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Tanaka H, Nishimaki-Mogami T, Tamehiro N, Shibata N, Mandai H, Ito S, Wakamatsu K. Pterostilbene, a Dimethyl Derivative of Resveratrol, Exerts Cytotoxic Effects on Melanin-Producing Cells through Metabolic Activation by Tyrosinase. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9990. [PMID: 39337478 PMCID: PMC11432345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25189990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Pterostilbene (PTS), which is abundant in blueberries, is a dimethyl derivative of the natural polyphenol resveratrol (RES). Several plant species, including peanuts and grapes, also produce PTS. Although RES has a wide range of health benefits, including anti-cancer properties, PTS has a robust pharmacological profile that includes a better intestinal absorption and an increased hepatic stability compared to RES. Indeed, PTS has a higher bioavailability and a lower toxicity compared to other stilbenes, making it an attractive drug candidate for the treatment of various diseases, including diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging. We previously reported that RES serves as a substrate for tyrosinase, producing an o-quinone metabolite that is highly cytotoxic to melanocytes. The present study investigated whether PTS may also be metabolized by tyrosinase, similarly to RES. PTS was oxidized as a substrate by tyrosinase to form an o-quinone, which reacted with thiols, such as N-acetyl-L-cysteine, to form di- and tri-adducts. We also confirmed that PTS was taken up and metabolized by human tyrosinase-expressing 293T cells in amounts several times greater than RES. In addition, PTS showed a tyrosinase-dependent cytotoxicity against B16BL6 melanoma cells that was stronger than RES and also inhibited the formation of melanin in B16BL6 melanoma cells and in the culture medium. These results suggest that the two methyl groups of PTS, which are lipophilic, increase its membrane permeability, making it easier to bind to intracellular proteins, and may therefore be more cytotoxic to melanin-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Tanaka
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Gifu University of Medical Science, 795-1 Nagamine, Ichihiraga, Seki 501-3892, Japan
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Tomoko Nishimaki-Mogami
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Norimasa Tamehiro
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Norihito Shibata
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mandai
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gifu University of Medical Science, 4-3-3 Nijigaoka, Kani 509-0293, Japan
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
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2
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Peng X, Ma Y, Yan C, Wei X, Zhang L, Jiang H, Ma Y, Zhang S, Xing M, Gao Y. Mechanism, Formulation, and Efficacy Evaluation of Natural Products for Skin Pigmentation Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:1022. [PMID: 39204367 PMCID: PMC11359997 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16081022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin pigmentation typically arises from the excessive secretion and accumulation of melanin, resulting in a darker complexion compared to normal skin. Currently, the local application of chemical drugs is a first-line strategy for pigmentation disorders, but the safety and efficacy of drugs still cannot meet clinical treatment needs. For long-term and safe medication, researchers have paid attention to natural products with higher biocompatibility. This article begins by examining the pathogenesis and treatment approaches of skin pigmentation diseases and summarizes the research progress and mechanism of natural products with lightening or whitening effects that are clinically common or experimentally proven. Moreover, we outline the novel formulations of natural products in treating pigmentation disorders, including liposomes, nanoparticles, microemulsions, microneedles, and tocosomes. Finally, the pharmacodynamic evaluation methods in the study of pigmentation disorder were first systematically analyzed. In brief, this review aims to collect natural products for skin pigmentation treatment and investigate their formulation design and efficacy evaluation to provide insights for the development of new products for this complex skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Peng
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao 266112, China;
| | - Yuning Ma
- Key Laboratory of New Material Research Institute, Institute of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (Y.M.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (H.J.)
| | - Chenxin Yan
- Beijing CAS Microneedle Technology, Ltd., Beijing 102609, China;
| | - Xiaocen Wei
- Key Laboratory of New Material Research Institute, Institute of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (Y.M.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (H.J.)
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Material Research Institute, Institute of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (Y.M.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (H.J.)
| | - Hehe Jiang
- Key Laboratory of New Material Research Institute, Institute of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (Y.M.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (H.J.)
| | - Yuxia Ma
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China;
| | - Suohui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;
| | - Mengzhen Xing
- Key Laboratory of New Material Research Institute, Institute of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; (Y.M.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (H.J.)
| | - Yunhua Gao
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao 266112, China;
- Beijing CAS Microneedle Technology, Ltd., Beijing 102609, China;
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;
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3
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Promden W, Chanvorachote P, Viriyabancha W, Sintupachee S, De-Eknamkul W. Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner Heartwood Extracts Containing Resveratrol and Oxyresveratrol Inhibit Melanogenesis in B16F10 Melanoma Cells. Molecules 2024; 29:2473. [PMID: 38893349 PMCID: PMC11173867 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to isolate and purify resveratrol and oxyresveratrol from the heartwoods of Maclura cochinchinensis, and to evaluate their inhibitory effects on melanogenesis in B16F10 murine melanoma cells. A methanol maceration process yielded a crude extract comprising 24.86% of the initial mass, which was subsequently analyzed through HPTLC, HPLC, and LC-MS/MS. These analyses revealed the presence of resveratrol and oxyresveratrol at concentrations of 4.32 mg/g and 33.6 mg/g in the extract, respectively. Initial purification employing food-grade silica gel column chromatography separated the extract into two fractions: FA, exhibiting potent inhibition of both tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis, and FM, showing no such inhibitory activity. Further purification processes led to the isolation of fractions Y11 and Gn12 with enhanced concentrations of resveratrol (94.9 and 110.21 mg/g, respectively) and fractions Gn15 and Gn16 with elevated levels of oxyresveratrol (321.93 and 274.59 mg/g, respectively), all of which significantly reduced melanin synthesis. These outcomes affirm the substantial presence of resveratrol and oxyresveratrol in the heartwood of M. cochinchinensis, indicating their promising role as natural agents for skin lightening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worrawat Promden
- Division of General Science, Faculty of Education, Buriram Rajabhat University, Buriram 31000, Thailand
| | - Pithi Chanvorachote
- Center of Excellence in Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Wittawat Viriyabancha
- Medicines Regulation Division, Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand;
| | - Siriluk Sintupachee
- Program in Creative Innovation in Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Si Thammarat Rajabhat University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80280, Thailand;
- Specialized Research Unit for Insects and Herbs, Nakhon Si Thammarat Rajabhat University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80280, Thailand
| | - Wanchai De-Eknamkul
- Natural Product Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
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Monmai C, Kim JS, Baek SH. Resveratrol-Enriched Rice Callus Extract Inhibits Oxidative and Cellular Melanogenic Activities in Melan-A Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:625. [PMID: 38929064 PMCID: PMC11201182 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The excessive production of melanin can cause skin diseases and hyperpigmentation. In this study, resveratrol contained in Dongjin rice seed (DJ526) was increased through callus induction. The antioxidant capacity of resveratrol-enriched rice callus was evaluated using the ABTS radical scavenging method and was equivalent to that of vitamin C. DJ526 rice callus extract significantly increased antioxidant activities in a concentration-dependent manner. The anti-melanogenesis effects of DJ526 rice callus extract were also evaluated in melan-a cells. Resveratrol-enriched rice callus extract significantly (i) decreased the size and number of melanin-containing cells, (ii) suppressed the activity of cellular tyrosinase and melanin content, (iii) downregulated the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1, and tyrosinase-related protein-2, (iv) increased the expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and protein kinase B, and (v) inhibited the activation of phosphorylated p38 in melan-a cells. From the above observations, DJ526 rice callus extract showed strong antioxidant and anti-melanogenesis activity at the concentration test. These findings indicate the potential of resveratrol-enriched rice callus as a novel agent for controlling hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - So-Hyeon Baek
- Department of Agriculture Life Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 59722, Republic of Korea; (C.M.); (J.-S.K.)
