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Reese L, Niepmann ST, Düsing P, Hänschke L, Beiert T, Zimmer S, Nickenig G, Bauer R, Jansen F, Zietzer A. Loss of ceramide synthase 5 inhibits the development of experimentally induced aortic valve stenosis. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14140. [PMID: 38546351 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
AIM Inflammation and calcification are hallmarks in the development of aortic valve stenosis (AVS). Ceramides mediate inflammation and calcification in the vascular tissue. The highly abundant d18:1,16:0 ceramide (C16) has been linked to increased cardiovascular mortality and obesity. In this study, we investigate the role of ceramide synthase 5 (CerS5), a critical enzyme for C16 ceramide synthesis, in the development of AVS, particularly in conjunction with a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet (Western diet, WD). METHODS We used wild-type (WT) and CerS5-/- mice on WD or normal chow in a wire injury model. We measured the peak velocity to determine AVS development and performed histological analysis of the aortic valve area, immune cell infiltration (CD68 staining), and calcification (von Kossa). In vitro experiments involved measuring the calcification of human aortic valvular interstitial cells (VICs) and evaluating cytokine release from THP-1 cells, a human leukemia monocytic-like cell line, following CerS5 knockdown. RESULTS CerS5-/- mice showed a reduced peak velocity compared to WT only in the experiment with WD. Likewise, we observed reduced immune cell infiltration and calcification in the aortic valve of CerS5-/- mice, but only on WD. In vitro, calcification was reduced after knockdown of CerS5 in VICs, while THP-1 cells exhibited a decreased inflammatory response following CerS5 knockdown. CONCLUSION We conclude that CerS5 is an important mediator for the development of AVS in mice on WD and regulates critical pathophysiological hallmarks of AVS formation. CerS5 is therefore an interesting target for pharmacological therapy and merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurine Reese
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Thomas Niepmann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philip Düsing
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lea Hänschke
- Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), Genetics & Molecular Physiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Beiert
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zimmer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Nickenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Reinhard Bauer
- Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), Genetics & Molecular Physiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Felix Jansen
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Zietzer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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2
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Yoon D, Choi B, Kim JE, Kim EY, Chung SH, Min HJ, Sung Y, Chang EJ, Song JK. Autotaxin inhibition attenuates the aortic valve calcification by suppressing inflammation-driven fibro-calcific remodeling of valvular interstitial cells. BMC Med 2024; 22:122. [PMID: 38486246 PMCID: PMC10941471 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with fibro-calcific aortic valve disease (FCAVD) have lipid depositions in their aortic valve that engender a proinflammatory impetus toward fibrosis and calcification and ultimately valve leaflet stenosis. Although the lipoprotein(a)-autotaxin (ATX)-lysophosphatidic acid axis has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target to prevent the development of FCAVD, supportive evidence using ATX inhibitors is lacking. We here evaluated the therapeutic potency of an ATX inhibitor to attenuate valvular calcification in the FCAVD animal models. METHODS ATX level and activity in healthy participants and patients with FCAVD were analyzed using a bioinformatics approach using the Gene Expression Omnibus datasets, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemistry, and western blotting. To evaluate the efficacy of ATX inhibitor, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist-deficient (Il1rn-/-) mice and cholesterol-enriched diet-induced rabbits were used as the FCAVD models, and primary human valvular interstitial cells (VICs) from patients with calcification were employed. RESULTS The global gene expression profiles of the aortic valve tissue of patients with severe FCAVD demonstrated that ATX gene expression was significantly upregulated and correlated with lipid retention (r = 0.96) or fibro-calcific remodeling-related genes (r = 0.77) in comparison to age-matched non-FCAVD controls. Orally available ATX inhibitor, BBT-877, markedly ameliorated the osteogenic differentiation and further mineralization of primary human VICs in vitro. Additionally, ATX inhibition significantly attenuated fibrosis-related factors' production, with a detectable reduction of osteogenesis-related factors, in human VICs. Mechanistically, ATX inhibitor prohibited fibrotic changes in human VICs via both canonical and non-canonical TGF-β signaling, and subsequent induction of CTGF, a key factor in tissue fibrosis. In the in vivo FCAVD model system, ATX inhibitor exposure markedly reduced calcific lesion formation in interleukin-1 receptor antagonist-deficient mice (Il1rn-/-, P = 0.0210). This inhibition ameliorated the rate of change in the aortic valve area (P = 0.0287) and mean pressure gradient (P = 0.0249) in the FCAVD rabbit model. Moreover, transaortic maximal velocity (Vmax) was diminished with ATX inhibitor administration (mean Vmax = 1.082) compared to vehicle control (mean Vmax = 1.508, P = 0.0221). Importantly, ATX inhibitor administration suppressed the effects of a high-cholesterol diet and vitamin D2-driven fibrosis, in association with a reduction in macrophage infiltration and calcific deposition, in the aortic valves of this rabbit model. CONCLUSIONS ATX inhibition attenuates the development of FCAVD while protecting against fibrosis and calcification in VICs, suggesting the potential of using ATX inhibitors to treat FCAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dohee Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 Project, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongkun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 Project, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 Project, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 Project, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Chung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 Project, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Min
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 Project, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoolim Sung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 Project, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 Project, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Kwan Song
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
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Han Y, Zhang J, Yang Z, Jian W, Zhu Y, Gao S, Liu Y, Li Y, He S, Zhang C, Li Y, You B, Liu J, Du J. Palmdelphin Deficiency Evokes NF-κB Signaling in Valvular Endothelial Cells and Aggravates Aortic Valvular Remodeling. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2023; 8:1457-1472. [PMID: 38093741 PMCID: PMC10714178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Palmd-deficient mice of advanced age manifest increased aortic valve peak velocity, thickened aortic valve leaflets, and excessive extracellular matrix deposition, which are key features of calcific aortic valve disease. PALMD is predominantly expressed in endothelial cells of aortic valves, and PALMD-silenced valvular endothelial cells are prone to oscillatory shear stress-induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Mechanistically, PALMD is associated with TNFAIP3 interaction protein 1, a binding protein of TNFAIP3 and IKBKG in NF-κB signaling. Loss of PALMD impairs TNFAIP3-dependent deubiquitinating activity and promotes the ubiquitination of IKBKG and subsequent NF-κB activation. Adeno-associated virus-mediated PALMD overexpression ameliorates aortic valvular remodeling in mice with calcific aortic valve disease, indicating protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Han
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Vascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jichao Zhang
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Vascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Jian
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuexin Zhu
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Vascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Shijuan Gao
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Vascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Vascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yingkai Li
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Songyuan He
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Congcong Zhang
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Vascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Vascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Bin You
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Du
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Vascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Geng B, Chen X, Chi J, Li F, Yim WY, Wang K, Li C, Xie M, Zhu P, Fan Z, Shi J, Hu Z, Zhang Y, Dong N. Platelet membrane-coated alterbrassicene A nanoparticle inhibits calcification of the aortic valve by suppressing phosphorylation P65 NF-κB. Theranostics 2023; 13:3781-3793. [PMID: 37441596 PMCID: PMC10334836 DOI: 10.7150/thno.85323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a leading cause of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity with increasing prevalence and incidence. The pathobiology of CAVD involves valvular fibrocalcification, and osteogenic and fibrogenic activities are elevated in aortic valve interstitial cells (VICs) from diseased valves. It has been demonstrated that activated NF-κB pathway was present in the early stage of CAVD process. There is currently no effective clinical drugs targeting NF-κB pathway for CAVD treatment. Therefore, it is of great clinical significance to seek effective treatments for valve calcification. Methods: In this study, we established immortal human valve interstitial cells (im-hVICs) with pGMLV-SV40T-puro lentivirus. Alizarin red staining and western blotting were performed to evaluate the calcification of immortal VICs supplemented with different compounds. The natural fusicoccane diterpenoid alterbrassicene A (ABA) was found to have potential therapeutic functions. Ribonucleic acid sequencing was used to identify the potential target of ABA. Platelet membrane-coated nanoparticle of ABA (PNP-ABA) was fabricated and the IBIDI pump was used to evaluate the adhesion ability of PNP-ABA. Murine wire-induced aortic valve stenosis model was conducted for in vivo study of PNP-ABA. Results: The natural fusicoccane diterpenoid ABA was found to significantly reduce the calcification of human VICs during osteogenic induction via inhibiting the phosphorylation P65. Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) were down regulated with the treatment of ABA in human VICs. Additionally, molecular docking results revealed that ABA bound to RelA (P65) protein. Phosphorylation of P65 (Ser536) was alleviated by ABA treatment, as well as the nuclear translocation of P65 during osteogenic induction in human VICs. Alizarin red staining showed that ABA inhibited osteogenic differentiation of VICs in a dose-dependent manner. PNP-ABA attenuated aortic valve calcification in murine wire-induced aortic valve stenosis model in vivo. Conclusions: The establishment of im-hVICs provides a convenient cell line for the study of CAVD. Moreover, our current research highlights a novel natural compound, ABA, as a promising candidate to prevent the progression of CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingchuan Geng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jiangyang Chi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Fengli Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Wai Yen Yim
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Kan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chenghao Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Minghui Xie
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Peng Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhengfeng Fan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jiawei Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhengxi Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Nianguo Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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5
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Voicu G, Mocanu CA, Safciuc F, Anghelache M, Deleanu M, Cecoltan S, Pinteala M, Uritu CM, Droc I, Simionescu M, Manduteanu I, Calin M. Nanocarriers of shRNA-Runx2 directed to collagen IV as a nanotherapeutic system to target calcific aortic valve disease. Mater Today Bio 2023; 20:100620. [PMID: 37063777 PMCID: PMC10102408 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Runx2 is a key transcription factor involved in valvular interstitial cells (VIC) osteodifferentiation, a process actively entwined with the calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). We hypothesize that a strategy intended to silence Runx2 could be a valuable novel therapeutic option for CAVD. To this intent, we aimed at (i) developing targeted nanoparticles for efficient delivery of short hairpin (sh)RNA sequences specific for Runx2 to the aortic valve employing a relevant mouse model for CAVD and (ii) investigate their therapeutic potential in osteoblast-differentiated VIC (oVIC) cultivated into a 3D scaffold. Since collagen IV was used as a target, a peptide that binds specifically to collagen IV (Cp) was conjugated to the surface of lipopolyplexes encapsulating shRNA-Runx2 (Cp-LPP/shRunx2). The results showed that Cp-LPP/shRunx2 were (i) cytocompatible; (ii) efficiently taken up by 3D-cultured oVIC; (iii) diminished the osteodifferentiation of human VIC (cultured in a 3D hydrogel-derived from native aortic root) by reducing osteogenic molecules expression, alkaline phosphatase activity, and calcium concentration; and (iv) were recruited in aortic valve leaflets in a murine model of atherosclerosis. Taken together, these data recommend Cp-LPP/shRunx2 as a novel targeted nanotherapy to block the progression of CAVD, with a good perspective to be introduced in practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geanina Voicu
- “Medical and Pharmaceutical Bionanotechnologies” Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina Ana Mocanu
- “Medical and Pharmaceutical Bionanotechnologies” Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florentina Safciuc
- “Medical and Pharmaceutical Bionanotechnologies” Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Anghelache
- “Medical and Pharmaceutical Bionanotechnologies” Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana Deleanu
- “Liquid and Gas Chromatography” Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sergiu Cecoltan
- “Medical and Pharmaceutical Bionanotechnologies” Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana Pinteala
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487, Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina Mariana Uritu
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487, Iasi, Romania
- Advanced Centre for Research-Development in Experimental Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 700115, Iasi, Romania
| | - Ionel Droc
- Central Military Hospital “Dr. Carol Davila”, Cardiovascular Surgery Clinic, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maya Simionescu
- “Medical and Pharmaceutical Bionanotechnologies” Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ileana Manduteanu
- “Medical and Pharmaceutical Bionanotechnologies” Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Manuela Calin
- “Medical and Pharmaceutical Bionanotechnologies” Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568, Bucharest, Romania
- Corresponding author. “Medical and Pharmaceutical Bionanotechnologies” Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 050568, Bucharest, Romania.
