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Wollesen B, Herden M, Lamberti N, Giannaki CD. Defining and reporting exercise intensity in interventions for older adults: a modified Delphi process. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2024; 21:3. [PMID: 38302886 PMCID: PMC10835929 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-024-00337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many exercise studies, including older adults, do not report all relevant exercise characteristics. Especially the description of exercise intensity is missing and mostly not controlled. This leads to difficulties in interpreting study results and summarizing the evidence in systematic reviews or meta-analyses. Therefore, the aim of the present Delphi study was to gain recommendations about the categorization of exercise intensity and for the conducting and reporting of characteristics in future intervention studies with older adults by experts in exercise science and physiology. METHODS Two hundred ninety-seven international interdisciplinary participants from an EU COST action were invited to participate in three rounds of online questionnaires in April/May 2023. Up to N = 93 experts participated in each round. Round 1 included open-ended questions to solicit possible recommendations and categorizations for light, moderate, vigorous, and high intensity. In round 2, the experts rated their agreement using Likert scales (1-10) on the revealed categories and recommendations. Clusters with a higher average rating of M = 8.0 were summarized into round 3. In the final round, the results were presented for a final rating of agreement (based on a simple majority > 50%). RESULTS In round 1 a total of 416 qualitative statements were provided from thirteen questions. From round 1 to round 3, a total of 38 items were excluded, with 205 items retained for the final consensus. In round three 37 participants completed the whole questionnaire. The experts showed overall agreement on the final categorizations with 6.7 to 8.8 out of 10 points on the Likert scale. They also showed broad consensus on the relevance of reporting exercise intensity and the recommendations for future conducting and reporting of study results. However, exercise types such as yoga, balance, and coordination training led to conflicting results for categorization into light or moderate. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS The results of the current survey can be used to classify the intensity of exercise and suggest a practical approach that can be adopted by the scientific community and applied when conducting systematic reviews and meta-analysis articles when vital and objective information regarding exercise intensity is lacking from the original article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Wollesen
- Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Mona Herden
- Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Lamberti
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Christoforos D Giannaki
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Müller A, Moser O, Sternad C, Aziz F, Unteregger C, Kojzar H, Mursic I, Sourij C, Pferschy P, Tripolt N, Aberer F, Sourij H. Effects of 8 weeks of aerobic endurance training on functional capacity and metabolic variables in people with type 1 diabetes: A secondary outcome analysis of the ULTRAFLEXI-1 study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:3826-3830. [PMID: 37580976 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Müller
- Trials Unit for Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Othmar Moser
- Trials Unit for Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Exercise Physiology & Metabolism, Institute of Sports Science, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christoph Sternad
- Trials Unit for Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Faisal Aziz
- Trials Unit for Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christina Unteregger
- Trials Unit for Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Kojzar
- Trials Unit for Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ines Mursic
- Trials Unit for Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Caren Sourij
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Pferschy
- Trials Unit for Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Norbert Tripolt
- Trials Unit for Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Felix Aberer
- Trials Unit for Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Sourij
- Trials Unit for Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Poon ETC, Chan KW, Wongpipit W, Sun F, Wong SHS. Acute Physiological and Perceptual Responses to Whole-Body High-Intensity Interval Training Compared with Equipment-Based Interval and Continuous Training. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:532-540. [PMID: 37711706 PMCID: PMC10499152 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Low-volume, time-efficient high-intensity interval training (HIIT), which involves whole-body (WB) callisthenics exercises, has gained worldwide popularity in recent years. However, the physiological and perceptual impact of WB-HIIT in comparison to specialised, equipment-based training is relatively less studied. This study compared the acute physiological and perceptual responses to a single session of WB-HIIT, ergometer-based HIIT (ERG-HIIT) and conventional moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). Fourteen physically inactive adults (age: 28.4 ± 6.5 years, VO2peak: 31.0 ± 6.2 mL· kg-1· min-1) underwent three main trials (WB-HIIT: 12 x 30-s high-intensity callisthenics workout; ERG: HIIT: 12 x 30-s high-intensity cycling bouts; MICT: 30-min cycling at 50% peak power output) in a randomized cross-over order 3-7 days apart. The mean session heart rate (HR) and perceived exertion were comparable across all three protocols (p > 0.05). WB-HIIT attained a similar peak HR (87.4 ± 9.4 %HRmax) as that of ERG-HIIT (83.0 ± 8.6 %HRmax), and significantly greater than that of MICT (78.7 ± 5.5 %HRmax, p = 0.001). However, WB-HIIT induced significantly higher blood lactate levels (7.2 ± 1.8 mmol/L) compared to both ERG-HIIT (5.1 ± 1.3 mmol/L, p < 0.05) and MICT (3.1 ± 1.5 mmol/L, p < 0.001). The participants reported higher self-efficacy and greater enjoyment with WB-HIIT compared to MICT (p < 0.05). The mean HR and perceived exertion responses to WB-HIIT are comparable to those of equipment-based HIIT and MICT; however, WB-HIIT results in greater metabolic strain than both other modalities. Despite this, the overall perceptual responses to WB-HIIT are positive, suggesting that it could be a viable exercise alternative, especially for individuals with limited exercise time and restricted access to facilities and equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tsz-Chun Poon
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Taipo, Hong Kong
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ka Wing Chan
- Elite Training Science and Technology Division, Hong Kong Sports Institute, Hong Kong
| | - Waris Wongpipit
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Faculty of Education, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Thailand Physical Activity Knowledge Development Centre, Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Fenghua Sun
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Taipo, Hong Kong
| | - Stephen Heung-Sang Wong
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Birnbaumer P, Dostal T, Cipryan L, Hofmann P. Pattern of the heart rate performance curve in maximal graded treadmill running from 1100 healthy 18-65 Years old men and women: the 4HAIE study. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1178913. [PMID: 37324398 PMCID: PMC10264846 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1178913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The heart rate performance curve (HRPC) in maximal incremental cycle ergometer exercise demonstrated three different patterns such as downward, linear or inverse versions. The downward pattern was found to be the most common and therefore termed regular. These patterns were shown to differently influence exercise prescription, but no data are available for running. This study investigated the deflection of the HRPC in maximal graded treadmill tests (GXT) of the 4HAIE study. Methods: Additional to maximal values, the first and second ventilatory thresholds as well as the degree and the direction of the HRPC deflection (kHR) were determined from 1,100 individuals (489 women) GXTs. HRPC deflection was categorized as downward (kHR < -0.1), linear (-0.1 ≤ kHR ≤ 0.1) or inverse (kHR > 0.1) curves. Four (even split) age- and two (median split) performance-groups were used to investigate the effects of age and performance on the distribution of regular (= downward deflection) and non-regular (= linear or inverse course) HR curves for male and female subjects. Results: Men (age: 36.8 ± 11.9 years, BMI: 25.0 ± 3.3 kg m-2, VO2max: 46.4 ± 9.4 mL min-1. kg-1) and women (age: 36.2 ± 11.9 years, BMI: 23.3 ± 3.7 kg m-2, VO2max: 37.4 ± 7.8 mL min-1. kg-1) presented 556/449 (91/92%) downward deflecting, 10/8 (2/2%) linear and 45/32 (7/6%) inverse HRPC´s. Chi-squared analysis revealed a significantly higher number of non-regular HRPC´s in the low-performance group and with increasing age. Binary logistic regression revealed that the odds ratio (OR) to show a non-regular HRPC is significantly affected by maximum performance (OR = 0.840, 95% CI = 0.754-0.936, p = 0.002) and age (OR = 1.042, 95% CI = 1.020-1.064, p < 0.001) but not sex. Discussion: As in cycle ergometer exercise, three different patterns for the HRPC were identified from the maximal graded treadmill exercise with the highest frequency of regular downward deflecting curves. Older subjects and subjects with a lower performance level had a higher probability to show a non-regular linear or inverted curve which needs to be considered for exercise prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Birnbaumer
- Exercise Physiology, Training and Training Therapy Research Group, Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tomas Dostal
- Department of Human Movement Studies & Human Motion Diagnostic Centre, The University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Cipryan
- Department of Human Movement Studies & Human Motion Diagnostic Centre, The University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Hofmann
- Exercise Physiology, Training and Training Therapy Research Group, Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Schierbauer J, Wolf A, Wachsmuth NB, Maassen N, Schmidt WFJ. Relationship between Blood Volume, Blood Lactate Quantity, and Lactate Concentrations during Exercise. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050632. [PMID: 37233674 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We wanted to determine the influence of total blood volume (BV) and blood lactate quantity on lactate concentrations during incremental exercise. Twenty-six healthy, nonsmoking, heterogeneously trained females (27.5 ± 5.9 ys) performed an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test on a cycle ergometer during which maximum oxygen uptake (V·O2max), lactate concentrations ([La-]) and hemoglobin concentrations ([Hb]) were determined. Hemoglobin mass and blood volume (BV) were determined using an optimised carbon monoxide-rebreathing method. V·O2max and maximum power (Pmax) ranged between 32 and 62 mL·min-1·kg-1 and 2.3 and 5.5 W·kg-1, respectively. BV ranged between 81 and 121 mL·kg-1 of lean body mass and decreased by 280 ± 115 mL (5.7%, p = 0.001) until Pmax. At Pmax, the [La-] was significantly correlated to the systemic lactate quantity (La-, r = 0.84, p < 0.0001) but also significantly negatively correlated to the BV (r = -0.44, p < 0.05). We calculated that the exercise-induced BV shifts significantly reduced the lactate transport capacity by 10.8% (p < 0.0001). Our results demonstrate that both the total BV and La- have a major influence on the resulting [La-] during dynamic exercise. Moreover, the blood La- transport capacity might be significantly reduced by the shift in plasma volume. We conclude, that the total BV might be another relevant factor in the interpretation of [La-] during a cardio-pulmonary exercise test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Schierbauer
- Division of Exercise Physiology & Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alina Wolf
- Division of Exercise Physiology & Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Nadine B Wachsmuth
- Division of Exercise Physiology & Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Norbert Maassen
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Walter F J Schmidt
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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Heber S, Gleiss A, Kuzdas-Sallaberger M, Hausharter M, Matousek M, Ocenasek H, Fischer B, Volf I, Pokan R. Effects of high-intensity interval training on trajectories of gas-exchange measures and blood lactate concentrations during cardiopulmonary exercise tests in cardiac rehabilitation-A randomized controlled trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023. [PMID: 37114323 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal allocation of training time to different intensities in cardiac rehabilitation is still under debate. The objective of this study was to explore whether in a 12-week cardiac rehabilitation program, replacement of two of four usual continuous endurance training (CET) sessions per week with energy expenditure-matched high-intensity interval training (HIIT) affects the trajectories of cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) variables such as ventilatory equivalents for O2 (EqO2 ) and CO2 (EqCO2 ), and blood lactate (BLa) during CPET. METHODS Eighty-two male patients undergoing outpatient cardiac rehabilitation after an acute coronary syndrome were randomized to CET (age [mean ± SD] 61.7 ± 9.8 years, body mass index [BMI] 28.1 ± 3.4) or HIIT+CET (60.0 ± 9.4 years, BMI 28.5 ± 3.5). CPET was performed at baseline, after 6 and after 12 weeks. HIIT consisted of ten 60-s bouts of cycling at an intensity of 100% of the maximal power output (Pmax ) achieved in an incremental test to exhaustion, interspersed with 60 s at 20% Pmax . CET was performed at 60% Pmax with equal duration. Training intensities were adjusted after 6 weeks to account for the training-induced improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness. The entire functions defining the relationship between EqO2 , EqCO2 , and BLa, with power output were modeled using linear mixed models to assess how these trajectories are affected by HIIT. RESULTS After 6 and 12 weeks, Pmax increased to 112.9% and 117.5% of baseline after CET, and to 113.9% and 124.7% after HIIT+CET (means). Twelve weeks of HIIT+CET elicited greater reductions of EqO2 and EqCO2 than CET alone (p < 0.0001 each) in a range above 100% baseline Pmax . Specifically, at 100% of baseline Pmax , least squares arithmetic mean EqO2 values of CET and HIIT+CET patients were 36.2 versus 33.5. At 115% and 130% of baseline Pmax , EqO2 values were 41.2 versus 37.1 and 47.2 versus 41.7. Similarly, corresponding EqCO2 values of CET and HIIT+CET patients were 32.4 versus 31.0, 34.3 versus 32.2, and 37.0 versus 34.0. Conversely, mean BLa levels (mM) were not differently affected (p = 0.64). At 100%, 115%, and 130% of baseline Pmax after 12 weeks, BLa levels did not differ to a relevant extent (least squares geometric means, 3.56 vs. 3.63, 5.59 vs. 5.61, 9.27 vs. 9.10). CONCLUSIONS While HIIT+CET reduced ventilatory equivalents more effectively than CET alone, specifically when patients were approaching their maximal performance during CPET, both training strategies were equally effective in reducing BLa levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Heber
