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Anwar MN, McCaw JM, Zarebski AE, Hickson RI, Flegg JA. Investigation of P. vivax elimination via mass drug administration: A simulation study. Epidemics 2024; 48:100789. [PMID: 39255654 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2024.100789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most geographically widespread malaria parasite. P. vivax has the ability to remain dormant (as a hypnozoite) in the human liver and subsequently reactivate, which makes control efforts more difficult. Given the majority of P. vivax infections are due to hypnozoite reactivation, targeting the hypnozoite reservoir with a radical cure is crucial for achieving P. vivax elimination. Stochastic effects can strongly influence dynamics when disease prevalence is low or when the population size is small. Hence, it is important to account for this when modelling malaria elimination. We use a stochastic multiscale model of P. vivax transmission to study the impacts of multiple rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) with a radical cure, accounting for superinfection and hypnozoite dynamics. Our results indicate multiple rounds of MDA with a high-efficacy drug are needed to achieve a substantial probability of elimination. This work has the potential to help guide P. vivax elimination strategies by quantifying elimination probabilities for an MDA approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nurul Anwar
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - James M McCaw
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Alexander E Zarebski
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Roslyn I Hickson
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia; CSIRO, Townsville, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Flegg
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Osborne A, Mańko E, Waweru H, Kaneko A, Kita K, Campino S, Gitaka J, Clark TG. Plasmodium falciparum population dynamics in East Africa and genomic surveillance along the Kenya-Uganda border. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18051. [PMID: 39103358 PMCID: PMC11300580 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67623-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
East African countries accounted for ~ 10% of all malaria prevalence worldwide in 2022, with an estimated 23.8 million cases and > 53,000 deaths. Despite recent increases in malaria incidence, high-resolution genome-wide analyses of Plasmodium parasite populations are sparse in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. The Kenyan-Ugandan border region is a particular concern, with Uganda confirming the emergence and spread of artemisinin resistant P. falciparum parasites. To establish genomic surveillance along the Kenyan-Ugandan border and analyse P. falciparum population dynamics within East Africa, we generated whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data for 38 parasites from Bungoma, Western Kenya. These sequences were integrated into a genomic analysis of available East African isolate data (n = 599) and revealed parasite subpopulations with distinct genetic structure and diverse ancestral origins. Ancestral admixture analysis of these subpopulations alongside isolates from across Africa (n = 365) suggested potential independent ancestral populations from other major African populations. Within isolates from Western Kenya, the prevalence of biomarkers associated with chloroquine resistance (e.g. Pfcrt K76T) were significantly reduced compared to wider East African populations and a single isolate contained the PfK13 V568I variant, potentially linked to reduced susceptibility to artemisinin. Overall, our work provides baseline WGS data and analysis for future malaria genomic surveillance in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Osborne
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Emilia Mańko
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Harrison Waweru
- Directorate of Research and Innovation, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
- Centre for Malaria Elimination, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
| | - Akira Kaneko
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kiyoshi Kita
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Susana Campino
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Jesse Gitaka
- Directorate of Research and Innovation, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya.
- Centre for Malaria Elimination, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya.
| | - Taane G Clark
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Aguirre PAU, Martins KM, López CDD, Sánchez FO, Castaño AT, Velásquez CMR, Vidal AP. Effect of nanoformulation Azadirachta indica on some factors associated with the vectorial capacity and competence of Anopheles aquasalis experimentally infected with Plasmodium vivax. Acta Trop 2024; 255:107223. [PMID: 38642694 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Malaria remains a highly prevalent infectious disease worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Effectively controlling of mosquitoes transmitting of Plasmodium spp. is crucial in to control this disease. A promising strategy involves utilizing plant-derived products, such as the Neem tree (Azadirachta indica), known for its secondary metabolites with biological activity against various insect groups of agricultural and public health importance. This study investigated the effects of a nanoformulation prototype Neem on factors linked to the vector competence of Anopheles aquasalis, a malaria vector in Latin America. Different concentrations of the nanoformulation were supplied through sugar solution and blood feeding, assessing impacts on longevity, fecundity, fertility, and transgenerational survival from larvae to adults. Additionally, the effects of the Neem nanoformulation and NeemAZAL® formulation on the sporogonic cycle of P. vivax were evaluated. Overall, significant impacts were observed at 100 ppm and 1,000 ppm concentrations on adult survival patterns and on survival of the F1 generation. A trend of reduced oviposition and hatching rates was also noted in nanoformulation-consuming groups, with fertility and fecundity declining proportionally to the concentration. Additionally, a significant decrease in the infection rate and intensity of P. vivax was observed in the 1,000 ppm group, with a mean of 3 oocysts per female compared to the control's 27 oocysts per female. In the commercial formulation, the highest tested concentration of 3 ppm yielded 5.36 oocysts per female. Concerning sporozoite numbers, there was a reduction of 52 % and 87 % at the highest concentrations compared to the control group. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the A. indica nanoformulation is a potential as a tool for malaria control through reduction in the vector longevity and reproductive capacity, possibly leading to decreased vector population densities. Moreover, the nanoformulation interfered with the sporogonic development of P. vivax. However, further basic research on Neem formulations, their effects, and mechanisms of action is imperative to gain a more specific perspective for safe field implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keillen Monick Martins
- Laboratório de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ Amazônia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Adriana Pabón Vidal
- Grupo Malaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Gozalo AS, Robinson CK, Holdridge J, Franco Mahecha OL, Elkins WR. Overview of Plasmodium spp. and Animal Models in Malaria Research. Comp Med 2024. [PMID: 38902006 PMCID: PMC11373680 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-24-000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Malaria is a parasitic disease caused by protozoan species of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted by female mosquitos of the genus Anopheles and other Culicidae. Most of the parasites of the genus Plasmodium are highly species specific with more than 200 species described affecting different species of mammals, birds, and reptiles. Plasmodium species strictly affecting humans are P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. More recently, P. knowlesi and other nonhuman primate plasmodia were found to naturally infect humans. Currently, malaria occurs mostly in poor tropical and subtropical areas of the world, and in many of these countries it is the leading cause of illness and death. For more than 100 y, animal models, have played a major role in our understanding of malaria biology. Avian Plasmodium species were the first to be used as models to study human malaria. Malaria parasite biology and immunity were first studied using mainly P. gallinaceum and P. relictum. Rodent malarias, particularly P. berghei and P. yoelii, have been used extensively as models to study malaria in mammals. Several species of Plasmodium from nonhuman primates have been used as surrogate models to study human malaria immunology, pathogenesis, candidate vaccines, and treatments. Plasmodium cynomolgi, P. simiovale, and P. fieldi are important models for studying malaria produced by P. vivax and P. ovale, while P. coatneyi is used as a model for studying severe malaria. Other nonhuman primate malarias used in research are P. fragile, P. inui, P. knowlesi, P. simium, and P. brasilianum. Very few nonhuman primate species can develop an infection with human malarias. Macaques in general are resistant to infection with P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale. Only apes and a few species of New World monkeys can support infection with human malarias. Herein we review the most common, and some less common, avian, reptile, and mammal plasmodia species used as models to study human malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso S Gozalo
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christen K Robinson
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Julie Holdridge
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Olga L Franco Mahecha
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William R Elkins
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Anwar MN, Smith L, Devine A, Mehra S, Walker CR, Ivory E, Conway E, Mueller I, McCaw JM, Flegg JA, Hickson RI. Mathematical models of Plasmodium vivax transmission: A scoping review. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011931. [PMID: 38483975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is one of the most geographically widespread malaria parasites in the world, primarily found across South-East Asia, Latin America, and parts of Africa. One of the significant characteristics of the P. vivax parasite is its ability to remain dormant in the human liver as hypnozoites and subsequently reactivate after the initial infection (i.e. relapse infections). Mathematical modelling approaches have been widely applied to understand P. vivax dynamics and predict the impact of intervention outcomes. Models that capture P. vivax dynamics differ from those that capture P. falciparum dynamics, as they must account for relapses caused by the activation of hypnozoites. In this article, we provide a scoping review of mathematical models that capture P. vivax transmission dynamics published between January 1988 and May 2023. The primary objective of this work is to provide a comprehensive summary of the mathematical models and techniques used to model P. vivax dynamics. In doing so, we aim to assist researchers working on mathematical epidemiology, disease transmission, and other aspects of P. vivax malaria by highlighting best practices in currently published models and highlighting where further model development is required. We categorise P. vivax models according to whether a deterministic or agent-based approach was used. We provide an overview of the different strategies used to incorporate the parasite's biology, use of multiple scales (within-host and population-level), superinfection, immunity, and treatment interventions. In most of the published literature, the rationale for different modelling approaches was driven by the research question at hand. Some models focus on the parasites' complicated biology, while others incorporate simplified assumptions to avoid model complexity. Overall, the existing literature on mathematical models for P. vivax encompasses various aspects of the parasite's dynamics. We recommend that future research should focus on refining how key aspects of P. vivax dynamics are modelled, including spatial heterogeneity in exposure risk and heterogeneity in susceptibility to infection, the accumulation of hypnozoite variation, the interaction between P. falciparum and P. vivax, acquisition of immunity, and recovery under superinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nurul Anwar
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Mathematics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | - Lauren Smith
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angela Devine
- Division of Global and Tropical Health, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- Health Economics Unit, Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Somya Mehra
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Camelia R Walker
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Ivory
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Eamon Conway
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ivo Mueller
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James M McCaw
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Flegg
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Roslyn I Hickson
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Townsville, Australia
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Karthika A, Hemavathy N, Amala M, Rajamanikandan S, Veerapandian M, Prabhu D, Vetrivel U, Jung Chen C, Jeyaraj Pandian C, Jeyakanthan J. Structural and functional characterization of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in Plasmodium falciparum (3D7) and identification of its potent inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:2058-2074. [PMID: 37599457 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2248271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum predominantly causes severe malaria and deaths worldwide. Moreover, resistance developed by P. falciparum to frontline drugs in recent years has markedly increased malaria-related deaths in South Asian Countries. Ribulose 5-phosphate and NADPH synthesized by Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) act as a direct precursor for nucleotide synthesis and P. falciparum survival during oxidative challenges in the intra-erythrocytic growth phase . In the present study, we have elucidated the structure and functional characteristics of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) in P. falciparum and have identified potent hits against 6PGD by pharmacophore-based virtual screening with ZINC and ChemBridge databases. Molecular docking and Molecular dynamics simulation, binding free energies (MMGBSA & MMPBSA), and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were integratively employed to validate and prioritize the most potential hits. The 6PGD structure was found to have an open and closed conformation during MD simulation. The apo form of 6PGD was found to be in closed conformation, while a open conformation attributed to facilitating binding of cofactor. It was also inferred from the conformational analysis that the small domain of 6PGD has a high influence in altering the conformation that may aid in open/closed conformation of 6PGD. The top three hits identified using pharmacophore hypotheses were ChemBridge_11084819, ChemBridge_80178394, and ChemBridge_17912340. Though all three hits scored a high glide score, MMGBSA, and favorable ADMET properties, ChemBridge_11084819 and ChemBrdige_17912340 showed higher stability and binding free energy. Moreover, these hits also featured stable H-bond interactions with the active loop of 6PGD with binding free energy comparable to substrate-bound complex. Therefore, the ChemBridge_11084819 and ChemBridge_17912340 moieties demonstrate to have high therapeutic potential against 6PGD in P. falciparum.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alagesan Karthika