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Xue S, Li Z, Ze X, Wu X, He C, Shuai W, Marlow M, Chen J, Scurr D, Zhu Z, Xu J, Xu S. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Hybrids Containing Dihydrochalcone as Tyrosinase Inhibitors to Treat Skin Hyperpigmentation. J Med Chem 2023; 66:5099-5117. [PMID: 36940414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
Excessive melanin deposition may lead to a series of skin disorders. The production of melanin is carried out by melanocytes, in which the enzyme tyrosinase performs a key role. In this work, we identified a series of novel tyrosinase inhibitor hybrids with a dihydrochalcone skeleton and resorcinol structure, which can inhibit tyrosinase activity and reduce the melanin content in the skin. Compound 11c possessed the most potent activity against tyrosinase, showing IC50 values at nanomolar concentration ranges, along with significant antioxidant activity and low cytotoxicity. Furthermore, in vitro permeation tests, supported by HPLC analysis and 3D OrbiSIMS imaging visualization, revealed the excellent permeation of 11c. More importantly, compound 11c reduced the melanin content on UV-induced skin pigmentation in a guinea pig model in vivo. These results suggest that compound 11c may serve as a promising potent tyrosinase inhibitor for the development of a potential therapy to treat skin hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Xue
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Xiaotong Ze
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Xiuyuan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Chen He
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Wen Shuai
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Maria Marlow
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou 215300, P. R. China
| | - David Scurr
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Zheying Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jinyi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Shengtao Xu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou 215300, P. R. China
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Sheweita SA, El-Masry YM, Zaghloul TI, Mostafa SK, Elgindy NA. Preclinical studies on melanogenesis proteins using a resveratrol-nanoformula as a skin whitener. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:870-881. [PMID: 36370858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A naturally occurring polyphenol called trans-resveratrol has received a lot of attention due to its possible health advantages for humans. The low solubility of trans-resveratrol and its isomerization upon UV exposure strongly limit its application as a skin-whitening agent. In the present study, to increase trans-resveratrol solubility, a new nanoformula was created by combining hydrophilic surfactants and oils. Trans-Resveratrol nanoformula has been prepared, characterized, and applied as a skin-whitening agent on the dorsal skin of Guinea pigs. The optimized trans-resveratrol nanoformula with a particle size of 63.49 nm displayed a single peak and a polydispersity index [0.36 ± 0.02]. In addition, the zeta potential of the optimized formula was -30.4 mV, confirming the high stability of this nanoformula. The melanin contents in the trans-resveratrol nanoformula-treated group were substantially lower than those of the control and the blank nanoformula-treated groups after staining of the dorsal skins [black areas] of guinea pigs with Fontana Mountain dye. The pigmentation index in the control, blank nanoformula, and optimized trans-resveratrol nanoformula were 329.4 ± 36.9, 335.8 ± 71.4, and 124.8 ± 19.6 respectively. Confirming this finding, immunohistochemistry analysis of skin tissues revealed that the expressions of melanogenesis-regulating proteins such as tyrosinase and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor were down-regulated. The safety of topical application of trans-resveratrol nanoformula was validated by no changes in free radical levels and oxidative stress markers proteins in the livers and kidneys of guinea pigs at the end of the experiment. Conclusions: A novel trans-resveratrol nanoformula as well as the mechanism whereby it promotes skin whitening effects were presented. Furthermore, the study illustrated that trans-resveratrol nanoformula is safe, non-toxic, and can be applied for skin whitening, although more research on human skin is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah A Sheweita
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, KSA; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt.
| | - Yassin M El-Masry
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Taha I Zaghloul
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa K Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamesa, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nazik A Elgindy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
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Feng D, Fang Z, Zhang P. The melanin inhibitory effect of plants and phytochemicals: A systematic review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 107:154449. [PMID: 36126406 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanin plays an important role in protecting human skin, while excessive synthesis of melanin can cause abnormal pigmentation and induce skin diseases. Long-term use of commercial whitening agents in managing skin melanin such as kojic acid and arbutin can lead to some negative effects such as dermatitis and liver cancer. Although past studies have researched the melanin inhibitory effect of plant extracts, the effective dose and mechanisms are not well summarized and discussed. This study aims to explore the melanin inhibitory property of phytochemicals and tries to answer the following research questions: (1) Which plant extracts and phytochemicals could inhibit melanin biosynthesis in the skin? what is the mechanism of action? (2) Have human trials been conducted to confirm their melanin inhibitory effect? (3) If not, which phytochemicals are recommended for further human trials? This article would provide information for future research to develop natural and safe skin whitening products. METHODS A preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) systematic review method and OHAT risk-of-bias tool were applied to screen literature from 2000 to 2021 and 50 research articles met the selection criteria. RESULTS Flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes and terpenes are main classes of phytochemicals responsible for the melanin inhibitory effects. The in vitro/in vivo melanin inhibitory effects of these plant extracts/phytochemicals are achieved via three main mechanisms: (1) the ethyl acetate extract of Oryza sativa Indica cv., and phytochemicals such as galangin and origanoside could manage melanin biosynthesis through competitive inhibition, non-competitive inhibition or mixed-type inhibition of tyrosinase; (2) phytochemicals such as ginsenoside F1, ginsenoside Rb1 and 4‑hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde could inhibit melanogenesis through down-regulating microphthalmia-related transcription factor (MITF) gene expression via different signalling pathways; (3) the ethanolic extracts of Dimorphandra gardneriana, Dimorphandra gardneriana, Lippia microphylla and Schinus terebinthifolius have a good ultraviolet absorption ability and high sun protective factor (SPF) values, thereby inhibiting UV induced melanogenesis in the skin. CONCLUSION Although many plant extracts and phytochemicals have been found to inhibit melanin production, most of the results were only proved in cellular and/or animal models. Only the ethyl acetate extract of Oryza sativa Indica cv. panicle, and ginsenoside F1 were proved effective in human trials. Animal studies proved the effectiveness of galangin, origanoside, ginsenoside Rb1 and 4‑hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde with effective dose below 3 mM, and therefore recommended for future human trial. In addition, cellular studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of oxyresveratrol, mulberroside A, kurarinol, kuraridinol, plumbagin, (6aR,11aR)-3,8-dihydroxy-9‑methoxy pterocarpan, ginsenoside Rh4, cardamonin, nobiletin, curcumin, β-mangostin and emodin in inhibiting melanin synthesis at low concentrations of 20 µM and proved the low SPF values of Dimorphandra gardneriana, Dimorphandra gardneriana, Lippia microphylla and Schinus terebinthifolius extracts, and therefore recommended for further animal and human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Feng
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Zhongxiang Fang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Pangzhen Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Wang Y, Qi H. Natural Bioactive Compounds from Foods Inhibited Pigmentation Especially Potential Application of Fucoxanthin to Chloasma: a Mini-Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2148690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yida Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Hang Qi
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian, P. R. China
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Harlisa P, Kariosentono H, Purwanto B, Dirgahayu P, Soetrisno S, Wasita B, Alif I, Putra A. The Mangosteen Peel Ethyl Acetate Extract-based Cream Inhibits Ultraviolet-B Radiation-induced Hyperpigmentation in Guinea Pig Skin. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.10838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is the main factor causing the aberrant melanin pigments leading to skin hyperpigmentation. Retinoic acid and hydroquinone are the primary preference for the skin whitening agents in preventing hyperpigmentation. However, these treatments could induce slight-to-severe irritation leading to skin cancer. Mangosteen peel possesses α-mangostin, the primary constituent of xanthones in mangosteen peel that has potency as an anti-tyrosinase for treating issues of skin hyperpigmentation.
AIM: This study aims to demonstrate the capacity of mangosteen peel ethyl acetate extract-based cream in inhibiting the UVB radiation-induced skin hyperpigmentation in guinea pig.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 25 female guinea pigs were used to produce UVB-irradiated skin hyperpigmentation model. Guinea pig skins were treated with 12% mangosteen ethyl acetate extract-based cream. Mushroom tyrosinase inhibitor activity was used to evaluate the capacity of mangosteen extract in inhibiting tyrosinase activity in vitro. The melanin index in guinea pig skin after treatments was analyzed using a mexameter. The percentage of epidermal melanin-contained keratinocytes of skin tissues were analyzed using masson fontana. Pmel17 expression in cell surface was determined using immunohistochemistry. The level of tyrosinase in tissue homogenates was analyzed using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
RESULTS: Mangosteen peel ethyl acetate extract showed potent inhibitory activity against the mushroom tyrosinase. Its-based cream decreased melanin index, epidermal melanin, Pmel17 expression, and tyrosinase level in hyperpigmentation skin tissues.
CONCLUSION: Overall, our study demonstrates the capacity of mangosteen peel ethyl acetate extract-based cream in inhibiting the UVB radiation-induced skin hyperpigmentation in guinea pig.
