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Ardestani SK, Jamali T, Taravati A, Behboudi H, Vaez-Mahdavi MR, Faghihzadeh E, Ghazanfari T. Changes in hormones, Leukocyte Telomere Length (LTL), and p16 INK4a expression in SM-exposed individuals in favor of the cellular senescence. Drug Chem Toxicol 2023; 46:1235-1241. [PMID: 36573392 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2150205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a chemical warfare agent with well-known severe toxic effects and may cause long-term debilitating injuries. We aimed to evaluate aging and longevity in Iranian SM-exposed survivors using some endocrine and molecular biomarkers for the first time. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), prolactin (PRL), cortisol, testosterone, and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured in 289 male SM-veterans and 66 age-matched males using the ELISA method. Leukocyte Telomere Length (LTL) measurement and p16INK4a expression were measured in the peripheral blood leukocytes of 55 males who were exposed to SM. We found a significantly lower serum DHEAS level and higher serum PRL level in SM-exposed groups (without any related to the severity of lung injuries) compared to healthy controls, but no significant difference in serum levels of cortisol, testosterone, and LH. The molar ratio of DHEAS/cortisol was significantly higher in controls compared to the SM-exposed individuals especially those with severe lung damage. Some biological parameters of allostatic load score such as DHEAS and DHEAS/cortisol ratio significantly decreased long-term after the SM exposure. Additionally, we found that LTL was shorter in SM-exposed veterans rather than unexposed controls while p16INK4a gene expression significantly increased in these groups. It seems that DHEAS, DHEAS/cortisol ratio, LTL, and p16INK4a gene expression have changed significantly in favor of cellular senescence in SM-exposed patients. Therefore, it seems that SM exposure increases biological age compared to chronological age in SM-exposed survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan K Ardestani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Jamali
- Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Taravati
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Hossein Behboudi
- Department of Biology, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Tooba Ghazanfari
- Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Nakao H, Yokomoto-Umakoshi M, Nakatani K, Umakoshi H, Ogata M, Fukumoto T, Kaneko H, Iwahashi N, Fujita M, Ogasawara T, Matsuda Y, Sakamoto R, Izumi Y, Bamba T, Ogawa Y. Adrenal steroid metabolites and bone status in patients with adrenal incidentalomas and hypercortisolism. EBioMedicine 2023; 95:104733. [PMID: 37543511 PMCID: PMC10505782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS), resulting from cortisol-producing adenomas (CPA), causes endogenous steroid-induced osteoporosis (SIOP). However, the risk of endogenous SIOP cannot be explained by cortisol excess alone, and how other steroid metabolites affect bone status is unclear. METHODS ACS was diagnosed as serum cortisol ≥1.8 μg/dL after the 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST-cortisol). Using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, 21 plasma steroid metabolites were measured in 73 patients with ACS and 85 patients with non-functioning adrenal tumors (NFAT). Expression of steroidogenic enzymes and relevant steroid metabolites were analyzed in some of CPA tissues. FINDINGS Discriminant and principal component analyses distinguished steroid profiles between the ACS and NFAT groups in premenopausal women. Premenopausal women with ACS exhibited higher levels of a mineralocorticoid metabolite, 11-deoxycorticosterone (11-DOC), and lower levels of androgen metabolites, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, and androsterone-glucuronide. In premenopausal women with ACS, DST-cortisol negatively correlated with trabecular bone score (TBS). Additionally, 11-DOC negatively correlated with lumbar spine-bone mineral density, whereas androsterone-glucuronide positively correlated with TBS. The CPA tissues showed increased 11-DOC levels with increased expression of CYP21A2, essential for 11-DOC synthesis. Adrenal non-tumor tissues were atrophied with reduced expression of CYB5A, required for androgen synthesis. INTERPRETATION This study demonstrates that unbalanced production of adrenal steroid metabolites, derived from both adrenal tumor and non-tumor tissues, contributes to the pathogenesis of endogenous SIOP in premenopausal women with ACS. FUNDING JSPS KAKENHI, Secom Science and Technology Foundation, Takeda Science Foundation, Japan Foundation for Applied Enzymology, AMED-CREST, JSTA-STEP, JST-Moonshot, and Ono Medical Research Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nakao
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Maki Yokomoto-Umakoshi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Kohta Nakatani
- Division of Metabolomics/Mass Spectrometry Center, Medical Research Center for High Depth Omics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hironobu Umakoshi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ogata
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tazuru Fukumoto
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kaneko
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Norifusa Iwahashi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masamichi Fujita
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Ogasawara
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yayoi Matsuda
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Sakamoto
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Izumi
- Division of Metabolomics/Mass Spectrometry Center, Medical Research Center for High Depth Omics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Division of Metabolomics/Mass Spectrometry Center, Medical Research Center for High Depth Omics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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3
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Ye M, Tang D, Li W, Ma C, Zeng Z, Liao S, Song Z, Meng Y, Liu F, Luan S, Yin L, Dai Y. Serum metabolomics analysis reveals metabolite profile and key biomarkers of idiopathic membranous nephropathy. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15167. [PMID: 37041975 PMCID: PMC10083006 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease with multiple and complex pathogenic mechanisms. Currently, renal biopsy is considered the gold standard for diagnosing membranous nephropathy. However, there were limitations to the renal puncture biopsy, such as the relatively high cost, longer time consuming, and the risk of invasive procedures. We investigated the profile of serum metabolites in IMN patients based on the UHPLC-QE-MS metabolomics technique for exploring the potential disease biomarkers and clinical implementation. Methods In our research, we collected serum samples from healthy control (n = 15) and IMN patients (n = 25) to perform metabolomics analysis based on the UHPLC-QE-MS technique. Result We identified 215 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) between the IMN and healthy control (HC) groups. Furthermore, these DEMs were significantly identified in histidine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, purine metabolism, and steroid hormone biosynthesis. Several key DEMs were significantly correlated with the level of clinical parameters, such as serum albumin, IgG, UTP, and cholesterol. Among them, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) was considered the reliable diagnostic biomarker in the IMN group. There was an increased abundance of actinobacteria, phylum proteobacteria, and class gammaproteobacterial in IMN patients for host-microbiome origin analysis. Conclusion Our study revealed the profiles of DEMs from the IMN and HC groups. The result demonstrated that there were disorders of amino acids, nucleotides, and steroids hormones metabolism in IMN patients. The down-regulation of DHEAS may be associated with the imbalance of the immune environment in IMN patients. In host-microbiome origin analysis, the gut microbiota and metabolite disturbances were present in IMN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Ye
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Nephrology and Blood Purification, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Donge Tang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Weilong Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chiyu Ma
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhipeng Zeng
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengyou Liao
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuoheng Song
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Meng
- Institute of Nephrology and Blood Purification, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanna Liu
- Institute of Nephrology and Blood Purification, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaodong Luan
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lianghong Yin
- Institute of Nephrology and Blood Purification, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Dai
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Karakus E, Schmid A, Leiting S, Fühler B, Schäffler A, Jakob T, Geyer J. Role of the Steroid Sulfate Uptake Transporter Soat (Slc10a6) in Adipose Tissue and 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:863912. [PMID: 35573729 PMCID: PMC9095825 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.863912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the endocrine and paracrine systems, peripheral tissues such as gonads, skin, and adipose tissue are involved in the intracrine mechanisms responsible for the formation of sex steroids via the transformation of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA/DHEAS) into potent androgenic and estrogenic hormones. Numerous studies have examined the relationship between overweight, central obesity, and plasma levels of DHEA and DHEAS. The sodium-dependent organic anion transporter Soat (Slc10a6) is a plasma membrane uptake transporter for sulfated steroids. Significantly increased expression of Slc10a6 mRNA has been previously described in organs and tissues of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice, including white adipose tissue. These findings suggest that Soat plays a role in the supply of steroids in peripheral target tissues. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of Soat in adipocytes and its role in adipogenesis. Soat expression was analyzed in mouse white intra-abdominal (WAT), subcutaneous (SAT), and brown (BAT) adipose tissue samples and in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, adipose tissue mass and size of the adipocytes were analyzed in wild-type and Slc10a6−/− knockout mice. Soat expression was detected in mouse WAT, SAT, and BAT using immunofluorescence. The expression of Slc10a6 mRNA was significantly higher in 3T3-L1 adipocytes than that of preadipocytes and was significantly upregulated by exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Slc10a6 mRNA levels were also upregulated in the adipose tissue of LPS-treated mice. In Slc10a6−/− knockout mice, adipocytes increased in size in the WAT and SAT of female mice and in the BAT of male mice, suggesting adipocyte hypertrophy. The serum levels of adiponectin, resistin, and leptin were comparable in wild-type and Slc10a6−/− knockout mice. The treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with DHEA significantly reduced lipid accumulation, while DHEAS did not have a significant effect. However, following LPS-induced Soat upregulation, DHEAS also significantly inhibited lipid accumulation in adipocytes. In conclusion, Soat-mediated import of DHEAS and other sulfated steroids could contribute to the complex pathways of sex steroid intracrinology in adipose tissues. Although in cell cultures the Soat-mediated uptake of DHEAS appears to reduce lipid accumulation, in Slc10a6−/− knockout mice, the Soat deletion induced adipocyte hyperplasia through hitherto unknown mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Karakus