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Wen D, Hu L, Shan J, Zhang H, Hu L, Yuan A, Pu J, Xue S. Mechanical injury accentuates lipid deposition in ApoE -/- mice and advance aortic valve stenosis: A novel modified aortic valve stenosis model. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1119746. [PMID: 36818346 PMCID: PMC9932047 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1119746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Current mouse models still have limitations in studying aortic valve stenosis (AVS). A suitable animal model bearing a close resemblance to the pathophysiological processes of humans needs to be developed. Here, we combined two risk factors to create a mouse model that mimics the pathological features of human AVS. Methods and results We combined WI and hyperlipidemia in ApoE-/- mice to explore the synergistic effect on the stenosis of the aortic valve. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed progressively increased peak velocity with age in ApoE-/- mice to velocities above C57 mice when fed a high-fat diet after wire injury. Moreover, ApoE-/- mice demonstrated lower cusp separation and lower aortic valve area after 8 weeks vs. C57 mice. Gross morphology and MRI showed advanced thickening, sclerosis aortic valve, narrowing of the orifice area, and micro-CT showed obvious calcification in the aortic valves in the hyperlipidemia group after wire injury. Histopathology studies showed thickening and fibrosis of aortic valve leaflets in the hyperlipidemia group after wire injury. Notably, lipid deposition was observed in ApoE-/- mice 8 weeks after wire injury, accompanied by overexpressed apoB and apoA proteins. After wire injury, the hyperlipidemia group exhibited augmented inflammation, ROS production, and apoptosis in the leaflets. Moreover, the combination group exhibited advanced fibro-calcific aortic valves after wire injury. Conclusion Overall, we present the synergistic effect of wire injury and hyperlipidemia on lipoproteins deposition in the development of AVS in ApoE-/- mice, this model bear close resemblance to human AVS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhong Wen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease, Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianggui Shan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hengyuan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease, Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liuhua Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease, Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ancai Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease, Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease, Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Jun Pu,
| | - Song Xue
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Song Xue,
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7
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Ground M, Park YE, Waqanivavalagi S, Callon K, Walker R, Milsom P, Cornish J. Generating robust human valvular interstitial cell cultures: Protocol and considerations. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 173:118-126. [PMID: 36327771 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Research in heart valve biology is a growing field that has yet to elucidate the fundamentals of valve disease. Human valvular interstitial cells (hVICs) are the best option for studying the cellular mechanisms behind valvular pathologies. However, there is a wide range of isolation procedures for these cells published in the literature. To what extent various isolation methods, patient pathologies, and seeding densities influence the behaviour of hVICs remains unclear. Here, we present an optimised method of hVIC isolation from diseased human valves donated at the time of surgery. We show that two rounds of 1000 U/mL collagenase digestion for not >2 h results in a phenotypically stable cell culture with a near complete absence of endothelial cell contamination. We also suggest that cells should be seeded at 10,000 cells/cm2 for experimentation. We found that patient pathology does not affect the success of the isolation procedure, and that instead, successful cultures are predicted by ensuring >500 mg valve tissue as starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Ground
- Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Young Eun Park
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Steve Waqanivavalagi
- Green Lane Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland District Health Board, Grafton, New Zealand; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Karen Callon
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Robert Walker
- Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Paget Milsom
- Green Lane Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland District Health Board, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Jillian Cornish
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
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8
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[Optimal time window for observation of calcific aortic valve disease in mice following catheter-induced valve injury]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2022; 42:1532-1538. [PMID: 36329588 PMCID: PMC9637488 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2022.10.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the optimal time window for observation of catheter-induced valve injury that mimics calcified aortic valve disease in mice. METHODS A catheter was inserted into the right common carotid artery of 8-week-old C57BL6 mice under ultrasound guidance, and aortic valve injury was induced using the guide wire.At 4, 8 and 16 weeks after modeling, the mice were subjected to ultrasound measurement of the heart short axial shortening rate, aortic valve peak velocity and aortic valve orifice area.Grain-Eosin staining was used to observe the changes in the thickness of the aortic valve, and calcium deposition in the aortic valve was assessed using Alizarin red staining.Immunofluorescence assay was performed to detect the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the aortic valve. RESULTS At 4, 8 and 16 weeks after modeling, valve thickness (P=0.002), calcium deposition (P < 0.0001) and the expression of osteogenic protein ALP (P=0.0016) were significantly increased, but their increments were comparable at the 3 time points of observation. CONCLUSION In mouse models of calcific aortic valve disease induced by catheter valve injury, 4 weeks after the injury appears to be the optimal time window for observation of pathophysiological changes in the aortic valves to avoid further increase of the death rate of the mice over time.
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9
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Lobov AA, Boyarskaya NV, Kachanova OS, Gromova ES, Shishkova AA, Zainullina BR, Pishchugin AS, Filippov AA, Uspensky VE, Malashicheva AB. Crenigacestat (LY3039478) inhibits osteogenic differentiation of human valve interstitial cells from patients with aortic valve calcification in vitro. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:969096. [PMID: 36247471 PMCID: PMC9556293 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.969096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is one of the dangerous forms of vascular calcification. CAVD leads to calcification of the aortic valve and disturbance of blood flow. Despite high mortality, there is no targeted therapy against CAVD or vascular calcification. Osteogenic differentiation of valve interstitial cells (VICs) is one of the key factors of CAVD progression and inhibition of this process seems a fruitful target for potential therapy. By our previous study we assumed that inhibitors of Notch pathway might be effective to suppress aortic valve leaflet calcification. We tested CB-103 and crenigacestat (LY3039478), two selective inhibitors of Notch-signaling, for suppression of osteogenic differentiation of VICs isolated from patients with CAVD in vitro. Effect of inhibitors were assessed by the measurement of extracellular matrix calcification and osteogenic gene expression. For effective inhibitor (crenigacestat) we also performed MTT and proteomics study for better understanding of its effect on VICs in vitro. CB-103 did not affect osteogenic differentiation. Crenigacestat completely inhibited osteogenic differentiation (both matrix mineralization and Runx2 expression) in the dosages that had no obvious cytotoxicity. Using proteomics analysis, we found several osteogenic differentiation-related proteins associated with the effect of crenigacestat on VICs differentiation. Taking into account that crenigacestat is FDA approved for clinical trials for anti-tumor therapy, we argue that this drug could be considered as a potential inhibitor of cardiovascular calcification.
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10
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The Medical versus Zoological Concept of Outflow Tract Valves of the Vertebrate Heart. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9100318. [PMID: 36286270 PMCID: PMC9604109 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The anatomical elements that in humans prevent blood backflow from the aorta and pulmonary artery to the left and right ventriclesare the aortic and pulmonary valves, respectively. Each valve regularly consists of three leaflets (cusps), each supported by its valvular sinus. From the medical viewpoint, each set of three leaflets and sinuses is regarded as a morpho-functional unit. This notion also applies to birds and non-human mammals. However, the structures that prevent the return of blood to the heart in other vertebrates are notably different. This has led to discrepancies between physicians and zoologists in defining what a cardiac outflow tract valve is. The aim here is to compare the gross anatomy of the outflow tract valvular system among several groups of vertebrates in order to understand the conceptual and nomenclature controversies in the field.
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11
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Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is common in people over the age of 65. Progressive valvular calcification is a characteristic of CAVD and due to chronic inflammation in aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) resulting in CAVD progression. IL-38 is a naturally occurring anti-inflammatory cytokine; here, we report lower levels of endogenous IL-38 in AVICs isolated from patients' CAVD valves compared to AVICs from non-CAVD valves. Recombinant IL-38 suppressed spontaneous inflammatory activity and calcium deposition in cultured AVICs. In mice, knockdown of IL-38 enhanced the production of inflammatory mediators in murine AVICs exposed to the proinflammatory stimulant matrilin-2. We also observed that in cultured AVICs matrilin-2 stimulation activated the NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome with procaspase-1 cleavage into active caspase-1. The addition of IL-38 to matrilin-2-treated AVICs suppressed caspase-1 activation and reduced the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, runt-related transcription factor 2, and alkaline phosphatase. Aged IL-38-deficient mice fed a high-fat diet exhibited aortic valve lesions compared to aged wild-type mice fed the same diet. The interleukin-1 receptor 9 (IL-1R9) is the putative receptor mediating the anti-inflammatory properties of IL-38; we observed that IL-1R9-deficient mice exhibited spontaneous aortic valve thickening and greater calcium deposition in AVICs compared to wild-type mice. These data demonstrate that IL-38 suppresses spontaneous and stimulated osteogenic activity in aortic valve via inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome and caspase-1. The findings of this study suggest that IL-38 has therapeutic potential for prevention of CAVD progression.
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12
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Peng X, Su S, Zeng J, Xie K, Yang X, Xian G, Xiao Z, Zhu P, Zheng S, Xu D, Zeng Q. 4-Octyl itaconate suppresses the osteogenic response in aortic valvular interstitial cells via the Nrf2 pathway and alleviates aortic stenosis in mice with direct wire injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 188:404-418. [PMID: 35787451 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most prevalent valvular heart disease in older individuals, but there is a lack of drug treatment. The cellular biological mechanisms of CAVD are still unclear. Oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) have been suggested to be involved in the progression of CAVD. Many studies have demonstrated that 4-octyl itaconate (OI) plays beneficial roles in limiting inflammation and oxidative injury. However, the potential role of OI in CAVD has not been thoroughly explored. Thus, we investigated OI-mediated modulation of ROS generation and endoplasmic reticulum stress to inhibit osteogenic differentiation in aortic valve interstitial cells (VICs). In our study, calcified aortic valves showed increased levels of ER stress and superoxide anion, as well as abnormal expression of Hmox1 and NQO1. In VICs, OI activated the Nrf2 signaling cascade and contributed to Nrf2 stabilization and nuclear translocation, thus augmenting the expression of genes downstream of Nrf2 (Hmox1 and NQO1). Moreover, OI ameliorated osteogenic medium (OM)-induced ROS production, mitochondrial ROS levels and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in VICs. Furthermore, OI attenuated the OM-induced upregulation of ER stress markers, osteogenic markers and calcium deposition, which were blocked by the Nrf2-specific inhibitor ML385. Interestingly, we found that OM-induced ER stress and osteogenic differentiation were ROS-dependent and that Hmox1 silencing triggered ROS production, ER stress and elevated osteogenic activity, which were inhibited by NAC. Overexpression of NQO1 mediated by adenovirus vectors significantly suppressed OM-induced ER stress and osteogenic markers. Collectively, these results showed the anti-osteogenic effects of OI on AVICs by regulating the generation of ROS and ER stress by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Furthermore, OI alleviated aortic stenosis in a mouse model with direct wire injury. Due to its antioxidant properties, OI could be a potential drug for the prevention and/or treatment of CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuwen Su
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingxin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaiji Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gaopeng Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zezhou Xiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoyi Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Dingli Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, 510515, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Qingchun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, 510515, Guangzhou, China.