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Jiang H, Wu F, Jiang X, Pu YF, Shen LR, Wu CY, Bai HJ. Antioxidative, cytoprotective and whitening activities of fragrant pear fruits at different growth stages. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1020855. [PMID: 36245497 PMCID: PMC9562439 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1020855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pear is one of the most popular fruits in the world. With the fruit ripening, a series of physiological changes have taken place in fragrant pear, but up to now, the research on the metabolism and biological activity of phenolic compounds in different growth stages of fragrant pear is still lacking. In this study, four kinds of Xinjiang pears were selected as research objects, and the changes of phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, cell protection and whitening activity during fruit development were analyzed. The results showed that the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of four pear varieties presented a decreasing trend throughout the developmental stages. The phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the four pears in the young fruit stage were the highest, and the active ingredients of the Nanguo pear were higher than the other three pear fruits. Pear extract could protect cells by eliminating excessive ROS in cells, especially in young fruit stage. The western blot results showed that the extract of fragrant pear in the young fruit stage could inhibit the expression of TYR, TYR1 and MITF in B16 cells, and it was speculated that the extract of fragrant pear in the young fruit stage might have good whitening activity. Therefore, the findings suggest that young pear display a good antioxidant potential and could have a good application prospect in food preservation and health product industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Resources Utilization in South Xinjiang of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Fei Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of High Efficiency and Superior-Quality Cultivation and Fruit Deep Processing Technology of Characteristic Fruit Trees in South Xinjiang, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Yun-Feng Pu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Li-Rong Shen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cui-Yun Wu
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of High Efficiency and Superior-Quality Cultivation and Fruit Deep Processing Technology of Characteristic Fruit Trees in South Xinjiang, Tarim University, Alar, China
- *Correspondence: Cui-Yun Wu,
| | - Hong-Jin Bai
- Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Resources Utilization in South Xinjiang of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Tarim University, Alar, China
- Hong-Jin Bai,
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11
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Chaiprasongsuk A, Panich U. Role of Phytochemicals in Skin Photoprotection via Regulation of Nrf2. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:823881. [PMID: 35645796 PMCID: PMC9133606 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.823881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological studies have become increasingly valuable in the development of botanical products and their bioactive phytochemicals as novel and effective preventive and therapeutic strategies for various diseases including skin photoaging and photodamage-related skin problems including abnormal pigmentation and inflammation. Exploring the roles of phytochemicals in mitigating ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced skin damage is thus of importance to offer insights into medicinal and ethnopharmacological potential for development of novel and effective photoprotective agents. UVR plays a role in the skin premature aging (or photoaging) or impaired skin integrity and function through triggering various biological responses of skin cells including apoptosis, oxidative stress, DNA damage and inflammation. In addition, melanin produced by epidermal melanocytes play a protective role against UVR-induced skin damage and therefore hyperpigmentation mediated by UV irradiation could reflect a sign of defensive response of the skin to stress. However, alteration in melanin synthesis may be implicated in skin damage, particularly in individuals with fair skin. Oxidative stress induced by UVR contributes to the process of skin aging and inflammation through the activation of related signaling pathways such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/activator protein-1 (AP-1), the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt), the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) in epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. ROS formation induced by UVR also plays a role in regulation of melanogenesis in melanocytes via modulating MAPK, PI3K/Akt and the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R)-microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) signaling cascades. Additionally, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-regulated antioxidant defenses can affect the major signaling pathways involved in regulation of photoaging, inflammation associated with skin barrier dysfunction and melanogenesis. This review thus highlights the roles of phytochemicals potentially acting as Nrf2 inducers in improving photoaging, inflammation and hyperpigmentation via regulation of cellular homeostasis involved in skin integrity and function. Taken together, understanding the role of phytochemicals targeting Nrf2 in photoprotection could provide an insight into potential development of natural products as a promising strategy to delay skin photoaging and improve skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uraiwan Panich
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Uraiwan Panich,
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Skin-Whitening and Antiwrinkle Proprieties of Maackia amurensis Methanolic Extract Lead Compounds. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10050855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using Maackia amurensis branch extract as a cosmetic ingredient with skin-whitening and antiwrinkle effects. (2) Methods: The skin-whitening effect of M. amurensis branch extract was confirmed by investigating α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced melanin synthesis and melanogenic protein expression in B16F1 cells. The antiwrinkle effect of M. amurensis branch extract was verified by assessing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 expression and soluble collagen content in CCD-986sk cells. The major compounds in M. amurensis branch extract were identified through isolation and characterization and confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. (3) Results: M. amurensis branch extract significantly inhibited α-MSH-induced melanin synthesis by 49%, 42%, and 18% at 50, 37.5, and 25 μg/mL concentrations, respectively, compared with the negative control (NC). M. amurensis branch extract also significantly reduced the expression of the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1, TRP-2, and tyrosinase in B16F1 cells. Furthermore, M. amurensis branch extracts decreased ultraviolet A-induced MMP-1 expression and increased soluble collagen synthesis in CCD-986sk cells. In addition, the major compounds present in M. amurensis branch extract were found to be formononetin, genistein, trans-resveratrol, piceatannol, and tectoridin. (4) Conclusions: M. amurensis branch extract has skin-whitening and antiwrinkle properties. Therefore, it can be used as an ingredient in functional cosmetics with skin-whitening and antiwrinkle effects.
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Bjerke DL, Wu S, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, Wang J, Laughlin T, Hakozaki T. A framework to mitigate the risk of chemical leukoderma: Consumer products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 131:105157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Liyanage A, Liyanage G, Sirimanna G, Schürer N. Comparative Study on Depigmenting Agents in Skin of Color. THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND AESTHETIC DERMATOLOGY 2022; 15:12-17. [PMID: 35309879 PMCID: PMC8884189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Skin lightening agents are popular in southern Asia, but there is dearth of evidence on their effectiveness on Fitzpatrick IV/V skin types. This study was designed to assess the depigmenting efficacy of commercially available and specifically formulated ointments using the Mexameter® (MX 18). METHODS This single center prospective study was performed to test five commercially available preparations (Eldopaque®, Aziderm®, Garnier Dark Spot Corrector®, Ban a Tan Cream® and Neostrata Pigment Lightening Gel) on 28 healthy female volunteers in Phase 1, while five single active ingredients in lipophilic dispersion (hydroquinone 4%, ascorbyl palmitate 1%, resveratrol 1% arbutin 5% and azelaic acid 20%) were tested on a different group of 26 healthy female volunteers in Phase 2. The test agents were applied twice a day for five days per week and continued for six weeks in both study phases. Weekly Mexameter® measurements were obtained from test sites and negative controls. RESULTS Significant hypopigmentation when compared to untreated controls was observed with Aziderm cream (p<0.05, MWU) and the Neostrata Pigment Lightening Gel (p<0.05, MWU). All formulated preparations showed significant reduction in pigmentation; however, only the arbutin (5%) containing formulation revealed significant attenuation of pigmentation in comparison to the inactive control (p<0.05, MWU). CONCLUSION All applications containing active ingredients showed significant skin lightening; however, only arbutin was able to demonstrate significant diminution of pigmentation when compared to the inactive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achala Liyanage
- Dr. A. Liyanage is with the Department of Community Medicine at University of Ruhuna in Galle, Sri Lanka
- Dr. G. Liyanage is with the Department of Pharmacology at University of Ruhuna in Galle, Sri Lanka
- Dr. Sirimanna is with National Hospital of Sri Lanka in Colombo Sri Lanka
- Dr. Schürer is with the Department of Dermatology at the University of Osnabrueck in Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Gayani Liyanage
- Dr. A. Liyanage is with the Department of Community Medicine at University of Ruhuna in Galle, Sri Lanka
- Dr. G. Liyanage is with the Department of Pharmacology at University of Ruhuna in Galle, Sri Lanka
- Dr. Sirimanna is with National Hospital of Sri Lanka in Colombo Sri Lanka
- Dr. Schürer is with the Department of Dermatology at the University of Osnabrueck in Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Ganga Sirimanna
- Dr. A. Liyanage is with the Department of Community Medicine at University of Ruhuna in Galle, Sri Lanka
- Dr. G. Liyanage is with the Department of Pharmacology at University of Ruhuna in Galle, Sri Lanka
- Dr. Sirimanna is with National Hospital of Sri Lanka in Colombo Sri Lanka
- Dr. Schürer is with the Department of Dermatology at the University of Osnabrueck in Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Nanna Schürer