- Institute of Physiology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Sport Science, Center for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Gleiss
- Institute of Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Data Science, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Maria Hausharter
- Institute of Physiology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie Matousek
- Institute of Sport Science, Center for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Karl-Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Helmuth Ocenasek
- Cardiomed Center for Outpatient Cardiac Rehabilitation, Linz, Austria
| | - Beatrix Fischer
- Institute of Physiology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivo Volf
- Institute of Physiology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rochus Pokan
- Institute of Sport Science, Center for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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McCarthy OM, Kristensen KB, Christensen MB, Schmidt S, Ranjan AG, Nicholas C, Bain SC, Nørgaard K, Bracken R. Metabolic and physiological responses to graded exercise testing in individuals with type 1 diabetes using insulin pump therapy. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:878-888. [PMID: 36482870 PMCID: PMC10107979 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To profile acute glycaemic dynamics during graded exercise testing (GXT) and explore the influence of glycaemic indicators on the physiological responses to GXT in adults with type 1 diabetes using insulin pump therapy. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of pooled data from four clinical trials with identical GXT protocols. Data were obtained from 45 adults with type 1 diabetes using insulin pumps [(30 females); haemoglobin A1c 59.5 ± 0.5 mmol/mol (7.6 ± 1.0%); age 49.7 ± 13.0 years; diabetes duration 31.2 ± 13.5 years; V̇O2peak 29.5 ± 8.0 ml/min/kg]. Integrated cardiopulmonary variables were collected continuously via spiroergometry. Plasma glucose was obtained every 3 min during GXT as well as the point of volitional exhaustion. Data were assessed via general linear modelling techniques with age and gender adjustment. Significance was accepted at p ≤ .05. RESULTS Despite increasing duration and intensity, plasma glucose concentrations remained similar to rest values (8.8 ± 2.3 mmol/L) throughout exercise (p = .419) with an overall change of +0.3 ± 1.1 mmol/L. Starting glycaemia bore no influence on subsequent GXT responses. Per 1% increment in haemoglobin A1c there was an associated decrease in V̇O2peak of 3.8 ml/min/kg (p < .001) and powerpeak of 0.33 W/kg (p < .001) concomitant with attenuations in indices of peripheral oxygen extraction [(O2 pulse) -1.2 ml/beat, p = .023]. CONCLUSION In adults with long-standing type 1 diabetes using insulin pump therapy, circulating glucose remains stable during a graded incremental cycle test to volitional exhaustion. Glycaemic indicators are inversely associated with aerobic rate, oxygen economy and mechanical output across the exercise intensity spectrum. An appreciation of these nexuses may help guide appropriate decision making for optimal exercise management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M McCarthy
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Copenhagen University Hospital-Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | | | - Signe Schmidt
- Copenhagen University Hospital-Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ajenthen G Ranjan
- Copenhagen University Hospital-Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Chloe Nicholas
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Kirsten Nørgaard
- Copenhagen University Hospital-Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard Bracken
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Eckstein ML, Erlmann MP, Aberer F, Haupt S, Zimmermann P, Wachsmuth NB, Schierbauer J, Zimmer RT, Herz D, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Moser O. Glucose and Fructose Supplementation and Their Acute Effects on Anaerobic Endurance and Resistance Exercise Performance in Healthy Individuals: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235128. [PMID: 36501158 PMCID: PMC9736485 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of glucose, fructose and a combination of these on physical performance have been subject of investigation, resulting in diverse findings. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate how an individualized amount of glucose, fructose, and a combination of these compared to placebo (sucralose) alter endurance performance on a cycle ergometer, lower and upper body resistance exercise performance at individualized thresholds in healthy young individuals. METHODS A total of 16 healthy adults (9 females) with an age of 23.8 ± 1.6 years and a BMI of 22.6 ± 1.8 kg/m2 (body mass (BM) 70.9 ± 10.8 kg, height 1.76 ± 0.08 m) participated in this study. During the screening visit, the lactate turn point 2 (LTP2) was defined and the weights for chest-press and leg-press were determined. Furthermore, 30 min prior to each exercise session, participants received either 1 g/kg BM of glucose (Glu), 1 g/kg BM of fructose (Fru), 0.5 g/kg BM of glucose/fructose (GluFru) (each), or 0.2 g sucralose (placebo), respectively, which were dissolved in 300 mL of water. All exercises were performed until volitional exhaustion. Time until exhaustion (TTE) and cardio-pulmonary variables were determined for all cycling visits; during resistance exercise, repetitions until muscular failure were counted and time was measured. During all visits, capillary blood glucose and blood lactate concentrations as well as venous insulin levels were measured. RESULTS TTE in cycling was 449 ± 163 s (s) (Glu), 443 ± 156 s (Fru), 429 ± 160 s (GluFru) and 466 ± 162 s (Pla) (p = 0.48). TTE during chest-press sessions was 180 ± 95 s (Glu), 180 ± 92 s (Fru), 172 ± 78 s (GluFru) and 162 ± 66 s (Pla) (p = 0.25), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Pre-exercise supplementation of Glu, Fru and a combination of these did not have an ergogenic effect on high-intensity anaerobic endurance performance and on upper and lower body moderate resistance exercise in comparison to placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max L. Eckstein
- BaySpo—Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Maximilian P. Erlmann
- BaySpo—Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Felix Aberer
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Sandra Haupt
- BaySpo—Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Paul Zimmermann
- BaySpo—Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Klinikum Bamberg, 96049 Bamberg, Germany
| | - Nadine B. Wachsmuth
- BaySpo—Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Janis Schierbauer
- BaySpo—Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Rebecca T. Zimmer
- BaySpo—Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Daniel Herz
- BaySpo—Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Endocrinology Lab Platform, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Othmar Moser
- BaySpo—Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Cardiovascular Diabetology Research Group, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)9-2155-3465
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Paulauskas R, Nekriošius R, Dadelienė R, Sousa A, Figueira B. Muscle Oxygenation Measured with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Following Different Intermittent Training Protocols in a World-Class Kayaker-A Case Study. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8238. [PMID: 36365935 PMCID: PMC9653646 DOI: 10.3390/s22218238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Training elite kayakers at a distance of 1000 m is associated with aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, while intermittent training, in a variety of forms, is one of the effective ways to improve cardiorespiratory and metabolic function. Thus, this study aimed to investigate muscle oxygenation responses during repetition training (RT), interval training (IT), and sprint interval training (SIT). Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) monitors were placed on the latissimus dorsi (LD), pectoralis major (PM), and vastus lateralis (VL) of a world-class kayaker during their preparatory period. The intensity of work, relief, and recovery intervals were the independent variables that were manipulated using three different training protocols. The inferential analysis between intermittent training protocols showed significant differences for all variables except total the hemoglobin (tHb) index in LD during bout 2 (F = 2.83, p = 0.1, ηp2 = 0.205); bout 3 (F = 2.7, p = 0.125, ηp2 = 0.193); bout 4 (F = 1.8, p = 0.202, ηp2 = 0.141); and bout 6 (F = 1.1, p = 0.327, ηp2 = 0.092). During the rest bouts, all training protocols showed significant differences for all variables except muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) in the VL during bout 5 (F = 4.4, p = 0.053, ηp2 = 0.286) and tHb in VL during bout 1 (F = 2.28, p = 0.132, ηp2 = 0.172); bout 2 (F = 0.564, p = 0.561, ηp2 = 0.049); bout 3 (F = 1.752, p = 0.205, ηp2 = 0.137); bout 4 (F = 1.216, p = 0.301, ηp2 = 0.1); and bout 6 (F = 4.146, p = 0.053, ηp2 = 0.274). The comparison between IT protocols RT and SIT presented similar results. All variables presented higher values during SIT, except HR results. Finally, the comparison between IT and SIT showed significant differences in several variables, and a clear trend was identified. The results of this study suggest that the application of different intermittent exercise protocols promotes distinct and significant changes in the peripheral effect of muscle oxygenation in response to training stimuli and may be internal predictors of hemodynamic and metabolic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rūtenis Paulauskas
- Educational Research Institute, Education Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, 44244 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ričardas Nekriošius
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sport University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rūta Dadelienė
- Institute of Health Science, Department of Rehabilitation, Physical and Sports Medicine, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ana Sousa
- Research Center for Sports, Exercise and Human Development, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Center for Sports, Exercise and Human Development, University of Maia, ISMAI, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal
| | - Bruno Figueira
- Educational Research Institute, Education Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, 44244 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Research Center for Sports, Exercise and Human Development, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Birnbaumer P, Weiner L, Handl T, Tschakert G, Hofmann P. Effects of Different Durations at Fixed Intensity Exercise on Internal Load and Recovery-A Feasibility Pilot Study on Duration as an Independent Variable for Exercise Prescription. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7030054. [PMID: 35893328 PMCID: PMC9326728 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Duration is a rarely investigated marker of exercise prescription. The aim of this study was to test the feasibility of the methodological approach, assessing effects of different duration constant-load exercise (CLE) on physiological responses (internal load) and recovery kinetics. Seven subjects performed an incremental exercise (IE) test, one maximal duration CLE at 77.6 ± 4.8% V˙O2max, and CLE's at 20%, 40%, and 70% of maximum duration. Heart rate (HR), blood lactate (La), and glucose (Glu) concentrations were measured. Before, 4, 24, and 48 h after CLE's, submaximal IE tests were performed. HR variability (HRV) was assessed in orthostatic tests (OT). Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was obtained during all tests. CLE's were performed at 182 ± 27 W. HRpeak, Lapeak, V˙Epeak, and RPEpeak were significantly higher in CLE's with longer duration. No significant differences were found between CLE's for recovery kinetics for HR, La, and Glu in the submaximal IE and for HRV or OT. Despite no significant differences, recovery kinetics were found as expected, indicating the feasibility of the applied methods. Maximum tests and recovery tests closer to CLE's termination are suggested to better display recovery kinetics. These findings are a first step to prescription of exercise by both intensity and duration on an individual basis.
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11
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Wachsmuth NB, Aberer F, Haupt S, Schierbauer JR, Zimmer RT, Eckstein ML, Zunner B, Schmidt W, Niedrist T, Sourij H, Moser O. The Impact of a High-Carbohydrate/Low Fat vs. Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Performance and Body Composition in Physically Active Adults: A Cross-Over Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030423. [PMID: 35276780 PMCID: PMC8838503 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Recently, high-carbohydrate or low-carbohydrate (HC/LC) diets have gained substantial popularity, speculated to improve physical performance in athletes; however, the effects of short-term changes of the aforementioned nutritional interventions remain largely unclear. Methods: The present study investigated the impact of a three-week period of HC/low-fat (HC) diet followed by a three-week wash-out-phase and subsequent LC diet on the parameters of physical capacity assessed via cardiopulmonary exercise testing, body composition via bioimpedance analysis and blood profiles, which were assessed after each of the respective diet periods. Twenty-four physically active adults (14 females, age 25.8 ± 3.7 years, body mass index 22.1 ± 2.2 kg/m2), of which six participants served as a control group, were enrolled in the study. Results: After three weeks of each diet, VO2peak was comparable following both interventions (46.8 ± 6.7 (HC) vs. 47.2 ± 6.7 mL/kg/min (LC; p = 0.58)) while a significantly higher peak performance (251 ± 43 W (HC) vs. 240 ± 45 W (LC); (p = 0.0001), longer time to exhaustion (14.5 ± 2.4 min (HC) vs. 14.1 ± 2.4 min (LC); p = 0.002) and greater Watt/kg performance (4.1 ± 0.5 W/kg (HC) vs. 3.9 ± 0.5 W/kg (LC); p = 0.003) was demonstrated after the HC diet. In both trial arms, a significant reduction in body mass (65.2 ± 11.2 to 63.8 ± 11.8 kg (HC) vs. 64.8 ± 11.6 to 63.5 ± 11.3 kg (LC); both p < 0.0001) and fat mass (22.7% to 21.2%; (HC) vs. 22.3% to 20.6% (LC); both p < 0.0001) but not in lean body mass or skeletal muscle mass was shown when compared to baseline. Resting metabolic rate was not different within both groups (p > 0.05). Total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol significantly decreased after the HC diet (97.9 ± 33.6 mg/dL at baseline to 78.2 ± 23.5 mg/dL; p = 0.02) while triglycerides significantly increased (76 ± 38 mg/dL at baseline to 104 ± 44 mg/dL; p = 0.005). Conclusion: A short-term HC and LC diet showed improvements in various performance parameters in favor of the HC diet. Some parameters of body composition significantly changed during both diets. The HC diet led to a significant reduction in total and LDL-cholesterol while triglycerides significantly increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine B. Wachsmuth
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (N.B.W.); (S.H.); (J.R.S.); (R.T.Z.); (M.L.E.); (B.Z.); (W.S.); (O.M.)
| | - Felix Aberer
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (N.B.W.); (S.H.); (J.R.S.); (R.T.Z.); (M.L.E.); (B.Z.); (W.S.); (O.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)921-55-3465
| | - Sandra Haupt
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (N.B.W.); (S.H.); (J.R.S.); (R.T.Z.); (M.L.E.); (B.Z.); (W.S.); (O.M.)