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13
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Bogdanova M, Zabirnyk A, Malashicheva A, Semenova D, Kvitting JPE, Kaljusto ML, Perez MDM, Kostareva A, Stensløkken KO, Sullivan GJ, Rutkovskiy A, Vaage J. Models and Techniques to Study Aortic Valve Calcification in Vitro, ex Vivo and in Vivo. An Overview. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:835825. [PMID: 35721220 PMCID: PMC9203042 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.835825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve stenosis secondary to aortic valve calcification is the most common valve disease in the Western world. Calcification is a result of pathological proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of resident valve interstitial cells. To develop non-surgical treatments, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of pathological calcification must be revealed. In the current overview, we present methods for evaluation of calcification in different ex vivo, in vitro and in vivo situations including imaging in patients. The latter include echocardiography, scanning with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Particular emphasis is on translational studies of calcific aortic valve stenosis with a special focus on cell culture using human primary cell cultures. Such models are widely used and suitable for screening of drugs against calcification. Animal models are presented, but there is no animal model that faithfully mimics human calcific aortic valve disease. A model of experimentally induced calcification in whole porcine aortic valve leaflets ex vivo is also included. Finally, miscellaneous methods and aspects of aortic valve calcification, such as, for instance, biomarkers are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bogdanova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arsenii Zabirnyk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Research and Development, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Malashicheva
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria Semenova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Mari-Liis Kaljusto
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Anna Kostareva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Woman and Children Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kåre-Olav Stensløkken
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gareth J Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Hybrid Technology Hub - Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arkady Rutkovskiy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jarle Vaage
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Research and Development, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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14
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Li SJ, Cheng WL, Kao YH, Chung CC, Trang NN, Chen YJ. Melatonin Inhibits NF-κB/CREB/Runx2 Signaling and Alleviates Aortic Valve Calcification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:885293. [PMID: 35795373 PMCID: PMC9251177 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.885293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is linked to high mortality. Melatonin inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)/cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), contributing to CAVD progression. This study determined the role of melatonin/MT1/MT2 signaling in valvular interstitial cell (VIC) calcification. Western blotting and Alizarin red staining were used to analyze NF-κB/CREB/runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) signaling in porcine VICs treated with an osteogenic (OST) medium without (control) or with melatonin for 5 days. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was used to analyze NF-κB's transcription regulation of NF-κB on the Runx2 promoter. OST medium-treated VICs exhibited a greater expression of NF-κB, CREB, and Runx2 than control VICs. Melatonin treatment downregulated the effects of the OST medium and reduced VIC calcification. The MT1/MT2 antagonist (Luzindole) and MT1 receptor neutralized antibody blocked the anticalcification effect of melatonin, but an MT2-specific inhibitor (4-P-PDOT) did not. Besides, the NF-κB inhibitor (SC75741) reduced OST medium-induced VIC calcification to a similar extent to melatonin at 10 nmol/L. The ChIP assay demonstrated that melatonin attenuated OST media increased NF-κB binding activity to the promoter region of Runx2. Activation of the melatonin/MT1-axis significantly reduced VIC calcification by targeting the NF-κB/CREB/Runx2 pathway. Targeting melatonin/MT1 signaling may be a potential therapeutic strategy for CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Jung Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Li Cheng
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsun Kao
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chih Chung
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yi-Jen Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Yi-Jen Chen
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15
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Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) describes heterogeneous population of patients with a mean pulmonary arterial pressure >20 mm Hg. Rarely, PH presents as a primary disorder but is more commonly part of a complex phenotype associated with comorbidities. Regardless of the cause, PH reduces life expectancy and impacts quality of life. The current clinical classification divides PH into 1 of 5 diagnostic groups to assign treatment. There are currently no pharmacological cures for any form of PH. Animal models are essential to help decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease, to assign genotype-phenotype relationships to help identify new therapeutic targets, and for clinical translation to assess the mechanism of action and putative efficacy of new therapies. However, limitations inherent of all animal models of disease limit the ability of any single model to fully recapitulate complex human disease. Within the PH community, we are often critical of animal models due to the perceived low success upon clinical translation of new drugs. In this review, we describe the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of existing animal models developed to gain insight into the molecular and pathological mechanisms and test new therapeutics, focusing on adult forms of PH from groups 1 to 3. We also discuss areas of improvement for animal models with approaches combining several hits to better reflect the clinical situation and elevate their translational value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Boucherat
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Vineet Agrawal
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Allan Lawrie
- Dept of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK & Insigneo institute for in silico medicine, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sebastien Bonnet
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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16
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Mendoza M, Chen MH, Huang P, Mahler GJ. Shear and endothelial induced late-stage calcific aortic valve disease-on-a-chip develops calcium phosphate mineralizations. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1374-1385. [PMID: 35234762 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00931a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is an active pathobiological process leading to severe aortic stenosis, where the only treatment is valve replacement. Late-stage CAVD is characterized by calcification, disorganization of collagen, and deposition of glycosaminoglycans, such as chondroitin sulfate (CS), in the fibrosa. We developed a three-dimensional microfluidic device of the aortic valve fibrosa to study the effects of shear stress (1 or 20 dyne per cm2), CS (1 or 20 mg mL-1), and endothelial cell presence on calcification. CAVD chips consisted of a collagen I hydrogel, where porcine aortic valve interstitial cells were embedded within and porcine aortic valve endothelial cells were seeded on top of the matrix for up to 21 days. Here, we show that this CAVD-on-a-chip is the first to develop human-like calcified nodules varying in calcium phosphate mineralization maturity resulting from high shear and endothelial cells, specifically di- and octa-calcium phosphates. Long-term co-culture microfluidic studies confirmed cell viability and calcium phosphate formations throughout 21 days. Given that CAVD has no targeted therapies, the creation of a physiologically relevant test-bed of the aortic valve could lead to advances in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Mendoza
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, P.O Box 6000, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA.
| | - Mei-Hsiu Chen
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Peter Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Gretchen J Mahler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, P.O Box 6000, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA.
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17
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Jung JJ, Ahmad AA, Rajendran S, Wei L, Zhang J, Toczek J, Nie L, Kukreja G, Salarian M, Gona K, Ghim M, Chakraborty R, Martin KA, Tellides G, Heistad D, Sadeghi MM. Differential BMP Signaling Mediates the Interplay Between Genetics and Leaflet Numbers in Aortic Valve Calcification. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2022; 7:333-345. [PMID: 35540096 PMCID: PMC9079798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Expression of a neuropilin-like protein, DCBLD2, is reduced in human calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). DCBLD2-deficient mice develop bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and CAVD, which is more severe in BAV mice compared with tricuspid littermates. In vivo and in vitro studies link this observation to up-regulated bone morphogenic protein (BMP)2 expression in the presence of DCBLD2 down-regulation, and enhanced BMP2 signaling in BAV, indicating that a combination of genetics and BAV promotes aortic valve calcification and stenosis. This pathway may be a therapeutic target to prevent CAVD progression in BAV.
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Key Words
- BAV, bicuspid aortic valve
- BMP, bone morphogenic protein
- CAVD, calcific aortic valve disease
- DCBLD2, discoidin, CUB and LCCL domain containing 2
- EC, endothelial cell
- RT-PCR, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
- SMAD, homolog of Caenorhabditis elegans Sma and the Drosophila mad, mothers against decapentaplegic
- TAV, tricuspid aortic valve
- VIC, valvular interstitial cell
- WT, wild type
- aortic stenosis
- aortic valve
- bicuspid aortic valve
- calcification
- mouse models
- pVIC, porcine valvular interstitial cell
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Joon Jung
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Azmi A. Ahmad
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Saranya Rajendran
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Linyan Wei
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jiasheng Zhang
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jakub Toczek
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lei Nie
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gunjan Kukreja
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mani Salarian
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kiran Gona
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mean Ghim
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Raja Chakraborty
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kathleen A. Martin
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - George Tellides
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Donald Heistad
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Mehran M. Sadeghi
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Address for correspondence: Dr Mehran M. Sadeghi, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Room 770G, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.
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18
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Dayawansa NH, Baratchi S, Peter K. Uncoupling the Vicious Cycle of Mechanical Stress and Inflammation in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:783543. [PMID: 35355968 PMCID: PMC8959593 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.783543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a common acquired valvulopathy, which carries a high burden of mortality. Chronic inflammation has been postulated as the predominant pathophysiological process underlying CAVD. So far, no effective medical therapies exist to halt the progression of CAVD. This review aims to outline the known pathways of inflammation and calcification in CAVD, focussing on the critical roles of mechanical stress and mechanosensing in the perpetuation of valvular inflammation. Following initiation of valvular inflammation, dysregulation of proinflammatory and osteoregulatory signalling pathways stimulates endothelial-mesenchymal transition of valvular endothelial cells (VECs) and differentiation of valvular interstitial cells (VICs) into active myofibroblastic and osteoblastic phenotypes, which in turn mediate valvular extracellular matrix remodelling and calcification. Mechanosensitive signalling pathways convert mechanical forces experienced by valve leaflets and circulating cells into biochemical signals and may provide the positive feedback loop that promotes acceleration of disease progression in the advanced stages of CAVD. Mechanosensing is implicated in multiple aspects of CAVD pathophysiology. The mechanosensitive RhoA/ROCK and YAP/TAZ systems are implicated in aortic valve leaflet mineralisation in response to increased substrate stiffness. Exposure of aortic valve leaflets, endothelial cells and platelets to high shear stress results in increased expression of mediators of VIC differentiation. Upregulation of the Piezo1 mechanoreceptor has been demonstrated to promote inflammation in CAVD, which normalises following transcatheter valve replacement. Genetic variants and inhibition of Notch signalling accentuate VIC responses to altered mechanical stresses. The study of mechanosensing pathways has revealed promising insights into the mechanisms that perpetuate inflammation and calcification in CAVD. Mechanotransduction of altered mechanical stresses may provide the sought-after coupling link that drives a vicious cycle of chronic inflammation in CAVD. Mechanosensing pathways may yield promising targets for therapeutic interventions and prognostic biomarkers with the potential to improve the management of CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalin H. Dayawansa
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sara Baratchi
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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19
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Multiparametric MRI identifies subtle adaptations for demarcation of disease transition in murine aortic valve stenosis. Basic Res Cardiol 2022; 117:29. [PMID: 35643805 PMCID: PMC9148878 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-022-00936-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aortic valve stenosis (AS) is the most frequent valve disease with relevant prognostic impact. Experimental model systems for AS are scarce and comprehensive imaging techniques to simultaneously quantify function and morphology in disease progression are lacking. Therefore, we refined an acute murine AS model to closely mimic human disease characteristics and developed a high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approach for simultaneous in-depth analysis of valvular, myocardial as well as aortic morphology/pathophysiology to identify early changes in tissue texture and critical transition points in the adaptive process to AS. AS was induced by wire injury of the aortic valve. Four weeks after surgery, cine loops, velocity, and relaxometry maps were acquired at 9.4 T to monitor structural/functional alterations in valve, aorta, and left ventricle (LV). In vivo MRI data were subsequently validated by histology and compared to echocardiography. AS mice exhibited impaired valve opening accompanied by significant valve thickening due to fibrotic remodelling. While control mice showed bell-shaped flow profiles, AS resulted not only in higher peak flow velocities, but also in fragmented turbulent flow patterns associated with enhanced circumferential strain and an increase in wall thickness of the aortic root. AS mice presented with a mild hypertrophy but unaffected global LV function. Cardiac MR relaxometry revealed reduced values for both T1 and T2 in AS reflecting subtle myocardial tissue remodelling with early alterations in mitochondrial function in response to the enhanced afterload. Concomitantly, incipient impairments of coronary flow reserve and myocardial tissue integrity get apparent accompanied by early troponin release. With this, we identified a premature transition point with still compensated cardiac function but beginning textural changes. This will allow interventional studies to explore early disease pathophysiology and novel therapeutic targets.