- Structural Biology and Bio-Computing Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Science Block, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nagarajan Hemavathy
- Structural Biology and Bio-Computing Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Science Block, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mathimaran Amala
- Structural Biology and Bio-Computing Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Science Block, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sundaraj Rajamanikandan
- Centre for Drug Discovery, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Malaisamy Veerapandian
- Structural Biology and Bio-Computing Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Science Block, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhamodharan Prabhu
- Centre for Drug Discovery, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Umashankar Vetrivel
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chun Jung Chen
- Life Science Group, Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chitra Jeyaraj Pandian
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Umayal Ramanathan College for Women, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jeyaraman Jeyakanthan
- Structural Biology and Bio-Computing Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Science Block, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
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Erhunse N, Kumari S, Anmol, Singh P, Omoregie ES, Singh AP, Sharma U, Sahal D. Annickia affinis (Exell) Versteegh & Sosef methanol stem bark extract, potent fractions and isolated Berberine alkaloid target both blood and liver stages of malaria parasites. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117269. [PMID: 37813288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Having identified Annickia affinis as the most potent antiplasmodial plant constituent in a hepta-herbal Agbo-iba (HHA) formula commonly used to manage malaria in Benin city, Nigeria, we have in this study attempted to identify the specialized metabolites responsible for antiplasmodial activity of A. affinis through anti-blood stage malaria parasite activity guided isolation of potent molecules from its stem bark methanol extract. After that, phenotypic effects, including stage-specific kill kinetics, were investigated. Further, the crude extract, its potent fractions, and specialized metabolites were also tested against the liver-stage malaria parasite. MATERIALS AND METHODS A. affinis was subjected to molecular PCR-based analysis to confirm its identity. Thereafter, extraction of its stem bark with methanol was carried out. Alkaloid enriched fractions from this stem bark extract were obtained using the acid-base-solvent extraction method. These alkaloid-enriched fractions were subjected to various chromatographic techniques that led to the isolation of two protoberberine alkaloids identified as berberine and palmatine based on NMR and mass spectrometry analysis. The efficacy of crude extract, fractions and purified alkaloids was tested against the malaria parasite's blood and liver stages, respectively. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Annickia affinis methanol extract, fractions, and the isolated protoberberine alkaloids showed excellent antiplasmodial activity with good selectivity against blood-stage malaria parasite. Thus, their IC50 against various strains of the parasite ranged from 0.95 to 18.65 μg/ml, while CC50 against Human embryonic kidney (HEK) and the human hepatoma (HUH-7) cell lines ranged between 10 and > 100 μg/ml. Interestingly, the crude extract and the alkaloid enriched fractions showed promising activity against the liver-stage malaria parasite. Between berberine and palmatine isolated from the potent fractions, only the former showed ∼100% and 90% inhibitions of liver stage parasite at 5 μg/ml and 1 μg/ml, respectively, while the latter showed no inhibition even at 20 μg/ml. CONCLUSION This study reports that the ethnomedicinal use of HHA to manage malaria can be attributed to the presence of promising antiplasmodial protoberberine alkaloids together with synergistic effects via either enhancement of bioavailability or improved pharmacokinetics by other phytoconstituent(s) coming from other HHA constituent plants. The protoberberine alkaloids isolated have been identified as fast-acting antiplasmodial agents, with activity against all erythrocytic stages of the malaria parasite. Further, A. affinis methanol stembark extract and the protoberberine alkaloid berberine isolated from it also displayed excellent activity (>90% inhibition at 1 μg/ml) against the liver-stage malaria parasite. A. affinis and HHA can thus be useful as both liver-stage prophylactic and blood-stage curative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nekpen Erhunse
- Malaria Drug Discovery Research Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin city, Nigeria
| | - Surekha Kumari
- Chemical Technology Division CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Anmol
- Chemical Technology Division CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Pooja Singh
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhiz, 110067, India
| | | | - Agam Prasad Singh
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhiz, 110067, India
| | - Upendra Sharma
- Chemical Technology Division CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Dinkar Sahal
- Malaria Drug Discovery Research Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Zeleke G, Duchateau L, Yewhalaw D, Suleman S, Devreese M. In-vitro susceptibility and ex-vivo evaluation of macrocyclic lactone endectocides sub-lethal concentrations against Plasmodium vivax oocyst development in Anopheles arabiensis. Malar J 2024; 23:26. [PMID: 38238768 PMCID: PMC10797976 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04845-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asymptomatic malaria transmission has become a public health concern across malaria-endemic Africa including Ethiopia. Specifically, Plasmodium vivax is more efficient at transmitting earlier in the infection and at lower densities than Plasmodium falciparum. Consequently, a greater proportion of individuals infected with P. vivax can transmit without detectable gametocytaemia. Mass treatment of livestock with macrocyclic lactones (MLs), e.g., ivermectin and doramectin, was suggested as a complementary malaria vector tool because of their insecticidal effects. However, the effects of MLs on P. vivax in Anopheles arabiensis has not yet been fully explored. Hence, comparative in-vitro susceptibility and ex-vivo studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of ivermectin, doramectin and moxidectin sub-lethal concentrations on P. vivax oocyst development in An. arabiensis. METHODS The 7-day sub-lethal concentrations of 25% (LC25) and 5% (LC5) were determined from in-vitro susceptibility tests on female An. arabiensis in Hemotek® membrane feeding assay. Next, an ex-vivo study was conducted using P. vivax gametocytes infected patient's blood spiked with the LC25 and LC5 of the MLs. At 7-days post-feeding, each mosquito was dissected under a dissection stereo microscope, stained with 0.5% (w/v) mercurochrome solution, and examined for the presence of P. vivax oocysts. Statistical analysis was based on a generalized mixed model with binomially distributed error terms. RESULTS A 7-day lethal concentration of 25% (LC25, in ng/mL) of 7.1 (95% CI: [6.3;8.0]), 20.0 (95%CI:[17.8;22.5]) and 794.3 (95%CI:[716.4;1516.3]) were obtained for ivermectin, doramectin and moxidectin, respectively. Similarly, a lethal concentration of 5% (LC5, in ng/mL) of 0.6 (95% CI: [0.5;0.7]), 1.8 (95% CI:[1.6;2.0]) and 53.7 (95% CI:[ 48.4;102.5]) were obtained respectively for ivermectin, doramectin and moxidectin. The oocyst prevalence in treatment and control groups did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) from each other. Therefore, no direct effect of ML endectocides on P. vivax infection in An. arabiensis mosquitoes was observed at the sub-lethal concentration (LC25 and LC5). CONCLUSIONS The effects of ivermectin and doramectin on malaria parasite is more likely via indirect effects, particularly by reducing the vectors lifespan and causing mortality before completing the parasite's sporogony cycle or reducing their vector capacity as it affects the locomotor activity of the mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemechu Zeleke
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Jimma University Laboratory of Drug Quality (JuLaDQ), and School of Pharmacy, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Biometrics Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Sultan Suleman
- Jimma University Laboratory of Drug Quality (JuLaDQ), and School of Pharmacy, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Guled BA, Na-Bangchang K, Chaijaroenkul W. Exploring genetic polymorphisms among Plasmodium vivax isolates from the Thai-Myanmar borders using circumsporozoite protein (pvcsp) and ookinete surface protein (pvs25) encoding genes. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:91. [PMID: 38200222 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax malaria cases remain high along the Thai-Myanmar and Thai-Cambodia borders. Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein (pvcsp) and Plasmodium vivax ookinete surface protein (pvs25) genes are promising molecular markers of the genetic diversity of P. vivax. This study investigated the genetic diversity of pvcsp and pvs25 in P. vivax isolates collected from the Thai-Myanmar border. The DNA samples were amplified, and the genotypes were analyzed by PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing. Pvcsp genotypes, VK210, VK247, and mixed types, were found in 203 (91.9%), 15 (6.8%), and 3 (1.3%) of the isolates, respectively. Twenty-four allelic variants were observed, of which a high prevalence of VK210E and VK247E were reported. Two pvcsp variants, VK210C and VK210M showed significantly higher parasite density (46,234 (1154-144,000) vs. 25,606 (1373-68,878), respectively). The genetic diversity of pvcsp along the Thai-Myanmar border during 2002-2015 showed dynamic changes with both positive and negative selection. The frequency and distribution of pvcsp pattern might be changed over time and might be other factors contributing to gene selection. Three amino acid substitutions of pvs25, i.e., E97Q, I130T, and Q131K, were investigated with frequencies of 10 (4.5%), 221 (100%), and 204 (92.3%) isolates, respectively. There was no association between parasite density and pvs25 polymorphisms. The frequency of pvs25 polymorphism was similar to that previously reported, with the absence of random mutation. In conclusion, the genetic variation of pvcsp was changed over times whereas the genetic diversity of pvs25 was limited; these variations would be helpful for further vaccine development against P. vivax malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Abdirahman Guled
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Klong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Kesara Na-Bangchang
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Klong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Wanna Chaijaroenkul
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Klong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
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10
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Anwar MN, Hickson RI, Mehra S, Price DJ, McCaw JM, Flegg MB, Flegg JA. Optimal Interruption of P. vivax Malaria Transmission Using Mass Drug Administration. Bull Math Biol 2023; 85:43. [PMID: 37076740 PMCID: PMC10115738 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-023-01153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most geographically widespread malaria-causing parasite resulting in significant associated global morbidity and mortality. One of the factors driving this widespread phenomenon is the ability of the parasites to remain dormant in the liver. Known as 'hypnozoites', they reside in the liver following an initial exposure, before activating later to cause further infections, referred to as 'relapses'. As around 79-96% of infections are attributed to relapses from activating hypnozoites, we expect it will be highly impactful to apply treatment to target the hypnozoite reservoir (i.e. the collection of dormant parasites) to eliminate P. vivax. Treatment with radical cure, for example tafenoquine or primaquine, to target the hypnozoite reservoir is a potential tool to control and/or eliminate P. vivax. We have developed a deterministic multiscale mathematical model as a system of integro-differential equations that captures the complex dynamics of P. vivax hypnozoites and the effect of hypnozoite relapse on disease transmission. Here, we use our multiscale model to study the anticipated effect of radical cure treatment administered via a mass drug administration (MDA) program. We implement multiple rounds of MDA with a fixed interval between rounds, starting from different steady-state disease prevalences. We then construct an optimisation model with three different objective functions motivated on a public health basis to obtain the optimal MDA interval. We also incorporate mosquito seasonality in our model to study its effect on the optimal treatment regime. We find that the effect of MDA interventions is temporary and depends on the pre-intervention disease prevalence (and choice of model parameters) as well as the number of MDA rounds under consideration. The optimal interval between MDA rounds also depends on the objective (combinations of expected intervention outcomes). We find radical cure alone may not be enough to lead to P. vivax elimination under our mathematical model (and choice of model parameters) since the prevalence of infection eventually returns to pre-MDA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nurul Anwar