| | - Janis R. Schierbauer
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (N.B.W.); (S.H.); (J.R.S.); (R.T.Z.); (M.L.E.); (B.Z.); (W.S.); (O.M.)
| | - Rebecca T. Zimmer
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (N.B.W.); (S.H.); (J.R.S.); (R.T.Z.); (M.L.E.); (B.Z.); (W.S.); (O.M.)
| | - Max L. Eckstein
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (N.B.W.); (S.H.); (J.R.S.); (R.T.Z.); (M.L.E.); (B.Z.); (W.S.); (O.M.)
| | - Beate Zunner
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (N.B.W.); (S.H.); (J.R.S.); (R.T.Z.); (M.L.E.); (B.Z.); (W.S.); (O.M.)
| | - Walter Schmidt
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (N.B.W.); (S.H.); (J.R.S.); (R.T.Z.); (M.L.E.); (B.Z.); (W.S.); (O.M.)
| | - Tobias Niedrist
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Harald Sourij
- Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Othmar Moser
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (N.B.W.); (S.H.); (J.R.S.); (R.T.Z.); (M.L.E.); (B.Z.); (W.S.); (O.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
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Comparison of the Ramp and Step Incremental Exercise Test Protocols in Assessing the Maximal Fat Oxidation Rate in Youth Cyclists. J Hum Kinet 2021; 80:163-172. [PMID: 34868426 PMCID: PMC8607772 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The incremental exercise test is the most common method in assessing the maximal fat oxidation (MFO) rate. The main aim of the study was to determine whether the progressive linear RAMP test can be used to assess the maximal fat oxidation rate along with the intensities that trigger its maximal (FATmax) and its minimal (FATmin) values. Our study comprised 57 young road cyclists who were tested in random order. Each of them was submitted to two incremental exercise tests on an electro-magnetically braked cycle-ergometer - STEP (50 W·3 min-1) and RAMP (~0.278 W·s-1) at a 7-day interval. A stoichiometric equation was used to calculate the fat oxidation rate, while the metabolic thresholds were defined by analyzing ventilation gases. The Student’s T-test, Bland-Altman plots and Pearson’s linear correlations were resorted to in the process of statistical analysis. No statistically significant MFO variances occurred between the tests (p = 0.12) and its rate amounted to 0.57 ± 0.15 g·min-1 and 0.53 ± 0.17 g·min-1 in the STEP and RAMP, respectively. No statistically significant variances in the absolute and relative (to maximal) values of oxygen uptake and heart rate were discerned at the FATmax and FATmin intensities. The RAMP test displayed very strong oxygen uptake correlations between the aerobic threshold and FATmax (r = 0.93, R2 = 0.87, p < 0.001) as well as the anaerobic threshold and FATmin (r = 0.88, R2 = 0.78, p < 0.001). Our results corroborate our hypothesis that the incremental RAMP test as well as the STEP test are reliable tools in assessing MFO, FATmax and FATmin intensities.
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Herold F, Törpel A, Hamacher D, Budde H, Zou L, Strobach T, Müller NG, Gronwald T. Causes and Consequences of Interindividual Response Variability: A Call to Apply a More Rigorous Research Design in Acute Exercise-Cognition Studies. Front Physiol 2021; 12:682891. [PMID: 34366881 PMCID: PMC8339555 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.682891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The different responses of humans to an apparently equivalent stimulus are called interindividual response variability. This phenomenon has gained more and more attention in research in recent years. The research field of exercise-cognition has also taken up this topic, as shown by a growing number of studies published in the past decade. In this perspective article, we aim to prompt the progress of this research field by (i) discussing the causes and consequences of interindividual variability, (ii) critically examining published studies that have investigated interindividual variability of neurocognitive outcome parameters in response to acute physical exercises, and (iii) providing recommendations for future studies, based on our critical examination. The provided recommendations, which advocate for a more rigorous study design, are intended to help researchers in the field to design studies allowing them to draw robust conclusions. This, in turn, is very likely to foster the development of this research field and the practical application of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Herold
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Dennis Hamacher
- Department of Sport Science, German University for Health and Sports (DHGS), Berlin, Germany
| | - Henning Budde
- Faculty of Human Sciences, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Liye Zou
- Exercise and Mental Health Laboratory, Institute of KEEP Collaborative Innovation, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tilo Strobach
- Department of Psychology, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Notger G Müller
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- Department of Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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14
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Birnbaumer P, Traninger H, Sattler MC, Borenich A, Hofmann P. Pattern of the Heart Rate Performance Curve in Subjects with Beta-Blocker Treatment and Healthy Controls. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6030061. [PMID: 34287331 PMCID: PMC8293437 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1): Heart rate performance curve (HRPC) in incremental exercise was shown to be not uniform, causing false intensity estimation applying percentages of maximal heart rate (HRmax). HRPC variations are mediated by β-adrenergic receptor sensitivity. The aim was to study age and sex dependent differences in HRPC patterns in adults with β-blocker treatment (BB) and healthy controls (C). (2): A total of 535 (102 female) BB individuals were matched 1:1 for age and sex (male 59 ± 11 yrs, female 61 ± 11 yrs) in C. From the maximum incremental cycle ergometer exercise a first and second heart rate (HR) threshold (Th1 and Th2) was determined. Based on the degree of the deflection (kHR), HRPCs were categorized as regular (downward deflection (kHR > 0.1)) and non-regular (upward deflection (kHR < 0.1), linear time course). (3): Logistic regression analysis revealed a higher odds ratio to present a non-regular curve in BB compared to C (females showed three times higher odds). The odds for non-regular HRPC in BB versus C decreased with older age (OR interaction = 0.97, CI = 0.94-0.99). Maximal and submaximal performance and HR variables were significantly lower in BB (p < 0.05). %HRmax was significantly lower in BB versus C at Th2 (male: 77.2 ± 7.3% vs. 80.8 ± 5.0%; female: 79.2 ± 5.1% vs. 84.0 ± 4.3%). %Pmax at Th2 was similar in BB and C. (4): The HRPC pattern in incremental cycle ergometer exercise is different in individuals receiving β-blocker treatment compared to healthy individuals. The effects were also dependent on age and sex. Relative HR values at Th2 varied substantially depending on treatment. Thus, the percentage of Pmax seems to be a stable and independent indicator for exercise intensity prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Birnbaumer
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport & Health, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (P.B.); (M.C.S.)
| | - Heimo Traninger
- ZARG Centre for Outpatient Rehabilitation, 8021 Graz, Austria;
| | - Matteo C. Sattler
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport & Health, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (P.B.); (M.C.S.)
| | - Andrea Borenich
- Department of Production and Operations Management, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Peter Hofmann
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport & Health, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (P.B.); (M.C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-380-3903
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15
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García-De Frutos JM, Orquín-Castrillón FJ, Marcos-Pardo PJ, Rubio-Arias JÁ, Martínez-Rodríguez A. Acute Effects of Work Rest Interval Duration of 3 HIIT Protocols on Cycling Power in Trained Young Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18084225. [PMID: 33923545 PMCID: PMC8073758 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is described as a succession of short duration and maximum or near-maximum intensity efforts, alternated by recovery periods during which exercise continues at a lower intensity (active recovery) or is interrupted (passive recovery). Our objective was to evaluate the acute responses of three HIIT protocols of different work/rest interval times over the total time of the session, with self-selectable load and up to exhaustion, “all out”.The sample was composed of 22 male participants (n = 22) between 19 and 24 years old. The HIIT protocol consisted of one of the three HIIT protocols, of 30, 60 and 90 s density ratio 1:1 and with passive rest, with a total exercise duration of 10 min. The test was performed in a cycloergometer set in workload mode independent of the pedaling frequency. The comparison of the three HIIT protocols shows that the duration of the work/rest intervals, starting from 30 s of work, in the cycloergometer, there are no significant differences in the levels of lactate concentration in the blood, nor in the heart rate, since a similar amount is obtained in the three protocols. The percentage of maximum power developed reached in each HIIT protocol is related to the duration of the working intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel García-De Frutos
- Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Sport, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (J.M.G.-D.F.); (F.J.O.-C.)
| | - Fco. Javier Orquín-Castrillón
- Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Sport, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (J.M.G.-D.F.); (F.J.O.-C.)
| | - Pablo Jorge Marcos-Pardo
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (P.J.M.-P.); (J.Á.R.-A.)
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (P.J.M.-P.); (J.Á.R.-A.)
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL Foundation), 03010 Alicante, Spain
- Correspondence:
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16
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Wernhart S, Hedderich J, Wunderlich S, Schauerte K, Weihe E, Dellweg D, Siemon K. The Feasibility of High-Intensity Interval Training in Patients with Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Weakness Syndrome Following Long-Term Invasive Ventilation. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2021; 7:11. [PMID: 33527199 PMCID: PMC7849616 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Intensive care unit-acquired weakness syndrome (ICUAWS) can be a consequence of long-term mechanical ventilation. Despite recommendations of early patient mobilisation, little is known about the feasibility, safety and benefit of interval training in early rehabilitation facilities (ERF) after long-term invasive ventilation. Methods and Results We retrospectively analysed two established training protocols of bicycle ergometry in ERF patients after long-term (> 7 days) invasive ventilation (n = 46). Patients conducted moderate continuous (MCT, n = 24, mean age 70.3 ± 10.1 years) or high-intensity interval training (HIIT, n = 22, mean age 63.6 ± 12.6 years). The intensity of training was monitored with the BORG CR10 scale (intense phases ≥ 7/10 and moderate phases ≤ 4/10 points). The primary outcome was improvement (∆-values) of six-minute-walk-test (6 MWT), while the secondary outcomes were improvement of vital capacity (VCmax), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax) and functional capabilities (functional independence assessment measure, FIM/FAM and Barthel scores) after 3 weeks of training. No adverse events were observed. There was a trend towards a greater improvement of 6 MWT in HIIT than MCT (159.5 ± 64.9 m vs. 120.4 ± 60.4 m; p = .057), despite more days of invasive ventilation (39.6 ± 16.8 days vs. 26.8 ± 16.2 days; p = .009). VCmax (∆0.5l ± 0.6 vs. ∆0.5l ± 0.3; p = .462), FEV1 (∆0.2l ± 0.3 vs. ∆0.3l ± 0.2; p = .218) PImax (∆0.8 ± 1.1 kPa vs. ∆0.7 ± 1.3pts; p = .918) and functional status (FIM/FAM: ∆29.0 ± 14.8pts vs. ∆30.9 ± 16.0pts; p = .707; Barthel: ∆28.9 ± 16.0 pts vs. ∆25.0 ± 10.5pts; p = .341) improved in HIIT and MCT. Conclusions We demonstrate the feasibility and safety of HIIT in the early rehabilitation of ICUAWS patients. Larger trials are necessary to find adequate dosage of HIIT in ICUAWS patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-021-00299-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Wernhart
- Department of Cardiology, Fachkrankenhaus Kloster Grafschaft, Annostrasse 1, 57392, Schmallenberg, Germany. .,Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart- and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Hedderich
- Medistat-Biomedical Statistics, Medistat GmbH, Kronshagen, 24119, Germany
| | - Svenja Wunderlich
- Department of Pneumology, Fachkrankenhaus Kloster Grafschaft, Schmallenberg, 57392, Germany
| | - Kunigunde Schauerte
- Department of Pneumology, Fachkrankenhaus Kloster Grafschaft, Schmallenberg, 57392, Germany
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, 35037, Germany
| | - Dominic Dellweg
- Department of Pneumology, Fachkrankenhaus Kloster Grafschaft, Schmallenberg, 57392, Germany
| | - Karsten Siemon
- Department of Pneumology, Fachkrankenhaus Kloster Grafschaft, Schmallenberg, 57392, Germany
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McCarthy O, Deere R, Eckstein ML, Pitt J, Wellman B, Bain SC, Moser O, Bracken RM. Improved Nocturnal Glycaemia and Reduced Insulin Use Following Clinical Exercise Trial Participation in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes. Front Public Health 2021; 8:568832. [PMID: 33495732 PMCID: PMC7822762 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.568832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To explore the influence of clinical exercise trial participation on glycaemia and insulin therapy use in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Research Design and Methods: This study involved a secondary analysis of data collected from 16 individuals with T1D who completed a randomized clinical trial consisting of 23-h in-patient phases with a 45-min evening bout of moderate intensity continuous exercise. Participants were switched from their usual basal-bolus therapy to ultra-long acting insulin degludec and rapid-acting insulin aspart as well as provided with unblinded interstitial flash-glucose monitoring systems. To assess the impact of clinical trial participation, weekly data obtained at the screening visit (pre-study involvement) were compared against those collated on the last experimental visit (post-study involvement). Interstitial glucose [iG] data were split into distinct glycaemic ranges and stratified into day (06:00–23:59) and night (00:00–05:59) time periods. A p-value of ≤ 0.05 was accepted for significance. Results: Following study completion, there were significant decreases in both the mean nocturnal iG concentration (Δ-0.9 ± 4.5 mmol.L−1, p < 0.001) and the time spent in severe hyperglycaemia (Δ-7.2 ± 9.8%, p = 0.028) during the night-time period. The total daily (Δ-7.3 ± 8.4 IU, p = 0.003) and basal only (Δ-2.3 ± 3.8 IU, p = 0.033) insulin dose requirements were reduced over the course of study involvement. Conclusions: Participation in clinical research may foster improved nocturnal glycaemia and reduced insulin therapy use in people with T1D. Recognition of these outcomes may help encourage volunteers to partake in clinical research opportunities for improved diabetes-related health outcomes. Clinical Trial Registration:DRKS.de; DRKS00013509.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia McCarthy
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Deere
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Max L Eckstein
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jason Pitt
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Wellman
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen C Bain
- Diabetes Research Group, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Othmar Moser
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Richard M Bracken
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
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Moser O, Eckstein ML, West DJ, Goswami N, Sourij H, Hofmann P. Type 1 Diabetes and Physical Exercise: Moving (forward) as an Adjuvant Therapy. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:946-957. [PMID: 31912769 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200108113002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by an autoimmune β-cell destruction resulting in endogenous insulin deficiency, potentially leading to micro- and macrovascular complications. Besides an exogenous insulin therapy and continuous glucose monitoring, physical exercise is recommended in adults with type 1 diabetes to improve overall health. The close relationship between physical exercise, inflammation, muscle contraction, and macronutrient intake has never been discussed in detail about type 1 diabetes. The aim of this narrative review was to detail the role of physical exercise in improving clinical outcomes, physiological responses to exercise and different nutrition and therapy strategies around exercise. Physical exercise has several positive effects on glucose uptake and systemic inflammation in adults with type 1 diabetes. A new approach via personalized therapy adaptations must be applied to target beneficial effects on complications as well as on body weight management. In combination with pre-defined macronutrient intake around exercise, adults with type 1 diabetes can expect similar physiological responses to physical exercise, as seen in their healthy counterparts. This review highlights interesting findings from recent studies related to exercise and type 1 diabetes. However, there is limited research available accompanied by a proper number of participants in the cohort of type 1 diabetes. Especially for this group of patients, an increased understanding of the impact of physical exercise can improve its effectiveness as an adjuvant therapy to move (forward).