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20
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Dharmarajan S, Speer MY, Pierce K, Lally J, Leaf EM, Lin ME, Scatena M, Giachelli CM. Role of Runx2 in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease in Mouse Models. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:687210. [PMID: 34778386 PMCID: PMC8585763 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.687210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Calcific aortic valve disease is common in the aging population and is characterized by the histological changes of the aortic valves including extracellular matrix remodeling, osteochondrogenic differentiation, and calcification. Combined, these changes lead to aortic sclerosis, aortic stenosis (AS), and eventually to heart failure. Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) is a transcription factor highly expressed in the calcified aortic valves. However, its definitive role in the progression of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) has not been determined. In this study, we utilized constitutive and transient conditional knockout mouse models to assess the molecular, histological, and functional changes in the aortic valve due to Runx2 depletion. Methods: Lineage tracing studies were performed to determine the provenance of the cells giving rise to Runx2+ osteochondrogenic cells in the aortic valves of LDLr-/- mice. Hyperlipidemic mice with a constitutive or temporal depletion of Runx2 in the activated valvular interstitial cells (aVICs) and sinus wall cells were further investigated. Following feeding with a diabetogenic diet, the mice were examined for changes in gene expression, blood flow dynamics, calcification, and histology. Results: The aVICs and sinus wall cells gave rise to Runx2+ osteochondrogenic cells in diseased mouse aortic valves. The conditional depletion of Runx2 in the SM22α+ aVICs and sinus wall cells led to the decreased osteochondrogenic gene expression in diabetic LDLr-/- mice. The transient conditional depletion of Runx2 in the aVICs and sinus wall cells of LDLr-/-ApoB100 CAVD mice early in disease led to a significant reduction in the aortic peak velocity, mean velocity, and mean gradient, suggesting the causal role of Runx2 on the progression of AS. Finally, the leaflet hinge and sinus wall calcification were significantly decreased in the aortic valve following the conditional and temporal Runx2 depletion, but no significant effect on the valve cusp calcification or thickness was observed. Conclusions: In the aortic valve disease, Runx2 was expressed early and was required for the osteochondrogenic differentiation of the aVICs and sinus wall cells. The transient depletion of Runx2 in the aVICs and sinus wall cells in a mouse model of CAVD with a high prevalence of hemodynamic valve dysfunction led to an improved aortic valve function. Our studies also suggest that leaflet hinge and sinus wall calcification, even in the absence of significant leaflet cusp calcification, may be sufficient to cause significant valve dysfunctions in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mei Y Speer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kate Pierce
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jake Lally
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Leaf
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Mu-En Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Marta Scatena
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Cecilia M Giachelli
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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21
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Vogl BJ, Niemi NR, Griffiths LG, Alkhouli MA, Hatoum H. Impact of calcific aortic valve disease on valve mechanics. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 21:55-77. [PMID: 34687365 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01527-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aortic valve is a highly dynamic structure characterized by a transvalvular flow that is unsteady, pulsatile, and characterized by episodes of forward and reverse flow patterns. Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) resulting in compromised valve function and increased pressure overload on the ventricle potentially leading to heart failure if untreated, is the most predominant valve disease. CAVD is a multi-factorial disease involving molecular, tissue and mechanical interactions. In this review, we aim at recapitulating the biomechanical loads on the aortic valve, summarizing the current and most recent research in the field in vitro, in-silico, and in vivo, and offering a clinical perspective on current strategies adopted to mitigate or approach CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan J Vogl
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Nicholas R Niemi
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Leigh G Griffiths
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Hoda Hatoum
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA. .,Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA. .,Center of Biocomputing and Digital Health, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
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22
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Chester AH, Sarathchandra P, McCormack A, Yacoub MH. Organ Culture Model of Aortic Valve Calcification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:734692. [PMID: 34660737 PMCID: PMC8517236 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.734692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant amount of knowledge has been gained with the use of cell-based assays to elucidate the mechanisms that mediate heart valve calcification. However, cells used in these studies lack their association with the extra-cellular matrix or the influence of other cellular components of valve leaflets. We have developed a model of calcification using intact porcine valve leaflets, that relies upon a biological stimulus to drive the formation of calcified nodules within the valve leaflets. Alizarin Red positive regions were formed in response to lipopolysaccharide and inorganic phosphate, which could be quantified when viewed under polarized light. Point analysis and elemental mapping analysis of electron microscope images confirmed the presence of nodules containing calcium and phosphorus. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the development of these calcified regions corresponded with the expression of RUNX2, osteocalcin, NF-kB and the apoptosis marker caspase 3. The formation of calcified nodules and the expression of bone markers were both inhibited by adenosine in a concentration-dependent manner, illustrating that the model is amenable to pharmacological manipulation. This organ culture model offers an increased level of tissue complexity in which to study the mechanisms that are involved in heart valve calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian H Chester
- Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute, Harefield, United Kingdom.,National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Padmini Sarathchandra
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ann McCormack
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Magdi H Yacoub
- Heart Science Centre, Magdi Yacoub Institute, Harefield, United Kingdom.,National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease sits at the confluence of multiple world-wide epidemics of aging, obesity, diabetes, and renal dysfunction, and its prevalence is expected to nearly triple over the next 3 decades. This is of particularly dire clinical relevance, as calcific aortic valve disease can progress rapidly to aortic stenosis, heart failure, and eventually premature death. Unlike in atherosclerosis, and despite the heavy clinical toll, to date, no pharmacotherapy has proven effective to halt calcific aortic valve disease progression, with invasive and costly aortic valve replacement representing the only treatment option currently available. This substantial gap in care is largely because of our still-limited understanding of both normal aortic valve biology and the key regulatory mechanisms that drive disease initiation and progression. Drug discovery is further hampered by the inherent intricacy of the valvular microenvironment: a unique anatomic structure, a complex mixture of dynamic biomechanical forces, and diverse and multipotent cell populations collectively contributing to this currently intractable problem. One promising and rapidly evolving tactic is the application of multiomics approaches to fully define disease pathogenesis. Herein, we summarize the application of (epi)genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics to the study of valvular heart disease. We also discuss recent forays toward the omics-based characterization of valvular (patho)biology at single-cell resolution; these efforts promise to shed new light on cellular heterogeneity in healthy and diseased valvular tissues and represent the potential to efficaciously target and treat key cell subpopulations. Last, we discuss systems biology- and network medicine-based strategies to extract meaning, mechanisms, and prioritized drug targets from multiomics datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Blaser
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon Kraler
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Schlieren, CH
| | - Thomas F. Lüscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Schlieren, CH
- Heart Division, Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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24
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Driscoll K, Cruz AD, Butcher JT. Inflammatory and Biomechanical Drivers of Endothelial-Interstitial Interactions in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. Circ Res 2021; 128:1344-1370. [PMID: 33914601 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.318011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease is dramatically increasing in global burden, yet no therapy exists outside of prosthetic replacement. The increasing proportion of younger and more active patients mandates alternative therapies. Studies suggest a window of opportunity for biologically based diagnostics and therapeutics to alleviate or delay calcific aortic valve disease progression. Advancement, however, has been hampered by limited understanding of the complex mechanisms driving calcific aortic valve disease initiation and progression towards clinically relevant interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander D Cruz
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca NY
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25
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Cuevas RA, St Hilaire C. Introduction to the Aortic Valve Disease Review Series. Circ Res 2021; 128:1327-1329. [PMID: 33914602 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.319286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rolando A Cuevas
- Division of Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Cynthia St Hilaire
- Division of Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA
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26
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Woodward HJ, Zhu D, Hadoke PWF, MacRae VE. Regulatory Role of Sex Hormones in Cardiovascular Calcification. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4620. [PMID: 33924852 PMCID: PMC8125640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD), including aortic stenosis, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular calcification, are well documented. High levels of testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular calcification, whilst estrogen, the primary female sex hormone, is considered cardioprotective. Current understanding of sexual dimorphism in cardiovascular calcification is still very limited. This review assesses the evidence that the actions of sex hormones influence the development of cardiovascular calcification. We address the current question of whether sex hormones could play a role in the sexual dimorphism seen in cardiovascular calcification, by discussing potential mechanisms of actions of sex hormones and evidence in pre-clinical research. More advanced investigations and understanding of sex hormones in calcification could provide a better translational outcome for those suffering with cardiovascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly J. Woodward
- The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK;
| | - Dongxing Zhu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Patrick W. F. Hadoke
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK;
| | - Victoria E. MacRae
- The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK;
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27
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Weber A, Pfaff M, Schöttler F, Schmidt V, Lichtenberg A, Akhyari P. Reproducible In Vitro Tissue Culture Model to Study Basic Mechanisms of Calcific Aortic Valve Disease: Comparative Analysis to Valvular Interstitials Cells. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050474. [PMID: 33925890 PMCID: PMC8146785 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The hallmarks of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), an active and regulated process involving the creation of calcium nodules, lipoprotein accumulation, and chronic inflammation, are the significant changes that occur in the composition, organization, and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the aortic valve (AV). Most research regarding CAVD is based on experiments using two-dimensional (2D) cell culture or artificially created three-dimensional (3D) environments of valvular interstitial cells (VICs). Because the valvular ECM has a powerful influence in regulating pathological events, we developed an in vitro AV tissue culture model, which is more closely able to mimic natural conditions to study cellular responses underlying CAVD. AV leaflets, isolated from the hearts of 6-8-month-old sheep, were fixed with needles on silicon rubber rings to achieve passive tension and treated in vitro under pro-degenerative and pro-calcifying conditions. The degeneration of AV leaflets progressed over time, commencing with the first visible calcified domains after 14 d and winding up with the distinct formation of calcium nodules, heightened stiffness, and clear disruption of the ECM after 56 d. Both the expression of pro-degenerative genes and the myofibroblastic differentiation of VICs were altered in AV leaflets compared to that in VIC cultures. In this study, we have established an easily applicable, reproducible, and cost-effective in vitro AV tissue culture model to study pathological mechanisms underlying CAVD. The valvular ECM and realistic VIC-VEC interactions mimic natural conditions more closely than VIC cultures or 3D environments. The application of various culture conditions enables the examination of different pathological mechanisms underlying CAVD and could lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that lead to VIC degeneration and AS. Our model provides a valuable tool to study the complex pathobiology of CAVD and can be used to identify potential therapeutic targets for slowing disease progression.