- Dr. A. Liyanage is with the Department of Community Medicine at University of Ruhuna in Galle, Sri Lanka
- Dr. G. Liyanage is with the Department of Pharmacology at University of Ruhuna in Galle, Sri Lanka
- Dr. Sirimanna is with National Hospital of Sri Lanka in Colombo Sri Lanka
- Dr. Schürer is with the Department of Dermatology at the University of Osnabrueck in Osnabrueck, Germany
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Moon K, Lee S, Park H, Cha J. Enzymatic Synthesis of Resveratrol α-Glucoside by Amylosucrase of Deinococcus geothermalis. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:1692-1700. [PMID: 34584041 PMCID: PMC9706033 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2108.08034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation of resveratrol was carried out by using the amylosucrase of Deinococcus geothermalis, and the glycosylated products were tested for their solubility, chemical stability, and biological activities. We synthesized and identified these two major glycosylated products as resveratrol-4'-O-α-glucoside and resveratrol-3-O-α-glucoside by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis with a ratio of 5:1. The water solubilities of the two resveratrol-α-glucoside isomers (α-piceid isomers) were approximately 3.6 and 13.5 times higher than that of β-piceid and resveratrol, respectively, and they were also highly stable in buffered solutions. The antioxidant activity of the α-piceid isomers, examined by radical scavenging capability, showed it to be initially lower than that of resveratrol, but as time passed, the α-piceid isomers' activity reached a level similar to that of resveratrol. The α-piceid isomers also showed better inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and melanin synthesis in B16F10 melanoma cells than β-piceid. The cellular uptake of the α-piceid isomers, which was assessed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) analysis of the cell-free extracts of B16F10 melanoma cells, demonstrated that the glycosylated form of resveratrol was gradually converted to resveratrol inside the cells. These results indicate that the enzymatic glycosylation of resveratrol could be a useful method for enhancing the bioavailability of resveratrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keumok Moon
- Microbiological Resource Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seola Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsu Park
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Cha
- Microbiological Resource Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea,Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-51-510-2196 Fax: +82-51-514-1778 E-mail:
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Basri DF, Lew LC, Muralitharan RV, Nagapan TS, Ghazali AR. Pterostilbene Inhibits the Melanogenesis Activity in UVB-Irradiated B164A5 Cells. Dose Response 2021; 19:15593258211047651. [PMID: 34840540 PMCID: PMC8619742 DOI: 10.1177/15593258211047651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pterostilbene is a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. However, its chemopreventive effects via anti-tyrosinase activity and inhibitory effects on melanin content have not been reported previously. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the anti-melanogenic activity of pterostilbene on UVB-irradiated B164A5 mouse melanoma cells. The effects of pterostilbene and resveratrol on cell viability were determined by MTT assay, whereas melanin content and tyrosinase assay were employed to assess melanogenesis activity. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the tyrosinase expression. Based on the MTT assay, the IC50 value of pterostilbene on UVB-irradiated B164A5 cells was 34.0 ± 3.43 μM, in comparison to resveratrol (>100 μM). Next, 5 and 10 μM pterostilbene showed a significant dose-dependent inhibition (P < .01) of tyrosinase activity in UVB-irradiated B164A5 cells at 37.14 ± 2.71% and 58.36 ± 6.8%, respectively. The findings from the tyrosinase assay also confirmed the downregulation of tyrosinase expression in UVB-irradiated B164A5 cells as measured by Western blot analysis. Finally, 10 μM pterostilbene showed a significantly decreased melanin content (P < .01) in UVB-irradiated B164A5 cells, at 27.34 ± .98 μg/mL. In conclusion, pterostilbene showed anti-melanogenic activity that was 10 times more potent than resveratrol in the UVB-irradiated B164A5 cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayang Fredalina Basri
- Centre for Diagnostic, Therapeutic & Investigative Studies (CODTIS), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Leong Chen Lew
- Biomedical Science Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Raveena Vaidheswary Muralitharan
- Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tava Shelan Nagapan
- Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Rohi Ghazali
- Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Zhou S, Riadh D, Sakamoto K. Grape Extract Promoted α-MSH-Induced Melanogenesis in B16F10 Melanoma Cells, Which Was Inverse to Resveratrol. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195959. [PMID: 34641503 PMCID: PMC8512250 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin is a natural pigment produced by cells to prevent damage caused by ultraviolet radiation. Previously, resveratrol was shown to reduce melanin synthesis. As a natural polyphenol with various biological activities, resveratrol occurs in a variety of beverages and plant foods, such as grapes. Therefore, we investigated whether grape extracts containing resveratrol also had the ability to regulate melanin synthesis. In this study, we used mouse B16F10 melanoma cells as a model for melanin synthesis with the melanogenesis-inducing α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) as a positive control. Our results confirmed previous reports that resveratrol reduces melanin synthesis by reducing the activity of the rate-limiting enzyme tyrosinase. In contrast, the grape extract could not reduce melanin synthesis, and in fact promoted melanogenesis in the presence of α-MSH. The expression of genes related to melanin synthesis, such as tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1, tyrosinase-related protein-2, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, also supports these phenomena, which means that even in the presence of resveratrol, grape extract will strengthen the function of α-MSH in promoting melanin synthesis. Therefore, these results also provide a point of view for research on cosmetics.
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Oxyresveratrol-induced Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway Enhances Ability of Resveratrol to Inhibit UVB-induced Melanin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY AND VENEREOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/jd9.0000000000000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Chen J, Liu Y, Zhao Z, Qiu J. Oxidative stress in the skin: Impact and related protection. Int J Cosmet Sci 2021; 43:495-509. [PMID: 34312881 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Skin, our first interface to the external environment, is subjected to oxidative stress caused by a variety of factors such as solar ultraviolet, infrared and visible light, environmental pollution, including ozone and particulate matters, and psychological stress. Excessive reactive species, including reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, exacerbate skin pigmentation and aging, which further lead to skin tone unevenness, pigmentary disorder, skin roughness and wrinkles. Besides these, skin microbiota are also a very important factor ensuring the proper functions of skin. While environmental factors such as UV and pollutants impact skin microbiota compositions, skin dysbiosis results in various skin conditions. In this review, we summarize the generation of oxidative stress from exogenous and endogenous sources. We further introduce current knowledge on the possible roles of oxidative stress in skin pigmentation and aging, specifically with emphasis on oxidative stress and skin pigmentation. Meanwhile, we summarize the science and rationale of using three well-known antioxidants, namely vitamin C, resveratrol and ferulic acid, in the treatment of hyperpigmentation. Finally, we discuss the strategy for preventing oxidative stress-induced skin pigmentation and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang Liu
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao Zhao
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Qiu
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Shanghai, China
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20
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Huang CY, Liu IH, Huang XZ, Chen HJ, Chang ST, Chang ML, Ho YT, Chang HT. Antimelanogenesis Effects of Leaf Extract and Phytochemicals from Ceylon Olive ( Elaeocarpus serratus) in Zebrafish Model. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13071059. [PMID: 34371750 PMCID: PMC8309042 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The melanogenesis inhibition effect in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and antityrosinase activity of the ethanolic extract and its phytochemicals from Ceylon olive (Elaeocarpus serratus Linn.) leaves were investigated in this study. Among the leaf extract and four soluble fractions, the ethyl acetate soluble fraction exhibits the best antityrosinase and antimelanogenesis activities. One phenolic acid, gallic acid, and two flavonoids, myricetin and mearnsetin, are isolated from the active subfractions through the bioassay-guided isolation; their structures are elucidated based on the 1D and 2D NMR, FTIR, UV, and MS spectroscopic analyses. These compounds have significant antityrosinase activity whether using l-tyrosine or l-DOPA as the substrate; mearnsetin shows the optimal activity. In the enzyme kinetic investigation, both gallic acid and mearnsetin are the competitive-type inhibitors against mushroom tyrosinase, and myricetin acts as a mixed-type tyrosinase inhibitor. Leaf extract and an ethyl acetate soluble fraction show effective performance in the inhibition of melanin formation in zebrafish embryos. Mearnsetin also possesses a promising antimelanogenesis effect, which is superior to the positive control, arbutin. Results reveal that the Ceylon olive leaf extract and its phytochemicals, especially mearnsetin, have the potential to be used as antimelanogenesis and skin-whitening ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ya Huang
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (X.-Z.H.); (H.-J.C.); (S.-T.C.); (Y.-T.H.)
| | - I-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
| | - Xiang-Zhe Huang
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (X.-Z.H.); (H.-J.C.); (S.-T.C.); (Y.-T.H.)
| | - Hui-Jen Chen
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (X.-Z.H.); (H.-J.C.); (S.-T.C.); (Y.-T.H.)
| | - Shang-Tzen Chang
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (X.-Z.H.); (H.-J.C.); (S.-T.C.); (Y.-T.H.)
| | - Mei-Ling Chang
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Nutraceutical Biotechnology, Shih Chien University, Taipei 104, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Tung Ho
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (X.-Z.H.); (H.-J.C.); (S.-T.C.); (Y.-T.H.)
