Matteo Bizzotto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neurocenter, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Fabio Perrucci
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neurocenter, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Fabia Filipello
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neurocenter, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neurocenter, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.,Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Institute of Neuroscience - URT Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy
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27
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Feng L, Dou C, Xia Y, Li B, Zhao M, Yu P, Zheng Y, El-Toni AM, Atta NF, Galal A, Cheng Y, Cai X, Wang Y, Zhang F. Neutrophil-like Cell-Membrane-Coated Nanozyme Therapy for Ischemic Brain Damage and Long-Term Neurological Functional Recovery. ACS NANO 2021; 15:2263-2280. [PMID: 33426885 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and a series of excessive inflammatory responses are major obstacles for neurological functional recovery after ischemic stroke. Effective noninvasive anti-inflammatory therapies are urgently needed. However, unsatisfactory therapeutic efficacy of current drugs and inadequate drug delivery to the damaged brain are major problems. Nanozymes with robust anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress properties possess therapeutic possibility for ischemic stroke. However, insufficiency of nanozyme accumulation in the ischemic brain by noninvasive administration hindered their application. Herein, we report a neutrophil-like cell-membrane-coated mesoporous Prussian blue nanozyme (MPBzyme@NCM) to realize noninvasive active-targeting therapy for ischemic stroke by improving the delivery of a nanozyme to the damaged brain based on the innate connection between inflamed brain microvascular endothelial cells and neutrophils after stroke. The long-term in vivo therapeutic efficacy of MPBzyme@NCM for ischemic stroke was illustrated in detail after being delivered into the damaged brain and uptake by microglia. Moreover, the detailed mechanism of ischemic stroke therapy via MPBzyme@NCM uptake by microglia was further studied, including microglia polarization toward M2, reduced recruitment of neutrophils, decreased apoptosis of neurons, and proliferation of neural stem cells, neuronal precursors, and neurons. This strategy may provide an applicative perspective for nanozyme therapy in brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishuai Feng
- Department of Radiology, Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, and Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoran Dou
- Department of Radiology, Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, and Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuguo Xia
- Department of Radiology, Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, and Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Benhao Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyi Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, and Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Ahmed Mohamed El-Toni
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI), Helwan, 11421 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nada Farouk Atta
- Department of Chemistry, Cairo University, Giza, 12613 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Galal
- Department of Chemistry, Cairo University, Giza, 12613 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yingsheng Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, and Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Cai
- Department of Radiology, Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, and Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Radiology, Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, and Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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28
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Honarpisheh P, Blixt FW, Blasco Conesa MP, Won W, d’Aigle J, Munshi Y, Hudobenko J, Furr JW, Mobley A, Lee J, Brannick KE, Zhu L, Hazen AL, Bryan RM, McCullough LD, Ganesh BP. Peripherally-sourced myeloid antigen presenting cells increase with advanced aging. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 90:235-247. [PMID: 32861719 PMCID: PMC8169202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with dysfunction of the gut microbiota-immune-brain axis, a major regulatory axis in both brain health and in central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Antigen presenting cells (APCs) play a major role in sensing changes in the gut microbiota and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. APCs have also been implicated in various chronic inflammatory conditions, including age-related neurodegenerative diseases. The increase in chronic low-level inflammation seen with aging has also been linked to behavioral decline. Despite their acknowledged importance along the gut microbiota-immune-brain axis, there is limited evidence on how APCs change with aging. In this study, we examined age-related changes in myeloid APCs in the gut, spleen, and brain as well as changes in the gut microbiota and behavioral phenotype in mice ranging in age from 2 months up to 32 months of both sexes. Our data show that the number of peripherally-sourced myeloid APCs significantly increases with advanced aging in the brain. In addition, our data showed that age-related changes in APCs are subset-specific in the gut and sexually dimorphic in the spleen. Our work highlights the importance of studying myeloid APCs in an age-, tissue-, and sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Honarpisheh
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Frank W. Blixt
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX
| | | | - William Won
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - John d’Aigle
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX
| | - Yashasvee Munshi
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Jacob Hudobenko
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States.