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Silke Leiting
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bärbel Fühler
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thilo Jakob
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Giessen University Hospital, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Geyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Joachim Geyer,
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Simić S, Zukić E, Schmermund L, Faber K, Winkler CK, Kroutil W. Shortening Synthetic Routes to Small Molecule Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Employing Biocatalytic Methods. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1052-1126. [PMID: 34846124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis, using enzymes for organic synthesis, has emerged as powerful tool for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The first industrial biocatalytic processes launched in the first half of the last century exploited whole-cell microorganisms where the specific enzyme at work was not known. In the meantime, novel molecular biology methods, such as efficient gene sequencing and synthesis, triggered breakthroughs in directed evolution for the rapid development of process-stable enzymes with broad substrate scope and good selectivities tailored for specific substrates. To date, enzymes are employed to enable shorter, more efficient, and more sustainable alternative routes toward (established) small molecule APIs, and are additionally used to perform standard reactions in API synthesis more efficiently. Herein, large-scale synthetic routes containing biocatalytic key steps toward >130 APIs of approved drugs and drug candidates are compared with the corresponding chemical protocols (if available) regarding the steps, reaction conditions, and scale. The review is structured according to the functional group formed in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Simić
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Erna Zukić
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Luca Schmermund
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kurt Faber
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph K Winkler
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Field of Excellence BioHealth─University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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6
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Zhang S, Zhou J, Li L, Pan X, Lin J, Li C, Leung WT, Wang L. Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone on atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women. Biosci Trends 2021; 15:353-364. [PMID: 34759119 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2021.01320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In China, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has surpassed malignant tumours to become the disease with the highest mortality rate, and atherosclerosis (AS) is an important pathological cause of CVD. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is the most abundant steroid hormone in circulating human blood and is a precursor of estrogen and androgen. DHEA is converted into a series of sex hormones in local peripheral tissues where its acts physiologically. DHEA also acts therapeutically, thereby avoiding the adverse systemic reactions to sex hormones. DHEA inhibits AS, thus inhibiting the development of CVD, and it improves the prognosis for CVD. The incidence of CVD in postmenopausal women is substantially higher than that in premenopausal women, and that incidence is believed to be related to a decrease in ovarian function. The current review analyzes the mechanisms of postmenopausal women's susceptibility to AS. They tend to have dyslipidemia, and their vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferate and migrate more. In addition, oxidative stress and the inflammatory response of endothelial cells (ECs) are more serious in postmenopausal women. This review also discusses how DHEA combats AS by countering these mechanisms, which include regulating the blood lipid status, protecting ECs (including coping with oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions of the vascular endothelium, inhibiting apoptosis of ECs, and inducing NO production) and inhibiting the proliferation and migration of VSMCs. As a result, DHEA has great value in preventing AS and inhibiting its progression in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Zhang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyao Pan
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuyu Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Wing Ting Leung
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases, Shanghai, China
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7
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Yokomoto-Umakoshi M, Umakoshi H, Iwahashi N, Matsuda Y, Kaneko H, Ogata M, Fukumoto T, Terada E, Nakano Y, Sakamoto R, Ogawa Y. Protective Role of DHEAS in Age-related Changes in Bone Mass and Fracture Risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e4580-e4592. [PMID: 34415029 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) from the adrenal cortex substantially decreases with age, which may accelerate osteoporosis. However, the association of DHEAS with bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture is inconclusive. We conducted a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the role of DHEAS in age-related changes in BMD and fracture risk. METHODS Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with serum DHEAS concentrations were used as instrumental variables (4 SNPs for main analysis; 4 SNPs for men and 5 SNPs for women in sex-related analysis). Summary statistics were obtained from relevant genome-wide association studies. RESULTS A log-transformed unit (µmol/L) increase in serum DHEAS concentrations was associated with an SD increase in estimated BMD at the heel (estimate, 0.120; 95% CI, 0.081-0.158; P = 9 × 10-10), and decreased fracture (odds ratio, 0.989; 95% CI, 0.981-0.996; P = 0.005), consistent with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-derived BMD at the femoral neck and lumbar spine. Their associations remained even after adjusting for height, body mass index, testosterone, estradiol, sex hormone-binding globulin, and insulin-like growth factor 1. The association of DHEAS with fracture remained after adjusting for falls, grip strength, and physical activity but was attenuated after adjusting for BMD. The MR-Bayesian model averaging analysis showed BMD was the top mediating factor for association of DHEAS with fracture. The association between DHEAS and BMD was observed in men but not in women. CONCLUSION DHEAS was associated with increased BMD and decreased fracture. DHEAS may play a protective role in decreasing fracture risk, mainly by increasing bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Yokomoto-Umakoshi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hironobu Umakoshi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Norifusa Iwahashi
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yayoi Matsuda
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kaneko
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ogata
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tazuru Fukumoto
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eriko Terada
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yui Nakano
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Sakamoto
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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8
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Relationship of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels with atherosclerosis in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2021; 134:45-50. [PMID: 33788012 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-021-01844-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subclinical hypothyroidism is related with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The decreased levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S) are associated with hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis and obesity. The lower levels of DHEA‑S might be an important factor in development of atherosclerosis in subclinical hypothyroidism. METHODS A total of 126 patients (62 with subclinical hypothyroidism and 64 healthy individuals) were included in this prospectively designed study between January 2017 and December 2019. All individuals were evaluated according to DHEA‑S levels, carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) and anthropometric measurements. Blood samples were obtained from patients after 8 h fasting. The groups were statistically compared. RESULTS The mean ages of control group and patients with subclinical hypothyroidism were 36.9 ± 11.0 years and 39.6 ± 11.0 years, respectively (p = 0.165). The mean waist circumferences in controls and patients were 89 ± 10.7 cm and 91.3 ± 11.1 cm, respectively (p < 0.001). The DHEA‑S levels were 131.04 ± 96.02 µg/dl in patients, and these levels were significantly decreased in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (p = 0.024). The levels of DHEA‑S were found to be negatively correlated with CIMT (p < 0.001, c = 0.406). CONCLUSIONS The early detection of cardiac and metabolic dysfunctions in subclinical hypothyroidism is important to avoid complications. We found a negative correlation between DHEA‑S levels and metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors in subclinical hypothyroidism. We believe that our results would attract more attention to the studies investigating relationships between DHEA‑S levels and cardiovascular complications of subclinical hypothyroidism.