| | - Hui-Ting Chang
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (X.-Z.H.); (H.-J.C.); (S.-T.C.); (Y.-T.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-3366-5880
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Qian W, Liu W, Zhu D, Cao Y, Tang A, Gong G, Su H. Natural skin-whitening compounds for the treatment of melanogenesis (Review). Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:173-185. [PMID: 32509007 PMCID: PMC7271691 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanogenesis is the process for the production of melanin, which is the primary cause of human skin pigmentation. Skin-whitening agents are commercially available for those who wish to have a lighter skin complexions. To date, although numerous natural compounds have been proposed to alleviate hyperpigmentation, insufficient attention has been focused on potential natural skin-whitening agents and their mechanism of action from the perspective of compound classification. In the present article, the synthetic process of melanogenesis and associated core signaling pathways are summarized. An overview of the list of natural skin-lightening agents, along with their compound classifications, is also presented, where their efficacy based on their respective mechanisms of action on melanogenesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Wenya Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Dong Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Yanli Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Anfu Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Guangming Gong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Hua Su
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
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Bonesi M, Xiao J, Tundis R, Aiello F, Sicari V, Loizzo MR. Advances in the Tyrosinase Inhibitors from Plant Source. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3279-3299. [PMID: 29788869 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180522091311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a multifunctional copper-containing oxidase which catalyses the oxidation of tyrosine to produce melanin. The alteration in melanin biosynthesis occurs in many diseases. The pigment has a protecting role against skin photo-carcinogenesis, but anomalous melanin pigmentation is an aesthetic problem in human beings. Moreover, the formation of neuromelanin in human brain could contribute to the neurodegeneration associated with Parkinson's disease. Finally, tyrosinase is also responsible for undesired browning in fruits and vegetables. These topics encouraged the search for new inhibitors of this enzyme for pharmaceutical, cosmetic and foods industries. This review is to report recent trends in the discovery of tyrosinase inhibitors from plant sources, to provide a rationale for the continued study of natural tyrosinase inhibitors, and to recognise the potential therapeutic rewards associated with the identification of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bonesi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade Macau, Macau, China
| | - Rosa Tundis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Francesca Aiello
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Sicari
- Department of Agricultural Science, Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria, Via Graziella, Feo di Vito, 89123 Reggio, Calabria, Italy
| | - Monica R Loizzo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Cosenza, Italy
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Nanotechnological breakthroughs in the development of topical phytocompounds-based formulations. Int J Pharm 2019; 572:118787. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Human Skin Lightening Efficacy of Resveratrol and Its Analogs: From in Vitro Studies to Cosmetic Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8090332. [PMID: 31443469 PMCID: PMC6770230 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8090332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants are deemed useful in controlling oxidative stress associated with extrinsic skin aging and pigmentation disorders. Resveratrol is a polyphenol compound found in many edible plants such as Vitis vinifera, and its inhibitory effects on the catalytic activity, gene expression, and posttranslational modifications of tyrosinase, a key enzyme in the melanin biosynthetic pathway, provide a mechanistic basis for its antimelanogenic effects seen in melanocytic cells, three-dimensionally reconstituted skin models, and in vivo animal models. As a potent antioxidant and a modulator of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and sirtuin 1, resveratrol can also regulate multiple signaling pathways associated with inflammation and premature aging. Recent clinical studies have supported the efficacy of resveratrol and its analogs, such as resveratryl triacetate (RTA) and resveratryl triglycolate (RTG), in human skin lightening and antiaging. These findings suggest that resveratrol and its analogs are potentially useful as skin lightening and antiaging agents in cosmetics.
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Resveratrol-mediated inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 in melanocytes suppresses melanogenesis through extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signalling. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 860:172586. [PMID: 31377156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene), has been reported to exert a variety of important pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and direct inhibition of tyrosinase. This study aimed to examine the expression of melanogenic molecules following down-regulation of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression by resveratrol and the related signal transduction pathways in mouse B16F10 melanoma cells and zebrafish larvae. We report that resveratrol suppressed COX-2 in melanocytes and decreased the expressions of tyrosinase and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). Furthermore, inhibition of COX-2 with NS398 enhanced resveratrol-reduced tyrosinase and MITF expression. Resveratrol also induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated 1/2 (ERK1/2) and phosphoinositide-3 (PI-3)-kinase/Akt. Inhibition of ERK1/2 or PI-3K/Akt by PD98059 and LY294002 restored the decreased tyrosinase activity and MITF expression via resveratrol-mediated down-regulation of COX-2. Additionally, resveratrol inhibited body pigmentation in zebrafish. These results indicated that resveratrol inhibited melanogenesis by down-regulating COX-2 via ERK1/2 and PI-3K/Akt pathways in B16F10 cells.
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Fiod Riccio BV, Fonseca-Santos B, Colerato Ferrari P, Chorilli M. Characteristics, Biological Properties and Analytical Methods of Trans-Resveratrol: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 50:339-358. [PMID: 31353930 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1637242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Trans-resveratrol (TR) is the biological active isomer of resveratrol and the one responsible for therapeutic effects; both molecules are non-flavonoid phenolics of the stilbenes class found mainly in berries and red grapes. TR biological properties lie in modulation of various enzymatic classes. It is a promising candidate to novel drugs due its applications in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, such as anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, antiacne, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and photoprotector agent. It has effects on bone metabolism, gastrointestinal tract, eyes, kidneys, and in obesity treatment as well. Nevertheless, its low solubility in water and other polar solvents may be a hindrance to its therapeutic effects. Various strategies been developed to overcome these issues, such as the drug delivery systems. The present study performed a research about methods to identify TR and RESV in several samples (raw materials, wines, food supplements, drug delivery systems, and blood plasma). Most of the studies tend to analyze TR and RESV by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with different detectors, even so, there are reports of the use of capillary electrophoresis, electron spin resonance, gas chromatography, near-infrared luminescence, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and vibrational spectrophotometry, for this purpose. Thus, the review evaluates the biological activity of TR and demonstrates the currently used analytical methods for its quantification in different matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Vincenzo Fiod Riccio
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Fonseca-Santos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marlus Chorilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ito S, Fujiki Y, Matsui N, Ojika M, Wakamatsu K. Tyrosinase‐catalyzed oxidation of resveratrol produces a highly reactive
ortho
‐quinone: Implications for melanocyte toxicity. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 32:766-776. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Yui Fujiki
- Department of Chemistry Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Nina Matsui
- Department of Chemistry Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences Toyoake Aichi Japan
| | - Makoto Ojika
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences Toyoake Aichi Japan
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Kim YH, Kim D, Hong AR, Kim JH, Yoo H, Kim J, Kim I, Kang SW, Chang SE, Song Y. Therapeutic Potential of Rottlerin for Skin Hyperpigmentary Disorders by Inhibiting the Transcriptional Activity of CREB-Regulated Transcription Coactivators. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:2359-2367.e2. [PMID: 31176710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to UVR stimulates the cAMP signaling pathway, which leads to melanin deposits in skin tissues. Although melanogenesis can be beneficial by protecting skin from UVR-induced damage, excessive or uneven deposits of melanin can cause various skin hyperpigmentation disorders. Because cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) and CREB-regulated transcription coactivators (CRTC) play a major role in conveying cAMP signals that induce transcription of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and melanin production, we screened for a CREB or CRTC inhibitor and identified rottlerin (Rot) as a potent inhibitor of its transcriptional activity. Rot suppressed melanin production in both basal and cAMP-stimulated cultured melanocytes by downregulating melanogenic gene expression. In addition, topical application of Rot on the tails of mice decreased melanin accumulation. Mechanistically, we showed that Rot decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, which then activated AMPK, leading to the phosphorylation and nuclear exclusion of CRTC3 and suppressing the expression of CREB target genes, including MITF. Our study demonstrates that Rot is an active antimelanogenic agent and suggests that screening for an inhibitor of CREB or CRTC transcriptional activity is a promising strategy by which to discover better drugs to treat skin hyperpigmentary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo-Han Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea; Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea; Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Donghwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea; Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea; Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - A-Reum Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea; Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea; Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea; Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hanju Yoo
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea; Department of Dermatology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Jinhwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea; Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea; Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inki Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea; Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Eun Chang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea; Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngsup Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea; Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
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29