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Affiliation(s)
- Othmar Moser
- Cardiovascular Diabetology Research Group, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Max L Eckstein
- Cardiovascular Diabetology Research Group, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel J West
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Nandu Goswami
- Physiology Division, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Sourij
- Cardiovascular Diabetology Research Group, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Hofmann
- Exercise Physiology, Training & Training Therapy Research Group, Institute of Sports Science, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Rascon J, Trujillo E, Morales-AcuÑa F, Gurovich AN. Differences between Males and Females in Determining Exercise Intensity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2020; 13:1305-1316. [PMID: 33042374 PMCID: PMC7523896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Even though there are physiological differences between males and females, heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), power output (PO), oxygen consumption (VO2), and blood lactate (BL) levels have been used as measures of exercise intensity independently of sex. The purpose of this study was to determine differences between sexes in different exercise intensity models. Thirty (15 females) young, healthy individuals were scheduled for two testing visits 48-72 hours apart. During the first testing visit, a graded exercise test (GXT), with BL obtained at the end of each exercise step, was administered on a stationary bicycle to determine peak PO and VO2max. BL during the GXT was used to determine three 5-min steady-state workloads (low: 0-2 mmol/L; moderate: 2-4 mmol/L; and high: >4 mmol/L) for the second test. HR, %HRmax, RPE, PO, %POmax, VO2, %VO2max, and BL were obtained at the end of each steady-state workload. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was performed to compare all exercise intensity variables obtained during the second test between males and females (α=0.05). Only RPE, %PO, and BL did not differ between sexes on all 3 exercise intensities. HR, %HR, and PO differ between sexes on at least 2 exercise intensities. Females have higher HR and %HR than males for similar %PO. VO2 and %VO2max differ between sexes on at least 1 exercise intensity. Based on the current results, traditional exercise intensity markers are different between males and females. BL and %PO appear to be markers that might be used independently of sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozelyn Rascon
- Clinical Applied Physiology Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, The University of Texas-El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Elizabeth Trujillo
- Clinical Applied Physiology Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, The University of Texas-El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Francisco Morales-AcuÑa
- Clinical Applied Physiology Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, The University of Texas-El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Alvaro N Gurovich
- Clinical Applied Physiology Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, The University of Texas-El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
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The First Lactate Threshold Is a Limit for Heavy Occupational Work. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2020; 5:jfmk5030066. [PMID: 33467281 PMCID: PMC7739369 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk5030066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term heavy physical work often leads to early retirement and disability pension due to chronic overload, with a need to define upper limits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of the first lactate threshold (LTP1) as a physiological marker for heavy occupational work. A total of 188 male and 52 female workers performed an incremental cycle ergometer test to determine maximal exercise performance and the first and second lactate (LTP1; LTP2) and ventilatory thresholds (VT1; VT2). Heart rate (HR) recordings were obtained during one eight-hour shift (HR8h) and oxygen uptake was measured during 20 minutes of a representative work phase. Energy expenditure (EE) was calculated from gas-exchange measures. Maximal power output (Pmax), maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) and power output at LTP1 and LTP2 were significantly different between male and female workers. HR8h was not significantly different between male and female workers. A significant relationship was found between Pmax and power output at LTP1. HR8h as a percentage of maximum HR significantly declined with increasing performance (Pmax:r = −0.56; p < 0.01; PLTP1:r = −0.49; p < 0.01). Despite different cardio-respiratory fitness-levels; 95.4% of all workers performed their usual work below LTP1. It is therefore suggested that LTP1 represents the upper limit for sustained heavy occupational work; which supports its use to determine work capability and assessing the limits of heavy occupational work.
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Absolute Accelerometer-Based Intensity Prescription Compared to Physiological Variables in Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17165651. [PMID: 32764431 PMCID: PMC7460197 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Estimation of the intensity of physical activity (PA) based on absolute accelerometer cut points (Cp) likely over- or underestimates intensity for a specific individual. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between absolute moderate intensity Cp and the first ventilatory threshold (VT1). A group of 24 pregnant and 15 nonpregnant women who performed a submaximal incremental walking test with measures of ventilatory parameters and accelerations from three different accelerometers on the wrist (ActiGraph wGT3X-BT, GENEActiv, Axivity AX3) and one on the hip (Actigraph wGT3X-BT) were analyzed. Cp were determined corresponding to 3 metabolic equivalents of task (MET), using the conventional MET definition (Cp3.5) (3.5 mL/kg×min) and individual resting metabolic rate (Cpind). The ventilatory equivalent (VE/VO2) was used to determine VT1. Accelerations at VT1 were significantly higher (p < 0.01) compared to Cp3.5 and Cpind in both groups. Cp3.5 and Cpind were significantly different in nonpregnant (p < 0.01) but not in pregnant women. Walking speed at VT1 (5.7 ± 0.5/6.2 ± 0.8 km/h) was significantly lower (p < 0.01) in pregnant compared to nonpregnant women and correspondent to 3.8 ± 0.7/4.9 ± 1.4 conventional METs. Intensity at absolute Cp was lower compared to the intensity at VT1 independent of the device or placement in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Therefore, we recommend individually tailored cut points such as the VT1 to better assess the effect of the intensity of PA.
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A Discussion on Different Approaches for Prescribing Physical Interventions - Four Roads Lead to Rome, but Which One Should We Choose? J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10030055. [PMID: 32605044 PMCID: PMC7565695 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well recognized that regular physical exercise has positive effects on physical and mental health. To use the beneficial health effects of physical exercise, there are worldwide movements encouraging health care providers to include physical exercise in their care and treatments strategies. However, a crucial point in administering the "exercise polypill" is the dosing and, in turn, the prescription of the physical intervention (PI). In this perspective article, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches to prescribe PI. In this context, we also highlight outstanding questions and potential areas of opportunity for further investigations.
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Eckstein ML, McCarthy O, Tripolt NJ, Müller A, Birnbaumer P, Pferschy PN, Hofmann P, Bracken RM, Sourij H, Moser O. Efficacy of Carbohydrate Supplementation Compared With Bolus Insulin Dose Reduction Around Exercise in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Retrospective, Controlled Analysis. Can J Diabetes 2020; 44:697-700. [PMID: 32565070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Individuals with type 1 diabetes try to manage the risk of exercise-induced hypoglycemia by either pre-exercise/pre-meal bolus insulin dose reductions and/or consuming additional carbohydrates during exercise. Both strategies have proven to be effective in offsetting hypoglycemia, but it remains unclear which one is more beneficial. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of carbohydrate supplementation vs bolus insulin dose reduction in prevention of hypoglycemia during moderate-intensity exercise in those with type 1 diabetes. METHODS This investigation was a retrospective, controlled analysis of 2 independent clinical trials. All participants performed continuous, moderate-intensity cycle ergometer exercise for ∼45 minutes. Two therapy management groups and a control group were compared. Group A was supplemented with 15 to 30 g carbohydrates at a glycemic threshold of 7.0 mmol/L during exercise, group B reduced their individual bolus insulin dose by 50% with their last meal before exercise and group C served as a control. RESULTS No hypoglycemic events occurred in group A, whereas 4 events were recorded in groups B (p=0.02) and C (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS Carbohydrate supplementation was superior to bolus insulin reduction for prevention of hypoglycemia during exercise in people with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max L Eckstein
- Cardiovascular Diabetology Research Group, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Olivia McCarthy
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Norbert J Tripolt
- Cardiovascular Diabetology Research Group, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Müller
- Exercise Physiology, Training and Training Therapy Research Group, Institute of Sports Science, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Philipp Birnbaumer
- Exercise Physiology, Training and Training Therapy Research Group, Institute of Sports Science, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter N Pferschy
- Cardiovascular Diabetology Research Group, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Hofmann
- Exercise Physiology, Training and Training Therapy Research Group, Institute of Sports Science, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Richard M Bracken
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Harald Sourij
- Cardiovascular Diabetology Research Group, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Othmar Moser
- Cardiovascular Diabetology Research Group, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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New Directions in Exercise Prescription: Is There a Role for Brain-Derived Parameters Obtained by Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy? Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10060342. [PMID: 32503207 PMCID: PMC7348779 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the literature, it is well established that regular physical exercise is a powerful strategy to promote brain health and to improve cognitive performance. However, exact knowledge about which exercise prescription would be optimal in the setting of exercise–cognition science is lacking. While there is a strong theoretical rationale for using indicators of internal load (e.g., heart rate) in exercise prescription, the most suitable parameters have yet to be determined. In this perspective article, we discuss the role of brain-derived parameters (e.g., brain activity) as valuable indicators of internal load which can be beneficial for individualizing the exercise prescription in exercise–cognition research. Therefore, we focus on the application of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), since this neuroimaging modality provides specific advantages, making it well suited for monitoring cortical hemodynamics as a proxy of brain activity during physical exercise.
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Intensity Thresholds and Maximal Lactate Steady State in Small Muscle Group Exercise. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8060077. [PMID: 32481692 PMCID: PMC7353667 DOI: 10.3390/sports8060077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study is to determine the first (LTP1) and the second (LTP2) lactate turn points during an incremental bicep curl test and to verify these turn points by ventilatory turn points (VT1 and VT2) and constant-load exercise tests. Twelve subjects performed a one-arm incremental bicep curl exercise (IET) after a one repetition maximum (1RM) test to calculate the step rate for the incremental exercise (1RM/45). Workload was increased every min at a rate of 30 reps/min until maximum. To verify LTPs, VT1 and VT2 were determined from spirometric data, and 30 min constant-load tests (CL) were performed at 5% Pmax below and above turn points. Peak load in IET was 5.3 ± 0.9 kg (Lamax: 2.20 ± 0.40 mmol·L−1; HRmax: 135 ± 15 b·min−1; VO2max: 1.15 ± 0.30 L·min−1). LTP1 was detected at 1.9 ± 0.6 kg (La: 0.86 ± 0.36 mmol·L−1; HR 90 ± 13 b·min−1; VO2: 0.50 ± 0.05 L·min−1) and LTP2 at 3.8 ± 0.7 kg (La: 1.38 ± 0.37 mmol·L−1; 106 ± 10 b·min−1; VO2: 0.62 ± 0.11 L·min−1). Constant-load tests showed a lactate steady-state in all tests except above LTP2, with early termination after 16.5 ± 9.1 min. LTP1 and LTP2 could be determined in IET, which were not significantly different from VT1/VT2. Constant-load exercise validated the three-phase concept, and a steady-state was found at resting values below VT1 and in all other tests except above LTP2. It is suggested that the three-phase model is also applicable to small muscle group exercise.