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9
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Kirby DJ, Buchalter DB, Anil U, Leucht P. DHEA in bone: the role in osteoporosis and fracture healing. Arch Osteoporos 2020; 15:84. [PMID: 32504237 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-020-00755-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of estrogens and androgens with a past clouded in controversy and bold claims. It was once touted as a wonder drug, a fountain of youth that could cure all ailments. However, in the 1980s DHEA was banned by the FDA given a lack of documented health benefits and long-term use data. DHEA had a revival in 1994 when it was released for open market sale as a nutritional supplement under the Dietary Supplement Health and Safety Act. Since that time, there has been encouraging research on the hormone, including randomized controlled trials and subsequent meta-analyses on various conditions that DHEA may benefit. Bone health has been of particular interest, as many of the metabolites of DHEA are known to be involved in bone homeostasis, specifically estrogen and testosterone. Studies demonstrate a significant association between DHEA and increased bone mineral density, likely due to DHEA's ability to increase osteoblast activity and insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) expression. Interestingly, IGF-1 is also known to improve fracture healing, though DHEA, a potent stimulator of IGF-1, has never been tested in this scenario. The aim of this review is to discuss the history and mechanisms of DHEA as they relate to the skeletal system, and to evaluate if DHEA has any role in treating fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Kirby
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, 301 E 17th St, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
| | - Daniel B Buchalter
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, 301 E 17th St, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Utkarsh Anil
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, 301 E 17th St, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Philipp Leucht
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, 301 E 17th St, New York, NY, 10003, USA
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Strac DS, Konjevod M, Perkovic MN, Tudor L, Erjavec GN, Pivac N. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its Sulphate (DHEAS) in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 17:141-157. [PMID: 32183671 DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666200317092310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurosteroids Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate (DHEAS) are involved in many important brain functions, including neuronal plasticity and survival, cognition and behavior, demonstrating preventive and therapeutic potential in different neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE The aim of the article was to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature on the involvement of DHEA and DHEAS in Alzheimer's disease. METHODS PubMed and MEDLINE databases were searched for relevant literature. The articles were selected considering their titles and abstracts. In the selected full texts, lists of references were searched manually for additional articles. RESULTS We performed a systematic review of the studies investigating the role of DHEA and DHEAS in various in vitro and animal models, as well as in patients with Alzheimer's disease, and provided a comprehensive discussion on their potential preventive and therapeutic applications. CONCLUSION Despite mixed results, the findings of various preclinical studies are generally supportive of the involvement of DHEA and DHEAS in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease, showing some promise for potential benefits of these neurosteroids in the prevention and treatment. However, so far small clinical trials brought little evidence to support their therapy in AD. Therefore, large-scale human studies are needed to elucidate the specific effects of DHEA and DHEAS and their mechanisms of action, prior to their applications in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dubravka S Strac
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marcela Konjevod
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matea N Perkovic
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Tudor
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana N Erjavec
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nela Pivac
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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Jankowski CM, Wolfe P, Schmiege SJ, Nair KS, Khosla S, Jensen M, von Muhlen D, Laughlin GA, Kritz-Silverstein D, Bergstrom J, Bettencourt R, Weiss EP, Villareal DT, Kohrt WM. Sex-specific effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on bone mineral density and body composition: A pooled analysis of four clinical trials. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019; 90:293-300. [PMID: 30421439 PMCID: PMC6336516 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) therapy in older adults suggest sex-specific effects on bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition, but the ability of a single study to reach this conclusion was limited. We evaluated the effects of DHEA on sex hormones, BMD, fat mass and fat-free mass in older women and men enrolled in four similar clinical trials. DESIGN Pooled analyses of data from four double-blinded, randomized controlled trials. PARTICIPANTS Women (n = 295) and men (n = 290) aged 55 years or older who took DHEA or placebo tablet daily for 12 months. MEASUREMENTS Twelve-month changes in BMD, fat mass, fat-free mass and serum DHEA sulphate (DHEAS), (17)estradiol, testosterone and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). RESULTS Women on DHEA had increases (mean ± SD; all P < 0.001 vs placebo) in DHEAS (231 ± 164 µg/dL), testosterone (18.6 ± 20.9 µg/dL), (17)estradiol (8.7 ± 11.0 pg/mL) and IGF-1 (25.1 ± 52.3 ng/mL), and men had increases in DHEAS (269.0 ± 177 µg/dL; P < 0.01), (17)estradiol (4.8 ± 12.2 pg/m; P < 0.01) and IGF-1 (6.3 ± 41.4 ng/mL; P < 0.05). Women on DHEA had increases in lumbar spine (1.0% ± 3.4%) and trochanter (0.5% ± 3.8%) BMD and maintained total hip BMD (0.0% ± 2.8%); men had no BMD benefit and a decrease in fat mass (-0.4 ± 2.6 kg; all P < 0.01 vs placebo). CONCLUSIONS Dehydroepiandrosterone therapy may be an effective approach for preserving bone and muscle mass in women. Key questions are (a) the extent to which longer duration DHEA can attenuate the loss of bone and muscle in women, and (b) whether DHEA has a more favourable benefit-to-risk profile for women than oestrogen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela Wolfe
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wendy M. Kohrt
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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Mehdizadeh A, Kalantar SM, Sheikhha MH, Aali BS, Ghanei A. Association of SNP rs.2414096 CYP19 gene with polycystic ovarian syndrome in Iranian women. Int J Reprod Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.29252/ijrm.15.8.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Park SG, Hwang S, Kim JS, Park KC, Kwon Y, Kim KC. The Association between Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S) and Bone Mineral Density in Korean Men and Women. J Bone Metab 2017; 24:31-36. [PMID: 28326299 PMCID: PMC5357610 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2017.24.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and bone mineral density (BMD) is controversial. And findings of most studies that have investigated this relationship are restricted to postmenopausal women. In this study, we investigated the relationship between serum DHEA-S and BMD in both men and women. Methods This cross-sectional study evaluated a total of 294 healthy Korean participants through a medical examination program. And a subgroup of 154 participants was subjected to a longitudinal analysis. We measured BMD by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and assayed DHEA-S by a chemiluminescent immunoassay. Results We evaluated the association between serum DHEA-S concentration and BMD at the femur trochanter after adjusting for cofounders such as age, body mass index, lifestyle factors, serum cortisol level, serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) level, and sex. Through our longitudinal study, we found that the changes in BMD at the total spine, at the femur neck, and at the femur trochanter were all smaller in the ΔDHEA-S <0 group than in the ΔDHEA-S >0 group. Conclusions We found that there was a positive correlation between serum DHEA-S and femur BMD, which suggests that controlling serum DHEA-S levels may retard age-related BMD reduction in Koreans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Gun Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sena Hwang
- Department of Endocrinology Internal Medicine, Chaum Life Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Suk Kim
- Anti-aging Center, Chaum Life Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Chae Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yuri Kwon
- Department of Family Medicine, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyong-Chol Kim
- Anti-aging Center, Chaum Life Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Harada K, Matsuoka H, Fujihara H, Ueta Y, Yanagawa Y, Inoue M. GABA Signaling and Neuroactive Steroids in Adrenal Medullary Chromaffin Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:100. [PMID: 27147972 PMCID: PMC4834308 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is produced not only in the brain, but also in endocrine cells by the two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), GAD65 and GAD67. In rat adrenal medullary chromaffin cells only GAD67 is expressed, and GABA is stored in large dense core vesicles (LDCVs), but not synaptic-like microvesicles (SLMVs). The α3β2/3γ2 complex represents the majority of GABAA receptors expressed in rat and guinea pig chromaffin cells, whereas PC12 cells, an immortalized rat chromaffin cell line, express the α1 subunit as well as the α3. The expression of α3, but not α1, in PC12 cells is enhanced by glucocorticoid activity, which may be mediated by both the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). GABA has two actions mediated by GABAA receptors in chromaffin cells: it induces catecholamine secretion by itself and produces an inhibition of synaptically evoked secretion by a shunt effect. Allopregnanolone, a neuroactive steroid which is secreted from the adrenal cortex, produces a marked facilitation of GABAA receptor channel activity. Since there are no GABAergic nerve fibers in the adrenal medulla, GABA may function as a para/autocrine factor in the chromaffin cells. This function of GABA may be facilitated by expression of the immature isoforms of GAD and GABAA receptors and the lack of expression of plasma membrane GABA transporters (GATs). In this review, we will consider how the para/autocrine function of GABA is achieved, focusing on the structural and molecular mechanisms for GABA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Harada
- Department of Cell and Systems Physiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hidetada Matsuoka
- Department of Cell and Systems Physiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Fujihara
- Department of Physiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ueta
- Department of Physiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masumi Inoue
- Department of Cell and Systems Physiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine Kitakyushu, Japan
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Svob Strac D, Vlainic J, Samardzic J, Erhardt J, Krsnik Z. Effects of acute and chronic administration of neurosteroid dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate on neuronal excitability in mice. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:1201-15. [PMID: 27051273 PMCID: PMC4807895 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s102102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Neurosteroid dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) has been associated with important brain functions, including neuronal survival, memory, and behavior, showing therapeutic potential in various neuropsychiatric and cognitive disorders. However, the antagonistic effects of DHEAS on γ-amino-butyric acidA receptors and its facilitatory action on glutamatergic neurotransmission might lead to enhanced brain excitability and seizures and thus limit DHEAS therapeutic applications. The aim of this study was to investigate possible age and sex differences in the neuronal excitability of the mice following acute and chronic DHEAS administration. Methods DHEAS was administered intraperitoneally in male and female adult and old mice either acutely or repeatedly once daily for 4 weeks in a 10 mg/kg dose. To investigate the potential proconvulsant properties of DHEAS, we studied the effects of acute and chronic DHEAS treatment on picrotoxin-, pentylentetrazole-, and N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced seizures in mice. The effects of acute and chronic DHEAS administration on the locomotor activity, motor coordination, and body weight of the mice were also studied. We also investigated the effects of DHEAS treatment on [3H]flunitrazepam binding to the mouse brain membranes. Results DHEAS did not modify the locomotor activity, motor coordination, body weight, and brain [3H]flunitrazepam binding of male and female mice. The results failed to demonstrate significant effects of single- and long-term DHEAS treatment on the convulsive susceptibility in both adult and aged mice of both sexes. However, small but significant changes regarding sex differences in the susceptibility to seizures were observed following DHEAS administration to mice. Conclusion Although our findings suggest that DHEAS treatment might be safe for various potential therapeutic applications in adult as well as in old age, they also support subtle interaction of DHEAS with male and female hormonal status, which may underline observed sex differences in the relationship between DHEAS and various health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dubravka Svob Strac