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Isolation and enhancement of resveratrol production in Xylaria psidii by exploring the phenomenon of epigenetics: using DNA methyltransferases and histone deacetylase as epigenetic modifiers. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:4123-4137. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04862-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Na JI, Shin JW, Choi HR, Kwon SH, Park KC. Resveratrol as a Multifunctional Topical Hypopigmenting Agent. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040956. [PMID: 30813264 PMCID: PMC6412432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin is produced in melanocytes and stored in melanosomes, after which it is transferred to keratinocytes and, thus, determines skin color. Despite its beneficial sun-protective effects, abnormal accumulation of melanin results in esthetic problems. A range of topical hypopigmenting agents have been evaluated for their use in the treatment of pigmentary disorders with varying degrees of success. Hydroquinone (HQ), which competes with tyrosine, is the main ingredient in topical pharmacological agents. However, frequent occurrence of adverse reactions is an important factor that limits its use. Thus, efforts to discover effective topical hypopigmenting agents with less adverse effects continue. Here, we describe the potential of resveratrol to function as an effective hypopigmenting agent based on its mechanism of action. Resveratrol is not only a direct tyrosinase inhibitor but an indirect inhibitor as well. Additionally, it can affect keratinocytes, which regulate the function of melanocytes. Resveratrol regulates the inflammatory process of keratinocytes and protects them from oxidative damage. In this way, it prevents keratinocyte-induced melanocyte stimulation. Furthermore, it has a rescuing effect on the stemness of interfollicular epidermal cells that can repair signs of photoaging in the melasma, a typical pigmentary skin disorder. Overall, resveratrol is a promising potent hypopigmenting agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Im Na
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
| | - Jung-Won Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
| | - Hye-Ryung Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
| | - Soon-Hyo Kwon
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Chan Park
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
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31
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Pezzuto JM. Resveratrol: Twenty Years of Growth, Development and Controversy. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2019; 27:1-14. [PMID: 30332889 PMCID: PMC6319551 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2018.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol was first isolated in 1939 by Takaoka from Veratrum grandiflorum O. Loes. Following this discovery, sporadic descriptive reports appeared in the literature. However, spurred by our seminal paper published nearly 60 years later, resveratrol became a household word and the subject of extensive investigation. Now, in addition to appearing in over 20,000 research papers, resveratrol has inspired monographs, conferences, symposia, patents, chemical derivatives, etc. In addition, dietary supplements are marketed under various tradenames. Once resveratrol was brought to the limelight, early research tended to focus on pharmacological activities related to the cardiovascular system, inflammation, and cancer but, over the years, the horizon greatly expanded. Around 130 human clinical trials have been (or are being) conducted with varying results. This may be due to factors such as disparate doses (ca. 5 to 5,000 mg/day) and variable experimental settings. Further, molecular targets are numerous and a dominant mechanism is elusive or nonexistent. In this context, the compound is overtly promiscuous. Nonetheless, since the safety profile is pristine, and use as a dietary supplement is prevalent, these features are not viewed as detrimental. Given the ongoing history of resveratrol, it is reasonable to advocate for additional development and further clinical investigation. Topical preparations seem especially promising, as do conditions that can respond to anti-inflammatory action and/or direct exposure, such as colon cancer prevention. Although the ultimate fate of resveratrol remains an open question, thus far, the compound has inspired innovative scientific concepts and enhanced public awareness of preventative health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Pezzuto
- Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
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32
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Pillaiyar T, Namasivayam V, Manickam M, Jung SH. Inhibitors of Melanogenesis: An Updated Review. J Med Chem 2018; 61:7395-7418. [PMID: 29763564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Melanins are pigment molecules that determine the skin, eye, and hair color of the human subject to its amount, quality, and distribution. Melanocytes synthesize melanin and provide epidermal protection from various stimuli, such as harmful ultraviolet radiation, through the complex process called melanogenesis. However, serious dermatological problems occur when there is excessive production of melanin in different parts of the human body. These include freckles, melasma, senile lentigo, pigmented acne scars, and cancer. Therefore, controlling the production of melanin is an important approach for the treatment of pigmentation related disorderes. In this Perspective, we focus on the inhibitors of melanogenesis that directly/indirectly target a key enzyme tyrosinase as well as its associated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Manoj Manickam
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development , Chungnam National University , Daejeon 34134 , Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development , Chungnam National University , Daejeon 34134 , Korea
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33
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Ratz-Łyko A, Arct J. Resveratrol as an active ingredient for cosmetic and dermatological applications: a review. J COSMET LASER THER 2018; 21:84-90. [PMID: 29737899 DOI: 10.1080/14764172.2018.1469767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol is now being increasingly used in cosmetology and dermatology. This polyphenolic phytoalexin present in large amounts in red grapes and berries has a number of scientifically proven health-promoting properties associated with a positive effect on the cardiovascular system, lowering the concentration of low-density lipoprotein, and the ability to inhibit the cyclooxygenases activity. Additionally, it has antiproliferative, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Its popularity in cosmetology and dermatology is primarily associated with proven ability to penetrate the skin barrier and antiaging activity. It has been shown that formulations with resveratrol can stimulate the proliferation of fibroblasts and contributing to the increase in the concentration of collagen III. Resveratrol has an affinity for the estrogen protein receptors (both ERα and ERβ), thereby contributing to the stimulation of collagen types I and II production. Moreover, resveratrol also has the antioxidant properties, thus can protect cells against oxidative damage associated with the effects of free radicals and UV radiation on the skin by reducing the expression of AP-1 and NF-kB factors and it slows down the process of photoaging of the skin. This study reviews literature on the skin care properties of resveratrol and its dermal bioavailability, metabolism, and dermal safety of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ratz-Łyko
- a Cosmetology , The Academy of Cosmetics and Health Care , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Jacek Arct
- a Cosmetology , The Academy of Cosmetics and Health Care , Warsaw , Poland
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34
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Liu S, Zhao Z, Huo Z, Xu Z, Zhong Y, Wang X, Yang Y, Wang Z. Osmanthus fragrans Flower Aqueous Extract and its Enriched Acteoside inhibit Melanogenesis and Ultraviolet-induced Pigmentation. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Osmanthus fragrans flower (OFF) is commonly used as an additive for tea in China and as a traditional medicine to treat dysentery, asthma and hepatitis. In the current study, we have acquired the aqueous extract of the dried OFF (OFFE) and determined its enriched acteoside contents. However, whether OFFE and acteoside can modulate melanogenesis and pigmentation has yet to be determined. We here provide novel data revealing that OFFE and acteoside inhibit melanogenesis induced by α-MSH in B16 melanoma cells via the MITF-tyrosinase signaling pathway. Treatment with α-MSH (1μM) enhanced melanin levels and tyrosinase activity, up-regulated the mRNA levels of MITF and tyrosinase and increased the dendritic number in B16 melanoma cells, effects all being intervened by OFFE and acteoside. Of interest, OFFE and acteoside showed no direct inhibition of tyrosinase activity as revealed by our ex vivo tyrosinase activity assay. In addition, OFFE produced a depigmenting action on UVB-induced hyperpigmentation in guinea pigs, as shown by the improved skin brightness and the decreased melanin staining. Our data have demonstrated that OFFE can alter melanogenesis via modulating the MITF-tyrosinase signaling thereby leading to its depigmenting action in the in vivo model. OFFE could be a substitute for acteoside as a promising skin-whitening agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Liu
- Infinitus(China) Company Ltd., Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Zhijun Huo
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Zhiru Xu
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Yan Zhong
- Healthy-Star Biological Technology Research and Development (Shanghai) Co. LTD, Shanghai, 200335, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Infinitus(China) Company Ltd., Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Yiting Yang
- Infinitus(China) Company Ltd., Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 200437, China
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35
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Zhu N, Wu XX, Tian Y, Zhu JX, Li JC. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamics of Self-Assembled Cubic Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticle Gel After Transdermal Administration. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:2330-2338. [PMID: 29666359 PMCID: PMC5926275 DOI: 10.12659/msm.906140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetics after transdermal administration by a novel skin microdialysis technology in rats. The guinea pig model was established by investigating the pharmacodynamics. MATERIAL AND METHODS Three different agents were given after hair removal, and the samples were extracted by microdialysis and detected by HPLC. Subcutaneous/plasma concentration-time curves of the 3 different agents were analyzed and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. The SS-04B UV light therapy instrument was used in the modeling. Changes in melanin index and histopathology were observed with HE staining. RESULTS The increment and decrement results showed that the concentration had no significant effect on drug recovery both in vivo and in vitro. After the paeonol cubic liquid crystalline nanoparticles gel (PAE-LCNPs) was administered, the maximum peak time (tmax) of paeonol skin concentration appeared at 2.42±0.20 h, the maximum skin concentration Cmax was (926±105) ng/ml, and the area under the curve AUC0-8 was (8056±954) ng/h/ml. The tmax was shortened much more than in the other groups, and the performance of PAE-LCNPs targeting was good. Pharmacodynamic results showed that PAE-LCNPs can reduce melanocytes and reduce the melanin index, proving its utility in the treatment of melanin deposition. CONCLUSIONS The skin microdialysis study indicated PAE-LCNPs have good transdermal permeability and efficacy. Pharmacological experiments based on the study found that the topical pigmentation model of guinea pigs showed a better therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Xiao-Xiang Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland).,Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Yong Tian
- Department of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Jin-Xiu Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland).,Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Jian-Chun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland)
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Abstract
Stilbenoids are a group of naturally occurring phenolic compounds found in various plant species. They share a common backbone structure known as stilbene, but differ in the nature and position of substituents. Stilbenoids are classified as phytoalexins, which are antimicrobial compounds produced de novo in plants to protect against fungal infection and toxins. In this review, the biological effects of stilbenoids such as resveratrol, pterostilbene, gnetol and piceatannol are discussed. Stilbenoids exert various biological activities ranging from cardioprotection, neuroprotection, anti-diabetic properties, depigmentation, anti-inflammation, cancer prevention and treatment. The results presented cover a myriad of models, from cell culture to animal studies as well as clinical human trials. Although positive results were obtained in most cell culture and animal studies, further human studies are needed to substantiate beneficial effects of stilbenoids. Resveratrol remains the most widely studied stilbenoid. However, there is limited information regarding the potential of less common stilbenoids. Therefore, further research is warranted to evaluate the salutary effects of various stilbenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolanle C Akinwumi
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada.
| | - Kimberly-Ann M Bordun
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada.
| | - Hope D Anderson
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada.