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28
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Cuevas RA, Chu CC, Moorhead WJ, Wong R, Sultan I, St Hilaire C. Isolation of Human Primary Valve Cells for In vitro Disease Modeling. J Vis Exp 2021. [PMID: 33938898 DOI: 10.3791/62439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is present in nearly a third of the elderly population. Thickening, stiffening, and calcification of the aortic valve causes aortic stenosis and contributes to heart failure and stroke. Disease pathogenesis is multifactorial, and stresses such as inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, turbulent flow, and mechanical stress and strain contribute to the osteogenic differentiation of valve endothelial and valve interstitial cells. However, the precise initiating factors that drive the osteogenic transition of a healthy cell into a calcifying cell are not fully defined. Further, the only current therapy for CAVD-induced aortic stenosis is aortic valve replacement, whereby the native valve is removed (surgical aortic valve replacement, SAVR) or a fully collapsible replacement valve is inserted via a catheter (transcatheter aortic valve replacement, TAVR). These surgical procedures come at a high cost and with serious risks; thus, identifying novel therapeutic targets for drug discovery is imperative. To that end, the present study develops a workflow where surgically removed tissues from patients and donor cadaver tissues are used to create patient-specific primary lines of valvular cells for in vitro disease modeling. This protocol introduces the utilization of a cold storage solution, commonly utilized in organ transplant, to reduce the damage caused by the often-lengthy procurement time between tissue excision and laboratory processing with the benefit of greatly stabilizing cells of the excised tissue. The results of the present study demonstrate that isolated valve cells retain their proliferative capacity and endothelial and interstitial phenotypes in culture upwards of several days after valve removal from the donor. Using these materials allows for the collection of control and CAVD cells, from which both control and disease cell lines are established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando A Cuevas
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and the Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Claire C Chu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and the Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh
| | - William J Moorhead
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and the Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Ryan Wong
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and the Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Ibrahim Sultan
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh and Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Cynthia St Hilaire
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and the Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh;
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29
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Kruithof BPT, van de Pol V, Los T, Lodder K, Gourabi BM, DeRuiter MC, Goumans MJ, Ajmone Marsan N. New calcification model for intact murine aortic valves. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 156:95-104. [PMID: 33744308 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a common progressive disease of the aortic valves, for which no medical treatment exists and surgery represents currently the only therapeutic solution. The development of novel pharmacological treatments for CAVD has been hampered by the lack of suitable test-systems, which require the preservation of the complex valve structure in a mechanically and biochemical controllable system. Therefore, we aimed at establishing a model which allows the study of calcification in intact mouse aortic valves by using the Miniature Tissue Culture System (MTCS), an ex vivo flow model for whole mouse hearts. Aortic valves of wild-type mice were cultured in the MTCS and exposed to osteogenic medium (OSM, containing ascorbic acid, β-glycerophosphate and dexamethasone) or inorganic phosphates (PI). Osteogenic calcification occurred in the aortic valve leaflets that were cultured ex vivo in the presence of PI, but not of OSM. In vitro cultured mouse and human valvular interstitial cells calcified in both OSM and PI conditions, revealing in vitro-ex vivo differences. Furthermore, endochondral differentiation occurred in the aortic root of ex vivo cultured mouse hearts near the hinge of the aortic valve in both PI and OSM conditions. Dexamethasone was found to induce endochondral differentiation in the aortic root, but to inhibit calcification and the expression of osteogenic markers in the aortic leaflet, partly explaining the absence of calcification in the aortic valve cultured with OSM. The osteogenic calcifications in the aortic leaflet and the endochondral differentiation in the aortic root resemble calcifications found in human CAVD. In conclusion, we have established an ex vivo calcification model for intact wild-type murine aortic valves in which the initiation and progression of aortic valve calcification can be studied. The in vitro-ex vivo differences found in our studies underline the importance of ex vivo models to facilitate pre-clinical translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boudewijn P T Kruithof
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Vera van de Pol
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara Los
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten Lodder
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Babak Mousavi Gourabi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco C DeRuiter
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-José Goumans
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nina Ajmone Marsan
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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30
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Jannasch A, Schnabel C, Galli R, Faak S, Büttner P, Dittfeld C, Tugtekin SM, Koch E, Matschke K. Optical coherence tomography and multiphoton microscopy offer new options for the quantification of fibrotic aortic valve disease in ApoE -/- mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5834. [PMID: 33712671 PMCID: PMC7955095 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve sclerosis is characterized as the thickening of the aortic valve without obstruction of the left ventricular outflow. It has a prevalence of 30% in people over 65 years old. Aortic valve sclerosis represents a cardiovascular risk marker because it may progress to moderate or severe aortic valve stenosis. Thus, the early recognition and management of aortic valve sclerosis are of cardinal importance. We examined the aortic valve geometry and structure from healthy C57Bl6 wild type and age-matched hyperlipidemic ApoE-/- mice with aortic valve sclerosis using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and multiphoton microscopy (MPM) and compared results with histological analyses. Early fibrotic thickening, especially in the tip region of the native aortic valve leaflets from the ApoE-/- mice, was detectable in a precise spatial resolution using OCT. Evaluation of the second harmonic generation signal using MPM demonstrated that collagen content decreased in all aortic valve leaflet regions in the ApoE-/- mice. Lipid droplets and cholesterol crystals were detected using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering in the tissue from the ApoE-/- mice. Here, we demonstrated that OCT and MPM, which are fast and precise contactless imaging approaches, are suitable for defining early morphological and structural alterations of sclerotic murine aortic valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anett Jannasch
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Heart Centre Dresden, Fetscherstraße 76, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Christian Schnabel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine and Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Roberta Galli
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine and Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Saskia Faak
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Heart Centre Dresden, Fetscherstraße 76, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Petra Büttner
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig At University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Dittfeld
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Heart Centre Dresden, Fetscherstraße 76, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sems Malte Tugtekin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Heart Centre Dresden, Fetscherstraße 76, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Edmund Koch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine and Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Matschke
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Heart Centre Dresden, Fetscherstraße 76, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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Weisell J, Ruotsalainen AK, Näpänkangas J, Jauhiainen M, Rysä J. Menaquinone 4 increases plasma lipid levels in hypercholesterolemic mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3014. [PMID: 33542347 PMCID: PMC7862223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82724-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) progressive valvular calcification causes aortic valve dysfunction. CAVD has several risk factors such as age and dyslipidemia. Vitamin K was shown to inhibit vascular calcification in mice and valvular calcification in patients with CAVD. We studied the effect of menaquinone 4 (MK4/vitamin K2) on valvular calcification in the hypercholesterolemic mouse model of CAVD. LDLr−/−ApoB100/100 male mice were fed with a Western diet for 5 months, with (n = 10) or without (n = 10) added 0.2 mg/g MK4. Body weight gain was followed weekly. Morphology of aortic valves and liver was assessed with immunohistochemistry. Plasma cholesterol levels and cytokines from hepatic tissue were assessed in the end of the study. Hepatic gene expression of lipid metabolism regulating genes were assessed after 18 h diet. MK4 exacerbated the lipoprotein lipid profile without affecting aortic valve morphology in hypercholesterolemic LDLr−/− ApoB100/100 mice. The MK4-containing WD diet increased plasma levels of LDL and triglycerides, hepatic steatosis, and mRNA expression of genes required for triglyceride and cholesterol synthesis. MK4 diminished levels of several cytokines and chemokines in liver, including IL-6, TNFα and MCP1, as measured by hepatic cytokine array. Consequently, MK4 may exert non-beneficial effects on circulating lipid levels, especially in hypercholesterolemic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Weisell
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Kaisa Ruotsalainen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha Näpänkangas
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Rysä
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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Schlotter F, de Freitas RCC, Rogers MA, Blaser MC, Wu PJ, Higashi H, Halu A, Iqbal F, Andraski AB, Rodia CN, Kuraoka S, Wen JR, Creager M, Pham T, Hutcheson JD, Body SC, Kohan AB, Sacks FM, Aikawa M, Singh SA, Aikawa E. ApoC-III is a novel inducer of calcification in human aortic valves. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100193. [PMID: 33334888 PMCID: PMC7948477 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) occurs when subpopulations of valve cells undergo specific differentiation pathways, promoting tissue fibrosis and calcification. Lipoprotein particles carry oxidized lipids that promote valvular disease, but low-density lipoprotein-lowering therapies have failed in clinical trials, and there are currently no pharmacological interventions available for this disease. Apolipoproteins are known promoters of atherosclerosis, but whether they possess pathogenic properties in CAVD is less clear. To search for a possible link, we assessed 12 apolipoproteins in nonfibrotic/noncalcific and fibrotic/calcific aortic valve tissues by proteomics and immunohistochemistry to understand if they were enriched in calcified areas. Eight apolipoproteins (apoA-I, apoA-II, apoA-IV, apoB, apoC-III, apoD, apoL-I, and apoM) were enriched in the calcific versus nonfibrotic/noncalcific tissues. Apo(a), apoB, apoC-III, apoE, and apoJ localized within the disease-prone fibrosa and colocalized with calcific regions as detected by immunohistochemistry. Circulating apoC-III on lipoprotein(a) is a potential biomarker of aortic stenosis incidence and progression, but whether apoC-III also induces aortic valve calcification is unknown. We found that apoC-III was increased in fibrotic and calcific tissues and observed within the calcification-prone fibrosa layer as well as around calcification. In addition, we showed that apoC-III induced calcification in primary human valvular cell cultures via a mitochondrial dysfunction/inflammation-mediated pathway. This study provides a first assessment of a broad array of apolipoproteins in CAVD tissues, demonstrates that specific apolipoproteins associate with valvular calcification, and implicates apoC-III as an active and modifiable driver of CAVD beyond its potential role as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schlotter
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Renata C C de Freitas
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maximillian A Rogers
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark C Blaser
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pin-Jou Wu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hideyuki Higashi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arda Halu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Farwah Iqbal
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allison B Andraski
- Department of Nutrition and Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cayla N Rodia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Shiori Kuraoka
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer R Wen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Creager
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tan Pham
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Simon C Body
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alison B Kohan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Frank M Sacks
- Department of Nutrition and Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sasha A Singh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Human Pathology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
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Choi B, Kim EY, Kim JE, Oh S, Park SO, Kim SM, Choi H, Song JK, Chang EJ. Evogliptin Suppresses Calcific Aortic Valve Disease by Attenuating Inflammation, Fibrosis, and Calcification. Cells 2021; 10:E57. [PMID: 33401457 PMCID: PMC7824080 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) accompanies inflammatory cell infiltration, fibrosis, and ultimately calcification of the valve leaflets. We previously demonstrated that dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is responsible for the progression of aortic valvular calcification in CAVD animal models. As evogliptin, one of the DPP-4 inhibitors displays high specific accumulation in cardiac tissue, we here evaluated its therapeutic potency for attenuating valvular calcification in CAVD animal models. Evogliptin administration markedly reduced calcific deposition accompanied by a reduction in proinflammatory cytokine expression in endothelial nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice in vivo, and significantly ameliorated the mineralization of the primary human valvular interstitial cells (VICs), with a reduction in the mRNA expression of bone-associated and fibrosis-related genes in vitro. In addition, evogliptin ameliorated the rate of change in the transaortic peak velocity and mean pressure gradients in our rabbit model as assessed by echocardiography. Importantly, evogliptin administration in a rabbit model was found to suppress the effects of a high-cholesterol diet and of vitamin D2-driven fibrosis in association with a reduction in macrophage infiltration and calcific deposition in aortic valves. These results have indicated that evogliptin prohibits inflammatory cytokine expression, fibrosis, and calcification in a CAVD animal model, suggesting its potential as a selective therapeutic agent for the inhibition of valvular calcification during CAVD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongkun Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (B.C.); (E.-Y.K.); (J.-E.K.); (S.O.); (S.-O.P.); (S.-M.K.); (H.C.)
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (B.C.); (E.-Y.K.); (J.-E.K.); (S.O.); (S.-O.P.); (S.-M.K.); (H.C.)
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (B.C.); (E.-Y.K.); (J.-E.K.); (S.O.); (S.-O.P.); (S.-M.K.); (H.C.)
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Soyoon Oh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (B.C.); (E.-Y.K.); (J.-E.K.); (S.O.); (S.-O.P.); (S.-M.K.); (H.C.)
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Si-On Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (B.C.); (E.-Y.K.); (J.-E.K.); (S.O.); (S.-O.P.); (S.-M.K.); (H.C.)
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Sang-Min Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (B.C.); (E.-Y.K.); (J.-E.K.); (S.O.); (S.-O.P.); (S.-M.K.); (H.C.)
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Hyuksu Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (B.C.); (E.-Y.K.); (J.-E.K.); (S.O.); (S.-O.P.); (S.-M.K.); (H.C.)
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Jae-Kwan Song
- Division of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea;
| | - Eun-Ju Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (B.C.); (E.-Y.K.); (J.-E.K.); (S.O.); (S.-O.P.); (S.-M.K.); (H.C.)