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josipa Vlainic
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Janko Samardzic
- Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Julija Erhardt
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb
| | - Zeljka Krsnik
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Lee D, Kim H, Ahn SH, Lee SH, Bae SJ, Kim EH, Kim HK, Choe JW, Kim BJ, Koh JM. The association between serum dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate (DHEA-S) level and bone mineral density in Korean men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 83:173-9. [PMID: 25692973 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Many lines of evidence indicate that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) plays a distinct role in bone metabolism and that its sulphated form (DHEA-S), which is easily measured in blood, may be a potential biomarker of osteoporosis-related phenotypes. However, most previous epidemiologic studies focused on postmenopausal women and reported conflicting results. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the association between the serum DHEA-S level and bone mass in men. DESIGN AND METHODS This large cross-sectional study included 1089 healthy Korean men who participated in a routine health screening examination. Bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine, total femur, femur neck, and trochanter and serum DHEA-S level were obtained in all subjects. RESULTS After adjustment for age, body mass index, lifestyle factors and serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, testosterone, 25-OH-vitamin D3 and cortisol, higher serum DHEA-S concentrations were associated with higher BMD values at all skeletal sites. Consistently, compared to the subjects in the highest DHEA-S quartile (Q4), those in the lowest DHEA-S quartile (Q1) showed significantly lower BMD values. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that the odds ratios for the risk of lower BMD (T-score <-1) increased in a dose-dependent manner across decreasing DHEA-S quartiles and the odds for the risk of lower BMD were 2·59-fold higher in Q1 than in Q4. CONCLUSION These findings support previous evidences that DHEA-S has favourable effects on bone mass in men and suggest that a low serum DHEA-S level may be a potential risk factor for male osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dain Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeonmok Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Hee Ahn
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hun Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Jin Bae
- Health Promotion Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Hee Kim
- Health Promotion Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong-Kyu Kim
- Health Promotion Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Won Choe
- Health Promotion Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beom-Jun Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Min Koh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Shohat-Tal A, Sen A, Barad DH, Kushnir V, Gleicher N. Genetics of androgen metabolism in women with infertility and hypoandrogenism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2015; 11:429-41. [PMID: 25942654 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypoandrogenism in women with low functional ovarian reserve (LFOR, defined as an abnormally low number of small growing follicles) adversely affects fertility. The androgen precursor dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is increasingly used to supplement treatment protocols in women with LFOR undergoing in vitro fertilization. Due to differences in androgen metabolism, however, responses to DHEA supplementation vary between patients. In addition to overall declines in steroidogenic capacity with advancing age, genetic factors, which result in altered expression or enzymatic function of key steroidogenic proteins or their upstream regulators, might further exacerbate variations in the conversion of DHEA to testosterone. In this Review, we discuss in vitro studies and animal models of polymorphisms and gene mutations that affect the conversion of DHEA to testosterone and attempt to elucidate how these variations affect female hormone profiles. We also discuss treatment options that modulate levels of testosterone by targeting the expression of steroidogenic genes. Common variants in genes encoding DHEA sulphotransferase, aromatase, steroid 5α-reductase, androgen receptor, sex-hormone binding globulin, fragile X mental retardation protein and breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein have been implicated in androgen metabolism and, therefore, can affect levels of androgens in women. Short of screening for all potential genetic variants, hormonal assessments of patients with low testosterone levels after DHEA supplementation facilitate identification of underlying genetic defects. The genetic predisposition of patients can then be used to design individualized fertility treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Shohat-Tal
- Center for Human Reproduction, 21 E. 69th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Aritro Sen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - David H Barad
- Center for Human Reproduction, 21 E. 69th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Vitaly Kushnir
- Center for Human Reproduction, 21 E. 69th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Norbert Gleicher
- Center for Human Reproduction, 21 E. 69th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfated form dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) are the most abundant circulating steroid hormones in humans. In animal studies, their low levels have been associated with age-related involuntary changes, including reduced lifespan. Extrapolation of animal data to humans turned DHEA into a 'superhormone' and an 'anti-aging' panacea. It has been aggressively marketed and sold in large quantities as a dietary supplement. Recent double-blind, placebo-controlled human studies provided evidence to support some of these claims. In the elderly, DHEA exerts an immunomodulatory action, increasing the number of monocytes, T cells expressing T-cell receptor gamma/delta (TCRγδ) and natural killer (NK) cells. It improves physical and psychological well-being, muscle strength and bone density, and reduces body fat and age-related skin atrophy stimulating procollagen/sebum production. In adrenal insufficiency, DHEA restores DHEA/DHEAS and androstenedione levels, reduces total cholesterol, improves well-being, sexual satisfaction and insulin sensitivity, and prevents loss of bone mineral density. Normal levels of CD4+CD25(hi) and FoxP3 (forkhead box P3) are restored. In systemic lupus erythematosus, DHEA is steroid-sparing. In an unblinded study, it induced remission in the majority of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. DHEA modulates cardiovascular signalling pathways and exerts an anti-inflammatory, vasorelaxant and anti-remodelling effect. Its low levels correlate with increased cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. DHEA/DHEAS appear protective in asthma and allergy. It attenuates T helper 2 allergic inflammation, and reduces eosinophilia and airway hyperreactivity. Low levels of DHEAS accompany adrenal suppression. It could be used to screen for the side effects of steroids. In women, DHEA improves sexual satisfaction, fertility and age-related vaginal atrophy. Many factors are responsible for the inconsistent/negative results of some studies. Overreliance on animal models (DHEA is essentially a human molecule), different dosing protocols with non-pharmacological doses often unachievable in humans, rapid metabolism of DHEA, co-morbidities and organ-specific differences render data interpretation difficult. Nevertheless, a growing body of evidence supports the notion that DHEA is not just an overrated dietary supplement but a useful drug for some, but not all, human diseases. Large-scale randomised controlled trials are needed to fine-tune the indications and optimal dosing protocols before DHEA enters routine clinical practice.
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Rotter I, Kosik-Bogacka D, Dołęgowska B, Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Pawlukowska W, Laszczyńska M. Analysis of relationships between the concentrations of total testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and the occurrence of selected metabolic disorders in aging men. Aging Male 2015; 18:249-55. [PMID: 26375874 DOI: 10.3109/13685538.2015.1077507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The evaluation of relationships between the concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and total testosterone (TT) and the occurrence of metabolic disorders, including metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHOD The participants were subjected to anthropometric measurements and were tested for DHEAS, TT, lipid parameters and carbohydrate parameters. RESULT We observed a lower concentration of DHEAS in the men with hypertension (HT) compared to those without HT. In the men with MetS, HT, overweight and obesity, the concentration of TT was lower than in the men without these problems. We found statistically significant positive correlations (DHEAS- total cholesterol [TCh], DHEAS- low-density lipoprotein [LDL], TT- high-density lipoprotein [HDL], TT-waist-to-hip ratio [WHR]) and negative correlations (DHEAS-age, TT-body weight, TT- body mass index [BMI], TT-abdominal circumference [AC], TT-hip circumference [HC], TT- triglyceride [TG], TT- fasting plasma glucose [FPG], TT- serum insulin levels [I], TT- Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance [HOMA-IR]). Using logistic regression it was ascertained that lower TT levels increase the risk of HT, and were also associated with obesity. CONCLUSION Our research indicates relationships between TT and the occurrence of MetS and its individual components. Excess body weight in men is a factor associated with lower TT levels. It seems necessary to determine TT in men with MetS and overweight or obesity. DHEAS did not show any significant relations with MetS and its parameters. Age was the most crucial factor responsible for the decrease in DHEAS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Laszczyńska
- e Department of Histology and Developmental Biology , Pomeranian Medical University , Szczecin , Poland
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Vandenput L, Ohlsson C. Genome-wide association studies on serum sex steroid levels. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:758-766. [PMID: 23541950 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Even though the levels of circulating sex steroid hormones are to a large extent heritable, their genetic determinants are largely unknown. With the advent of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), much progress has been made and several genetic loci have been identified to be associated with serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin. The variants identified so far only explain a small amount of the overall heritability, but may help to elucidate the role of sex steroid hormones in common disorders such as hypogonadism, type 2 diabetes and hormone-sensitive cancers. This review provides an overview of the current state of knowledge of the genetic determinants of sex steroid hormones, with a focus on recent GWAS and brief directions for elucidating the remaining heritability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Vandenput
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Ramaraj P, Cox JL. <i>In-Vitro</i> Effect of Sex Steroids on Mouse Melanoma (B16F10) Cell Growth. Cell 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/cellbio.2014.32007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dehydroepiandrosterone treatment effects on weight, bone density, bone metabolism and mood in women suffering from anorexia nervosa-a pilot study. Psychiatry Res 2012; 200:544-9. [PMID: 22858403 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of the administration of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on weight, bone metabolism, bone density and clinical mood symptoms in outpatient Anorexia Nervosa (AN) patients. AN patients (n=26) were double-blindly randomized to receive DHEA (100mg) or placebo for 6 months. Outcome measures were bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and metabolism indexes, steroid hormones, and mood and eating disorder symptoms measured at baseline and at the 3 and 6 months follow-up visits. Mood and eating disorder symptoms were assessed monthly by the Beck Depression Inventory, Eating Disorder Inventory and Clinical Global Improvement Scales. No treatment or treatment by time interaction was observed for any bone density measures. Deoxypiridinolyne (DPD) was positively correlated with weight (P=0.02). An increase in body mass index (BMI) in the DHEA group was significantly higher at 4 months compared to the control group (P=0.05). Improvement of mood was significantly correlated with weight only in the DHEA group. Despite a significant decrease in DPD, no improvement in bone mineral density was detected. However, patients treated with DHEA benefited from a significant increase in BMI, which was positively correlated with improvement in mood.