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37
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Seo JO, Yumnam S, Jeong KW, Kim SY. Finasteride inhibits melanogenesis through regulation of the adenylate cyclase in melanocytes and melanoma cells. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:324-332. [PMID: 29397551 PMCID: PMC5859039 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Finasteride is a well-known 5α-reductase inhibitor used for treatment of alopecia and prostate cancer. But the effect of finasteride in regulating melanogenesis is still unclear. In the present study the role of finasteride on melanogenesis was investigated. Finasteride decrease melanin level in melanocyte melan-a cells and B16F10 melanoma cells without inducing cytotoxicity. MC1R (melanocortin 1 receptor) protein expression was also inhibited by finasteride thereby decreasing the expression of adenylate cyclase, MITF (Melanogenesis associated transcription factor), tyrosinases, TRP (tyrosinase-related protein) -1 and -2. Thus our study suggest that finasteride inhibits melanogenesis in melanocyte and melanoma cells by inhibiting MC1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ok Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Silvia Yumnam
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Won Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 406-799, Republic of Korea.,Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 409-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 406-799, Republic of Korea. .,Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea. .,Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 409-799, Republic of Korea.
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38
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Ju JS. Commercialized machine for soaking and slicing peanuts to induce resveratrol production. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jain-Song Ju
- Department of Biomechatronics Engineering; National Chiayi University; Chiayi City 60004 Taiwan, Republic of China
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39
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Pillaiyar T, Manickam M, Namasivayam V. Skin whitening agents: medicinal chemistry perspective of tyrosinase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:403-425. [PMID: 28097901 PMCID: PMC6010116 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1256882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanogenesis is a process to synthesize melanin, which is a primary responsible for the pigmentation of human skin, eye and hair. Although numerous enzymatic catalyzed and chemical reactions are involved in melanogenesis process, the enzymes such as tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1) and TRP-2 played a major role in melanin synthesis. Specifically, tyrosinase is a key enzyme, which catalyzes a rate-limiting step of the melanin synthesis, and the downregulation of tyrosinase is the most prominent approach for the development of melanogenesis inhibitors. Therefore, numerous inhibitors that target tyrosinase have been developed in recent years. The review focuses on the recent discovery of tyrosinase inhibitors that are directly involved in the inhibition of tyrosinase catalytic activity and functionality from all sources, including laboratory synthetic methods, natural products, virtual screening and structure-based molecular docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Manoj Manickam
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Zhu Y, Pan WH, Ku CF, Zhang HJ, Tsang SW. Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel dihydrostilbene derivatives as potential anti-melanogenic skin-protecting agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:1254-1260. [PMID: 29150333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The stems of Dendrobium orchids (Orchidaceae), also known as Shi Hu, have been used for medicinal purposes for centuries in oriental countries. In fact, the health benefits of Shi Hu have been evidenced by its modern pharmacological actions on conquering oxidative stress in pathological conditions. From the extracts of two commonly used Dendrobium species, we obtained discernible amounts of stilbenoids, explicitly trans-resveratrol (1) and dihydro-resveratrol (2), which are prototypical antioxidants. When applied to cultured melanocytes, these stilbenoids, dihydro-resveratrol (2) in particular, significantly reduced melanin formation via inhibiting tyrosinase activity and expression of tyrosinase-related proteins. By utilizing dihydro-resveratrol (2) as the basic structural unit, we synthesized 11 novel dihydrostilbene derivatives (3-13) in good yields and purity, with manipulative steps. In addition to their anti-melanogenic activity, some of the novel derivatives are indeed potential antioxidants as they quenched intracellular oxidative radicals in a manner more efficient than Trolox, a water-soluble analogue of vitamin E, and thus premeditated beneficial to skin protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wen-Hui Pan
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chuen Fai Ku
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hong-Jie Zhang
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Centre, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Siu Wai Tsang
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Centre, Shenzhen, China.
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Kanlayavattanakul M, Lourith N. Skin hyperpigmentation treatment using herbs: A review of clinical evidences. J COSMET LASER THER 2017; 20:123-131. [PMID: 28853960 DOI: 10.1080/14764172.2017.1368666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpigmentation of skin is caused by several factors. UV exposure, in addition to oxidative stress, elevates inflammatory mediators stimulating melanogenesis. Herbal-derived compounds for improving skin lightness are gaining interest as they are perceived to be milder, safer, and healthier than fully synthetic products. This review briefly addresses the causes of skin hyperpigmentation and extensively summarizes the status of herbs currently used in skin-lightening cosmetics. The properties of active compounds and their dose rate information are summarized where available, along with human or animal relevant models for activity testing. This review will be of value to cosmetic formulators and dermatologists who are searching for naturally derived ingredients for improving skin lightness, in line with consumer preference and expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuree Kanlayavattanakul
- a School of Cosmetic Science , Mae Fah Luang University , Chiang Rai , Thailand.,b Phytocosmetics and Cosmeceuticals Research Group , Mae Fah Luang University , Chiang Rai Thailand
| | - Nattaya Lourith
- a School of Cosmetic Science , Mae Fah Luang University , Chiang Rai , Thailand.,b Phytocosmetics and Cosmeceuticals Research Group , Mae Fah Luang University , Chiang Rai Thailand
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Rauf A, Imran M, Butt MS, Nadeem M, Peters DG, Mubarak MS. Resveratrol as an anti-cancer agent: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1428-1447. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1263597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Imperial College of Business Studies, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Masood Sadiq Butt
- Faculty of Food, Nutrition and Home Sciences, Agriculture University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Dennis G. Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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Gomisin N Inhibits Melanogenesis through Regulating the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathways in Melanocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020471. [PMID: 28241436 PMCID: PMC5344003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gomisin N, one of the lignan compounds found in Schisandra chinensis has been shown to possess anti-oxidative, anti-tumorigenic, and anti-inflammatory activities in various studies. Here we report, for the first time, the anti-melenogenic efficacy of Gomisin N in mammalian cells as well as in zebrafish embryos. Gomisin N significantly reduced the melanin content without cellular toxicity. Although it was not capable of modulating the catalytic activity of mushroom tyrosinase in vitro, Gomisin N downregulated the expression levels of key proteins that function in melanogenesis. Gomisin N downregulated melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), adenylyl cyclase 2, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), and tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2). In addition, Gomisin N-treated Melan-A cells exhibited increased p-Akt and p-ERK levels, which implies that the activation of the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK pathways may function to inhibit melanogenesis. We also validated that Gomisin N reduced melanin production by repressing the expression of MITF, tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 in mouse and human cells as well as in developing zebrafish embryos. Collectively, we conclude that Gomisin N inhibits melanin synthesis by repressing the expression of MITF and melanogenic enzymes, probably through modulating the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK pathways.