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Mathematics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Roslyn I Hickson
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, and College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- CSIRO, Townsville, Australia
| | - Somya Mehra
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - David J Price
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - James M McCaw
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Mark B Flegg
- School of Mathematics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Flegg
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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11
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T. Thurai Rathnam J, Grigg MJ, Dini S, William T, Sakam SS, Cooper DJ, Rajahram GS, Barber BE, Anstey NM, Haghiri A, Rajasekhar M, Simpson JA. Quantification of parasite clearance in Plasmodium knowlesi infections. Malar J 2023; 22:54. [PMID: 36782162 PMCID: PMC9926767 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04483-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi infections in humans is rising in Southeast Asia, leading to clinical studies to monitor the efficacy of anti-malarial treatments for knowlesi malaria. One of the key outcomes of anti-malarial drug efficacy is parasite clearance. For Plasmodium falciparum, parasite clearance is typically estimated using a two-stage method, that involves estimating parasite clearance for individual patients followed by pooling of individual estimates to derive population estimates. An alternative approach is Bayesian hierarchical modelling which simultaneously analyses all parasite-time patient profiles to determine parasite clearance. This study compared these methods for estimating parasite clearance in P. knowlesi treatment efficacy studies, with typically fewer parasite measurements per patient due to high susceptibility to anti-malarials. METHODS Using parasite clearance data from 714 patients with knowlesi malaria and enrolled in three trials, the Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) Parasite Clearance Estimator (PCE) standard two-stage approach and Bayesian hierarchical modelling were compared. Both methods estimate the parasite clearance rate from a model that incorporates a lag phase, slope, and tail phase for the parasitaemia profiles. RESULTS The standard two-stage approach successfully estimated the parasite clearance rate for 678 patients, with 36 (5%) patients excluded due to an insufficient number of available parasitaemia measurements. The Bayesian hierarchical estimation method was applied to the parasitaemia data of all 714 patients. Overall, the Bayesian method estimated a faster population mean parasite clearance (0.36/h, 95% credible interval [0.18, 0.65]) compared to the standard two-stage method (0.26/h, 95% confidence interval [0.11, 0.46]), with better model fits (compared visually). Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is more effective in treating P. knowlesi than chloroquine, as confirmed by both methods, with a mean estimated parasite clearance half-life of 2.5 and 3.6 h, respectively using the standard two-stage method, and 1.8 and 2.9 h using the Bayesian method. CONCLUSION For clinical studies of P. knowlesi with frequent parasite measurements, the standard two-stage approach (WWARN's PCE) is recommended as this method is straightforward to implement. For studies with fewer parasite measurements per patient, the Bayesian approach should be considered. Regardless of method used, ACT is more efficacious than chloroquine, confirming the findings of the original trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyamalar T. Thurai Rathnam
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XCentre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Grigg
- grid.1043.60000 0001 2157 559XMenzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT Australia ,Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Saber Dini
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XCentre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Timothy William
- Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Sitti Saimah Sakam
- Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Daniel J. Cooper
- grid.1043.60000 0001 2157 559XMenzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT Australia ,Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia ,grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giri S. Rajahram
- Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia ,grid.415759.b0000 0001 0690 5255Clinical Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth II Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Bridget E. Barber
- grid.1043.60000 0001 2157 559XMenzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT Australia ,Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia ,grid.1049.c0000 0001 2294 1395QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicholas M. Anstey
- grid.1043.60000 0001 2157 559XMenzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT Australia ,Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Ali Haghiri
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XCentre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Megha Rajasekhar
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XCentre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julie A. Simpson
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XCentre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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12
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Yeh KB, Parekh FK, Mombo I, Leimer J, Hewson R, Olinger G, Fair JM, Sun Y, Hay J. Climate change and infectious disease: A prologue on multidisciplinary cooperation and predictive analytics. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1018293. [PMID: 36741948 PMCID: PMC9895942 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1018293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change impacts global ecosystems at the interface of infectious disease agents and hosts and vectors for animals, humans, and plants. The climate is changing, and the impacts are complex, with multifaceted effects. In addition to connecting climate change and infectious diseases, we aim to draw attention to the challenges of working across multiple disciplines. Doing this requires concentrated efforts in a variety of areas to advance the technological state of the art and at the same time implement ideas and explain to the everyday citizen what is happening. The world's experience with COVID-19 has revealed many gaps in our past approaches to anticipating emerging infectious diseases. Most approaches to predicting outbreaks and identifying emerging microbes of major consequence have been with those causing high morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. These lagging indicators offer limited ability to prevent disease spillover and amplifications in new hosts. Leading indicators and novel approaches are more valuable and now feasible, with multidisciplinary approaches also within our grasp to provide links to disease predictions through holistic monitoring of micro and macro ecological changes. In this commentary, we describe niches for climate change and infectious diseases as well as overarching themes for the important role of collaborative team science, predictive analytics, and biosecurity. With a multidisciplinary cooperative "all call," we can enhance our ability to engage and resolve current and emerging problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Illich Mombo
- CIRMF, Franceville, Gabon, Central African Republic
| | | | - Roger Hewson
- UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jeanne M. Fair
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Yijun Sun
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - John Hay
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, United States
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13
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Periferakis A, Periferakis K, Badarau IA, Petran EM, Popa DC, Caruntu A, Costache RS, Scheau C, Caruntu C, Costache DO. Kaempferol: Antimicrobial Properties, Sources, Clinical, and Traditional Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315054. [PMID: 36499380 PMCID: PMC9740324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a category of plant-derived compounds which exhibit a large number of health-related effects. One of the most well-known and studied flavonoids is kaempferol, which can be found in a wide variety of herbs and plant families. Apart from their anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory effects, kaempferol and its associated compounds also exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, and antiprotozoal activities. The development of drugs and treatment schemes based on these compounds is becoming increasingly important in the face of emerging resistance of numerous pathogens as well as complex molecular interactions between various drug therapies. In addition, many of the kaempferol-containing plants are used in traditional systems all over the world for centuries to treat numerous conditions. Due to its variety of sources and associated compounds, some molecular mechanisms of kaempferol antimicrobial activity are well known while others are still under analysis. This paper thoroughly documents the vegetal and food sources of kaempferol as well as the most recent and significant studies regarding its antimicrobial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyrios Periferakis
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Akadimia of Ancient Greek and Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16675 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Periferakis
- Akadimia of Ancient Greek and Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16675 Athens, Greece
- Pan-Hellenic Organization of Educational Programs (P.O.E.P), 17236 Athens, Greece
- Orasis Acupuncture Institute, 11526 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioana Anca Badarau
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Madalina Petran
- Department of Biochemistry, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Toxicology, Grigore Alexandrescu Emergency Children’s Hospital, 011743 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Delia Codruta Popa
- Department of Biochemistry, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (D.C.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Ana Caruntu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, ‘Dr. Carol Davila’ Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, ‘Titu Maiorescu’ University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raluca Simona Costache
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine Clinic, ‘Dr. Carol Davila’ Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Scheau
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (D.C.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Dermatology, ‘Prof. N.C. Paulescu’ National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 011233 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel Octavian Costache
- Department of Dermatology, ‘Dr. Carol Davila’ Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
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14
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Cortopassi WA, Gunderson E, Annunciato Y, Silva A, dos Santos Ferreira A, Garcia Teles CB, Pimentel AS, Ramamoorthi R, Gazarini ML, Meneghetti MR, Guido R, Pereira DB, Jacobson MP, Krettli AU, Caroline C Aguiar A. Fighting Plasmodium chloroquine resistance with acetylenic chloroquine analogues. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 20:121-128. [PMID: 36375339 PMCID: PMC9771834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is among the tropical diseases that cause the most deaths in Africa. Around 500,000 malaria deaths are reported yearly among African children under the age of five. Chloroquine (CQ) is a low-cost antimalarial used worldwide for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Due to resistance mechanisms, CQ is no longer effective against most malaria cases caused by P. falciparum. The World Health Organization recommends artemisinin combination therapies for P. falciparum malaria, but resistance is emerging in Southeast Asia and some parts of Africa. Therefore, new medicines for treating malaria are urgently needed. Previously, our group identified the 4-aminoquinoline DAQ, a CQ analog containing an acetylenic bond in its side chain, which overcomes CQ resistance in K1 P. falciparum strains. In this work, the antiplasmodial profile, drug-like properties, and pharmacokinetics of DAQ were further investigated. DAQ showed no cross-resistance against standard CQ-resistant strains (e.g., Dd2, IPC 4912, RF12) nor against P. falciparum and P. vivax isolates from patients in the Brazilian Amazon. Using drug pressure assays, DAQ showed a low propensity to generate resistance. DAQ showed considerable solubility but low metabolic stability. The main metabolite was identified as a mono N-deethylated derivative (DAQM), which also showed significant inhibitory activity against CQ-resistant P. falciparum strains. Our findings indicated that the presence of a triple bond in CQ-analogues may represent a low-cost opportunity to overcome known mechanisms of resistance in the malaria parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilian A. Cortopassi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Emma Gunderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Yasmin Annunciato
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Antony.E.S. Silva
- Group of Catalysis and Chemical Reactivity Group, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | | | | | - Andre S. Pimentel
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos L Gazarini
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Mario R. Meneghetti
- Group of Catalysis and Chemical Reactivity Group, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Rafael.V.C. Guido
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Av. João Dagnone, 1100 - Santa Angelina, São Carlos, SP, 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Dhelio B. Pereira
- Research Center in Tropical Medicine of Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Matthew P. Jacobson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Antoniana U. Krettli
- Malaria Laboratory, René Rachou Research Center, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil,Corresponding author.
| | - Anna Caroline C Aguiar
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil,São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Av. João Dagnone, 1100 - Santa Angelina, São Carlos, SP, 13563-120, Brazil,Corresponding author.Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil.