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Montalcini T, Migliaccio V, Ferro Y, Gazzaruso C, Pujia A. Androgens for postmenopausal women's health? Endocrine 2012; 42:514-20. [PMID: 22581204 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-012-9692-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes are becoming a leading health concern in the developed Countries, due to their link to cardiovascular disease. These conditions are common in women in the post-menopausal period. Unfortunately, actual lifestyle change strategy fail to prevent cardiovascular events for several reasons, thus specific medications are needed. In addition, it was showed an increased cardiovascular diseases and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women taking estrogens alone or with progestin, thus the optimal therapy for the prevention of chronic disease in women is still lacking. Androgens exert different actions on organs like adipose tissue, brain, bone, and on cardiovascular system. However, a debate still exists on the positive role of androgens on human health, especially in women. Furthermore, the vascular effects of androgens remain poorly understood and have been controversial for a long time. Sex hormones are important determinants of body composition. Aging is, often, accompanied by a decrease in free testosterone levels, a concomitant reduction in muscle mass and an increase in fat mass. Furthermore, numerous studies showed that total serum testosterone levels were inversely related to the atherosclerosis disease incidence in postmenopausal women. New therapeutic targets may, therefore, arise understanding how androgen could influence the fat distribution, the metabolic disease onset, the vascular reactivity and cardiovascular risk, in both sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Montalcini
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy.
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Jankowski CM, Gozansky WS, Van Pelt RE, Wolfe P, Schwartz RS, Kohrt WM. Oral dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in older adults: effects on central adiposity, glucose metabolism and blood lipids. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011; 75:456-63. [PMID: 21521341 PMCID: PMC3166648 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) therapy on changes in central adiposity, insulin action and blood lipids. Many of the actions of DHEA in humans are thought to be mediated through its conversion to sex hormones, which are modulators of adiposity, muscularity and insulin sensitivity. The effects of DHEA replacement on regional tissue composition, glucose metabolism and blood lipid profile in older adults have been inconsistent. DESIGN A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. The intervention was oral DHEA 50 mg/day or placebo for 12 months. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-eighty women and 61 men, aged 60-88 years, with low serum DHEA sulphate (DHEAS) levels at study entry. MEASUREMENTS Computed tomography measures of abdominal fat areas, thigh muscle and fat areas, DXA-derived trunk fat mass, serum glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose challenge, and fasted serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were assessed before and after the intervention. RESULTS There were no significant (P > 0·05) differences between the DHEA and placebo groups in the changes in regional tissue composition or glucose metabolism. HDL-cholesterol (P = 0·01) and fasted triglycerides (P = 0·02) decreased in women and men taking DHEA. CONCLUSION Restoring serum DHEAS levels in older adults to young adult levels for 1 year does not appear to reduce central adiposity or improve insulin action. The benefit of DHEA on decreasing serum triglycerides must be weighed against the HDL-lowering effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Jankowski
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045-2527, USA
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Shrivastav TG, Chaube SK, Kariya KP, Kumar D, Singh R. ANTIGEN HETEROLOGOUS ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF DHEA IN SERUM. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2011; 32:326-41. [DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2011.570117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tulsidas G. Shrivastav
- a Department of Reproductive Biomedicine , National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, Munirka , New Delhi, India
| | - Shail K. Chaube
- b Department of Zoology , Biochemistry Unit, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi, India
| | - Kiran P. Kariya
- c Department of Chemistry , VMV Com. JMT Arts & JJP Science College , Nagpur, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- a Department of Reproductive Biomedicine , National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, Munirka , New Delhi, India
| | - Rita Singh
- d Department of Zoology , Delhi University , Delhi, India
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Shrivastav TG, Chaube SK, Kariya KP, Bhanot S, Singh R, Kumar D. DEVELOPMENT OF HETEROLOGOUS ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY FOR DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE IN SERUM. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2010; 31:266-78. [DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2010.524857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Srinivasan M, Irving BA, Dhatariya K, Klaus KA, Hartman SJ, McConnell JP, Nair KS. Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone replacement on lipoprotein profile in hypoadrenal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:761-4. [PMID: 19066301 PMCID: PMC2681274 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-1774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate form (DHEAS) are inversely associated with cardiovascular mortality in men but not women. Very little evidence is available on the impact of DHEA administration on lipoprotein profile in women. DHEAS levels are very low/undetectable in hypoadrenal women. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine the impact of DHEA replacement on lipoprotein profile in hypoadrenal women. DESIGN AND SETTING A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over design study was conducted at the Mayo Clinic. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-three hypoadrenal Caucasian women (mean +/- sd; age 50.3 +/- 15.2 yr, body mass index 26.6 +/- 4.4 kg/m(2)) took part in the study. INTERVENTION Study participants were assigned to receive either a placebo or 50 mg/d of DHEA for 3 months each. Lipid levels and lipoprotein profile were analyzed using the Lipo Science Lipoprotein nuclear magnetic resonance system. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Changes in various lipoprotein sizes and levels were measured. RESULTS The DHEA period had higher plasma DHEAS levels than during placebo (<0.3 +/- 0.0 vs. 3.5 +/- 1.3 nmol/liter, P < 0.001). DHEA replacement significantly reduced total cholesterol (20.0 vs. -22, P = 0.02) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels (2.0 vs. -6.0, P = 0.006) and tends to reduce triglyceride and total low-density lipoprotein levels. Although, DHEA replacement had no effect on low-density lipoprotein particle size, it significantly reduced larger HDL particles and to modest extent small HDL particles. CONCLUSIONS Our study findings showed that oral DHEA administration in hypoadrenal women results in an unfavorable lipoprotein profile. The results warrant long-term studies to determine the impact of DHEA replacement on cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manivannan Srinivasan
- Division of Endocrinology, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation,, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Jankowski CM, Gozansky WS, Kittelson JM, Van Pelt RE, Schwartz RS, Kohrt WM. Increases in bone mineral density in response to oral dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in older adults appear to be mediated by serum estrogens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:4767-73. [PMID: 18812486 PMCID: PMC2626446 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-2614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The mechanisms by which dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) replacement increases bone mineral density (BMD) in older adults are not known. OBJECTIVE The aims were to determine the effects of DHEA therapy on changes in sex hormones and IGF-I and their associations with changes in BMD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial was conducted at an academic research institution. Participants were 58 women and 61 men, aged 60-88 yr, with low serum DHEA sulfate (DHEAS) levels. INTERVENTION The intervention was oral DHEA 50 mg/d or placebo for 12 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES BMD and serum DHEAS, testosterone, estradiol (E(2)), estrone (E(1)), SHBG, IGF-I, and IGF binding protein 3 were measured before and after intervention. Free testosterone and estrogen (FEI) indices were calculated. RESULTS The average changes in hip and spine BMD (DHEA vs. placebo) ranged from 1.1 to 1.6%. Compared with placebo, DHEA replacement increased serum DHEAS, testosterone, free testosterone index, E(1), E(2), FEI, and IGF-I (all P < 0.001) and decreased SHBG (P = 0.02) in women and, in men, increased DHEAS, E(1), FEI (all P < 0.001), and E(2) (P = 0.02) and decreased SHBG (P = 0.037). The changes in total and regional hip BMD were associated with 12-month E(2) (all P <or= 0.001) and FEI (all P <or= 0.013). The effects of DHEA treatment were eliminated by adjustment for 12-month E(2). CONCLUSIONS The significant increases in hip BMD in older adults undergoing DHEA replacement were mediated primarily by increases in serum E(2) rather than direct effects of DHEAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Jankowski