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Lee TH, Park S, Yoo G, Jang C, Kim MH, Kim SH, Kim SY. Demethyleugenol β-Glucopyranoside Isolated from Agastache rugosa Decreases Melanin Synthesis via Down-regulation of MITF and SOX9. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7733-7742. [PMID: 27673705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Agastache rugosa (Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) Kuntze has been well-known for its antioxidative properties. This study investigated the anti-melanogenesis effect of demethyleugenol β-d-glucopyranoside (1) from A. rugosa by studying molecular regulation of melanogenesis in melan-a mouse melanocytes and normal human epidermal melanocytes (NHEMs) and in in vivo models. The SRY (sex-determining region on the Y chromosome)-related high-mobility group (HMG) box 9 (SOX9), one of the critical factors that affect skin pigmentation, is up-regulated. Interestingly, 1 down-regulated the expression of SOX9 and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). Reduction of these two transcription factors resulted in a decrease in melanogenic enzymes such as tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1, and dopachrome tautomerase. As a result, 1 significantly inhibited melanin synthesis in melan-a mouse melanocytes and NHEMs. In addition, the anti-melanogenic effect of 1 was confirmed in zebrafish and reconstructed skin tissue models. In conclusion, 1, as a potent SOX9 regulator, ameliorates skin pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taek Hwan Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University , 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - SeonJu Park
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University , 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Guijae Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University , 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheongyun Jang
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University , 191 Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hyun Kim
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University , 191 Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University , 191 Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University , 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University , 191 Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
- Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Medical Center , Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University , 191 Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Polyphenols are a widely used class of compounds in dermatology. While phenol itself, the most basic member of the phenol family, is chemically synthesized, most polyphenolic compounds are found in plants and form part of their defense mechanism against decomposition. Polyphenolic compounds, which include phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, and lignans, play an integral role in preventing the attack on plants by bacteria and fungi, as well as serving as cross-links in plant polymers. There is also mounting evidence that polyphenolic compounds play an important role in human health as well. One of the most important benefits, which puts them in the spotlight of current studies, is their antitumor profile. Some of these polyphenolic compounds have already presented promising results in either in vitro or in vivo studies for non-melanoma skin cancer and melanoma. These compounds act on several biomolecular pathways including cell division cycle arrest, autophagy, and apoptosis. Indeed, such natural compounds may be of potential for both preventive and therapeutic fields of cancer. This review evaluates the existing scientific literature in order to provide support for new research opportunities using polyphenolic compounds in oncodermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilson Costa
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Winship Cancer Institute, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Michael Yi Bonner
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Winship Cancer Institute, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jack L Arbiser
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Winship Cancer Institute, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Kibble M, Khan SA, Saarinen N, Iorio F, Saez-Rodriguez J, Mäkelä S, Aittokallio T. Transcriptional response networks for elucidating mechanisms of action of multitargeted agents. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1063-75. [PMID: 26979547 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug discovery is moving away from the single target-based approach towards harnessing the potential of polypharmacological agents that modulate the activity of multiple nodes in the complex networks of deregulations underlying disease phenotypes. Computational network pharmacology methods that use systems-level drug-response phenotypes, such as those originating from genome-wide transcriptomic profiles, have proved particularly effective for elucidating the mechanisms of action of multitargeted compounds. Here, we show, via the case study of the natural product pinosylvin, how the combination of two complementary network-based methods can provide novel, unexpected mechanistic insights. This case study also illustrates that elucidating the mechanism of action of multitargeted natural products through transcriptional response-based approaches is a challenging endeavor, often requiring multiple computational-experimental iterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milla Kibble
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Biomedicum Helsinki 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Suleiman A Khan
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Biomedicum Helsinki 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Niina Saarinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Turku Center for Disease Modeling & Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
| | - Francesco Iorio
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Julio Saez-Rodriguez
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK; Joint Research Centre for Computational Biomedicine (JRC-COMBINE) - RWTH Aachen University, Faculty of Medicine, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sari Mäkelä
- Institute of Biomedicine, Turku Center for Disease Modeling & Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Biomedicum Helsinki 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Quantum, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
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Lee TH, Kang JH, Seo JO, Baek SH, Moh SH, Chae JK, Park YU, Ko YT, Kim SY. Anti-Melanogenic Potentials of Nanoparticles from Calli of Resveratrol-Enriched Rice against UVB-Induced Hyperpigmentation in Guinea Pig Skin. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2016; 24:85-93. [PMID: 26759706 PMCID: PMC4703357 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We already reported that genetically engineered resveratrol-enriched rice (RR) showed to down-regulate skin melanogenesis. To be developed to increase the bioactivity of RR using calli from plants, RR was adopted for mass production using plant tissue culture technologies. In addition, high-pressure homogenization (HPH) was used to increase the biocompatibility and penetration of the calli from RR into the skin. We aimed to develop anti-melanogenic agents incorporating calli of RR (cRR) and nanoparticles by high-pressure homogenization, examining the synergistic effects on the inhibition of UVB-induced hyperpigmentation. Depigmentation was observed following topical application of micro-cRR, nano-calli of normal rice (cNR), and nano-cRR to ultraviolet B (UVB)-stimulated hyperpigmented guinea pig dorsal skin. Colorimetric analysis, tyrosinase immunostaining, and Fontana-Masson staining for UVB-promoted melanin were performed. Nano-cRR inhibited changes in the melanin color index caused by UVB-promoted hyperpigmentation, and demonstrated stronger anti-melanogenic potential than micro-cRR. In epidermal skin, nano-cRR repressed UVB-promoted melanin granules, thereby suppressing hyperpigmentation. The UVB-enhanced, highly expressed tyrosinase in the basal layer of the epidermis was inhibited by nano-cRR more prominently than by micro-cRR and nano-cNR. The anti-melanogenic potency of nano-cRR also depended on pH and particle size. Nano-cRR shows promising potential to regulate skin pigmentation following UVB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taek Hwan Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hee Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ok Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Hyeon Baek
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Iksan 54663, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Moh
- Anti-aging Research Institute, BIO-FD&C Co., LTD, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyoung Chae
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Un Park
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Tag Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Medical Center, Inchon 21565, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
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Park EJ, Pezzuto JM. The pharmacology of resveratrol in animals and humans. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1071-113. [PMID: 25652123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In addition to thousands of research papers related to resveratrol (RSV), approximately 300 review articles have been published. Earlier research tended to focus on pharmacological activities of RSV related to cardiovascular systems, inflammation, and carcinogenesis/cancer development. More recently, the horizon has been broadened by exploring the potential effect of RSV on the aging process, diabetes, neurological dysfunction, etc. Herein, we primarily focus on the in vivo pharmacological effects of RSV reported over the past 5 years (2009-2014). In addition, recent clinical intervention studies performed with resveratrol are summarized. Some discrepancies exist between in vivo studies with animals and clinical studies, or between clinical studies, which are likely due to disparate doses of RSV, experimental settings, and subject variation. Nevertheless, many positive indications have been reported with mammals, so it is reasonable to advocate for the conduct of more definitive clinical studies. Since the safety profile is pristine, an added advantage is the use of RSV as a dietary supplement. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Resveratrol: Challenges in translating pre-clinical findings to improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Park
- The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - John M Pezzuto
- The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA.
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Lee TH, Seo JO, Do MH, Ji E, Baek SH, Kim SY. Resveratrol-Enriched Rice Down-Regulates Melanin Synthesis in UVB-Induced Guinea Pigs Epidermal Skin Tissue. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:431-7. [PMID: 25414774 PMCID: PMC4201217 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic compounds that are used in the clinic to regulate skin hyperpigmentation, such as arbutin, hydroquinone, and kojic acid, are only moderately effective. But, their use is limited by side effects. As part of an effort to overcome the limitations, we developed resveratrol-enriched rice (RR) using genetic engineering technique. Each of resveratrol and rice has been reported to produce anti-melanogenic effects. Therefore, we hypothesized that RR would show more anti-melanogenic effects than those of resveratrol or rice alone. Anti-melanogenic effect of RR was done by using melan-a mouse melanocytes. The depigmenting efficacy was then observed following topical application of the RR to UVB-stimulated hyperpigmented dorsal skin of guinea pigs. Treatment with RR extract resulted a 21.4 ± 0.7% decrease in tyrosinase expression at melan-a cells. Colorimetric analysis showed a significantly lower depigmenting value by day 9 following treatment with RR in UVB-irradiated guinea pigs the dorsal skin (p<0.01), indicating that RR produced a depigmentation effect. By staining with Fontana-Masson stain, we found that the RR-treated group had more effect histopathologically in epidermal melanin production than resveratrol or rice alone-treated group. RR was associated with reduction in the levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), and downregulation of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein (TRP-2) expression, leading to inhibit epidermal melanin production by western blot analysis. This study suggests that the resveratrol-enriched rice may be a promising candidate in regulating skin pigmentation with UVB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taek Hwan Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 406-840
| | - Jae Ok Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799
| | - Moon Ho Do
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799
| | - Eunhee Ji
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799
| | - So-Hyeon Baek
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Iksan 570-080
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799 ; Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Medical Center, Inchon 405-760 ; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
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50
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Kim ES, Park SJ, Goh MJ, Na YJ, Jo DS, Jo YK, Shin JH, Choi ES, Lee HK, Kim JY, Jeon HB, Kim JC, Cho DH. Mitochondrial dynamics regulate melanogenesis through proteasomal degradation of MITF via ROS-ERK activation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:1051-62. [PMID: 25065405 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dynamics control mitochondrial functions as well as their morphology. However, the role of mitochondrial dynamics in melanogenesis is largely unknown. Here, we show that mitochondrial dynamics regulate melanogenesis by modulating the ROS-ERK signaling pathway. Genetic and chemical inhibition of Drp1, a mitochondrial fission protein, increased melanin production and mitochondrial elongation in melanocytes and melanoma cells. In contrast, down-regulation of OPA1, a mitochondria fusion regulator, suppressed melanogensis but induced massive mitochondrial fragmentation in hyperpigmented cells. Consistently, treatment with CCCP, a mitochondrial fission chemical inducer, also efficiently repressed melanogenesis. Furthermore, we found that ROS production and ERK phosphorylation were increased in cells with fragmented mitochondria. And inhibition of ROS or ERK suppressed the antimelanogenic effect of mitochondrial fission in α-MSH-treated cells. In addition, the activation of ROS-ERK pathway by mitochondrial fission induced phosphorylation of serine73 on MITF accelerating its proteasomal degradation. In conclusion, mitochondrial dynamics may regulate melanogenesis by modulating ROS-ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sung Kim
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Korea
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