| | - J. Weldon Furr
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX
| | - Alexis Mobley
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Juneyoung Lee
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Katherine E. Brannick
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Center for Laboratory Animal Medicine and Care, Houston, TX
| | - Liang Zhu
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Internal Medicine, The CCTS Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Research Design (BERD), Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Amy L. Hazen
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, Houston, TX
| | - Robert M. Bryan
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Houston, TX
| | - Louise D. McCullough
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX
| | - Bhanu P. Ganesh
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX
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29
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Denny WA, Flanagan JU. Small-molecule CSF1R kinase inhibitors; review of patents 2015-present. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 31:107-117. [PMID: 33108917 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1839414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R, also known as c-FMS kinase) is in the class III receptor tyrosine kinase family, along with c-Kit, Flt3 and PDGFRα. CSF-1/CSF-1R signaling promotes the differentiation and survival of myeloid progenitors into populations of monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and osteoclasts, as well as microglial cells and also recruits host macrophages to develop into tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which promote tumor progression and metastasis. AREAS COVERED In the last 5 years, and recently stimulated by the approval of pexidartinib (Turalio™, Daiichi Sankyo) in 2019 for the treatment of tenosynovial giant cell tumors, there has been a large increase in activity (both journal articles and patent applications) around small molecule inhibitors of CSF1R. Features of this work have been the surprising diversity of chemical classes shown to be potent and selective inhibitors, and the breadth of disease states (cancer, arthritis, and 'cytokine storm' syndromes) covered by CSF1R inhibitors. All these aspects are covered in the following sections. EXPERT OPINION The field has developed rapidly from 2014 to the present, with many different chemotypes proving to be potent inhibitors. The range of potential utilities of CSF1R inhibitors has also expanded to include dementia, ulcerative colitis/Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis inflammation, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland , Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jack U Flanagan
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland , Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland , Auckland, New Zealand
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30
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Brioschi S, d'Errico P, Amann LS, Janova H, Wojcik SM, Meyer-Luehmann M, Rajendran L, Wieghofer P, Paolicelli RC, Biber K. Detection of Synaptic Proteins in Microglia by Flow Cytometry. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:149. [PMID: 33132837 PMCID: PMC7550663 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that microglia actively remove synapses in vivo, thereby playing a key role in synaptic refinement and modulation of brain connectivity. This phenomenon was mainly investigated in immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy. However, a quantification of synaptic material in microglia using these techniques is extremely time-consuming and labor-intensive. To address this issue, we aimed to quantify synaptic proteins in microglia using flow cytometry. With this approach, we first showed that microglia from the healthy adult mouse brain contain a detectable level of VGLUT1 protein. Next, we found more than two-fold increased VGLUT1 immunoreactivity in microglia from the developing brain (P15) as compared to adult microglia. These data indicate that microglia-mediated synaptic pruning mostly occurs during the brain developmental period. We then quantified the VGLUT1 staining in microglia in two transgenic models characterized by pathological microglia-mediated synaptic pruning. In the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) microglia exhibited a significant increase in VGLUT1 immunoreactivity before the onset of amyloid pathology. Moreover, conditional deletion of TDP-43 in microglia, which causes a hyper-phagocytic phenotype associated with synaptic loss, also resulted in increased VGLUT1 immunoreactivity within microglia. This work provides a quantitative assessment of synaptic proteins in microglia, under homeostasis, and in mouse models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Brioschi
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paolo d'Errico
- Department of Neurology, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lukas S Amann
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hana Janova
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sonja M Wojcik
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Lawrence Rajendran
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Rosa C Paolicelli
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Knut Biber
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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31
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Esaulova E, Cantoni C, Shchukina I, Zaitsev K, Bucelli RC, Wu GF, Artyomov MN, Cross AH, Edelson BT. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis of human CSF microglia and myeloid cells in neuroinflammation. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2020; 7:7/4/e732. [PMID: 32371549 PMCID: PMC7217663 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective To identify and characterize myeloid cell populations within the CSF of patients with MS and anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) disorder by high-resolution single-cell gene expression analysis. Methods Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was used to profile individual cells of CSF and blood from 2 subjects with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and one with anti-MOG disorder. Publicly available scRNA-seq data from the blood and CSF of 2 subjects with HIV were also analyzed. An informatics pipeline was used to cluster cell populations by transcriptomic profiling. Based on gene expression by CSF myeloid cells, a flow cytometry panel was devised to examine myeloid cell populations from the CSF of 11 additional subjects, including individuals with RRMS, anti-MOG disorder, and control subjects without inflammatory demyelination. Results Common myeloid populations were identified within the CSF of subjects with RRMS, anti-MOG disorder, and HIV. These included monocytes, conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and cells with a transcriptomic signature matching microglia. Microglia could be discriminated from other myeloid cell populations in the CSF by flow cytometry. Conclusions High-resolution single-cell gene expression analysis clearly distinguishes distinct myeloid cell types present within the CSF of subjects with neuroinflammation. A population of microglia exists within the human CSF, which is detectable by surface protein expression. The function of these cells during immunity and disease requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Esaulova
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology (E.E., I.S., K.Z., G.F.W., M.N.A., B.T.E.) and Department of Neurology (C.C., R.C.B., G.F.W., A.H.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; and Computer Technologies Department (K.Z.), ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Claudia Cantoni
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology (E.E., I.S., K.Z., G.F.W., M.N.A., B.T.E.) and Department of Neurology (C.C., R.C.B., G.F.W., A.H.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; and Computer Technologies Department (K.Z.), ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina Shchukina
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology (E.E., I.S., K.Z., G.F.W., M.N.A., B.T.E.) and Department of Neurology (C.C., R.C.B., G.F.W., A.H.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; and Computer Technologies Department (K.Z.), ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Konstantin Zaitsev
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology (E.E., I.S., K.Z., G.F.W., M.N.A., B.T.E.) and Department of Neurology (C.C., R.C.B., G.F.W., A.H.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; and Computer Technologies Department (K.Z.), ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Robert C Bucelli
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology (E.E., I.S., K.Z., G.F.W., M.N.A., B.T.E.) and Department of Neurology (C.C., R.C.B., G.F.W., A.H.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; and Computer Technologies Department (K.Z.), ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Gregory F Wu
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology (E.E., I.S., K.Z., G.F.W., M.N.A., B.T.E.) and Department of Neurology (C.C., R.C.B., G.F.W., A.H.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; and Computer Technologies Department (K.Z.), ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology (E.E., I.S., K.Z., G.F.W., M.N.A., B.T.E.) and Department of Neurology (C.C., R.C.B., G.F.W., A.H.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; and Computer Technologies Department (K.Z.), ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anne H Cross
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology (E.E., I.S., K.Z., G.F.W., M.N.A., B.T.E.) and Department of Neurology (C.C., R.C.B., G.F.W., A.H.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; and Computer Technologies Department (K.Z.), ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Brian T Edelson
- From the Department of Pathology and Immunology (E.E., I.S., K.Z., G.F.W., M.N.A., B.T.E.) and Department of Neurology (C.C., R.C.B., G.F.W., A.H.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; and Computer Technologies Department (K.Z.), ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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Oltz EM. Neuroimmunology: To Sense and Protect. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 204:239-240. [PMID: 31907263 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1990024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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