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, mail stop B179, Room 8111, 12631 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Dhatariya KK, Greenlund LJ, Bigelow ML, Thapa P, Oberg A, Ford GC, Schimke JM, Nair KS. Dehydroepiandrosterone replacement therapy in hypoadrenal women: protein anabolism and skeletal muscle function. Mayo Clin Proc 2008; 83:1218-25. [PMID: 18990320 PMCID: PMC2753533 DOI: 10.4065/83.11.1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) replacement therapy in hypoadrenal women improves performance, muscle protein accretion, and mitochondrial functions. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Thirty-three hypoadrenal women were enrolled in the study from May 1, 2002, through May 31, 2003. Twenty-eight completed a 12-week, prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study with either daily placebo or 50 mg of DHEA with a 2-week washout period and then crossed over to the other treatment. Body composition, physical performance, whole-body and muscle protein metabolism, and mitochondrial functions were determined. RESULTS Administration of DHEA significantly increased plasma levels of DHEA sulfate, testosterone, and androstenedione but did not change body composition, muscle strength, peak aerobic capacity, and whole-body protein turnover or synthesis rates of mitochondrial, sarcoplasmic, or mixed muscle proteins. Muscle mitochondrial oxidative enzymes and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins and nuclear transcription factors did not change after DHEA administration. However, mRNA levels of muscle myosin heavy chain 1 (P=.004), which determines muscle fiber type, and those of insulinlike growth factor binding proteins 4 and 5 significantly decreased (P=.02 and P=.03, respectively). CONCLUSION Three months of DHEA administration increased DHEA sulfate and androgen levels but had no effect on physical performance, body composition, protein metabolism, or muscle mitochondrial biogenesis in hypoadrenal women. However, lowering of mRNA levels of binding proteins of insulinlike growth factor 1 and myosin heavy chain 1 suggests potential effects of longterm treatment with DHEA on muscle fiber type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketan K. Dhatariya
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, 200 1 St SW, Rochester, MN 55905. USA
| | | | - Maureen L. Bigelow
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, 200 1 St SW, Rochester, MN 55905. USA
| | - Prabin Thapa
- Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, 200 1 St SW, Rochester, MN 55905. USA
| | - Ann Oberg
- Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, 200 1 St SW, Rochester, MN 55905. USA
| | - G. Charles Ford
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, 200 1 St SW, Rochester, MN 55905. USA
| | - Jill M. Schimke
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, 200 1 St SW, Rochester, MN 55905. USA
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Henderson GC, Dhatariya K, Ford GC, Klaus KA, Basu R, Rizza RA, Jensen MD, Khosla S, O'Brien P, Nair KS. Higher muscle protein synthesis in women than men across the lifespan, and failure of androgen administration to amend age-related decrements. FASEB J 2008; 23:631-41. [PMID: 18827019 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-117200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated age and sex effects and determined whether androgen replacement in elderly individuals (> or = 60 yr) could augment protein synthesis. Thirty young men and 32 young women (18-31 yr) were studied once, whereas 87 elderly men were studied before and after 1 yr of treatment with 5 mg/day testosterone (T), 75 mg/day dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), or placebo (P); and 57 elderly women were studied before and after 1 yr of treatment with 50 mg/day DHEA or P. [(15)N]Phenylalanine and [(2)H(4)]tyrosine tracers were infused, with measurements in plasma and vastus lateralis muscle. Whole-body protein synthesis per fat-free mass and muscle protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR) were lower in elderly than in young individuals (P<0.001), not significantly affected by hormone treatments, and higher in women than in men (P<0.0001), with no sex x age interaction. In regression analyses, peak O2 consumption (VO2peak), resting energy expenditure (REE), and sex were independently associated with muscle FSR, as were VO2peak, REE, and interactions of sex with insulin-like growth factor-II and insulin for whole-body protein synthesis. Women maintain higher protein synthesis than men across the lifespan as rates decline in both sexes, and neither full replacement of DHEA (in elderly men and women) nor partial replacement of bioavailable T (in elderly men) is able to amend the age-related declines.
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Hernández-Morante JJ, Pérez-de-Heredia F, Luján JA, Zamora S, Garaulet M. Role of DHEA-S on body fat distribution: gender- and depot-specific stimulation of adipose tissue lipolysis. Steroids 2008; 73:209-15. [PMID: 18063002 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to study the possible impact of DHEA-S on body fat distribution and the specific action of the hormone on lipolysis from visceral and subcutaneous human adipose tissue. First, a clinical evaluation was performed in 84 obese patients (29 men, 55 women), measuring serum DHEA-S, computed tomography (CT) anthropometric parameters of abdominal fat distribution. In a second experiment, subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue samples were obtained from 20 obese patients (10 men, 10 women) and cultured in vitro under stimulation with DHEA-S to further assess a possible effect of this hormone on adipose tissue lipolysis. Serum DHEA-S was inversely and specifically associated with visceral fat area (VA) as assessed by CT in men and with waist-to-hip ratio in women. In vitro, DHEA-S increased lipolysis in women's subcutaneous adipose tissue at 2 h, while in men, the effect was evident in visceral tissue and after 24 h of treatment. In conclusion, DHEA-S contributes to gender-related differences in body fat distribution probably by a differential lipolytic action. We have demonstrated for the first time in vitro that DHEA-S stimulates lipolysis preferably in subcutaneous fat in women and in visceral fat in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Hernández-Morante
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, and Surgery Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Spain
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Igwebuike A, Irving BA, Bigelow ML, Short KR, McConnell JP, Nair KS. Lack of dehydroepiandrosterone effect on a combined endurance and resistance exercise program in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:534-8. [PMID: 18029465 PMCID: PMC2729150 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Recent studies disputed the widely promoted anti-aging effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation; however, conflicting data exist on whether physiological DHEA supplementation enhances exercise training effects on body composition, physical performance, and cardiometabolic risk in healthy postmenopausal women. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether 12 wk of DHEA supplementation (50 mg/d) in postmenopausal women enhances exercise-related changes in body composition, physical performance, and cardiometabolic risk. DESIGN AND SETTING This study was a 12-wk randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial and took place at the Mayo Clinic General Clinical Research Center (Rochester, MN). PARTICIPANTS Thirty-one sedentary, postmenopausal, Caucasian women (mean +/- sem age 64.6 +/- 1.0 yr) completed the study. INTERVENTION Participants were randomized to one of two 12-wk interventions: 1) exercise training plus 50 mg/d of DHEA (n = 17), or 2) exercise training plus placebo (n = 14). The exercise intervention consisted of both endurance (4 d/wk) and resistance (3 d/wk) exercise components. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcomes were measures of body composition, physical performance, and measures of cardiometabolic risk. RESULTS DHEA treatment with exercise resulted in increases in circulating sulfated DHEA (650%), total testosterone (100%), estradiol (165%), estrone (85%), and IGF-I (30%) (all P < or = 0.05, for all within and between treatment comparisons). Although exercise training alone significantly improved physical performance, body composition, and insulin sensitivity, administration of DHEA provided no additional benefits. CONCLUSIONS Twelve weeks of combined endurance and resistance training significantly improved body composition, physical performance, insulin sensitivity, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol particle number and size, whereas DHEA had no additional benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Igwebuike