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15
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Narrative Review of the Control and Prevention of Knowlesi Malaria. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7080178. [PMID: 36006270 PMCID: PMC9414718 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7080178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the reduction in the number of cases of human malaria throughout the world, the incidence rate of knowlesi malaria is continuing to rise, especially in Southeast Asia. The conventional strategies for the prevention and control of human malaria can provide some protection against knowlesi malaria. Despite the numerous studies on the risk factors and the innovative methods that may be used to prevent and control the vectors of Plasmodium knowlesi, the incidence rate remains high. An integrated approach that includes environmental intervention should be adopted in order to ensure the successful control of zoonotic malaria. A combination of personal-level protection, vector control and environmental control may mitigate the risk of Plasmodium knowlesi transmission from macaques to humans and, ultimately, reduce the incidence rate of knowlesi malaria.
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16
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Agonhossou R, Akoton R, Lagnika H, Djihinto OY, Sovegnon PM, Saizonou HD, Ntoumi F, Wondji CS, Borrmann S, Adegnika AA, Djogbénou LS. P. falciparum msp1 and msp2 genetic diversity in P. falciparum single and mixed infection with P. malariae among the asymptomatic population in Southern Benin. Parasitol Int 2022; 89:102590. [PMID: 35472441 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium malariae infections are prevalent in malaria-endemic countries. However, very little is known about their interactions especially the effect of P. malariae on P. falciparum genetic diversity. This study aimed to assess P. falciparum genetic diversity in P. falciparum and mixed infection P. falciparum/P. malariae isolates among the asymptomatic populations in Southern Benin. Two hundred and fifty blood samples (125 of P. falciparum and 125 P. falciparum/P. malariae isolates) were analysed by a nested PCR amplification of msp1 and msp2 genes. The R033 allelic family was the most represented for the msp1 gene in mono and mixed infection isolates (99.2% vs 86.4%), while the K1 family had the lowest frequency (38.3% vs 20.4%). However, with the msp2 gene, the two allelic families displayed similar frequencies in P. falciparum isolates while the 3D7 allelic family was more represented in P. falciparum/P. malariae isolates (88.7%). Polyclonal infections were also lower (62.9%) in P. falciparum/P. malariae isolates (p < 0.05). Overall, 96 individual alleles were identified (47 for msp1 and 49 for msp2) in P. falciparum isolates while a total of 50 individual alleles were identified (23 for msp1 and 27 for msp2) in P. falciparum/P. malariae isolates. The Multiplicity of Infection (MOI) was lower in P. falciparum/P. malariae isolates (p < 0.05). This study revealed a lower genetic diversity of P. falciparum in P. falciparum/P. malariae isolates using msp1 and msp2 genes among the asymptomatic population in Southern Benin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romuald Agonhossou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin; Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), ISBA, BP 88, Cotonou, Bénin.
| | - Romaric Akoton
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin; Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), ISBA, BP 88, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Hamirath Lagnika
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Oswald Y Djihinto
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Pierre M Sovegnon
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Helga D Saizonou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale (FCRM), Brazzaville, Congo; Institute for Tropical Medicine (ITM), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Centre Region, 237, Cameroon
| | - Steffen Borrmann
- Institute for Tropical Medicine (ITM), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ayola A Adegnika
- Fondation Pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), ISBA, BP 88, Cotonou, Bénin; Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon; Institute for Tropical Medicine (ITM), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luc S Djogbénou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526, Cotonou, Benin; Institut Régional de Santé Publique/Université d'Abomey-Calavi, BP 384 Ouidah, Bénin
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17
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Mohammed A, Desu AP, Acheampong PR, Mensah KA, Osei FA, Yeboah EO, Amanor E, Owusu-Dabo E. Effect of fear appeal mobile phone messaging on health behaviors of caregivers with children under-five in Ghana. Health Promot Int 2022; 37:6671813. [PMID: 35984339 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daac098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Social and Behavior Change Communication is a vital strategy in the control of malaria. However, the effectiveness of fear appeal tactic as a preventive strategy remains uncertain. This study examined the influence of a fear appeal mobile phone-based intervention, guided by Witte's Extended Parallel Process model, on malaria prevention among caregivers with children under-five. We conducted a quasi-experimental study of a 12-month intervention using a sample of 324 caregivers from two rural districts, assigned to either an intervention or control group. The intervention group received fear appeal voice Short Message Service (SMS), once a week for twelve (12) months, while caregivers in the control group received none. The results showed that exposure to the messages was associated with an increased odds of positive attitude [adjusted Odds ratio (aOR) = 2.58; 95% CI 1.61-4.15] and behavioral changes (aOR = 2.03, 95% CI 1.29-3.19). The intervention group exhibited lower odds of defensive avoidance (aOR = 0.44, 95% CI 0.29-0.68) and message minimization (aOR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.33-0.78) compared with the control group. These findings highlight the importance of communicating health messages via mobile phones using fear appeal for improving the health behaviors of caregivers. This strategy, however, may not be useful for influencing the intention of caregivers to engage in positive health practices to protect their children from malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliyu Mohammed
- School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Adwoa Pinamang Desu
- School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Princess Ruhama Acheampong
- School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kofi Akohene Mensah
- School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Francis Adjei Osei
- School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Kumasi, Ghana.,Public Health Unit, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Eugene Osei Yeboah
- Upper East Regional Health Directorate, Ghana Health Service, Bolgatanga, Ghana
| | - Ernest Amanor
- School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ellis Owusu-Dabo
- School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Kumasi, Ghana
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18
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Anwar MN, Hickson RI, Mehra S, McCaw JM, Flegg JA. A Multiscale Mathematical Model of Plasmodium Vivax Transmission. Bull Math Biol 2022; 84:81. [PMID: 35778540 PMCID: PMC9249727 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-022-01036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites which are transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito. Plasmodium vivax is distinct from other malaria species in its ability to remain dormant in the liver (as hypnozoites) and activate later to cause further infections (referred to as relapses). Mathematical models to describe the transmission dynamics of P. vivax have been developed, but most of them fail to capture realistic dynamics of hypnozoites. Models that do capture the complexity tend to involve many governing equations, making them difficult to extend to incorporate other important factors for P. vivax, such as treatment status, age and pregnancy. In this paper, we have developed a multiscale model (a system of integro-differential equations) that involves a minimal set of equations at the population scale, with an embedded within-host model that can capture the dynamics of the hypnozoite reservoir. In this way, we can gain key insights into dynamics of P. vivax transmission with a minimum number of equations at the population scale, making this framework readily scalable to incorporate more complexity. We performed a sensitivity analysis of our multiscale model over key parameters and found that prevalence of P. vivax blood-stage infection increases with both bite rate and number of mosquitoes but decreases with hypnozoite death rate. Since our mathematical model captures the complex dynamics of P. vivax and the hypnozoite reservoir, it has the potential to become a key tool to inform elimination strategies for P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nurul Anwar
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Mathematics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Roslyn I Hickson
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, and College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Health and Biosecurity, CSIRO, Townsville, Australia
| | - Somya Mehra
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - James M McCaw
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The Royal Melbourne Hospital and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Flegg
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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19
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Oyegoke OO, Maharaj L, Akoniyon OP, Kwoji I, Roux AT, Adewumi TS, Maharaj R, Oyebola BT, Adeleke MA, Okpeku M. Malaria diagnostic methods with the elimination goal in view. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1867-1885. [PMID: 35460369 PMCID: PMC9033523 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Malaria control measures have been in use for years but have not completely curbed the spread of infection. Ultimately, global elimination is the goal. A major playmaker in the various approaches to reaching the goal is the issue of proper diagnosis. Various diagnostic techniques were adopted in different regions and geographical locations over the decades, and these have invariably produced diverse outcomes. In this review, we looked at the various approaches used in malaria diagnostics with a focus on methods favorably used during pre-elimination and elimination phases as well as in endemic regions. Microscopy, rapid diagnostic testing (RDT), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are common methods applied depending on prevailing factors, each with its strengths and limitations. As the drive toward the elimination goal intensifies, the search for ideal, simple, fast, and reliable point-of-care diagnostic tools is needed more than ever before to be used in conjunction with a functional surveillance system supported by the ideal vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olukunle O Oyegoke
- Discipline of Genetics School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Leah Maharaj
- Discipline of Genetics School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Oluwasegun P Akoniyon
- Discipline of Genetics School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Illiya Kwoji
- Discipline of Genetics School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Alexandra T Roux
- Discipline of Genetics School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Taiye S Adewumi
- Discipline of Genetics School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rajendra Maharaj
- Office of Malaria Research, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Matthew A Adeleke
- Discipline of Genetics School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Moses Okpeku
- Discipline of Genetics School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa.