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Birnbaumer P, Traninger H, Borenich A, Falgenhauer M, Modre-Osprian R, Harpf H, Hofmann P. Heart Rate Performance Curve Is Dependent on Age, Sex, and Performance. Front Public Health 2020; 8:98. [PMID: 32300582 PMCID: PMC7144539 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The Heart Rate Performance Curve (HRPC) is neither linear nor uniform and related to ß1-adrenoceptor sensitivity. As aging and exercise influence ß1-adrenoceptors we suggested age, sex and performance effects on the HRPC. Aim of the study was to examine the effects of aging on the deflection of the HRPC in maximal incremental cycle ergometer exercise (CE) in a large cohort of healthy subjects. Methods: Heart rate (HR) data of 2,980 men (51 ± 15 years) and 1,944 women (52 ± 14 years) were classified into age groups (≤20 up to >80 years). We analyzed age and performance (Plow 25%-quartile and Phigh 75%-quartile of age predicted power) effects on HRmax and on the degree (k) and the type (regular downward deflection k > 0.1, linear −0.1 ≤ k ≤ 0.1 and atypical upward deflection k < −0.1) of the HRPC. Results:k-values decreased significantly with age in men and women and were significantly higher in women. Atypical HRPC's increased by a linear trend from ≤20 to 70 years (m) respectively 80 years (w) from 10 to 43% (m) and 9 to 30% (w). HRmax of all age groups was lower in Plow and overall number of atypical HRPC's was 21% (m) and 16% (w) higher compared to Phigh. Conclusion: Aging increased the number of atypical HRPC's with upward deflection in CE tests, which influences exercise intensity prescription especially when using fixed percentages of HRmax. Changes in HRPC's were affected by sex and performance, where women generally and subjects with higher performance presented less atypical HRPC's even at older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Birnbaumer
- Exercise Physiology, Training & Training Therapy Research Group, Institute of Sports Science, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Andrea Borenich
- Department of Production and Operations Management, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Falgenhauer
- Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Modre-Osprian
- Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Hanns Harpf
- ZARG Centre for Outpatient Rehabilitation, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Hofmann
- Exercise Physiology, Training & Training Therapy Research Group, Institute of Sports Science, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Moser O, Eckstein ML, McCarthy O, Deere R, Pitt J, Williams DM, Hayes J, Sourij H, Bain SC, Bracken RM. Performance of the Freestyle Libre flash glucose monitoring (flash GM) system in individuals with type 1 diabetes: A secondary outcome analysis of a randomized crossover trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:2505-2512. [PMID: 31332929 PMCID: PMC6852439 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The efficacy of flash glucose monitoring (flash GM) systems has been demonstrated by improvements in glycaemia; however, during high rates of glucose flux, the performance of continuous glucose monitoring systems was impaired, as detailed in previous studies. This study aimed to determine the performance of the flash GM system during daily-life glycaemic challenges such as carbohydrate-rich meals, bolus insulin-induced glycaemic disturbances and acute physical exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study comprised four randomized trial visits with alternating pre- and post-exercise bolus insulin doses. Throughout the four 14-hour inpatient phases, 19 participants received three carbohydrate-rich meals and performed moderate-intensity exercise. Venous blood glucose and capillary blood glucose during exercise was compared to interstitial glucose concentrations. Flash GM accuracy was assessed by median absolute relative difference (MARD) (interquartile range [IQR]) using the Bland-Altman method and Clark error grid, as well as according to guidelines for integrated CGM approvals (Class II-510(K)). RESULTS The overall MARD (IQR) during inpatient phases was 14.3% (6.9%-22.8%), during hypoglycaemia (≤3.9 mmol/L) was 31.6% (16.2%-46.8%), during euglycaemia (4.0 mmol/L - 9.9 mmol/L) was 16.0% (8.5%-24.0%) and during hyperglycaemia (≥10 mmol/L) was 9.4% (5.1%-15.7%). Overall Bland-Altman analysis showed a bias (95% LoA) of 1.26 mmol/L (-1.67 to 4.19 mmol/L). The overall MARD during acute exercise was 29.8% (17.5%-39.8%), during hypoglycaemia was 45.1% (35.2%-51.1%), during euglycaemia was 30.7% (18.7%-39.2%) and during hyperglycaemia was 16.3% (10.0%-22.8%). CONCLUSION Flash GM interstitial glucose readings were not sufficiently accurate within the hypoglycaemic range and during acute exercise and require confirmatory blood glucose measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othmar Moser
- Diabetes Research Group, Medical SchoolSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A‐STEM), College of EngineeringSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
- Division of Endocrinology and DiabetologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Max L. Eckstein
- Diabetes Research Group, Medical SchoolSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A‐STEM), College of EngineeringSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
- Division of Endocrinology and DiabetologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Olivia McCarthy
- Diabetes Research Group, Medical SchoolSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A‐STEM), College of EngineeringSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | - Rachel Deere
- Diabetes Research Group, Medical SchoolSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A‐STEM), College of EngineeringSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
- Department for HealthUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Jason Pitt
- Diabetes Research Group, Medical SchoolSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A‐STEM), College of EngineeringSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | - David M. Williams
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A‐STEM), College of EngineeringSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | - Jennifer Hayes
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A‐STEM), College of EngineeringSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | - Harald Sourij
- Division of Endocrinology and DiabetologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Stephen C. Bain
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A‐STEM), College of EngineeringSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | - Richard M. Bracken
- Diabetes Research Group, Medical SchoolSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A‐STEM), College of EngineeringSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
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Herold F, Müller P, Gronwald T, Müller NG. Dose-Response Matters! - A Perspective on the Exercise Prescription in Exercise-Cognition Research. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2338. [PMID: 31736815 PMCID: PMC6839278 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In general, it is well recognized that both acute physical exercises and regular physical training influence brain plasticity and cognitive functions positively. However, growing evidence shows that the same physical exercises induce very heterogeneous outcomes across individuals. In an attempt to better understand this interindividual heterogeneity in response to acute and regular physical exercising, most research, so far, has focused on non-modifiable factors such as sex and different genotypes, while relatively little attention has been paid to exercise prescription as a modifiable factor. With an adapted exercise prescription, dosage can be made comparable across individuals, a procedure that is necessary to better understand the dose-response relationship in exercise-cognition research. This improved understanding of dose-response relationships could help to design more efficient physical training approaches against, for instance, cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Herold
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- Department Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy and Health, Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Notger G. Müller
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
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Pre-Exercise Blood Glucose Levels Determine the Amount of Orally Administered Carbohydrates during Physical Exercise in Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes-A Randomized Cross-Over Trial. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061287. [PMID: 31174360 PMCID: PMC6627914 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the amount of orally administered carbohydrates needed to maintain euglycemia during moderate-intensity exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Nine participants with type 1 diabetes (four women, age 32.1 ± 9.0 years, BMI 25.5 ± 3.9 kg/m2, HbA1c 55 ± 7 mmol/mol (7.2 ± 0.6%)) on insulin Degludec were randomized to cycle for 55 min at moderate intensity (63 ± 7% VO2peak) for five consecutive days on either 75% or 100% of their regular basal insulin dose. The impact of pre-exercise blood glucose concentration on the carbohydrate requirement was analyzed by one-way ANOVA stratified for pre-exercise blood glucose quartiles. The effect of the basal insulin dose on the amount of orally administered carbohydrates was evaluated by Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. The amount of orally administered carbohydrates during the continuous exercise sessions was similar for both trial arms (75% or 100% basal insulin) with median [IQR] of 36 g (9–62 g) and 36 g (9–66 g) (p = 0.78). The amount of orally administered carbohydrates was determined by pre-exercise blood glucose concentration for both trial arms (p = 0.03). Our study elucidated the importance of pre-exercise glucose concentration related orally administered carbohydrates to maintain euglycemia during exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes.
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Hadzic M, Eckstein ML, Schugardt M. The Impact of Sodium Bicarbonate on Performance in Response to Exercise Duration in Athletes: A Systematic Review. J Sports Sci Med 2019; 18:271-281. [PMID: 31191097 PMCID: PMC6544001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
According to recent literature sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) has been proposed as a performance enhancing aid by reducing acidosis during exercise. The aim of the current review is to investigate if the duration of exercise is an essential factor for the effect of NaHCO3. To collect the latest studies from electronic database of PubMed, study publication time was restricted from December 2006 to December 2016. The search was updated in July 2018. The studies were divided into exercise durations of > 4 or ≤ 4 minutes for easier comparability of their effects in different exercises. Only randomized controlled trials were included in this review. Of the 775 studies, 35 met the inclusion criteria. Study design, subjects, effects as well as outcome criteria were inconsistent throughout the studies. Seventeen of these studies reported performance enhancing effects after supplementing NaHCO3. Eleven of twenty studies with exercise duration of ≤ 4 minutes showed positive and four diverse results after supplementing NaHCO3. On the other hand six of fifteen studies with an exercise duration of >4 minutes showed performance enhancing and two studies showed diverse results. Consequently, the duration of exercise might be influential for inducing a performance enhancing effect when supplementing NaHCO3, but to which extent, remains unclear due to the inconsistencies in the study results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miralem Hadzic
- Clinical Exercise Science, University of Potsdam, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Potsdam, Germany
- Center of Rehabilitation Research, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, House 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Max Lennart Eckstein
- Clinical Exercise Science, University of Potsdam, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Potsdam, Germany
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Monique Schugardt
- University Outpatient Clinic, University of Potsdam, House 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
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Heber S, Sallaberger-Lehner M, Hausharter M, Volf I, Ocenasek H, Gabriel H, Pokan R. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation is associated with a normalization of the heart rate performance curve deflection. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:1364-1374. [PMID: 31074520 PMCID: PMC6852149 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The heart rate (HR) rises with increased power output, whereby in most healthy individuals, the slope of HR levels off with higher intensity. This corresponds to a downward deflection of the heart rate performance curve (HRPC). Conversely, in patients after myocardial infarction, an upward HRPC deflection is frequently observed that is especially pronounced in patients with compromised left ventricular ejection fraction. To investigate whether regular endurance training during cardiac rehabilitation might normalize HRPC, data of 128 male patients were analyzed. All patients performed three exercise tests: at baseline, after 6 weeks, and after 1 year. Ninety‐six patients exercised regularly according to guidelines for 1 year (training group, TG), and 32 stopped after 6 weeks (control group, CG). Similarly, upward‐deflected HRPCs were observed at baseline and after 6 weeks in both groups. After 1 year, TG patients had less upward‐deflected HRPCs compared with CG ones, corresponding to a partial normalization. Greater changes in HRPC deflection were associated with larger improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness. Our results might indicate improved myocardial function due to long‐term rehabilitation. Further, HRPC alterations over time should be considered when prescribing exercise intensities using a target HR, as deflection flattening might render the intensity of corresponding exercise insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Heber
- Institute of Sport Science, Center for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Institute for Physiology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Maria Hausharter
- Institute of Sport Science, Center for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivo Volf
- Institute for Physiology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmuth Ocenasek
- CARDIOMED Centre for Outpatient Cardiac Rehabilitation, Linz, Austria
| | - Harald Gabriel
- Department of Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rochus Pokan
- Institute of Sport Science, Center for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Moser O, Eckstein ML, Mueller A, Birnbaumer P, Aberer F, Koehler G, Sourij C, Kojzar H, Holler P, Simi H, Pferschy P, Dietz P, Bracken RM, Hofmann P, Sourij H. Reduction in insulin degludec dosing for multiple exercise sessions improves time spent in euglycaemia in people with type 1 diabetes: A randomized crossover trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:349-356. [PMID: 30221457 PMCID: PMC6587463 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare the time spent in specified glycaemic ranges in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) during 5 consecutive days of moderate-intensity exercise while on either 100% or 75% of their usual insulin degludec (IDeg) dose. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nine participants with T1D (four women, mean age 32.1 ± 9.0 years, body mass index 25.5 ± 3.8 kg/m2 , glycated haemoglobin 55 ± 7 mmol/mol (7.2% ± 0.6%) on IDeg were enrolled in the trial. Three days before the first exercise period, participants were randomized to either 100% or 75% of their usual IDeg dose. Participants exercised on a cycle ergometer for 55 minutes at a moderate intensity for 5 consecutive days. After a 4-week wash-out period, participants performed the last exercise period for 5 consecutive days with the alternate IDeg dose. Time spent in specified glycaemic ranges, area under the curve and numbers of hypoglycaemic events were compared for the 5 days on each treatment allocation using a paired Students' t test, Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test and two-way ANOVA. RESULTS Time spent in euglycaemia over 5 days was greater for the 75% IDeg dose versus the 100% IDeg dose (4008 ± 938 minutes vs. 3566 ± 856 minutes; P = 0.04). Numbers of hypoglycaemic events (P = 0.91) and time spent in hypoglycaemia (P = 0.07) or hyperglycaemia (P = 0.38) was similar for both dosing schemes. CONCLUSIONS A 25% reduction in usual IDeg dose around regular exercise led to more time spent in euglycaemia, with small effects on time spent in hypo- and hyperglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othmar Moser
- Diabetes Research Group, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Max L Eckstein
- Diabetes Research Group, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Alexander Mueller
- Exercise Physiology, Training and Training Therapy Research Group, Institute of Sports Science, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Sport Science Laboratory, Institute of Health and Tourism Management, FH Joanneum University of Applied Science, Bad Gleichenberg, Austria