- Division of Endocrinology, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Joseph 5-194, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) has been widely associated with aging, but little is known about age-related decline of DHEAS in non-western populations. To determine the age-related pattern of DHEAS and its relationship to nutritional status in a subsistence population, we sampled Turkana nomads from northern Kenya. Subjects were 108 nomadic and 90 settled Turkana males, estimated ages 20 to 80+. Measures included blood DHEAS, height, weight, skinfolds, and waist circumference. Overall nomads exhibited less adiposity (5.7 +/- 1.8% versus 9.0 +/- 3.3% body fat) and higher blood DHEAS levels (5.2 +/- 3.3 microM versus 4.1 +/- 3.1 microM; p = 0.03). Age pattern of DHEAS was curvilinear, peaking in the 30s and 40s. General linear models (GLM) showed that blood DHEAS levels among men over 70 years of age were significantly lower than those in their 30s and 40s. Controlled for age, blood DHEAS was not related to adiposity. These results suggest that DHEAS levels were higher in those individuals who were calorie restricted. In addition, DHEAS levels rose more slowly than described in other populations, peaking in the fourth decade of life
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Filipović B, Sosić-Jurjević B, Ajdzanović V, Trifunović S, Manojlović-Stojanoski M, Ristić N, Nestorović N, Milosević V, Sekulić M. The effect of orchidectomy on thyroid C cells and bone histomorphometry in middle-aged rats. Histochem Cell Biol 2007; 128:153-9. [PMID: 17609972 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-007-0307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was to evaluate the effect of androgen deficiency on thyroid immunoreactive C-cells and bone structure and function in a male orchidectomized middle-aged rat model. Fifteen-month-old male Wistar rats were divided into orchidectomized (Orx) and the sham-operated control (Sham) group. In the Orx group significant decreases (P < 0.05) were found in the volume of C cells (by 14%), their relative volume density (by 13%) and serum calcitonin concentration (by 54%) compared to the controls. Analyses of trabecular microarchitecture of the proximal tibia metaphysis showed that Orx induced marked decreases of cancellous bone area, trabecular thickness and trabecular number (by 52, 20 and 19% respectively; P < 0.05), whereas trabecular separation was increased by 27% (P < 0.05). In Orx rats, serum osteocalcin concentration was increased by 119% (P < 0.05), while serum calcium and phosphorus were 6 and 14% (P < 0.05) lower, respectively, compared to the levels in the Sham. In addition, urine calcium content was considerably higher (by 129%; P < 0.05) in Orx animals. These findings indicate that the androgen deficiency caused by Orx in middle-aged rats modulated the structure of C cells and diminished secretion of calcitonin. Histomorphometrical and biochemical analyses demonstrated a decrease of cancellous bone mass and increased bone turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branko Filipović
- Institute for Biological Research, Blv. Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Nair KS, Rizza RA, O'Brien P, Dhatariya K, Short KR, Nehra A, Vittone JL, Klee GG, Basu A, Basu R, Cobelli C, Toffolo G, Dalla Man C, Tindall DJ, Melton LJ, Smith GE, Khosla S, Jensen MD. DHEA in elderly women and DHEA or testosterone in elderly men. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:1647-59. [PMID: 17050889 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa054629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and testosterone are widely promoted as antiaging supplements, but the long-term benefits, as compared with potential harm, are unknown. METHODS We performed a 2-year, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study involving 87 elderly men with low levels of the sulfated form of DHEA and bioavailable testosterone and 57 elderly women with low levels of sulfated DHEA. Among the men, 29 received DHEA, 27 received testosterone, and 31 received placebo. Among the women, 27 received DHEA and 30 received placebo. Outcome measures included physical performance, body composition, bone mineral density (BMD), glucose tolerance, and quality of life. RESULTS As compared with the change from baseline to 24 months in the placebo group, subjects who received DHEA for 2 years had an increase in plasma levels of sulfated DHEA by a median of 3.4 microg per milliliter (9.2 micromol per liter) in men and by 3.8 microg per milliliter (10.3 micromol per liter) in women. Among men who received testosterone, the level of bioavailable testosterone increased by a median of 30.4 ng per deciliter (1.1 nmol per liter), as compared with the change in the placebo group. A separate analysis of men and women showed no significant effect of DHEA on body-composition measurements. Neither hormone altered the peak volume of oxygen consumed per minute, muscle strength, or insulin sensitivity. Men who received testosterone had a slight increase in fat-free mass, and men in both treatment groups had an increase in BMD at the femoral neck. Women who received DHEA had an increase in BMD at the ultradistal radius. Neither treatment improved the quality of life or had major adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS Neither DHEA nor low-dose testosterone replacement in elderly people has physiologically relevant beneficial effects on body composition, physical performance, insulin sensitivity, or quality of life. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00254371 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).
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Sowers MR, Wilson AL, Kardia SR, Chu J, Ferrell R. Aromatase gene (CYP 19) polymorphisms and endogenous androgen concentrations in a multiracial/multiethnic, multisite study of women at midlife. Am J Med 2006; 119:S23-30. [PMID: 16949385 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A limited number of studies have focused on androgens in women's health, particularly at the genetic level. We evaluated testosterone and estradiol (E2) levels among women in relation to 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the aromatase (CYP 19) gene, the cytochrome P450 enzyme that converts androgens to estrogens. We related 5 aromatase SNPs (CYP 19 rs2414096, CYP 19 rs936306, CYP 19 rs2446405, CYP 19 rs1008805, and CYP 19 rs749292) to serum androgen and E2 markers in 1,538 participants of the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN), including 412 African American, 807 Caucasian, 151 Chinese, and 168 Japanese women. Aromatase allele and genotype frequencies differed significantly among racial/ethnic groups. Compared with other genotypes of the CYP 19 rs936306 polymorphism, the TT genotype was associated with a significant difference in the testosterone to E2 (T:E2) ratio--lower testosterone and higher E2 levels--especially in African American women. Japanese women with the AA genotype of the CYP 19 rs749292 polymorphism had lower testosterone and E2 levels but higher levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) compared with Japanese women with the AG and GG genotypes. Among Caucasian women, there was markedly lower SHBG levels among those with the AA genotype of the CYP 19 rs2414096 polymorphism compared with other genotypes, after adjusting for age and body mass index. Three of 5 aromatase gene SNPs were associated with variation in serum androgen concentrations among women, both within and between racial/ethnic groups. Aromatase genetic markers may be important in understanding the emerging associations reported between endogenous androgens and women's health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- MaryFran R Sowers
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, USA.
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Sowers MR, Jannausch ML, McConnell DS, Kardia SR, Randolph JF. Menstrual cycle markers of ovarian aging and sex steroid hormone genotypes. Am J Med 2006; 119:S31-43. [PMID: 16949387 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We related variation in 4 sex steroid genes to 3 phenotypic indicators of ovarian aging, including no evidence of luteal activity as a marker of anovulatory cycles, shorter or longer menstrual cycle lengths, and the profiles of metabolites of estrogens, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone measured in urine samples collected daily across a menstrual cycle in women aged 43 to 53 years. The study sample included 485 menstruating women without hormone therapy who had collected daily urine hormone samples across 1 menstrual cycle or 50 days, whichever occurred first. There were 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms from 4 genes, including estrogen receptor-alpha (ESR1), estrogen receptor-beta, aromatase, and 17beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, related to ovarian aging phenotypes that include the presence or absence of luteal activity, menstrual cycle lengths < or > 24 to 31 days, and profiles of urinary hormone metabolites. Women with the TT genotype of ESR1 rs3798577 have evidence of advanced ovarian aging compared with women with the CT or CC genotypes, after adjustment for race/ethnicity, chronologic age, and race/ethnicity-specific body mass index. Further, women with the TC and CC genotypes of ESR1 rs2234693 may have a greater likelihood of more advanced ovarian aging than do women with the TT genotype, adjusting for covariates. Using a candidate gene approach, 2 ESR1 polymorphisms are related to 3 phenotypic markers of ovarian aging, suggesting a possible role for the ESR1 gene in the timing of the menopausal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- MaryFran R Sowers
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, USA.