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20
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Barrow A, Barrow S, Jobe A. Differentials in prevalence and correlates on uptake of tetanus toxoid and intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine during pregnancy: A community-based cross-sectional study in The Gambia. SAGE Open Med 2022; 10:20503121211065908. [PMID: 35024140 PMCID: PMC8744190 DOI: 10.1177/20503121211065908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The study examined the differentials in prevalence and correlates on the
uptake of tetanus toxoid and intermittent preventive treatment of malaria
among pregnant women in The Gambia. Methods: The 2018 data from The Gambia Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey were
analyzed. Data from 6143 women of reproductive age who have given birth were
extracted for the analysis. Percentages and Chi-square tests were used. In
addition, a multivariable logistic regression model was used to calculate
the adjusted odds ratios (with a corresponding 95% confidence interval). The
level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of tetanus toxoid uptake among women in The Gambia was 88.2%,
while that of the adequate tetanus toxoid doses was 34.8%. The prevalence of
intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine uptake
among maternal women in The Gambia was 98.6%, while that of the adequate
intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine doses taken
was 34.3%. The identified statistically significant covariates of tetanus
toxoid immunization and intermittent preventive treatment with
sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine uptake includes women’s age, local government
areas, parity, use of radio, use of newspaper, and antenatal care
visits. Conclusion: The current utilization rate for adequate intermittent preventive treatment
with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and tetanus toxoid immunization during
pregnancy in The Gambia is very low and even below universal levels. The
country needs to strengthen more and effective mass media advocacy programs
that would target both rural and urban populace, and motivate maternal women
to ensure adequate vaccination against malaria and tetanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadou Barrow
- Department of Public and Environmental Health, School of Medicine & Allied Health Sciences, University of The Gambia, Kanifing, The Gambia
| | - Sulayman Barrow
- Department of Public and Environmental Health, School of Medicine & Allied Health Sciences, University of The Gambia, Kanifing, The Gambia.,Public Health Unit, Brikama District Hospital, Ministry of Health, Brikama, The Gambia
| | - Amienatta Jobe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital, Banjul, The Gambia
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21
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Tallei TE, Kepel BJ, Alorabi M, El-Shehawi AM, Bodhi W, Tumilaar SG, Celik I, Mostafa-Hedeab G, Mohamed AAR, Emran TB. Appraisal of Bioactive Compounds of Betel Fruit as Antimalarial Agents by Targeting Plasmepsin 1 and 2: A Computational Approach. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14121285. [PMID: 34959685 PMCID: PMC8707617 DOI: 10.3390/ph14121285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In many countries, the fruit of betel (Piper betle Linn) is traditionally used as medicine for treating malaria. It is a fatal disease, and existing medications are rapidly losing potency, necessitating the development of innovative pharmaceutics. The current study attempted to determine the compounds in the n-hexane fraction of betel fruit extract and investigate the potential inhibition of bioactive compounds against aspartic protease plasmepsin 1 (PDB ID: 3QS1) and plasmepsin 2 (PDB ID: 1LEE) of Plasmodium falciparum using a computational approach. The ethanol extract was fractionated into n-hexane and further analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to obtain information regarding the compounds contained in betel fruit. Each compound's potential antimalarial activity was evaluated using AutoDock Vina and compared to artemisinin, an antimalarial drug. Molecular dynamics simulations (MDSs) were performed to evaluate the stability of the interaction between the ligand and receptors. Results detected 20 probable compounds in the n-hexane extract of betel fruit based on GC-MS analysis. The docking study revealed that androstan-17-one,3-ethyl-3-hydroxy-, (5 alpha)- has the highest binding affinity for plasmepsin 1 and plasmepsin 2. The compound exhibits a similar interaction with artemisinin at the active site of the receptors. The compound does not violate Lipinski's rules of five. It belongs to class 5 toxicity with an LD50 of 3000 mg/kg. MDS results showed stable interactions between the compound and the receptors. Our study concluded that androstan-17-one,3-ethyl-3-hydroxy-, (5 alpha)- from betel fruit has the potential to be further investigated as a potential inhibitor of the aspartic protease plasmepsin 1 and plasmepsin 2 of Plasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trina Ekawati Tallei
- The University Center of Excellence for Biotechnology and Conservation of Wallacea, Institute for Research and Community Services, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, Indonesia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, Indonesia
- Correspondence: (F.); (T.E.T.); (T.B.E.); Tel.: +62-812-4408-855 (F.); +62-811-4314-880 (T.E.T.); +880-01819-942214 (T.B.E.)
| | - Billy Johnson Kepel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, Indonesia; (B.J.K.); (W.B.)
| | - Mohammed Alorabi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (A.M.E.-S.)
| | - Ahmed M. El-Shehawi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (A.M.E.-S.)
| | - Widdhi Bodhi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, Indonesia; (B.J.K.); (W.B.)
| | - Sefren Geiner Tumilaar
- Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, Indonesia;
| | - Ismail Celik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey;
| | - Gomaa Mostafa-Hedeab
- Pharmacology Department, Health Sciences Research Unit, Medical College, Jouf University, Sakaka 72446, Saudi Arabia;
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62521, Egypt
| | | | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (F.); (T.E.T.); (T.B.E.); Tel.: +62-812-4408-855 (F.); +62-811-4314-880 (T.E.T.); +880-01819-942214 (T.B.E.)
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22
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Al-Subaie AM. Case Report: Case report: Mixed infection of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum in a tertiary hospital. F1000Res 2021; 10:779. [PMID: 34621515 PMCID: PMC8456375 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.53162.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed infections with two or more species of
Plasmodium are frequently reported due to vector factors, parasite factors (formation of hypnozoites) and host factors (residing in endemic areas, travel to endemic areas, inadequately treated previous infection, lack of compliance to therapy). Here we report a case of a 33-year-old Saudi female who had a significant travel history, and a peripheral blood smear (PBS) revealed mixed infection with
P. falciparum and
P. vivax. The case was successfully treated with a combination therapy of artemisinin and primaquine with follow up testing at three, seven, 14, and 28 days. Mixed malaria infections are especially reported in travelers to endemic areas. Hence, adequate diagnosis and appropriate treatment of the cases contributes majorly to preventing relapse and controlling the disease. Travel consultations should be given to all travelers before their trips to endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M Al-Subaie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam AbdulRahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Ukwajunor EE, Akarawak EEE, Abiala IO. Mathematical modeling of the impact of temperature variations and immigration on malaria prevalence in Nigeria. INT J BIOMATH 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793524521500674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The study examines the population-level impact of temperature variability and immigration on malaria prevalence in Nigeria, using a novel deterministic model. The model incorporates disease transmission by immigrants into the community. In the absence of immigration, the model is shown to exhibit the phenomenon of backward bifurcation. The disease-free equilibrium of the autonomous version of the model was found to be locally asymptotically stable in the absence of infective immigrants. However, the model exhibits an endemic equilibrium point when the immigration parameter is greater than zero. The endemic equilibrium point is seen to be globally asymptotically stable in the absence of disease-induced mortality. Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of the model, using parameter values and ranges relevant to malaria transmission dynamics in Nigeria, shows that the top three parameters that drive malaria prevalence (with respect to [Formula: see text]) are the mosquito natural death rate ([Formula: see text]), mosquito biting rate ([Formula: see text]) and the transmission rates between humans and mosquitoes ([Formula: see text]). Numerical simulations of the model show that in Nigeria, malaria burden increases with increasing mean monthly temperature in the range of 22–28[Formula: see text]. Thus, this study suggests that control strategies for malaria should be intensified during this period. It is further shown that the proportion of infective immigrants has marginal effect on the transmission dynamics of the disease. Therefore, the simulations suggest that a reduction in the fraction of infective immigrants, either exposed or infectious, would significantly reduce the malaria incidence in a population.
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24
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Djokic V, Rocha SC, Parveen N. Lessons Learned for Pathogenesis, Immunology, and Disease of Erythrocytic Parasites: Plasmodium and Babesia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:685239. [PMID: 34414129 PMCID: PMC8369351 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.685239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria caused by Plasmodium species and transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes affects large human populations, while Ixodes ticks transmit Babesia species and cause babesiosis. Babesiosis in animals has been known as an economic drain, and human disease has also emerged as a serious healthcare problem in the last 20–30 years. There is limited literature available regarding pathogenesis, immunity, and disease caused by Babesia spp. with their genomes sequenced only in the last decade. Therefore, using previous studies on Plasmodium as the foundation, we have compared similarities and differences in the pathogenesis of Babesia and host immune responses. Sexual life cycles of these two hemoparasites in their respective vectors are quite similar. An adult Anopheles female can take blood meal several times in its life such that it can both acquire and transmit Plasmodia to hosts. Since each tick stage takes blood meal only once, transstadial horizontal transmission from larva to nymph or nymph to adult is essential for the release of Babesia into the host. The initiation of the asexual cycle of these parasites is different because Plasmodium sporozoites need to infect hepatocytes before egressed merozoites can infect erythrocytes, while Babesia sporozoites are known to enter the erythrocytic cycle directly. Plasmodium metabolism, as determined by its two- to threefold larger genome than different Babesia, is more complex. Plasmodium replication occurs in parasitophorous vacuole (PV) within the host cells, and a relatively large number of merozoites are released from each infected RBC after schizogony. The Babesia erythrocytic cycle lacks both PV and schizogony. Cytoadherence that allows the sequestration of Plasmodia, primarily P. falciparum in different organs facilitated by prominent adhesins, has not been documented for Babesia yet. Inflammatory immune responses contribute to the severity of malaria and babesiosis. Antibodies appear to play only a minor role in the resolution of these diseases; however, cellular and innate immunity are critical for the clearance of both pathogens. Inflammatory immune responses affect the severity of both diseases. Macrophages facilitate the resolution of both infections and also offer cross-protection against related protozoa. Although the immunosuppression of adaptive immune responses by these parasites does not seem to affect their own clearance, it significantly exacerbates diseases caused by coinfecting bacteria during coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitomir Djokic
- Department for Bacterial Zoonozes, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, UPEC, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sandra C Rocha
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Nikhat Parveen
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
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25
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Boualam MA, Pradines B, Drancourt M, Barbieri R. Malaria in Europe: A Historical Perspective. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:691095. [PMID: 34277665 PMCID: PMC8277918 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.691095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endemic malaria, which claimed 229 million new cases and 409,000 deaths in 2019 mainly in Africa, was eradicated from Europe by the mid-20th century. Historical descriptions of intermittent tertian and quartan fever reported in texts of Hippocrates in Greece and Celsus in Italy suggest malaria. A few paleomicrobiology investigations have confirmed the presence of malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum in 1st, 2nd, and 5th century infected individuals in diverse regions of Italy, and Plasmodium sp. later in Bavaria. The causative Plasmodium pathogens, discovered in the 19th century in Algeria, were controversially used as therapeutic agents in the European pharmacopeia more than two centuries after effective quinine-based treatments had been introduced in Europe. How Europe managed to eradicate malaria and what the history of malaria was in Europe are of medical interest, and this review traces research pathways for a renewed understanding of malaria eradication in Europe through combined historical and paleomicrobiological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A. Boualam
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Pradines
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Unité parasitologie et entomologie, Département microbiologie et maladies infectieuses, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France
- Centre national de référence du paludisme, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Drancourt
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Rémi Barbieri
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
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26
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Lei ZN, Wu ZX, Dong S, Yang DH, Zhang L, Ke Z, Zou C, Chen ZS. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of malaria and repurposing in treating COVID-19. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 216:107672. [PMID: 32910933 PMCID: PMC7476892 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) and Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been commonly used for the treatment and prevention of malaria, and the treatment of autoimmune diseases for several decades. As their new mechanisms of actions are identified in recent years, CQ and HCQ have wider therapeutic applications, one of which is to treat viral infectious diseases. Since the pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), CQ and HCQ have been subjected to a number of in vitro and in vivo tests, and their therapeutic prospects for COVID-19 have been proposed. In this article, the applications and mechanisms of action of CQ and HCQ in their conventional fields of anti-malaria and anti-rheumatism, as well as their repurposing prospects in anti-virus are reviewed. The current trials and future potential of CQ and HCQ in combating COVID-19 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ning Lei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA.
| | - Zhuo-Xun Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA.
| | - Shaowei Dong
- Key Laboratory of medical electrophysiology of education ministry, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, China; Shenzhen Public Service Platform on Tumor Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong-Hua Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA.
| | - Litu Zhang
- Department of Research, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zunfu Ke
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chang Zou
- Key Laboratory of medical electrophysiology of education ministry, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, China; Shenzhen Public Service Platform on Tumor Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA.