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
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Zabirnyk A, Perez MDM, Blasco M, Stensløkken KO, Ferrer MD, Salcedo C, Vaage J. A Novel Ex Vivo Model of Aortic Valve Calcification. A Preliminary Report. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:568764. [PMID: 33390945 PMCID: PMC7773652 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.568764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: No pharmacological treatment exists to prevent or stop the calcification process of aortic valves causing aortic stenosis. The aim of this study was to develop a robust model of induced calcification in whole aortic valve leaflets which could be suitable for studies of the basic mechanisms and for testing potentially inhibitory drugs. Methods: Pig hearts were obtained from a commercial abattoir. The aortic valve leaflets were dissected free and randomized between experimental groups. Whole leaflets were cultured in individual wells. Two growth media were used for cultivation: standard growth medium and an antimyofibroblastic growth medium. The latter was employed to inhibit contraction of the leaflet into a ball-like structure. Calcification was induced in the growth medium by supplementation with an osteogenic medium. Leaflets were cultivated for four weeks and medium was changed every third day. To block calcification, the inhibitor SNF472 (a formulation of the hexasodium salt of myo-inositol hexaphosphate hexasodium salt) was used at concentrations between 1 and 100 µM. After cultivation for four weeks the leaflets were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and kept at −80 °C until blind assessment of the calcium amount in leaflets by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. For statistical analysis, a Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s post-test was applied. Results: Osteodifferentiation with calcium accumulation was in principle absent when standard medium was used. However, when the antimyofibroblastic medium was used, a strong calcium accumulation was induced (p = 0.006 compared to controls), and this was blocked in a dose-dependent manner by the calcification inhibitor SNF472 (p = 0.008), with an EC50 of 3.3 µM. Conclusion: A model of experimentally induced calcification in cultured whole leaflets from porcine aortic valves was developed. This model can be useful for studying the basic mechanisms of valve calcification and to test pharmacological approaches to inhibit calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsenii Zabirnyk
- Division of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Research & Development, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Marc Blasco
- Sanifit Therapeutics, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Kåre-Olav Stensløkken
- Division of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Jarle Vaage
- Division of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Research & Development, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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35
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Tandon I, Johns S, Woessner A, Perez J, Cross D, Ozkizilcik A, Muldoon TJ, Vallurupalli S, Padala M, Quinn KP, Balachandran K. Label-free optical biomarkers detect early calcific aortic valve disease in a wild-type mouse model. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2020; 20:521. [PMID: 33308143 PMCID: PMC7731510 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-020-01776-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) pathophysiology is a complex, multistage process, usually diagnosed at advanced stages after significant anatomical and hemodynamic changes in the valve. Early detection of disease progression is thus pivotal in the development of prevention and mitigation strategies. In this study, we developed a diet-based, non-genetically modified mouse model for early CAVD progression, and explored the utility of two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) microscopy for early detection of CAVD progression. TPEF imaging provides label-free, non-invasive, quantitative metrics with the potential to correlate with multiple stages of CAVD pathophysiology including calcium deposition, collagen remodeling and osteogenic differentiation. Methods Twenty-week old C57BL/6J mice were fed either a control or pro-calcific diet for 16 weeks and monitored via echocardiography, histology, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative polarized light imaging. Additionally, TPEF imaging was used to quantify tissue autofluorescence (A) at 755 nm, 810 nm and 860 nm excitation, to calculate TPEF 755–860 ratio (A860/525/(A755/460 + A860/525)) and TPEF Collagen-Calcium ratio (A810/525/(A810/460 + A810/525)) in the murine valves. In a separate experiment, animals were fed the above diets till 28 weeks to assess for later-stage calcification. Results Pro-calcific mice showed evidence of lipid deposition at 4 weeks and calcification at 16 weeks at the valve commissures. The valves of pro-calcific mice also showed positive expression for markers of osteogenic differentiation, myofibroblast activation, proliferation, inflammatory cytokines and collagen remodeling. Pro-calcific mice exhibited lower TPEF autofluorescence ratios, at locations coincident with calcification, that correlated with increased collagen disorganization and positive expression of osteogenic markers. Additionally, locations with lower TPEF autofluorescence ratios at 4 and 16 weeks exhibited increased calcification at later 28-week timepoints. Conclusions This study suggests the potential of TPEF autofluorescence metrics to serve as a label-free tool for early detection and monitoring of CAVD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Tandon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 122 John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Shelby Johns
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 122 John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Alan Woessner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 122 John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Jessica Perez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 122 John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Delaney Cross
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 122 John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Asya Ozkizilcik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 122 John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Timothy J Muldoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 122 John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Srikanth Vallurupalli
- Division of Cardiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Muralidhar Padala
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Joseph P. Whitehead Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kyle P Quinn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 122 John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Kartik Balachandran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 122 John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
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Gao C, Hu W, Liu F, Zeng Z, Zhu Q, Fan J, Chen J, Cheng S, Yu K, Qian Y, Ren T, Zhao J, Liu X, Wang J. Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B induces aortic valve calcification by activating hippo signaling in valvular interstitial cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 150:54-64. [PMID: 33045251 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a primary cause of cardiovascular mortality; however, its mechanisms are unknown. Currently, no effective pharmacotherapy is available for CAVD. Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B (Akr1B1) has been identified as a potential therapeutic target for valve interstitial cell calcification. Herein, we hypothesized that inhibition of Akr1B1 can attenuate aortic valve calcification. METHODS AND RESULTS Normal and degenerative tricuspid calcific valves from human samples were analyzed by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. The results showed significant upregulation of Akr1B1 in CAVD leaflets. Akr1B1 inhibition attenuated calcification of aortic valve interstitial cells in osteogenic medium. In contrast, overexpression of Akr1B1 aggravated calcification in osteogenic medium. Mechanistically, using RNA sequencing (RNAseq), we revealed that Hippo-YAP signaling functions downstream of Akr1B1. Furthermore, we established that the protein level of the Hippo-YAP signaling effector active-YAP had a positive correlation with Akr1B1. Suppression of YAP reversed Akr1B1 overexpression-induced Runx2 upregulation. Moreover, YAP activated the Runx2 promoter through TEAD1 in a manner mediated by ChIP and luciferase reporter systems. Animal experiments showed that the Akr1B1 inhibitor epalrestat attenuated aortic valve calcification induced by a Western diet in LDLR-/- mice. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that inhibition of Akr1B1 can attenuate the degree of calcification both in vitro and in vivo. The Akr1B1 inhibitor epalrestat may be a potential treatment option for CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Gao
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Wangxing Hu
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhiru Zeng
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Qifeng Zhu
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Fan
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jinyong Chen
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Si Cheng
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Kaixiang Yu
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yi Qian
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Tanchen Ren
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xianbao Liu
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China.
| | - Jian'an Wang
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China.
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Chaparro D, Dargam V, Alvarez P, Yeung J, Saytashev I, Bustillo J, Loganathan A, Ramella-Roman J, Agarwal A, Hutcheson JD. A Method to Quantify Tensile Biaxial Properties of Mouse Aortic Valve Leaflets. J Biomech Eng 2020; 142:100801. [PMID: 32291440 DOI: 10.1115/1.4046921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Understanding aortic valve (AV) mechanics is crucial in elucidating both the mechanisms that drive the manifestation of valvular diseases as well as the development of treatment modalities that target these processes. Genetically modified mouse models have become the gold standard in assessing biological mechanistic influences of AV development and disease. However, very little is known about mouse aortic valve leaflet (MAVL) tensile properties due to their microscopic size (∼500 μm long and 45 μm thick) and the lack of proper mechanical testing modalities to assess uniaxial and biaxial tensile properties of the tissue. We developed a method in which the biaxial tensile properties of MAVL tissues can be assessed by adhering the tissues to a silicone rubber membrane utilizing dopamine as an adhesive. Applying equiaxial tensile loads on the tissue-membrane composite and tracking the engineering strains on the surface of the tissue resulted in the characteristic orthotropic response of AV tissues seen in human and porcine tissues. Our data suggest that the circumferential direction is stiffer than the radial direction (n = 6, P = 0.0006) in MAVL tissues. This method can be implemented in future studies involving longitudinal mechanical stimulation of genetically modified MAVL tissues bridging the gap between cellular biological mechanisms and valve mechanics in popular mouse models of valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chaparro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174
| | - Valentina Dargam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174
| | - Paulina Alvarez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174
| | - Jay Yeung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174
| | - Ilyas Saytashev
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174
| | - Jenniffer Bustillo
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174
| | - Archana Loganathan
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174
| | - Jessica Ramella-Roman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174
| | - Arvind Agarwal
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174; Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199
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38
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X-ray Micro-Computed Tomography: An Emerging Technology to Analyze Vascular Calcification in Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124538. [PMID: 32630604 PMCID: PMC7352990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification describes the formation of mineralized tissue within the blood vessel wall, and it is highly associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. In this article, we briefly review different rodent models used to study vascular calcification in vivo, and critically assess the strengths and weaknesses of the current techniques used to analyze and quantify calcification in these models, namely 2-D histology and the o-cresolphthalein assay. In light of this, we examine X-ray micro-computed tomography (µCT) as an emerging complementary tool for the analysis of vascular calcification in animal models. We demonstrate that this non-destructive technique allows us to simultaneously quantify and localize calcification in an intact vessel in 3-D, and we consider recent advances in µCT sample preparation techniques. This review also discusses the potential to combine 3-D µCT analyses with subsequent 2-D histological, immunohistochemical, and proteomic approaches in correlative microscopy workflows to obtain rich, multifaceted information on calcification volume, calcification load, and signaling mechanisms from within the same arterial segment. In conclusion we briefly discuss the potential use of µCT to visualize and measure vascular calcification in vivo in real-time.
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39
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Orzechowska S, Świsłocka R, Lewandowski W. Model of Pathological Collagen Mineralization Based on Spine Ligament Calcification. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13092130. [PMID: 32375359 PMCID: PMC7254246 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the time of mineral growth in human spine ligaments using a mathematical model. The study was based on our previous research in which the physicochemical analysis and computed microtomography measurements of deposits in ligamenta flava were performed. Hydroxyapatite-like mineral (HAP) constituted the mineral phase in ligament samples, in two samples calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate (CPPD) was confirmed. The micro-damage of collagen fibrils in the soft tissue is the crystallization center. The growth of the mineral nucleus is a result of the calcium ions deposition on the nucleus surface. Considering the calcium ions, the main component of HAP, it is possible to describe the grain growth using a diffusion model. The model calculations showed that the growth time of CPPD grains was ca. a month to 6 years, and for HAP grains >4 years for the young and >5.5 years for the elderly patients. The growth time of minerals with a radius >400 μm was relatively short and impossible to identify by medical imaging techniques. The change of growth rate was the largest for HAP deposits. The mineral growth time can provide valuable information for understanding the calcification mechanism, may be helpful in future experiments, as well as useful in estimating the time of calcification appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Orzechowska
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Renata Świsłocka
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Białystok, Poland; (R.Ś.); (W.L.)
| | - Włodzimierz Lewandowski
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Białystok, Poland; (R.Ś.); (W.L.)
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40
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Goody PR, Hosen MR, Christmann D, Niepmann ST, Zietzer A, Adam M, Bönner F, Zimmer S, Nickenig G, Jansen F. Aortic Valve Stenosis: From Basic Mechanisms to Novel Therapeutic Targets. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:885-900. [PMID: 32160774 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aortic valve stenosis is the most prevalent heart valve disease worldwide. Although interventional treatment options have rapidly improved in recent years, symptomatic aortic valve stenosis is still associated with high morbidity and mortality. Calcific aortic valve stenosis is characterized by a progressive fibro-calcific remodeling and thickening of the aortic valve cusps, which subsequently leads to valve obstruction. The underlying pathophysiology is complex and involves endothelial dysfunction, immune cell infiltration, myofibroblastic and osteoblastic differentiation, and, subsequently, calcification. To date, no pharmacotherapy has been established to prevent aortic valve calcification. However, novel promising therapeutic targets have been recently identified. This review summarizes the current knowledge of pathomechanisms involved in aortic valve calcification and points out novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Roger Goody
- From the Heart Center Bonn, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, Germany (P.R.G., M.R.H., D.C., S.T.N., S.Z., G.N., F.J.)
| | - Mohammed Rabiul Hosen
- From the Heart Center Bonn, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, Germany (P.R.G., M.R.H., D.C., S.T.N., S.Z., G.N., F.J.)
| | - Dominik Christmann
- From the Heart Center Bonn, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, Germany (P.R.G., M.R.H., D.C., S.T.N., S.Z., G.N., F.J.)
| | - Sven Thomas Niepmann
- From the Heart Center Bonn, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, Germany (P.R.G., M.R.H., D.C., S.T.N., S.Z., G.N., F.J.)
| | | | - Matti Adam
- Clinic for Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Cologne, Germany (M.A.)
| | - Florian Bönner
- Clinic for Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Angiology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany (F.B.)
| | - Sebastian Zimmer
- From the Heart Center Bonn, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, Germany (P.R.G., M.R.H., D.C., S.T.N., S.Z., G.N., F.J.)
| | - Georg Nickenig
- From the Heart Center Bonn, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, Germany (P.R.G., M.R.H., D.C., S.T.N., S.Z., G.N., F.J.)
| | - Felix Jansen
- From the Heart Center Bonn, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, Germany (P.R.G., M.R.H., D.C., S.T.N., S.Z., G.N., F.J.)