| | - Philipp Birnbaumer
- Exercise Physiology, Training and Training Therapy Research Group, Institute of Sports Science, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Felix Aberer
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerd Koehler
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Caren Sourij
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Kojzar
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Holler
- Sport Science Laboratory, Institute of Health and Tourism Management, FH Joanneum University of Applied Science, Bad Gleichenberg, Austria
| | - Helmut Simi
- Sport Science Laboratory, Institute of Health and Tourism Management, FH Joanneum University of Applied Science, Bad Gleichenberg, Austria
| | - Peter Pferschy
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Pavel Dietz
- Department of Physical Activity and Public Health, Institute of Sports Science, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Medical Centre of the University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Richard M Bracken
- Diabetes Research Group, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Peter Hofmann
- Exercise Physiology, Training and Training Therapy Research Group, Institute of Sports Science, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Sourij
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Gatterer H, Böcksteiner T, Müller A, Simi H, Krasser C, Djukic R, Schroth R, Wallner D. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid as an Ergogenic Aid During Intensified Soccer Training: A Placebo Controlled Randomized Study. J Diet Suppl 2018; 17:161-172. [PMID: 30346855 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2018.1494662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Intensified training may lead to fatigue or even a state of overreaching with temporary reductions in performance. Any aid helping to prevent these consequences and to better tolerate such a training regime would be of great importance. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) and α-ketoglutaric acid (α-KG) supplementation has been suggested to support favorable training outcomes but its effectiveness to facilitate adaptations during an intensified training period has never been investigated. During an in-season competition break (2 weeks), seventeen young outfield soccer players (age:14.7 ± 0.4 yr) performed a 9-day lasting shock microcyle including 5-7 repeated sprint exercise sessions in addition to the regular training (∼6 sessions/wk) and match (1-2 matches/wk) schedule. Before the training period a treadmill test to exhaustion, a YOYO intermittent recovery level 2 (YYIR2) and a repeated sprint ability (RSA) test were performed. The treadmill test was repeated 3 days after the shock microcycle whereas the YYIR2 and the RSA test on day 10 after the training. Magnitude based inference analysis showed likely positive effects of the 5-HMF/α-KG compared to the control group for changes in the maximal running velocity (+0.3 ± 0.7 vs. -0.3 ± 0.8 km/h) and running velocity at lactate turn-point 1 (+0.2 ± 0.4 vs. -0.2 ± 0.6) and lactate turn-point 2 (+0.4 ± 0.4 vs. -0.2 ± 0.6 km/h, for the 5-HMF/α-KG and placebo group, respectively). Training improved YYIR2 performance (+180 ± 67 vs. +200 ± 168m) and RSA (mean time: -0.1 ± 0.1 vs. -0.1 ± 0.1s, for the 5-HMF/α-KG and placebo group, respectively) in both groups and to the same extent. In conclusion, an in-season shock microcyle including repeated sprint training improves YYIR2 performance and RSA in youth soccer players. Supplementation with 5-HMF/α-KG did not modify training adaptations but led to likely positive exercise performance responses shortly after the intensified training regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Gatterer
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy.,Department of Sport Science, University Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Alexander Müller
- Exercise Physiology, Training and Training Therapy Research Group, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Sports Science Laboratory, Institute of Health and Tourism Management, University of Applied Sciences-FH JOANNEUM, Bad Gleichenberg, Austria
| | - Helmut Simi
- Sports Science Laboratory, Institute of Health and Tourism Management, University of Applied Sciences-FH JOANNEUM, Bad Gleichenberg, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Dietmar Wallner
- Sports Science Laboratory, Institute of Health and Tourism Management, University of Applied Sciences-FH JOANNEUM, Bad Gleichenberg, Austria
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Herold F, Hamacher D, Schega L, Müller NG. Thinking While Moving or Moving While Thinking - Concepts of Motor-Cognitive Training for Cognitive Performance Enhancement. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:228. [PMID: 30127732 PMCID: PMC6089337 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The demographic change in industrial countries, with increasingly sedentary lifestyles, has a negative impact on mental health. Normal and pathological aging leads to cognitive deficits. This development poses major challenges on national health systems. Therefore, it is necessary to develop efficient cognitive enhancement strategies. The combination of regular physical exercise with cognitive stimulation seems especially suited to increase an individual's cognitive reserve, i.e., his/her resistance to degenerative processes of the brain. Here, we outline insufficiently explored fields in exercise-cognition research and provide a classification approach for different motor-cognitive training regimens. We suggest to classify motor-cognitive training in two categories, (I) sequential motor-cognitive training (the motor and cognitive training are conducted time separated) and (II) simultaneous motor-cognitive training (motor and cognitive training are conducted sequentially). In addition, simultaneous motor-cognitive training may be distinguished based on the specific characteristics of the cognitive task. If successfully solving the cognitive task is not a relevant prerequisite to complete the motor-cognitive task, we would consider this type of training as (IIa) motor-cognitive training with additional cognitive task. In contrast, in ecologically more valid (IIb) motor cognitive training with incorporated cognitive task, the cognitive tasks are a relevant prerequisite to solve the motor-cognitive task. We speculate that incorporating cognitive tasks into motor tasks, rather than separate training of mental and physical functions, is the most promising approach to efficiently enhance cognitive reserve. Further research investigating the influence of motor(-cognitive) exercises with different quantitative and qualitative characteristics on cognitive performance is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Herold
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Hamacher
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Notger G. Müller
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Birnbaumer P, Müller A, Tschakert G, Sattler MC, Hofmann P. Performance Enhancing Effect of Metabolic Pre-conditioning on Upper-Body Strength-Endurance Exercise. Front Physiol 2018; 9:963. [PMID: 30079032 PMCID: PMC6062767 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
High systemic blood lactate (La) was shown to inhibit glycolysis and to increase oxidative metabolism in subsequent anaerobic exercise. Aim of this study was to examine the effect of a metabolic pre-conditioning (MPC) on net La increase and performance in subsequent pull-up exercise (PU). Nine trained students (age: 25.1 ± 1.9 years; BMI: 21.7 ± 1.4) performed PU on a horizontal bar with legs placed on a box (angular hanging) either without or with MPC in a randomized order. MPC was a 26.6 ± 2 s all out shuttle run. Each trial started with a 15-min warm-up phase. Time between MPC and PU was 8 min. Heart rate (HR) and gas exchange measures (VO2, VCO2, and VE) were monitored, La and glucose were measured at specific time points. Gas exchange measures were compared by area under the curve (AUC). In PU without MPC, La increased from 1.24 ± 0.4 to 6.4 ± 1.4 mmol⋅l-1, whereas with MPC, PU started at 9.28 ± 1.98 mmol⋅l-1 La which increased to 10.89 ± 2.13 mmol⋅l-1. With MPC, net La accumulation was significantly reduced by 75.5% but performance was significantly increased by 1 rep (4%). Likewise, net oxygen uptake VO2 (50% AUC), pulmonary ventilation (VE) (34% AUC), and carbon dioxide VCO2 production (26% AUC) were significantly increased during PU but respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was significantly blunted during work and recovery. MPC inhibited glycolysis and increased oxidative metabolism and performance in subsequent anaerobic upper-body strength-endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Birnbaumer
- Institute of Sports Science, Exercise Physiology, Training and Training Therapy Research Group, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Department of Physical Activity and Public Health, Institute of Sports Science, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Müller
- Institute of Sports Science, Exercise Physiology, Training and Training Therapy Research Group, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerhard Tschakert
- Institute of Sports Science, Exercise Physiology, Training and Training Therapy Research Group, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Matteo C Sattler
- Department of Physical Activity and Public Health, Institute of Sports Science, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Hofmann
- Institute of Sports Science, Exercise Physiology, Training and Training Therapy Research Group, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Eckstein ML, Lawrence JB, Otto C, Kotsch P, Messerschmidt J, Bracken RM, Moser O. Impairments of postural control, functional performance and strength in morbidly obese patients awaiting bariatric surgery in comparison to healthy individuals. J Phys Ther Sci 2018; 30:663-668. [PMID: 29765176 PMCID: PMC5940468 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.30.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] There is a lack of information evaluating specific markers of performance in
patients awaiting bariatric surgery. We aimed to assess the postural control, functional
performance, strength and endurance performance for morbidly obese patients awaiting
bariatric surgery compared to lean controls. [Subjects and Methods] All parameters were
assessed by modified Y-balance test, timed-up-and-go-test, maximum strength testing on
resistance exercise equipment and cardio-pulmonary exercise testing on a cycle ergometer
in 10 morbidly obese patients awaiting bariatric surgery and 10 age- and sex-matched lean
controls. [Results] It was found that significant differences existed for overall modified
Y-balance test in morbidly obese patients awaiting bariatric surgery versus lean controls
(0.37 ± 0.03 vs. 0.47 ± 0.02 cm.cm−1), timed-up-and-go-test (9.33 ± 1.23 vs.
7.85 ± 1.73 sec) and several variables of cardio-pulmonary exercise testing. Overall
absolute strength expressed in kilogram was similar, yet when relativized to body weight
strength differences were notable (0.4 ± 0.17 vs. 0.83 ± 0.32 kg.kg−1).
[Conclusion] The results of this study demonstrate the need for comprehensive functional
assessment prior to surgery with an identified demand for subsequent tailored physical
training prescription that should begin before surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Lennart Eckstein
- Diabetes Research Group, Medical School, Swansea University: SA2 8PP Swansea, Singleton Park, Wales, United Kingdom.,Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, United Kingdom.,University Outpatient Clinic, Center of Sports Medicine & Sports Orthopedics, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jimmy Bradley Lawrence
- University Outpatient Clinic, Center of Sports Medicine & Sports Orthopedics, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christoph Otto
- University Outpatient Clinic, Center of Sports Medicine & Sports Orthopedics, University of Potsdam, Germany.,Fritz Stephan GmbH, Germany
| | - Peggy Kotsch
- University Outpatient Clinic, Center of Sports Medicine & Sports Orthopedics, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Janin Messerschmidt
- University Outpatient Clinic, Center of Sports Medicine & Sports Orthopedics, University of Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Medicine II, Department of Hematology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Richard Michael Bracken
- Diabetes Research Group, Medical School, Swansea University: SA2 8PP Swansea, Singleton Park, Wales, United Kingdom.,Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, United Kingdom
| | - Othmar Moser
- Diabetes Research Group, Medical School, Swansea University: SA2 8PP Swansea, Singleton Park, Wales, United Kingdom.,Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, United Kingdom.,University Outpatient Clinic, Center of Sports Medicine & Sports Orthopedics, University of Potsdam, Germany
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Moser O, Eckstein ML, McCarthy O, Deere R, Bain SC, Haahr HL, Zijlstra E, Heise T, Bracken RM. Heart rate dynamics during cardio-pulmonary exercise testing are associated with glycemic control in individuals with type 1 diabetes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194750. [PMID: 29608593 PMCID: PMC5880363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study investigated the degree and direction (kHR) of the heart rate to performance curve (HRPC) during cardio-pulmonary exercise (CPX) testing and explored the relationship with diabetes markers, anthropometry and exercise physiological markers in type 1 diabetes (T1DM). MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty-four people with T1DM (13 females; age: 34 ± 8 years; HbA1c: 7.8 ± 1% (62 ± 13 mmol.mol-1) performed a CPX test until maximum exhaustion. kHR was calculated by a second-degree polynomial representation between post-warm up and maximum power output. Adjusted stepwise linear regression analysis was performed to investigate kHR and its associations. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed based on kHR for groups kHR < 0.20 vs. > 0.20 in relation to HbA1c. RESULTS We found significant relationships between kHR and HbA1c (β = -0.70, P < 0.0001), age (β = -0.23, P = 0.03) and duration of diabetes (β = 0.20, P = 0.04). Stepwise linear regression resulted in an overall adjusted R2 of 0.57 (R = 0.79, P < 0.0001). Our data revealed also significant associations between kHR and percentage of heart rate at heart rate turn point from maximum heart rate (β = 0.43, P < 0.0001) and maximum power output relativized to bodyweight (β = 0.44, P = 0.001) (overall adjusted R2 of 0.44 (R = 0.53, P < 0.0001)). ROC curve analysis based on kHR resulted in a HbA1c threshold of 7.9% (62 mmol.mol-1). CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate atypical HRPC during CPX testing that were mainly related to glycemic control in people with T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othmar Moser
- Diabetes Research Group, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Max L. Eckstein
- Diabetes Research Group, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia McCarthy
- Diabetes Research Group, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Deere
- Diabetes Research Group, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen C. Bain
- Diabetes Research Group, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Richard M. Bracken
- Diabetes Research Group, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
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Hofmann P. Cancer and Exercise: Warburg Hypothesis, Tumour Metabolism and High-Intensity Anaerobic Exercise. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6010010. [PMID: 29910314 PMCID: PMC5969185 DOI: 10.3390/sports6010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is ample evidence that regular moderate to vigorous aerobic physical activity is related to a reduced risk for various forms of cancer to suggest a causal relationship. Exercise is associated with positive changes in fitness, body composition, and physical functioning as well as in patient-reported outcomes such as fatigue, sleep quality, or health-related quality of life. Emerging evidence indicates that exercise may also be directly linked to the control of tumour biology through direct effects on tumour-intrinsic factors. Beside a multitude of effects of exercise on the human body, one underscored effect of exercise training is to target the specific metabolism of tumour cells, namely the Warburg-type highly glycolytic metabolism. Tumour metabolism as well as the tumour–host interaction may be selectively influenced by single bouts as well as regularly applied exercise, dependent on exercise intensity, duration, frequency and mode. High-intensity anaerobic exercise was shown to inhibit glycolysis and some studies in animals showed that effects on tumour growth might be stronger compared with moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. High-intensity exercise was shown to be safe in patients; however, it has to be applied carefully with an individualized prescription of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hofmann
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Exercise Physiology, Training & Training Therapy Research Group, University of Graz, Max Mell Allee 11, Graz 8010, Austria.