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27
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Hydroethanolic Extract from Bridelia atroviridis Müll. Arg. Bark Improves Haematological and Biochemical Parameters in Nicotinamide-/Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3160834. [PMID: 33293987 PMCID: PMC7714572 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3160834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bridelia atroviridis Müll. Arg. (B. atroviridis) is a plant used in Cameroonian traditional medicine to manage diabetes. The effects of hydroethanolic barks extract from B. atroviridis were evaluated on diabetes disorders including hematology, inflammatory, and oxidative stress parameters. The in vitro antioxidant capacity of the hydroethanolic bark extract (70 : 30) was evaluated. Nicotinamide-/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were daily treated with the B. atroviridis extract for fifteen days. Glycemia were evaluated every 5 days, insulin sensibility test was performed, and haematological, inflammatory, and oxidative stress parameters were analysed. Histomorphometry of the pancreas was realized. The extract was able to scavenge free radicals in vitro and decrease significantly the blood glucose levels. The treatment resulted in a significant alleviation of insulin resistance, anemia, leukocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia observed in untreated diabetic rats. The extract significantly decreased proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10. The rate of reduced glutathione was increased in the pancreas, whereas the catalase activity and nitrite concentration were decreased. Diabetic control showed a reduced size of Langerhans islet, whereas the size of islets was large in treated groups. The hydroethanolic extract of B. atroviridis was able to improve glycemia and alleviate haematological and inflammatory parameters disorders observed in diabetic conditions, probably due to its antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant capacities.
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Omeiza FO, Ademowo GO, Ayeni FA. Evaluation of in vivo anti-malarial potential of omidun obtained from fermented maize in Ibadan, Nigeria. Malar J 2020; 19:414. [PMID: 33213477 PMCID: PMC7678239 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The menace of resistance to anti-malarial drugs is a great challenge to malaria control, necessitating the search for new anti-malarial agents. This search has led to the exploration of natural products for efficacy in malaria therapy. Omidun is the supernatant of fermenting maize (ogi) slurry that has been widely investigated and reported to possess several health benefits and it is used traditionally as solvent for preparing anti-malarial herbs. However, there is no information on the anti-malarial activity of omidun itself. This study was conducted to investigate the prophylactic, curative and suppressive anti-malarial potential of omidun. METHODS Experimental mice in the curative group were infected with 1 × 106 cells of Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA and treated with either 0.2 ml of omidun containing 3 × 109 cfu/ml of viable lactic acid bacteria or 0.2 ml of 5 mg/kg of chloroquine (positive control) or 0.2 ml of saline (negative control) for 4 days from day 3 post infection. The prophylactic group of mice were pre-treated with either omidun, chloroquine or saline for 4 days before infection with P. berghei, while the suppressive group was treated with omidun or chloroquine or saline and infected with P. berghei simultaneously. A group of mice were uninfected but treated (with omidun and control samples), while a final group was uninfected and untreated (controls). Parasitaemia and histopathology analysis were done in all groups. RESULTS The curative and suppressive groups showed a significant difference between the omidun-treated mice (100% parasitaemia reduction) and the untreated mice (54.5% parasitaemia increase). There was no significance difference between the omidun treatment and chloroquine (positive control) treatment in suppressive group as both treatment had 100% parasitaemia reduction. The omidun prophylactic treatment however did not show any parasitaemia suppression, but a significant difference was observed between the omidun treatment (85% increase) and the chloroquine (positive control) treatment (100% reduction) in the group. Omidun treatment is non-toxic to the kidney. CONCLUSION This study provides scientific evidence supporting omidun usage in the treatment of malaria. Consequently, further work may yield the specific component of omidun responsible for the anti-malarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Favour O Omeiza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - George O Ademowo
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Funmilola A Ayeni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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Bango ZA, Tawe L, Muthoga CW, Paganotti GM. Past and current biological factors affecting malaria in the low transmission setting of Botswana: A review. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 85:104458. [PMID: 32668367 PMCID: PMC7354381 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Malaria continues to be one of the top infectious agents contributing to morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Annually, Botswana accounts only for a small proportion of cases (<<1%). Despite significantly reduced incidence rate, the country still experiences sporadic outbreaks that hamper the goal of malaria elimination. This review evaluated previous and current biological factors that impact malaria in Botswana, specifically focussing on the vectors, the parasite and the host. This was accomplished via a literature review evaluating these variables in Botswana. Current literature suggests that Anopheles arabiensis is the main malaria vector in the country. Several other potential vectors have been found widely distributed throughout Botswana in high numbers, yet remain largely unstudied with regards to their contribution to the country's malaria burden. We also report the most up to date list of all Anopheles species that have been found in Botswana. Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the vast majority of symptomatic malaria in the country and some drug resistance markers have been documented for this species. Plasmodium vivax has been reported in asymptomatic subjects, even though a large proportion of the Botswana population appears to be Duffy antigen negative. Very little is known about the true distribution of P. vivax and no point of care testing infrastructure for this species exists in Botswana, making it difficult to tailor treatment to address possible recrudescence or relapse. Due to a genetically diverse population with a substantial Khoisan contribution into the Bantu genetic background, several phenotypes that potentially impact prevalence and severity of malaria exist within the country. These include sickle cell trait, Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase deficiency, and Duffy negativity. This review highlights the information that currently exists on malaria in Botswana. It also postulates that a comprehensive understanding of these aforementioned biological factors may help to explain malaria persistence in Botswana.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leabaneng Tawe
- Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Giacomo Maria Paganotti
- Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
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Al-Malki ES. Understanding the structural insights of enzymatic conformations for adenylosuccinate lyase receptor in malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2020; 41:566-573. [PMID: 33073638 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2020.1835960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The dreadful disease malaria is one among the infectious diseases that comes in third number after the tuberculosis and HIV. This disease is spread by female Anopheles mosquito and caused by the malarial parasite sp notably Plasmodium falciparum. In this, the organism has several enzymes for processing the infection and growth mechanism and among that, the adenylosuccinate lyase is an enzyme that plays a critical role in metabolism and cellular replication via its action in the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway. Adenylosuccinate has been studied for two reaction mechanisms, and in that, the adenylosuccinate to AMP and fumarate is core important. As of now, there have been several studies indicating the reaction mechanism of adenylosuccinate lyase, this study projects the conformations of the reactant and product changes through molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations. Adenylosuccinate bound complex involves His role in the product than the reactant complex, and the complex shows high flexibility due to fumarate. Thus, identifying the core inhibitor that binds to His rings could be a standard adenylosuccinate lyase inhibitor, that can block the malarial diseases in humans. In addition to the competitive inhibition site, we also predicted the uncompetitive ligand binding site, which suggest the alternate region to be targeted. Thus, from this work, we suggest both competitive and uncompetitive binding regions for the purpose identifying the malarial inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esam S Al-Malki
- Department of Biology, College of Science in Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
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Mardani A. Prevention strategies of transfusion-transmitted parasitic infections (TTPIs): Strengths and challenges of current approaches, and evaluation of the strategies implemented in Iran. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 9:e00141. [PMID: 32149193 PMCID: PMC7052507 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several strategies are being implemented in blood transfusion centers of the world to prevent the transfusion-transmitted parasitic infections (TTPIs). The objective of this study was to determine and describe the strategies to minimize the transmission risk of parasitic agents via blood transfusion in Iran. Methods This study was conducted in the Iranian blood transfusion organization (IBTO). The data were extracted from the latest version of the “medical interview” standard operating procedure (SOP). Results The donor selection is the first and only step to reduce the risk of TTPIs in endemic and non-endemic areas of Iran. In all blood transfusion centers of the IBTO, the blood donation volunteers with a previous history of malaria, Chagas disease, visceral leishmaniasis (VL), muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis and babesiosis, as well as those with clinical toxoplasmosis, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and with a history of residence in, or travel to, malaria-endemic areas are permanently or temporarily deferred from the blood donation. Conclusions Since malaria, toxoplasmosis and VL are endemic in parts of Iran, as well as the increasing travels to endemic areas and immigrations from endemic to non-endemic areas of parasitic infections, the extensive use of blood and blood components and the asymptomatic occurrence of most parasitic infections in blood donors, the donor selection strategy is not sufficient to prevent the TTPIs. Therefore, the changing of donor selection process and the use of other common preventive strategies are recommended to reduce the risk of TTPIs, especially for high-risk groups of toxoplasmosis and VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Mardani
- Department of Microbiology, Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
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Novel chloroquine loaded curcumin based anionic linear globular dendrimer G2: a metabolomics study on Plasmodium falciparum in vitro using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Parasitology 2020; 147:747-759. [PMID: 32102701 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to side-effects and inefficiency of the drugs used in malaria treatment, finding alternative medicine with less side-effects has attracted much attention. In this regard, in the present study, nanocomposite synthesized and its effects on the metabolites of P. falciparum were investigated. Subsequent to synthesis of nanocomposites, characterization was carried out using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and Fourier-transform infrared tests. Solubility and drug release were measured and its toxicity on Vero cell was assessed using the MTT assay. The antiparasitic effect of the nanocomposite on the metabolites of P. falciparum was investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Among synthesized nanocomposites, the average size of 239 nm showed suitable solubility in water as well as slow drug release. The MTT assay showed no toxicity for Vero cell lines. Concentrations of 2.5 μg mL-1 of nanocomposite eliminated 82.6% of the total parasites. The most effected metabolic cycles were glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. In this study, 1H NMR spectroscopy was used with untargeted metabolomics to study the effect of the nanocomposite on P. falciparum. Playing an essential role in understanding drug-target interactions and characterization of mechanism of action or resistance exhibited by novel antiprotozoal drugs, can be achieved by targeting metabolic using LC-MS.