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Jankowski CM, Gozansky WS, Schwartz RS, Dahl DJ, Kittelson JM, Scott SM, Van Pelt RE, Kohrt WM. Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone replacement therapy on bone mineral density in older adults: a randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:2986-93. [PMID: 16735495 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-2484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate (DHEAS) decrease with aging and are important androgen and estrogen precursors in older adults. Declines in DHEAS with aging may contribute to physiological changes that are sex hormone dependent. OBJECTIVE The aim was to determine whether DHEA replacement increases bone mineral density (BMD) and fat-free mass. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial was conducted at an academic research institution. Participants were 70 women and 70 men, aged 60-88 yr, with low serum DHEAS levels. INTERVENTION The intervention was oral DHEA 50 mg/d or placebo for 12 months. MEASUREMENTS BMD, fat mass, and fat-free mass were measured before and after intervention. RESULTS Intent-to-treat analyses revealed trends for DHEA to increase BMD more than placebo at the total hip (1.0%, P = 0.05), trochanter (1.2%, P = 0.06), and shaft (1.2%, P = 0.05). In women only, DHEA increased lumbar spine BMD (2.2%, P = 0.04; sex-by-treatment interaction, P = 0.05). In secondary compliance analyses, BMD increases in hip regions were significant (1.2-1.6%; all P < 0.02) in the DHEA group. There were no significant effects of DHEA on fat or fat-free mass in intent-to-treat or compliance analyses. CONCLUSIONS DHEA replacement therapy for 1 yr improved hip BMD in older adults and spine BMD in older women. Because there have been few randomized, controlled trials of the effects of DHEA therapy, these findings support the need for further investigations of the benefits and risks of DHEA replacement and the mechanisms for its actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Jankowski
- Health Sciences Center, University of Colorado at Denver, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Campus Box B179, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Valenti G, Denti L, Saccò M, Ceresini G, Bossoni S, Giustina A, Maugeri D, Vigna GB, Fellin R, Paolisso G, Barbagallo M, Maggio M, Strollo F, Bollanti L, Romanelli F, Latini M. Consensus Document on substitution therapy with DHEA in the elderly. Aging Clin Exp Res 2006; 18:277-300. [PMID: 17063063 DOI: 10.1007/bf03324662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
There are several problems facing aging men, especially sexual dysfunction, hypogonadism, and psychologic changes. This constellation of changes is sometimes referred to as "manopause" or "andropause." Unlike the dramatic changes in the hormonal milieu occurring during menopause in women, the age-related changes in reproductive hormones of men are subtle and occur gradually throughout the years of mature life. It has been estimated that circulating testosterone (T) declines longitudinally from age 19 at an average rate of 1% per year. The free or dialyzable fraction of serum T and the bioavailable (the sum of free fraction and loosely bound to albumin fraction) T decline more rapidly with age. Although the essential role of androgens in reproductive tissue development and emergence of secondary sex characteristics is well known, their role in adult sexual function seems to be primarily facultative. The effect of T on the central nervous system extends beyond sexual behavior. T has been shown to alter mood, memory, ability to concentrate, and the overall sense of vigor and well being that may interact with a host of other psychologic changes associated with aging. Disordered erectile function is not generally an endocrine problem but rather vascular, neurologic, and psychogenic in origin. It also may be the first sign of systemic vascular disease. The clinical management of andropause requires an individualized approach. In some men, the main problem may be psychologic, whereas in others, hypogonadism may play an important role. Many with erectile failure, suffer silently regardless of its etiology. In this review, we suggest some practical guidelines for the management of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshag D Mooradian
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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Mo Q, Lu SF, Simon NG. Dehydroepiandrosterone and its metabolites: differential effects on androgen receptor trafficking and transcriptional activity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 99:50-8. [PMID: 16524719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a multi-functional steroid that has been implicated in a broad range of biological effects in humans and rodents. Recent studies demonstrated that DHEA acts genomically through the androgen receptor (AR) in addition to its well-known effects on cell surface receptors. However, the relative contribution of DHEA and its major metabolites, including DHEA-Sulfate (DHEA-S), 7alpha-OH-DHEA, 7beta-OH-DHEA, 7-oxo-DHEA, androstenedione (Adione), and androstenediol (Adiol), in the production of genomic effects remains controversial, in part because the metabolism of DHEA varies in different cells and tissues. In the current study, the ability of DHEA and its metabolites to promote AR intracellular trafficking and regulate AR-mediated reporter gene expression, which are characteristic effects of androgens, was determined. Intracellular trafficking of AR-GFP protein was assessed in COS-7 cells while AR transcriptional activity was tested in CV-1 cells transiently co-transfected with AR expression plasmid and an MMTV-ARE-CAT reporter. The results demonstrated that DHEA, the 3beta-HSD metabolite Adione, and the 17beta-HSD metabolite Adiol, were androgenic. Each promoted AR-GFP intracellular trafficking, the formation of nuclear clusters, and AR-dependent transcriptional activity in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, DHEA-S, 7alpha-OH-DHEA, 7beta-OH-DHEA, and 7-oxo-DHEA were ineffective and exhibited minimal androgenic activity, even at relatively high concentrations (10(-6) M). These results provide the first systematic comparison of the (i) androgenic activity of DHEA and its sulfated and hydroxylated metabolites, (ii) relative androgenicity of DHEA itself vs. the established androgens Adione and Adiol, and (iii) ability of DHEA and its major metabolites to promote AR-GFP intracellular trafficking. In addition to partitioning DHEA and its metabolites into compounds with (DHEA, Adione, Adiol) and without (DHEA-S, 7alpha-OH-DHEA, 7beta-OH-DHEA, and 7-oxo-DHEA) androgenic activity, the findings improve our understanding of the intracellular processes mediating the genomic effects of DHEA through AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianxing Mo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, United States
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Dhatariya K. DHEA levels in treated Cushing's disease may contribute to low quality of life. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005; 62:258-9. [PMID: 15670205 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), produced from cholesterol in the adrenals, is the most abundant steroid in our circulation. It is present almost entirely as the sulfate ester, but the free steroid is the form that serves as a precursor of estrogens and androgens, as well as 7- and 16-oxygenated derivatives. Mammalian tissues reduce the 17-keto Group of DHEA to produce androstenediol-a weak estrogen and full-fledged androgen. Its androgen activity is not inhibited by the anti-androgens commonly used to treat prostate cancer. It is probably responsible for the growth of therapy-resistant prostate cancer. DHEA is hydroxylated at the 7 alpha position, and this derivative is oxidized by 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase to form 7-keto DHEA. The latter is reduced by the same dehydrogenase to form 7 beta-hydroxy DHEA. When fed to rats, each of the latter three steroids induce the formation of two thermogenic enzymes in the liver. The late-term human fetus produces relatively large amounts of 16 alphahydroxy DHEA, which serves the mother as a precursor of estriol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lardy
- Institute for Enzyme Research, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA
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Abstract
Sarcopenia contributes significantly to the morbidity, decrease in quality of life, and health care costs in the elderly. It is characterized by a decrease in muscle mass and strength, starting as early as the fourth decade of life in humans. Distinct muscle changes include a decrease in type 2 muscle fibers and a decrease in myosin heavy chains IIa and IIx mRNA levels. In addition, a decrease in whole body protein turnover, mixed muscle protein synthesis, myosin heavy chain synthesis, and mitochondrial protein synthesis have been reported. Different tissues and organs display different responses to aging, with more oxidative tissue generally having more age-related changes. Exercise has been shown to increase strength, aerobic capacity, and muscle protein synthesis, as well as to increase muscle mitochondrial enzyme activity in both young and older people; however, exercise does not reverse all age-related changes. The metabolic effects of sarcopenia include a decrease in resting metabolic rate secondary to decreased fat-free mass and decreased physical activity, leading to a higher prevalence of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The way in which age-related changes in hormone levels affect muscle remains to be fully understood. The effect of replacing those hormones on sarcopenia has led to some conflicting results, but further investigations are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Karakelides
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Moyad MA, Barada JH, Lue TF, Mulhall JP, Goldstein I, Fawzy A. Prevention and treatment of erectile dysfunction using lifestyle changes and dietary supplements: what works and what is worthless, part II. Urol Clin North Am 2004; 31:259-73. [PMID: 15123406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2004.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
It seems naïve to believe that some plants or herbs do not contain specific compounds that could benefit patients with ED. Many supplements have not been investigated in a laboratory or clinical research setting before commercial sale, however,which creates a complex situation. If efficacy is or is not demonstrated through adequate research, then the benefit or lack thereof cannot be mentioned on the label. Furthermore, clinicians and the public cannot be made aware of which compounds or supplements are effective because no general standards for sale exist under the current guidelines. Dietary supplements have received a tremendous amount of publicity. The large and growing market for ED treatment seems to have contributed partly to the promotion of numerous supplements and their apparent benefits. Whether these dietary supplements have merit is questionable. Some supplements may produce results opposite to those advertised. Other supplements may be enjoying the benefits of the placebo effect. Because a placebo response of 25% to 50% has been recorded in clinical trials with effective agents, it is understandable that some supplements enjoy financial success despite the limited research espousing their use. If one to two of four individuals or one of three individuals who try a dietary supplement gain some benefit for their ED, the market for these supplements will remain extraordinary. On a larger scale, of 100,000 men who try a supplement, approximately 25,000 to 50,000 will claim some success. The challenge for clinicians is to discuss the placebo response properly and the need for good research before any intervention, especially supplements, can be advocated for general use. Table 2 summarizes some popular ED supplements and general conclusions that can be drawn from clinical investigations. Some dietary supplements may have an active ingredient that benefits patients with certain types of ED. An exciting area of future dietary supplement research is the ability of certain agents to have a synergistic effect with prescription agents for ED, thereby improving response rates in men that have failed approved ED therapy initially, especially with oral agents. Randomized clinical trials are the best method of determining which dietary supplements will become a part of conventional medicine. Therefore, more randomized trials for dietary supplements are needed so that they may have the opportunity to become a part of the mainstream milieu, which means that more funding needs to be made available for ED research. The coming years of research should bring enormous excitement and objectivity to this area of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Moyad
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0330, USA.
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