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39
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Moser O, Tschakert G, Mueller A, Groeschl W, Eckstein ML, Koehler G, Bracken RM, Pieber TR, Hofmann P. Different Heart Rate Patterns During Cardio-Pulmonary Exercise (CPX) Testing in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:585. [PMID: 30333794 PMCID: PMC6176070 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the heart rate during cardio-pulmonary exercise (CPX) testing in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) compared to healthy (CON) individuals. Fourteen people (seven individuals with T1D and seven CON individuals) performed a CPX test until volitional exhaustion to determine the first and second lactate turn points (LTP1 and LTP2), ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2), and the heart rate turn point. For these thresholds cardio-respiratory variables and percentages of maximum heart rate, heart rate reserve, maximum oxygen uptake and oxygen uptake reserve, and maximum power output were compared between groups. Additionally, the degree and direction of the deflection of the heart rate to performance curve (kHR) were compared between groups. Individuals with T1D had similar heart rate at LTP1 (mean difference) -11, [(95% confidence interval) -27 to 4 b.min-1], at VT1 (-12, -8 to 33 b.min-1) and at LTP2 (-7, -13 to 26 b.min-1), at VT2 (-7, -13 to 28 b.min-1), and at the heart rate turn point (-5, -14 to 24 b.min-1) (p = 0.22). Heart rate expressed as percentage of maximum heart rate at LTP1, VT1, LTP2, VT2 and the heart rate turn point as well as expressed as percentages of heart rate reserve at LTP2, VT2 and the heart rate turn point was lower in individuals with T1D (p < 0.05). kHR was lower in T1D compared to CON individuals (0.11 ± 0.25 vs. 0.51 ± 0.32, p = 0.02). Our findings demonstrate that there are clear differences in the heart rate response during CPX testing in individuals with T1D compared to CON individuals. We suggest using submaximal markers to prescribe exercise intensity in people with T1D, as the heart rate at thresholds is influenced by kHR. Clinical Trial Identifier: NCT02075567 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02075567).
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Affiliation(s)
- Othmar Moser
- Exercise Physiology, Training Therapy & Training Research Group, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Division of Diabetology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Othmar Moser
| | - Gerhard Tschakert
- Exercise Physiology, Training Therapy & Training Research Group, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Mueller
- Exercise Physiology, Training Therapy & Training Research Group, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Sports Science Laboratory, Institute of Health and Tourism Management, FH JOANNEUM-University of Applied Sciences, Bad Gleichenberg, Austria
| | - Werner Groeschl
- Exercise Physiology, Training Therapy & Training Research Group, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Max L. Eckstein
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Gerd Koehler
- Division of Diabetology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Richard M. Bracken
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas R. Pieber
- Division of Diabetology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Hofmann
- Exercise Physiology, Training Therapy & Training Research Group, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Garzon M, Gayda M, Nigam A, Comtois AS, Juneau M. Immersible ergocycle prescription as a function of relative exercise intensity. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2017; 6:219-224. [PMID: 30356614 PMCID: PMC6189006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to establish the relationship between various expressions of relative exercise intensity percentage of maximal oxygen uptake (%VO2max), percentage of maximal heart rate (%HRmax), %VO2 reserve (%VO2R), and %HR reserve (%HRR)) in order to obtain the more appropriate method for exercise intensity prescription when using an immersible ergocycle (IE) and to propose a prediction equation to estimate oxygen consumption (VO2) based on IE pedaling rate (rpm) for an individualized exercise training prescription. METHODS Thirty-three healthy participants performed incremental exercise tests on IE and dryland ergocycle (DE) at equal external power output (Pext). Exercise on IE began at 40 rpm and was increased by 10 rpm until exhaustion. Exercise on DE began with an initial load of 25 W and increased by 25 W/min until exhaustion. VO2 was measured with a portable gas analyzer (COSMED K4b2) during both incremental tests. On IE and DE, %VO2R, %HRmax, and %HRR at equal Pext did not differ (p > 0.05). RESULTS The %HRR vs. %VO2R regression for both IE and DE did not differ from the identity line %VO2R IE = 0.99 × HRR IE (%) + 0.01 (r 2 = 0.91, SEE = 11%); %VO2R DE = 0.94 × HRR DE (%) + 0.01 (r 2 = 0.94, SEE = 8%). Similar mean values for %HRmax, %VO2R, and %HRR at equal Pext were observed on IE and DE. Predicted VO2 obtained according to rpm on IE is represented by: VO2 (L/min) = 0.000542 × rpm2 - 0.026 × rpm + 0.739 (r = 0.91, SEE = 0.319 L/min). CONCLUSION The %HRR-%VO2R relationship appears to be the most accurate for exercise training prescription on IE. This study offers new tools to better prescribe, control, and individualize exercise intensity on IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Garzon
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre (ÉPIC), Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1N6, Canada
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Mathieu Gayda
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre (ÉPIC), Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1N6, Canada
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Anil Nigam
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre (ÉPIC), Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1N6, Canada
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Alain-Steve Comtois
- Kinanthropology Department, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, Quebec, H2X 1Y4, Canada
| | - Martin Juneau
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre (ÉPIC), Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1N6, Canada
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
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Hofmann P, Tschakert G. Intensity- and Duration-Based Options to Regulate Endurance Training. Front Physiol 2017; 8:337. [PMID: 28596738 PMCID: PMC5442222 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of endurance training is usually based on the prescription of exercise intensity. Exercise duration, another important variable of training load, is rarely prescribed by individual measures and mostly set from experience. As the specific exercise duration for any intensity plays a substantial role regarding the different kind of cellular stressors, degree, and kind of fatigue as well as training effects, concepts integrating the prescription of both intensity and duration within one model are needed. An according recent approach was the critical power concept which seems to have a physiological basis; however, the mathematical approach of this concept does not allow applying the three zones/two threshold model of metabolism and its different physiological consequences. Here we show the combination of exercise intensity and duration prescription on an individual basis applying the power/speed to distance/time relationship. The concept is based on both the differentiation of intensities by two lactate or gas exchange variables derived turn points, and on the relationship between power (or velocity) and duration (or distance). The turn points define three zones of intensities with distinct acute metabolic, hormonal, and cardio-respiratory responses for endurance exercise. A maximal duration exists for any single power or velocity such as described in the power-duration relationship. Using percentages of the maximal duration allows regulating fatigue, recovery time, and adaptation for any single endurance training session. Four domains of duration with respect to induced fatigue can be derived from maximal duration obtained by the power-duration curve. For any micro-cycle, target intensities and durations may be chosen on an individual basis. The model described here is the first conceptual framework of integrating physiologically defined intensities and fatigue related durations to optimize high-performance exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hofmann
- Exercise Physiology, Training and Training Therapy Research Group, Institute of Sports Science, University of GrazGraz, Austria
| | - Gerhard Tschakert
- Exercise Physiology, Training and Training Therapy Research Group, Institute of Sports Science, University of GrazGraz, Austria
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Short-Acting Insulin Reduction Strategies for Continuous Cycle Ergometer Exercises in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Asian J Sports Med 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.42160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Accuracy of Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) during Continuous and High-Intensity Interval Exercise in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8080489. [PMID: 27517956 PMCID: PMC4997402 DOI: 10.3390/nu8080489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous exercise (CON) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) can be safely performed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Additionally, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems may serve as a tool to reduce the risk of exercise-induced hypoglycemia. It is unclear if CGM is accurate during CON and HIIE at different mean workloads. Seven T1DM patients performed CON and HIIE at 5% below (L) and above (M) the first lactate turn point (LTP1), and 5% below the second lactate turn point (LTP2) (H) on a cycle ergometer. Glucose was measured via CGM and in capillary blood (BG). Differences were found in comparison of CGM vs. BG in three out of the six tests (p < 0.05). In CON, bias and levels of agreement for L, M, and H were found at: 0.85 (−3.44, 5.15) mmol·L−1, −0.45 (−3.95, 3.05) mmol·L−1, −0.31 (−8.83, 8.20) mmol·L−1 and at 1.17 (−2.06, 4.40) mmol·L−1, 0.11 (−5.79, 6.01) mmol·L−1, 1.48 (−2.60, 5.57) mmol·L−1 in HIIE for the same intensities. Clinically-acceptable results (except for CON H) were found. CGM estimated BG to be clinically acceptable, except for CON H. Additionally, using CGM may increase avoidance of exercise-induced hypoglycemia, but usual BG control should be performed during intense exercise.