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41
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Adesanya TMA, Russell M, Park KH, Zhou X, Sermersheim MA, Gumpper K, Koenig SN, Tan T, Whitson BA, Janssen PML, Lincoln J, Zhu H, Ma J. MG 53 Protein Protects Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells From Membrane Injury and Fibrocalcific Remodeling. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 8:e009960. [PMID: 30741589 PMCID: PMC6405656 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.009960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background The aortic valve of the heart experiences constant mechanical stress under physiological conditions. Maladaptive valve injury responses contribute to the development of valvular heart disease. Here, we test the hypothesis that MG 53 (mitsugumin 53), an essential cell membrane repair protein, can protect valvular cells from injury and fibrocalcific remodeling processes associated with valvular heart disease. Methods and Results We found that MG 53 is expressed in pig and human patient aortic valves and observed aortic valve disease in aged Mg53-/- mice. Aortic valves of Mg53-/- mice showed compromised cell membrane integrity. In vitro studies demonstrated that recombinant human MG 53 protein protects primary valve interstitial cells from mechanical injury and that, in addition to mediating membrane repair, recombinant human MG 53 can enter valve interstitial cells and suppress transforming growth factor-β-dependent activation of fibrocalcific signaling. Conclusions Together, our data characterize valve interstitial cell membrane repair as a novel mechanism of protection against valvular remodeling and assess potential in vivo roles of MG 53 in preventing valvular heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Ayodele Adesanya
- 1 Department of Surgery The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
| | - Melanie Russell
- 1 Department of Surgery The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
| | - Ki Ho Park
- 1 Department of Surgery The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
| | - Xinyu Zhou
- 1 Department of Surgery The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
| | | | - Kristyn Gumpper
- 1 Department of Surgery The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
| | - Sara N Koenig
- 2 Department of Physiology and Cell Biology The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
| | - Tao Tan
- 1 Department of Surgery The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
| | - Bryan A Whitson
- 1 Department of Surgery The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
| | - Paul M L Janssen
- 2 Department of Physiology and Cell Biology The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
| | - Joy Lincoln
- 3 Center for Cardiovascular Research The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus OH
| | - Hua Zhu
- 1 Department of Surgery The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
| | - Jianjie Ma
- 1 Department of Surgery The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH
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42
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de Oliveira Sá MPB, Cavalcanti LRP, Perazzo ÁM, Gomes RAF, Clavel MA, Pibarot P, Biondi-Zoccai G, Zhigalov K, Weymann A, Ruhparwar A, Lima RC. Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis and Atherosclerotic Calcification. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2020; 22:2. [PMID: 31912380 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-020-0821-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the pathophysiology of calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS) and surveys relevant clinical data and basic research that explain how CAVS arises. RECENT FINDINGS Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), oxidized phospholipids (OxPL), autotaxin, and genetic driving forces such as mutations in LPA gene and NOTCH gene seem to play a major role in the development of CAVS. These factors might well become targets of medical therapy in the coming years. CVAS seems to be a multifactorial disease that has much in common with coronary artery disease, mainly regarding lipidic accumulation and calcium deposition. No clinical trials conducted to date have managed to answer the key question of whether Lp(a) lowering and anti-calcific therapies confer a benefit in terms of reducing incidence or progression of CAVS, although additional outcome trials are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Pompeu Barros de Oliveira Sá
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco, PROCAPE, Av. Eng. Domingos Ferreira n°4172. Edf. Paquetá, apt° 405, Recife, Pernambuco, 51021-040, Brazil. .,University of Pernambuco, UPE, Recife, Brazil. .,Nucleus of Postgraduate and Research in Health Sciences of Faculty of Medical Sciences and Biological Sciences Instituite, FCM/ICB, Recife, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Rafael P Cavalcanti
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco, PROCAPE, Av. Eng. Domingos Ferreira n°4172. Edf. Paquetá, apt° 405, Recife, Pernambuco, 51021-040, Brazil.,University of Pernambuco, UPE, Recife, Brazil
| | - Álvaro M Perazzo
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco, PROCAPE, Av. Eng. Domingos Ferreira n°4172. Edf. Paquetá, apt° 405, Recife, Pernambuco, 51021-040, Brazil.,University of Pernambuco, UPE, Recife, Brazil
| | - Rafael A F Gomes
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco, PROCAPE, Av. Eng. Domingos Ferreira n°4172. Edf. Paquetá, apt° 405, Recife, Pernambuco, 51021-040, Brazil.,University of Pernambuco, UPE, Recife, Brazil.,Nucleus of Postgraduate and Research in Health Sciences of Faculty of Medical Sciences and Biological Sciences Instituite, FCM/ICB, Recife, Brazil
| | - Marie-Annick Clavel
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute/Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, 2725 Chemin Sainte Foy, #A-2075, Quebec, QC, G1V4G5, Canada
| | - Philippe Pibarot
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute/Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, 2725 Chemin Sainte Foy, #A-2075, Quebec, QC, G1V4G5, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy
| | - Konstantin Zhigalov
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexander Weymann
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Arjang Ruhparwar
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ricardo Carvalho Lima
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco, PROCAPE, Av. Eng. Domingos Ferreira n°4172. Edf. Paquetá, apt° 405, Recife, Pernambuco, 51021-040, Brazil.,University of Pernambuco, UPE, Recife, Brazil.,Nucleus of Postgraduate and Research in Health Sciences of Faculty of Medical Sciences and Biological Sciences Instituite, FCM/ICB, Recife, Brazil
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43
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Tucureanu MM, Filippi A, Alexandru N, Ana Constantinescu C, Ciortan L, Macarie R, Vadana M, Voicu G, Frunza S, Nistor D, Simionescu A, Simionescu DT, Georgescu A, Manduteanu I. Diabetes-induced early molecular and functional changes in aortic heart valves in a murine model of atherosclerosis. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2019; 16:562-576. [PMID: 31530180 PMCID: PMC6787765 DOI: 10.1177/1479164119874469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes contributes directly to the development of cardiovascular aortic valve disease. There is currently no drug therapy available for a dysfunctional valve and this urges the need for additional research to identify distinctive mechanisms of cardiovascular aortic valve disease evolution. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes of valvular aortic lesions induced in a hyperlipemic ApoE-/- mouse model by early type 1 diabetes onset (at 4 and 7 days after streptozotocin induction). The haemodynamic valve parameters were evaluated by echography and blood samples and aortic valves were collected. Plasma parameters were measured, and inflammatory, remodelling and osteogenic markers were evaluated in the aortic valves. Next, correlations between all parameters were determined. The results showed early aortic valve dysfunction detected by echography after 1 week of diabetes; lesions were found in the aortic root. Moreover, increased expression of cell adhesion molecules, extracellular matrix remodelling and osteogenic markers were detected in hyperlipemic ApoE-/- diabetic mice. Significant correlations were found between tissue valve biomarkers and plasmatic and haemodynamic parameters. Our study may help to understand the mechanisms of aortic valve disease in the diabetic milieu in order to discover and validate new biomarkers of cardiovascular aortic valve disease in diabetes and reveal new possible targets for nanobiotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandru Filippi
- Institute of Cellular Biology and
Pathology ‘Nicolae Simionescu’, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Alexandru
- Institute of Cellular Biology and
Pathology ‘Nicolae Simionescu’, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Letitia Ciortan
- Institute of Cellular Biology and
Pathology ‘Nicolae Simionescu’, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Razvan Macarie
- Institute of Cellular Biology and
Pathology ‘Nicolae Simionescu’, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Vadana
- Institute of Cellular Biology and
Pathology ‘Nicolae Simionescu’, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Geanina Voicu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and
Pathology ‘Nicolae Simionescu’, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sabina Frunza
- Internal Medicine Clinic, Emergency
Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dan Nistor
- Clinical Department of Internal
Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Targu Mures, Targu Mures,
Romania
| | - Agneta Simionescu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and
Pathology ‘Nicolae Simionescu’, Bucharest, Romania
- Clemson University, Clemson, SC,
USA
| | | | - Adriana Georgescu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and
Pathology ‘Nicolae Simionescu’, Bucharest, Romania
- Adriana Georgescu, Institute of Cellular
Biology and Pathology ‘Nicolae Simionescu’, 8 B.P. Hasdeu Street, District 5, PO
Box 35-14, 050568 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Ileana Manduteanu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and
Pathology ‘Nicolae Simionescu’, Bucharest, Romania
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Vander Roest M, Krapp C, Thorvaldsen JL, Bartolomei MS, Merryman WD. H19 is not hypomethylated or upregulated with age or sex in the aortic valves of mice. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14244. [PMID: 31609547 PMCID: PMC6778597 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic dysregulation of long noncoding RNA H19 was recently found to be associated with calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) in humans by repressing NOTCH1 transcription. This finding offers a possible epigenetic explanation for the abundance of cases of CAVD that are not explained by any clear genetic mutation. In this study, we examined the effect of age and sex on epigenetic dysregulation of H19 and subsequent aortic stenosis. Cohorts of littermate, wild-type C57BL/6 mice were studied at developmental ages analogous to human middle age through advanced age. Cardiac and aortic valve function were assessed with M-mode echocardiography and pulsed wave Doppler ultrasound, respectively. Bisulfite sequencing was used to determine methylation-based epigenetic regulation of H19, and RT-PCR was used to determine changes in gene expression profiles. Male mice were found to have higher peak systolic velocities than females, with several of the oldest mice showing signs of early aortic stenosis. The imprinting control region of H19 was not hypomethylated with age, and H19 expression was lower in the aortic valves of older mice than in the youngest group. These results suggest that age-related upregulation of H19 is not observed in murine aortic valves and that other factors may initiate H19-related CAVD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Krapp
- Epigenetics InstituteDepartment of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Joanne L. Thorvaldsen
- Epigenetics InstituteDepartment of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Marisa S. Bartolomei
- Epigenetics InstituteDepartment of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvania
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Liu Y, Gu Y, Shen Y, Lin B, Li Y, He X, Zhang Y, Lu L, Shen W, Zhang Q, Yang K. Association Between Serum Leptin Level and Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e012495. [PMID: 31566104 PMCID: PMC6806045 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.012495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background The pathophysiological process of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is similar to that of atherosclerosis. Leptin accelerates the process of atherosclerosis. We sought to examine the relationship between leptin and CAVD. Methods and Results Serum leptin was measured in 397 consecutive patients undergoing standard transthoracic echocardiography and Doppler flow imaging. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between leptin and CAVD. Western blotting was performed to detect the expression of phosphorylated and total extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Serum leptin (median) was higher in 200 patients with CAVD than that in 197 non-CAVD controls (20.07 versus 9.03 ng/mL; P<0.01). Leptin correlated positively with age (r=0.37, P<0.01) and negatively with estimated glomerular filtration rate (r=-0.37, P<0.01). Multivariate analysis indicated that elevated leptin was an independent determinant for the presence of CAVD (P<0.01). Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis of leptin to detect the presence of CAVD showed that the area under the curve was 0.74 (95% CI, 0.69-0.79; P<0.01). The diagnostic value of leptin for the detection of CAVD was higher among younger patients (aged ≤65 years) or those with at least mildly reduced renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate ≤82.06 mL/min per 1.73 m2). The activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 was stronger in calcific aortic valves than in normal aortic valves. Conclusions Elevated leptin is associated with the presence of CAVD, especially among younger patients or those with renal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehong Liu
- Department of Cardiology Shanghai East Hospital Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Yuying Gu
- Department of Cardiology Shanghai East Hospital Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Cardiology Ruijin Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Bowen Lin
- Department of Cardiology Shanghai East Hospital Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Cardiology Shanghai East Hospital Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Xiaoyan He
- Department of Cardiology Shanghai East Hospital Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Yibo Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Ruijin Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Lin Lu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Ruijin Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai China.,Department of Cardiology Ruijin Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Weifeng Shen
- Department of Cardiology Ruijin Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology Shanghai East Hospital Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Ke Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Ruijin Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
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46