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Bettencourt P. Current Challenges in the Identification of Pre-Erythrocytic Malaria Vaccine Candidate Antigens. Front Immunol 2020; 11:190. [PMID: 32153565 PMCID: PMC7046804 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium spp.-infected mosquitos inject sporozoites into the skin of a mammalian host during a blood meal. These enter the host's circulatory system and establish an infection in the liver. After a silent metamorphosis, merozoites invade the blood leading to the symptomatic and transmissible stages of malaria. The silent pre-erythrocytic malaria stage represents a bottleneck in the disease which is ideal to block progression to clinical malaria, through chemotherapeutic and immunoprophylactic interventions. RTS,S/AS01, the only malaria vaccine close to licensure, although with poor efficacy, blocks the sporozoite invasion mainly through the action of antibodies against the CSP protein, a major component of the pellicle of the sporozoite. Strikingly, sterile protection against malaria can be obtained through immunization with radiation-attenuated sporozoites, genetically attenuated sporozoites or through chemoprophylaxis with infectious sporozoites in animals and humans, but the deployability of sporozoite-based live vaccines pose tremendous challenges. The protection induced by sporozoites occurs in the pre-erythrocytic stages and is mediated mainly by antibodies against the sporozoite and CD8+ T cells against peptides presented by MHC class I molecules in infected hepatocytes. Thus, the identification of malaria antigens expressed in the sporozoite and liver-stage may provide new vaccine candidates to be included, alone or in combination, as recombinant protein-based, virus-like particles or sub-unit virally-vectored vaccines. Here I review the efforts being made to identify Plasmodium falciparum antigens expressed during liver-stage with focus on the development of parasite, hepatocyte, mouse models, and resulting rate of infection in order to identify new vaccine candidates and to improve the efficacy of the current vaccines. Finally, I propose new approaches for the identification of liver-stage antigens based on immunopeptidomics.
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Ortega DC, Cárdenas H, Barreto G. Joint selection for two malaria resistance mutations in a south-west Colombian population. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 80:104188. [PMID: 31927074 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In regions with an Afro-descendant population and where malaria is endemic, high frequencies of polymorphisms have been found that confer resistance to this disease, such as the haemoglobin S (HbS) and Duffy genes, which provide resistance to P. falciparum and P. vivax infection, respectively. The objective of this study was to evaluate the individual and joint selection actions of these two genes in an Afro-descendant Colombian population. A total of 819 individuals were analysed using stratified random sampling. PCR-RFLP and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium deviation analysis (H-W eq.), linkage disequilibrium (LD), D'IS2 and D'ST2 indexes, neutrality tests, correlations and fitness were performed using Arlequin 3.5.2.2 and R 3.4.1 software. In general, the population showed neutrality and H-W eq. for the HbS gene but not for the Duffy gene (FYA/FYB, FYA/FYBES and FYB/FYBES genotypes were responsible for this deviation). LD between the HbS locus and the promoter region of the Duffy gene, a value D'IS2 = 0.001 and D'ST2 = 0.020 was found, an increase in fitness of the AS*FYBES/FYBES genotype combination (marked in adolescents and adults), and a strong correlation between these genotypes (Rho = 90%, p = .001) were found, evidencing a possible joint selection action for these two alleles. This work presents evidence of the action of natural selection, both individually and jointly, on malaria resistance genes, HbS and Duffy, in the Buenaventura population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Carolina Ortega
- Human Molecular Genetics Group, Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Heiber Cárdenas
- Human Molecular Genetics Group, Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Guillermo Barreto
- Human Molecular Genetics Group, Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
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Ntenda PAM, Chilumpha S, Mwenyenkulu ET, Kazambwe JF, El-Meidany W. Clinical malaria and the potential risk of anaemia among preschool-aged children: a population-based study of the 2015-2016 Malawi micronutrient survey. Infect Dis Poverty 2019; 8:95. [PMID: 31760954 PMCID: PMC6876103 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-019-0607-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anaemia and malaria are common and life-threatening diseases among preschool-aged children in many tropical and subtropical areas, and Malawi is no exception. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine the association of referral clinical malaria with anemia (hemoglobin [Hb] < 110 g/L) in preschool-aged children in Malawi. Methods Using cross-sectional data obtained from the 2015–2016 Malawi Micronutrient Survey (MNS), multivariate logistic regression models were constructed using surveylogistic to account for the complex survey design. Blood samples of 1051 children aged 6–59 months were evaluated for malaria (using rapid diagnostic test [RDT] – SD BIOLINE Malaria Ag P.f/Pan test histidine-rich protein (HRP-II)™), Hb (using HemoCue 301), α-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), and serum ferritin biomarkers (using simple sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique, ELISA) and inherited blood disorders from dry blood samples (DBS) using polymerize chain reaction (PCR). Diagnosis of clinical malaria was made on the basis of fever and a positive rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Results Of the 1051 PSC analysed, 29% had anaemia while 24.4% had a referral to the hospital due to malaria. After adjustments for known confounders, PSC with a history of referral clinical malaria had increased odds of being anaemic (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 4.63, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.90–7.40), P < 0.0001. Conclusions This study found that clinical malaria increased the risk of anaemia in PSC. Thus, elimination of malaria-causing parasites from the PSC’s blood should be rapid and complete in order to prevent the progression of uncomplicated malaria to a chronic infection that can lead to the development of malaria-related anaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Austin Morton Ntenda
- Malaria Alert Centre, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi.
| | - Sosten Chilumpha
- Ministry of Health and Population, Department of Planning and Policy Development, PO Box 30377, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | - Jane Flora Kazambwe
- NBS Bank PLC, Head Office NBS House Corner Chipembere Highway & Johnstone Roads Ginnery Corner Blantyre, P.O. Box 32251, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Walaa El-Meidany
- Department of Nutrition, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Hiph 65 El-Horreya Avenue. El-Ibrahimia, Alexandria, Egypt
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Antenatal visits are positively associated with uptake of tetanus toxoid and intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy in Ivory Coast. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1467. [PMID: 31694607 PMCID: PMC6836543 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7847-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria and tetanus infections among pregnant women represent two major public health problems in sub-Saharan Africa. Optimum use of Intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) and immunization against tetanus among pregnant women during antenatal care (ANC) visits are recommended strategies to prevent these issues. Despite these recommendations, many women in Africa remain deprived of these cost-effective and life-saving interventions. In this study, we aimed to examine the prevalence of women using these two services, and the association between women’s uptake of IPTp-SP and tetanus toxoid (TT) with antenatal care use in Ivory Coast. Methods This study was based on the fifth round of Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS 5) conducted in Ivory Coast in 2016. Participants were 9583 women aged between 15 and 49 years. Outcomes were TT and Intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP). Data analysis was conducted using bivariate and multiple logistic regression. Results In this study, the prevalence of taking TT immunization and IPTp-SP drugs was 81.97 and 17.83% respectively. Of the participants who took these drugs at all, the prevalence of taking adequate doses of TT immunization was 78.75% and that of IPTp-SP was 35.46%. In the multivariable analysis model, higher age groups, 25–29 years (OR = 2.028, 95%CI = 1.120–3.669) were found to be positively associated with uptake of adequate doses of IPTp-SP drugs. Women who attended at least four ANC visits had higher odds of taking IPTp-SP drugs (OR = 1.656, 95%CI = 1.194–2.299) and TT immunization (OR = 2.347, 95%CI = 1.384–3.981), and also had higher odds of receiving adequate doses of IPTp-SP drugs (OR = 3.291, 95%CI = 2.157–5.020) and that of TT immunization (OR = 1.968, 95%CI = 1.398–2.771). The odds of taking IPTp-SP drugs were significantly higher among women with primary (OR = 2.504, 95%CI = 1.020–6.146) and secondary/higher education (OR = 3.298, 95%CI = 1.343–8.097) compared to those with no education. Also, women with higher parity had lower odds of taking TT immunization (OR = 0.218, 95%CI = 0.055–0.858) compared to those with lower parity. Findings from this study also revealed that the odds of taking adequate doses of IPTp-SP drugs were significantly lower among participants from Mandé du Nord ethnicity (OR = 0.378,95%CI = 0.145–0.983) compared to those from other ethnicities. Conclusion In this study, uptake of IPTp-SP drugs was much lower than TT immunization. High number of ANC visits were found to be significantly associated with taking IPTp-SP drugs and TT immunization and also with that of taking them in adequate doses. Vaccination promotion is necessary to protect pregnant women and reduce adverse health outcomes among the newborn in Ivory Coast.
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Devillers J, Devillers H. Toxicity profiling and prioritization of plant-derived antimalarial agents. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 30:801-824. [PMID: 31565973 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2019.1665844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human malaria is the most widespread mosquito-borne life-threatening disease worldwide. In the absence of effective vaccines, prevention and treatment of malaria only depend on prophylaxis and drug-based therapy either in monotherapy or in combination. Unfortunately, the number of available antimalarial drugs presenting different mechanisms of action is rather limited. In addition, the appearance of drug-resistance in the parasite strains impacts the efficacy of the treatments. As a result, there is a crucial need to find new drugs to circumvent resistance problems. In the quest to identify new antimalarial agents a huge number of plant-derived compounds (PDCs) have been investigated. Surprisingly in the in silico PDC screening programs, toxicity filters are either never used or so simple that their interest is limited. In this context, the goal of this study was to show how to take advantage of validated toxicity QSAR models for refining the selection of PDCs. From an original data set of 507 PDCs collected from the literature, the use of toxicity filters for endocrine disruption, developmental toxicity, and hepatotoxicity in conjunction with classical pharmacokinetic filters allowed us to obtain a list of 31 compounds of potential interest. The pros and cons of such a strategy have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H Devillers
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay , Jouy-en-Josas , France
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Combination Therapy Strategies for the Treatment of Malaria. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193601. [PMID: 31591293 PMCID: PMC6804225 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a vector- and blood-borne infection that is responsible for a large number of deaths around the world. Most of the currently used antimalarial therapeutics suffer from drug resistance. The other limitations associated with the currently used antimalarial drugs are poor drug bioavailability, drug toxicity, and poor water solubility. Combination therapy is one of the best approaches that is currently used to treat malaria, whereby two or more therapeutic agents are combined. Different combination therapy strategies are used to overcome the aforementioned limitations. This review article reports two strategies of combination therapy; the incorporation of two or more antimalarials into polymer-based carriers and hybrid compounds designed by hybridization of two antimalarial pharmacophores.