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Wallner-Liebmann S, Tenori L, Mazzoleni A, Dieber-Rotheneder M, Konrad M, Hofmann P, Luchinat C, Turano P, Zatloukal K. Individual Human Metabolic Phenotype Analyzed by 1H NMR of Saliva Samples. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:1787-93. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo Tenori
- FiorGen Foundation, Via L. Sacconi
6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Antonio Mazzoleni
- CERM, University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi
6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | - Manuela Konrad
- FH Joanneum University of Applied Sciences Graz, Alte Poststraße 147, 8020 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Hofmann
- Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Universitätsplatz
1, 8020 Graz, Austria
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- CERM, University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi
6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Paola Turano
- CERM, University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi
6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz
2, A-8036 Graz, Austria
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Tschakert G, Kroepfl JM, Mueller A, Harpf H, Harpf L, Traninger H, Wallner-Liebmann S, Stojakovic T, Scharnagl H, Meinitzer A, Pichlhoefer P, Hofmann P. Acute Physiological Responses to Short- and Long-Stage High-Intensity Interval Exercise in Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Pilot Study. J Sports Sci Med 2016; 15:80-91. [PMID: 26957930 PMCID: PMC4763850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite described benefits of aerobic high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), the acute responses during different HIIE modes and associated health risks have only been sparsely discovered in heart disease patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the acute responses for physiological parameters, cardiovascular and inflammatory biomarkers, and catecholamines yielded by two different aerobic HIIE protocols compared to continuous exercise (CE) in phase III cardiac rehabilitation. Eight cardiac patients (7 with coronary heart disease, 1 with myocarditis; 7 males, 1 female; age: 63.0 ± 9.4 years; height: 1.74 ± 0.05 m; weight: 83.6 ± 8.7 kg), all but one treated with ß-blocking agents, performed a maximal symptom-limited incremental exercise test (IET) and three different exercise tests matched for mean load (Pmean) and total duration: 1) short HIIE with a peak workload duration (tpeak) of 20 s and a peak workload (Ppeak) equal to the maximum power output (Pmax) from IET; 2) long HIIE with a tpeak of 4 min, Ppeak was corresponding to the power output at 85 % of maximal heart rate (HRmax) from IET; 3) CE with a target workload equal to Pmean of both HIIE modes. Acute metabolic and peak cardiorespiratory responses were significantly higher during long HIIE compared to short HIIE and CE (p < 0.05) except HRpeak which tended to be higher in long HIIE than in short HIIE (p = 0.08). Between short HIIE and CE, no significant difference was found for any parameter. Acute responses of cardiovascular and inflammatory biomarkers and catecholamines didn't show any significant difference between tests (p > 0.05). All health-related variables remained in a normal range in any test except NT-proBNP, which was already elevated at baseline. Despite a high Ppeak particularly in short HIIE, both HIIE modes were as safe and as well tolerated as moderate CE in cardiac patients by using our methodological approach. Key pointsHigh-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) with short peak workload durations (tpeak) induce a lower acute metabolic and peak cardiorespiratory response compared to intervals with long tpeak despite higher peak workload intensities and identical mean load. No significant difference for any physiological parameter was found between short HIIE and CE.Between short HIIE, long HIIE, and CE, no significant difference was found in the increase (or decrease, respectively,) of health related markers such as cardiovascular biomarkers, catecholamines, or inflammatory parameters during exercise.During all exercise modes, all risk markers remained in a normal range except for NT-proBNP which was, however, already elevated at baseline.Short HIIE, long HIIE, and CE were safely performed by patients with CHD or myocarditis in cardiac rehabilitation by using our methodological approach to exercise prescription. This approach included the prescription of exercise intensities with respect to LTP1, LTP2, and Pmax as well as a conscious setting of Pmean at a moderate level (80 % of PLTP2). Importantly, all exercise modes were matched for Pmean and exercise duration in order to enable a comparison of the three protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Tschakert
- Human Performance Research Graz; Institute of Sports Science, University of Graz, Max-Mell-Allee 11, Graz, Austria
| | - Julia M Kroepfl
- Human Performance Research Graz; Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mueller
- Institute of Sports Science, University of Graz , Max-Mell-Allee 11, Graz, Austria
| | - Hanns Harpf
- Center for Ambulatory Rehabilitation Graz (ZARG) , Gaswerkstrasse 1a, Graz, Austria
| | - Leonhard Harpf
- Center for Ambulatory Rehabilitation Graz (ZARG) , Gaswerkstrasse 1a, Graz, Austria
| | - Heimo Traninger
- Center for Ambulatory Rehabilitation Graz (ZARG) , Gaswerkstrasse 1a, Graz, Austria
| | - Sandra Wallner-Liebmann
- Institute for Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Graz , Heinrichstrasse 31a, Graz, Austria
| | - Tatjana Stojakovic
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz , Auenbruggerplatz 15, Graz, Austria
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz , Auenbruggerplatz 15, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Meinitzer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz , Auenbruggerplatz 15, Graz, Austria
| | - Patriz Pichlhoefer
- Institute of Sports Science, University of Graz , Max-Mell-Allee 11, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Hofmann
- Human Performance Research Graz; Institute of Sports Science, University of Graz, Max-Mell-Allee 11, Graz, Austria
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Maté-Muñoz JL, Domínguez R, Lougedo JH, Garnacho-Castaño MV. The lactate and ventilatory thresholds in resistance training. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2016; 37:518-524. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Maté-Muñoz
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences; Alfonso X el Sabio University; Madrid Spain
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences; Alfonso X el Sabio University; Madrid Spain
| | - Juan H. Lougedo
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences; Alfonso X el Sabio University; Madrid Spain
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Besnier F, Lenclume V, Gérardin P, Fianu A, Martinez J, Naty N, Porcherat S, Boussaid K, Schneebeli S, Jarlet E, Hatia S, Dalleau G, Verkindt C, Brun JF, Gonthier MP, Favier F. Individualized Exercise Training at Maximal Fat Oxidation Combined with Fruit and Vegetable-Rich Diet in Overweight or Obese Women: The LIPOXmax-Réunion Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139246. [PMID: 26555595 PMCID: PMC4640859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lifestyle combined interventions are a key strategy for preventing type-2 diabetes (T2DM) in overweight or obese subjects. In this framework, LIPOXmax individualized training, based on maximal fat oxidation [MFO], may be a promising intervention to promote fat mass (FM) reduction and prevent T2DM. Our primary objective was to compare three training programs of physical activity combined with a fruit- and vegetable-rich diet in reducing FM in overweight or obese women. DESIGN AND SETTING A five months non-blinded randomized controlled trial (RCT) with three parallel groups in La Réunion Island, a region where metabolic diseases are highly prevalent. SUBJECTS One hundred and thirty-six non-diabetic obese (body mass index [BMI]: 27-40 kg/m2) young women (aged 20-40) were randomized (G1: MFO intensity; G2: 60% of VO2-peak intensity; G3: free moderate-intensity at-home exercise following good physical practices). OUTCOMES Anthropometry (BMI, bodyweight, FM, fat-free mass), glucose (fasting plasma glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR) and lipid (cholesterol and triglycerides) profiles, and MFO values were measured at month-0, month-3 and month-5. RESULTS At month-5, among 109 women assessed on body composition, the three groups exhibited a significant FM reduction over time (G1: -4.1±0.54 kg; G2: -4.7±0.53 kg; G3: -3.5±0.78 kg, p<0.001, respectively) without inter-group differences (p = 0.135). All groups exhibited significant reductions in insulin levels or HOMA-IR index, and higher MFO values over time (p<0.001, respectively) but glucose control improvement was higher in G1 than in G3 while MFO values were higher in G1 than in G2 and G3. Changes in other outcome measures and inter-group differences were not significant. CONCLUSION In our RCT the LIPOXmax intervention did not show a superiority in reducing FM in overweight or obese women but is associated with higher MFO and better glucose control improvements. Other studies are required before proposing LIPOXmax training for the prevention of T2DM in overweight or obese women. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClincialTrials.gov NCT01464073.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nadège Naty
- INSERM, CIC 1410, Saint-Pierre, F-97410, France
| | | | | | - Stéphane Schneebeli
- Unit of Diabetology, Endocrinology, Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital of La Réunion, Saint Pierre, La Réunion
| | - Eric Jarlet
- Unit of Diabetology, Endocrinology, Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital of La Réunion, Saint Pierre, La Réunion
| | - Sarah Hatia
- UMR DETROI, INSERM U1188, University of La Reunion, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion
| | - Georges Dalleau
- Intercultural Determinants of Motricity and Sports Performance Research Group (DIMPS), University of La Réunion, Le Tampon, La Réunion
| | - Chantal Verkindt
- Intercultural Determinants of Motricity and Sports Performance Research Group (DIMPS), University of La Réunion, Le Tampon, La Réunion
| | - Jean-Frédéric Brun
- Department of Clinical Physiology (CERAMM, U1046 INSERM), University Hospital of Montpellier, France, UMR9214 CNRS, « physiology and experimental medicine: heart–muscles », University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Maté-Muñoz JL, Domínguez R, Barba M, Monroy AJ, Rodríguez B, Ruiz-Solano P, Garnacho-Castaño MV. Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Responses to Loaded Half Squat Exercise Executed at an Intensity Corresponding to the Lactate Threshold. J Sports Sci Med 2015; 14:648-656. [PMID: 26336353 PMCID: PMC4541131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to identify the blood lactate threshold (LT2) for the half squat (HS) and to examine cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables during a HS test performed at a work intensity corresponding to the LT2. Twenty-four healthy men completed 3 test sessions. In the first, their one-repetition maximum (1RM) was determined for the HS. In the second session, a resistance HS incremental-load test was performed to determine LT2. Finally, in the third session, subjects performed a constant-load HS exercise at the load corresponding to the LT2 (21 sets of 15 repetitions with 1 min of rest between sets). In this last test, blood samples were collected for lactate determination before the test and 30 s after the end of set (S) 3, S6, S9, S12, S15, S18 and S21. During the test, heart rate (HR) was telemetrically monitored and oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), minute ventilation (VE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), ventilatory equivalent for O2 (VE·VO2 (-1)) and ventilatory equivalent for CO2 (VE·VCO2 (-1)) were monitored using a breath-by-breath respiratory gas analyzer. The mean LT2 for the participants was 24.8 ± 4.8% 1RM. Blood lactate concentrations showed no significant differences between sets 3 and 21 of exercise (p = 1.000). HR failed to vary between S6 and S21 (p > 1.000). The respiratory variables VO2, VCO2, and VE·VCO2 (-1) stabilized from S3 to the end of the constant-load HS test (p = 0.471, p = 0.136, p = 1.000), while VE and VE·VO2 (-1) stabilized from S6 to S21. RER did not vary significantly across exercise sets (p = 0.103). The LT2 was readily identified in the incremental HS test. Cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables remained stable during this resistance exercise conducted at an exercise intensity corresponding to the LT2. These responses need to be confirmed for other resistance exercises and adaptations in these responses after a training program also need to be addressed. Key pointsIt can be identified lactate threshold at half-squat.Exercise intensity is predominantly aerobic.The duration of the half-squat can be maintained over time, ~30 min of discontinuous exercise (21 sets, 15 repetitions, 1 min rest).Lactate threshold intensity may be suitable for older adults, sedentary individuals, patients or subjects with a lower functional capacity and even for resistance sports athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Maté-Muñoz
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, Department of Sport Sciences, Alfonso X el Sabio University , Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, Department of Sport Sciences, Alfonso X el Sabio University , Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Barba
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, Department of Sport Sciences, Alfonso X el Sabio University , Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Pedro Ruiz-Solano
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, Department of Sport Sciences, Alfonso X el Sabio University , Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel V Garnacho-Castaño
- TecnoCampus, College of Health Sciences, University of Pompeu Fabra , Mataró-Maresme, Barcelona, Spain
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Moser O, Tschakert G, Mueller A, Groeschl W, Pieber TR, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Koehler G, Hofmann P. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Exercise versus Moderate Continuous Exercise on Glucose Homeostasis and Hormone Response in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Using Novel Ultra-Long-Acting Insulin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136489. [PMID: 26317981 PMCID: PMC4552855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We investigated blood glucose (BG) and hormone response to aerobic high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate continuous exercise (CON) matched for mean load and duration in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Material and Methods Seven trained male subjects with T1DM performed a maximal incremental exercise test and HIIE and CON at 3 different mean intensities below (A) and above (B) the first lactate turn point and below the second lactate turn point (C) on a cycle ergometer. Subjects were adjusted to ultra-long-acting insulin Degludec (Tresiba/ Novo Nordisk, Denmark). Before exercise, standardized meals were administered, and short-acting insulin dose was reduced by 25% (A), 50% (B), and 75% (C) dependent on mean exercise intensity. During exercise, BG, adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, cortisol, glucagon, and insulin-like growth factor-1, blood lactate, heart rate, and gas exchange variables were measured. For 24 h after exercise, interstitial glucose was measured by continuous glucose monitoring system. Results BG decrease during HIIE was significantly smaller for B (p = 0.024) and tended to be smaller for A and C compared to CON. No differences were found for post-exercise interstitial glucose, acute hormone response, and carbohydrate utilization between HIIE and CON for A, B, and C. In HIIE, blood lactate for A (p = 0.006) and B (p = 0.004) and respiratory exchange ratio for A (p = 0.003) and B (p = 0.003) were significantly higher compared to CON but not for C. Conclusion Hypoglycemia did not occur during or after HIIE and CON when using ultra-long-acting insulin and applying our methodological approach for exercise prescription. HIIE led to a smaller BG decrease compared to CON, although both exercises modes were matched for mean load and duration, even despite markedly higher peak workloads applied in HIIE. Therefore, HIIE and CON could be safely performed in T1DM. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02075567 http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02075567
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Affiliation(s)
- Othmar Moser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Exercise Physiology & Training Research Group, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Center of Sports Medicine & Sports Orthopedics, University Outpatient Clinic, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Gerhard Tschakert
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Exercise Physiology & Training Research Group, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Mueller
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Exercise Physiology & Training Research Group, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Werner Groeschl
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Exercise Physiology & Training Research Group, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas R. Pieber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerd Koehler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Hofmann
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Exercise Physiology & Training Research Group, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Andersen LN, Juul-Kristensen B, Roessler KK, Herborg LG, Sørensen TL, Søgaard K. Efficacy of 'Tailored Physical Activity' on reducing sickness absence among health care workers: A 3-months randomised controlled trial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:666-71. [PMID: 25983237 DOI: 10.1016/j.math.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim was to evaluate efficacy of "Tailored Physical Activity" (TPA) versus a reference group (REF) in reducing the number of self-reported days of sickness absence for health care workers in the Sonderborg Municipality. METHODS In this randomised controlled trial, all participants (n = 54) received health guidance for 1.5 h and were randomised to TPA or REF. The primary aim was to make a comparison of participants' self-reported sickness absence due to musculoskeletal troubles measured three months after baseline. Secondary outcomes included anthropometric, health-related and physical capacity measures. RESULTS A TPA intervention was not significantly more effective than REF in reducing sickness absence caused by musculoskeletal troubles. However, there were significant improvements for TPA participants compared to REF in reducing pain intensity from 47.9 mm to 21.8 mm (p < .01), increasing work ability from 7.3 to 8.1 (p = .04) and decreasing kinesiophobia from 26.7 to 22.5 (p < .01). A trend towards a significant improvement was seen for aerobic capacity while no effect of the intervention was found on productivity, BMI or grip strength. CONCLUSION This physical activity intervention is a promising initiative for health care workers since participants achieved a substantial effect on their experience of pain, on their work ability and on their fear of physical movement relating to pain. Moreover, a difference in aerobic capacity was apparent between the sample groups. TPA however, had no significant effect in reducing sickness absence days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Nygaard Andersen
- Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Birgit Juul-Kristensen
- Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Institute of Occupational Therapy, Physiotherapy and Radiography, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Kirsten Kaya Roessler
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Lene Gram Herborg
- Senior Citizen and Health Department, Social and Health Affairs, Municipality of Sonderborg, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Lund Sørensen
- Medical Department, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Region of Southern Denmark, Denmark.
| | - Karen Søgaard
- Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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