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Weisell J, Ruotsalainen AK, Laakso H, Ylä-Herttuala E, Näpänkangas J, Levonen AL, Liimatainen T, Rysä J. Characterizing valve dynamics in mice by high-resolution cine-MRI. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e4108. [PMID: 31112347 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), progressive valvular sclerosis and calcification cause narrowing of the orifice and an impairment of the valve's function. We applied high-resolution cine-MRI to perform quantitative analysis of the dynamics of the aortic valve in a mice model of CAVD. METHODS AND RESULTS LDLr-/- ApoB100/100 mice were fed a Western diet (WD) or a standard diet (control) for 22 weeks. The mice were imaged in a 7 T horizontal MRI scanner, and aortic valve dynamics was examined by imaging the cross-section of the aorta at valve level using cine sequences. From these images, the area of the aortic valve orifice was determined during the heart cycle. MRI results were compared with echocardiographic and histopathologic results. The data revealed evidence of clear aortic valve dysfunction in WD mice as compared with control mice (interaction P < 0.001). MRI showed narrowing (14%, P < 0.05) of the orifice area, and this was also seen in histology (34%, P < 0.05), indicating more severe aortic stenosis after WD than in controls. Additionally, MRI revealed a reduction in the ejection fraction (EF) (-11%, P < 0.01), a result confirmed with echocardiography (-27%, P < 0.001) in mice fed with WD. EF detected by MRI and echocardiography also correlated strongly with the degree of stenosis assessed by histology. CONCLUSIONS Cine-MRI can be used for quantitative analysis of the aortic valve orifice over the cardiac cycle in mice. MRI showed the cusps clearly, and we were able to detect aortic valve dysfunction over time through the cardiac cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Weisell
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Kaisa Ruotsalainen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanne Laakso
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elias Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha Näpänkangas
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Levonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Liimatainen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaana Rysä
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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47
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van Broekhoven A, Krijnen PAJ, Fuijkschot WW, Morrison MC, Zethof IPA, van Wieringen WN, Smulders YM, Niessen HWM, Vonk ABA. Short-term LPS induces aortic valve thickening in ApoE*3Leiden mice. Eur J Clin Invest 2019; 49:e13121. [PMID: 31013351 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, it was shown that 12 weeks of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration to nonatherosclerotic mice induced thickening of the aortic heart valve (AV). Whether such effects may also occur even earlier is unknown. As most patients with AV stenosis also have atherosclerosis, we studied the short-term effect of LPS on the AVs in an atherosclerotic mouse model. METHODS ApoE*3Leiden mice, on an atherogenic diet, were injected intraperitoneally with either LPS or phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and sacrificed 2 or 15 days later. AVs were assessed for size, fibrosis, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), lipids, calcium deposits, iron deposits and inflammatory cells. RESULTS LPS injection caused an increase in maximal leaflet thickness at 2 days (128.4 µm) compared to PBS-injected mice (67.8 µm; P = 0.007), whereas at 15 days this was not significantly different. LPS injection did not significantly affect average AV thickness on day 2 (37.8 µm), but did significantly increase average AV thickness at day 15 (41.6 µm; P = 0.038) compared to PBS-injected mice (31.7 and 32.3 µm respectively). LPS injection did not affect AV fibrosis, GAGs and lipid content. Furthermore, no calcium deposits were found. Iron deposits, indicative for valve haemorrhage, were observed in one AV of the PBS-injected group (a day 2 mouse; 9.1%) and in five AVs of the LPS-injected group (both day 2- and 15 mice; 29.4%). No significant differences in inflammatory cell infiltration were observed upon LPS injection. CONCLUSION Short-term LPS apparently has the potential to increase AV thickening and haemorrhage. These results suggest that systemic inflammation can acutely compromise AV structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber van Broekhoven
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC-Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Amsterdam UMC-Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A J Krijnen
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC-Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wessel W Fuijkschot
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC-Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine C Morrison
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ilse P A Zethof
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC-Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wessel N van Wieringen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam UMC-Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Mathematics, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvo M Smulders
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans W M Niessen
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC-Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Amsterdam UMC-Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander B A Vonk
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Amsterdam UMC-Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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48
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Niepmann ST, Steffen E, Zietzer A, Adam M, Nordsiek J, Gyamfi-Poku I, Piayda K, Sinning JM, Baldus S, Kelm M, Nickenig G, Zimmer S, Quast C. Graded murine wire-induced aortic valve stenosis model mimics human functional and morphological disease phenotype. Clin Res Cardiol 2019; 108:847-856. [PMID: 30767058 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-019-01413-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aortic valve stenosis (AS) is the most common valve disease requiring therapeutic intervention. Even though the incidence of AS has been continuously rising and AS is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, to date, no medical treatments have been identified that can modify disease progression. This unmet medical need is likely attributed to an incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanism driving disease development. To investigate the pathophysiology leading to AS, reliable and reproducible animal models that mimic human pathophysiology are needed. We have tested and expanded the protocols of a wire-injury induced AS mouse model. For this model, coronary wires were used to apply shear stress to the aortic valve cusps with increasing intensity. These protocols allowed distinction of mild, moderate and severe wire-injury. Upon moderate or severe injury, AS developed with a significant increase in aortic valve peak blood flow velocity. While moderate injury promoted solitary AS, severe-injury induced mixed aortic valve disease with concomitant mild to moderate aortic regurgitation. The changes in aortic valve function were reflected by dilation and hypertrophy of the left ventricle, as well as a decreased left ventricular ejection fraction. Histological analysis revealed the classic hallmarks of human disease with aortic valve thickening, increased macrophage infiltration, fibrosis and calcification. This new mouse model of AS promotes functional and morphological changes similar to moderate and severe human AS. It can be used to investigate the pathomechanisms contributing to AS development and to test novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Thomas Niepmann
- Heart Center Bonn, Clinic for Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Eva Steffen
- Heart Center Bonn, Clinic for Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Zietzer
- Heart Center Bonn, Clinic for Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matti Adam
- Clinic for Cardiology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Nordsiek
- Heart Center Bonn, Clinic for Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Isabella Gyamfi-Poku
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonary Diseases and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kerstin Piayda
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonary Diseases and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jan-Malte Sinning
- Heart Center Bonn, Clinic for Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephan Baldus
- Clinic for Cardiology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Malte Kelm
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonary Diseases and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,CARID, Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Georg Nickenig
- Heart Center Bonn, Clinic for Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zimmer
- Heart Center Bonn, Clinic for Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christine Quast
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonary Diseases and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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49
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Colleville B, Perzo N, Avinée G, Dumesnil A, Ziegler F, Billoir P, Eltchaninoff H, Richard V, Durand E. Impact of high-fat diet and vitamin D 3 supplementation on aortic stenosis establishment in waved-2 epidermal growth factor receptor mutant mice. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2019; 17:107-114. [PMID: 30792149 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The use of animal models of aortic stenosis (AS) remains essential to further elucidate its pathophysiology and to evaluate new therapeutic strategies. The waved-2 mouse AS model has been proposed; data have indicated that while aortic regurgitation (AR) is effectively induced, development of AS is rare. We aimed to evaluate the effect of high-fat diet (HFD) and vitamin D3 supplementation in this model. METHODS HFD and subcutaneous vitamin D3 injections were initiated at the age of 6 weeks until the age of 6 (n = 16, 6-month treatment group) and 9 (n = 11, 9-month treatment group) months. Twelve waved-2 mice without supplementation were used as control. Echocardiography was performed at 3, 6 and 9 months. Blood serum analysis (calcium, 1,25(OH)2D3 and cholesterol), histology and immunohistochemistry (CD-31, CD-68 and osteopontin) were evaluated at the end of the experiment (6 or 9 months). RESULTS Total cholesterol and 1,25(OH)2D3 were significantly increased relative to the control group. HFD and vitamin D3 supplementation did result in improvements to the model, since AS was only detected in 6 (15.3%) mice (2 in the 3 groups) and AR was developed in the remaining animals. Echocardiographic parameters, fibrosis, thickness, inflammation and valvular calcification, were not significantly different between the 6-month treatment and control groups. Similar results were also observed in the 9-month treatment group. CONCLUSION These results suggest that HFD and vitamin D3 supplementation have no effect in the waved-2 mouse model. This model essentially mimics AR and rarely AS. Further studies are needed to find a reliable animal model of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérénice Colleville
- Department of Biology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1096 (Endothélium, Valvulopathies et Insuffisance Cardiaque), Normandie University, Unirouen, 76000 Rouen, France; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire REMODeling in Valvulopathy and Heart Failure, Rouen, France
| | - Nicolas Perzo
- Department of Biology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1096 (Endothélium, Valvulopathies et Insuffisance Cardiaque), Normandie University, Unirouen, 76000 Rouen, France; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire REMODeling in Valvulopathy and Heart Failure, Rouen, France
| | - Guillaume Avinée
- Department of Biology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1096 (Endothélium, Valvulopathies et Insuffisance Cardiaque), Normandie University, Unirouen, 76000 Rouen, France; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire REMODeling in Valvulopathy and Heart Failure, Rouen, France; Department of Cardiology, Rouen University Hospital, 76031 Rouen Cedex, France
| | - Anaïs Dumesnil
- Department of Biology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1096 (Endothélium, Valvulopathies et Insuffisance Cardiaque), Normandie University, Unirouen, 76000 Rouen, France; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire REMODeling in Valvulopathy and Heart Failure, Rouen, France
| | - Frederic Ziegler
- Department of Biology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1073 (Nutrition, Inflammation et Dysfonction de l'axe Intestin-Cerveau), Normandie University, Unirouen, 76000 Rouen, France; Institute for Clinical Biology-General Biochemistry Unit, Rouen University Hospital, 76031 Rouen Cedex, France
| | - Paul Billoir
- Department of Biology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1096 (Endothélium, Valvulopathies et Insuffisance Cardiaque), Normandie University, Unirouen, 76000 Rouen, France; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire REMODeling in Valvulopathy and Heart Failure, Rouen, France; Department of Vascular Hemostasis, Rouen University Hospital, 76031 Rouen Cedex, France
| | - Hélène Eltchaninoff
- Department of Biology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1096 (Endothélium, Valvulopathies et Insuffisance Cardiaque), Normandie University, Unirouen, 76000 Rouen, France; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire REMODeling in Valvulopathy and Heart Failure, Rouen, France; Department of Cardiology, Rouen University Hospital, 76031 Rouen Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Richard
- Department of Biology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1096 (Endothélium, Valvulopathies et Insuffisance Cardiaque), Normandie University, Unirouen, 76000 Rouen, France; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire REMODeling in Valvulopathy and Heart Failure, Rouen, France
| | - Eric Durand
- Department of Biology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1096 (Endothélium, Valvulopathies et Insuffisance Cardiaque), Normandie University, Unirouen, 76000 Rouen, France; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire REMODeling in Valvulopathy and Heart Failure, Rouen, France; Department of Cardiology, Rouen University Hospital, 76031 Rouen Cedex, France.
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50
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Go JL, Prem K, Al-Hijji MA, Qin Q, Noble C, Young MD, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Experimental Metabolic Syndrome Model Associated with Mechanical and Structural Degenerative Changes of the Aortic Valve. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17835. [PMID: 30546028 PMCID: PMC6292876 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36388-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that an experimental high fat (HF) animal with metabolic syndrome results in structural degeneration of the aortic valve. Domestic pigs were divided (n = 12) and administered either a normal or HF diet. After 16-weeks, the HF diet group had increased weight (p ≤ 0.05), total cholesterol (p ≤ 0.05), and systolic and diastolic pressure (p ≤ 0.05). The aortic valve extracellular matrix showed loss of elastin fibers and increased collagen deposition in the HF diet group. Collagen was quantified with ELISA, which showed an increased concentration of collagen types 1 and 3 (p ≤ 0.05). In the HF diet group, the initial stages of microcalcification were observed. Uniaxial mechanical testing of aortic cusps revealed that the HF diet group expressed a decrease in ultimate tensile strength and elastic modulus compared to the control diet group (p ≤ 0.05). Western blot and immunohistochemistry indicated the presence of proteins: lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, osteopontin, and osteocalcin with an increased expression in the HF diet group. The current study demonstrates that experimental metabolic syndrome induced by a 16-week HF diet was associated with a statistically significant alteration to the physical architecture of the aortic valve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Go
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, 55905, MN, USA
| | - Komal Prem
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, 55905, MN, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, 55905, MN, USA
| | - Mohammed A Al-Hijji
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, 55905, MN, USA
| | - Qing Qin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, 55905, MN, USA
| | - Christopher Noble
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, 55905, MN, USA
| | - Melissa D Young
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, 55905, MN, USA
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, 55905, MN, USA.,Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, 55905, MN, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, 55905, MN, USA.
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