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Bennink S, Pradel G. The molecular machinery of translational control in malaria parasites. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:1658-1673. [PMID: 31531994 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Translational control regulates the levels of protein synthesized from its transcript and is key for the rapid adjustment of gene expression in response to environmental stimuli. The regulation of translation is of special importance for malaria parasites, which pass through a complex life cycle that includes various replication phases in the different organs of the human and mosquito hosts and a sexual reproduction phase in the mosquito midgut. In particular, the quiescent transmission stages rely on translational control to rapidly adapt to the new environment, once they switch over from the human to the mosquito and vice versa. Three control mechanisms are currently proposed in Plasmodium, (1) global regulation that acts on the translation initiation complex; (2) mRNA-specific regulation, involving cis control elements, mRNA-binding proteins and translational repressors; and (3) induced mRNA decay by the Ccr4-Not and the RNA exosome complex. The main molecules controlling translation are highly conserved in malaria parasites and an increasing number of studies shed light on the interwoven pathways leading to the up or downregulation of protein synthesis in the diverse plasmodial stages. We here highlight recent findings on translational control during life cycle progression of Plasmodium and discuss the molecules involved in regulating protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Bennink
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, Institute of Zoology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Pradel
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, Institute of Zoology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Froeschl G, Nothdurft HD, von Sonnenburg F, Bretzel G, Polanetz R, Kroidl I, Seilmaier M, Orth HM, Jordan S, Kremsner P, Vygen-Bonnet S, Pritsch M, Hoelscher M, Rothe C. Retrospective clinical case series study in 2017 identifies Plasmodium knowlesi as most frequent Plasmodium species in returning travellers from Thailand to Germany. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 23. [PMID: 30043723 PMCID: PMC6152204 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.29.1700619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Febrile illnesses are common in travellers returning from south-east Asia. However, malaria is a rare diagnosis in this population. A series of Plasmodium knowlesi infections was noted in German travellers returning from Thailand since 2012. Infectious disease and tropical medicine facilities registered by the German Society for Tropical Medicine and International Health were contacted in March 2017, and asked to report previous P. knowlesi cases. In addition, surveillance data from the Robert Koch-Institute were analysed. The facilities reported a total of six P. knowlesi-positive cases, all were returning travellers from Thailand. The P. knowlesi-positive cases made up 6/9 of all diagnosed malaria cases imported from Thailand in the time period 2012 to 2017. In 4/5 of cases where a malaria rapid diagnostic test had been applied it revealed a negative result. P. knowlesi is an important differential diagnosis in travellers returning from south-east Asia with itineraries that include Thailand. This study highlights the importance of this Plasmodium species in this patient subgroup. Whenever malaria is suspected in a returning traveller from Thailand, P. knowlesi should be taken into consideration and a differential PCR be executed as currently the unequivocal diagnosis of P. knowlesi is based on nuclear amplification techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guenter Froeschl
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Dieter Nothdurft
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Frank von Sonnenburg
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Gisela Bretzel
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Roman Polanetz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Inge Kroidl
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Hans Martin Orth
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Infektiologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sabine Jordan
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Medical Department, Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Kremsner
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Reisemedizin und Humanparasitologie des Universitätsklinikums Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Vygen-Bonnet
- Robert Koch-Institute, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Unit of Gastrointestinal Infections, Zoonoses and Tropical Infections, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Pritsch
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Hoelscher
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Camilla Rothe
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
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Elizardez YB, Fotoran WL, Junior AJG, Curado I, Junior NK, Monteiro EF, Romero Neto I, Wunderlich G, Kirchgatter K. Recombinant proteins of Plasmodium malariae merozoite surface protein 1 (PmMSP1): Testing immunogenicity in the BALB/c model and potential use as diagnostic tool. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219629. [PMID: 31344067 PMCID: PMC6657842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium malariae is the third most prevalent human malaria-causing species and has a patchy, but ample distribution in the world. Humans can host the parasite for years without presenting significant symptoms, turning its diagnosis and control into a difficult task. Here, we investigated the immunogenicity of recombinant proteins of P. malariae MSP1. Methods Five regions of PmMSP1 were expressed in Escherichia coli as GST-fusion proteins and immunized in BALB/c mice. The specificity, subtyping, and affinity of raised antibodies were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Cellular immune responses were analyzed by lymphoproliferation assays and cytokine levels produced by splenocytes were detected by cytometry. Results We found that N-terminal, central regions, and PmMSP119 are strongly immunogenic in mice. After three doses, the induced immune responses remained high for 70 days. While antibodies induced after immunization with N-terminal and central regions showed similar affinities to the target antigens, affinities of IgG against PmMSP119 were higher. All proteins induced similar antibody subclass patterns (predominantly IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b), characterizing a mixed Th1/Th2 response. Further, autologous stimulation of splenocytes from immunized mice led to the secretion of IL2 and IL4, independently of the antigen used. Importantly, IgG from P. malariae-exposed individuals reacted against PmMSP1 recombinant proteins with a high specificity. On the other hand, sera from P. vivax or P. falciparum-infected individuals did not react at all against recombinant PmMSP1 proteins. Conclusion Recombinant PmMSP1 proteins are very useful diagnostic markers of P. malariae in epidemiological studies or in the differential diagnosis of malaria caused by this species. Immunization with recombinant PmMSP1 proteins resulted in a significant humoral immune response, which may turn them potential component candidates for a vaccine against P. malariae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelina B. Elizardez
- Núcleo de Estudos em Malária, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias/Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wesley L. Fotoran
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrés J. Galisteo Junior
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Izilda Curado
- Laboratório de Imunoepidemiologia, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Norival Kesper Junior
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana F. Monteiro
- Núcleo de Estudos em Malária, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias/Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Irineu Romero Neto
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gerhard Wunderlich
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karin Kirchgatter
- Núcleo de Estudos em Malária, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias/Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Talapko J, Škrlec I, Alebić T, Jukić M, Včev A. Malaria: The Past and the Present. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7060179. [PMID: 31234443 PMCID: PMC6617065 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7060179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a severe disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, which is transmitted to humans by a bite of an infected female mosquito of the species Anopheles. Malaria remains the leading cause of mortality around the world, and early diagnosis and fast-acting treatment prevent unwanted outcomes. It is the most common disease in Africa and some countries of Asia, while in the developed world malaria occurs as imported from endemic areas. The sweet sagewort plant was used as early as the second century BC to treat malaria fever in China. Much later, quinine started being used as an antimalaria drug. A global battle against malaria started in 1955, and Croatia declared 1964 to be the year of eradication of malaria. The World Health Organization carries out a malaria control program on a global scale, focusing on local strengthening of primary health care, early diagnosis of the disease, timely treatment, and disease prevention. Globally, the burden of malaria is lower than ten years ago. However, in the last few years, there has been an increase in the number of malaria cases around the world. It is moving towards targets established by the WHO, but that progress has slowed down.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasminka Talapko
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Crkvena 21, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Škrlec
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Crkvena 21, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Tamara Alebić
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Melita Jukić
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
- General Hospital Vukovar, Županijska 35, HR-32000 Vukovar, Croatia.
| | - Aleksandar Včev
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Crkvena 21, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
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43
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Nyamai DW, Tastan Bishop Ö. Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases as malarial drug targets: a comparative bioinformatics study. Malar J 2019; 18:34. [PMID: 30728021 PMCID: PMC6366043 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2665-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of parasitic diseases has been challenging due to evolution of drug resistant parasites, and thus there is need to identify new class of drugs and drug targets. Protein translation is important for survival of malarial parasite, Plasmodium, and the pathway is present in all of its life cycle stages. Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases are primary enzymes in protein translation as they catalyse amino acid addition to the cognate tRNA. This study sought to understand differences between Plasmodium and human aminoacyl tRNA synthetases through bioinformatics analysis. METHODS Plasmodium berghei, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium fragile, Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium yoelii and human aminoacyl tRNA synthetase sequences were retrieved from UniProt database and grouped into 20 families based on amino acid specificity. These families were further divided into two classes. Both families and classes were analysed. Motif discovery was carried out using the MEME software, sequence identity calculation was done using an in-house Python script, multiple sequence alignments were performed using PROMALS3D and TCOFFEE tools, and phylogenetic tree calculations were performed using MEGA vs 7.0 tool. Possible alternative binding sites were predicted using FTMap webserver and SiteMap tool. RESULTS Motif discovery revealed Plasmodium-specific motifs while phylogenetic tree calculations showed that Plasmodium proteins have different evolutionary history to the human homologues. Human aaRSs sequences showed low sequence identity (below 40%) compared to Plasmodium sequences. Prediction of alternative binding sites revealed potential druggable sites in PfArgRS, PfMetRS and PfProRS at regions that are weakly conserved when compared to the human homologues. Multiple sequence analysis, motif discovery, pairwise sequence identity calculations and phylogenetic tree analysis showed significant differences between parasite and human aaRSs proteins despite functional and structural conservation. These differences may provide a basis for further exploration of Plasmodium aminoacyl tRNA synthetases as potential drug targets. CONCLUSION This study showed that, despite, functional and structural conservation, Plasmodium aaRSs have key differences from the human homologues. These differences in Plasmodium aaRSs can be targeted to develop anti-malarial drugs with less toxicity to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Wavinya Nyamai
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Özlem Tastan Bishop
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.
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44
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Okuneye K, Eikenberry SE, Gumel AB. Weather-driven malaria transmission model with gonotrophic and sporogonic cycles. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS 2019; 13:288-324. [PMID: 30691351 DOI: 10.1080/17513758.2019.1570363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is mainly a tropical disease and its transmission cycle is heavily influenced by environment: The life-cycles of the Anopheles mosquito vector and Plasmodium parasite are both strongly affected by ambient temperature, while suitable aquatic habitat is necessary for immature mosquito development. Therefore, how global warming may affect malaria burden is an active question, and we develop a new ordinary differential equations-based malaria transmission model that explicitly considers the temperature-dependent Anopheles gonotrophic and Plasmodium sporogonic cycles. Mosquito dynamics are coupled to infection among a human population with symptomatic and asymptomatic disease carriers, as well as temporary immunity. We also explore the effect of incorporating diurnal temperature variations upon transmission. Rigorous analysis of the model show that the non-trivial disease-free equilibrium is locally-asymptotically stable when the associated reproduction number is less than unity (this equilibrium is globally-asymptotically for a special case with no density-dependent larval and disease-induced host mortality). Numerical simulations of the model, for the case where the ambient temperature is held constant, suggest a nonlinear, hyperbolic relationship between the reproduction number and clinical malaria burden. Moreover, malaria burden peaks at 29.5 o C when daily ambient temperature is held constant, but this peak decreases with increasing daily temperature variation, to about 23-25 o C. Malaria burden also varies nonlinearly with temperature, such that small temperature changes influent disease mainly at marginal temperatures, suggesting that in areas where malaria is highly endemic, any response to global warming may be highly nonlinear and most typically minimal, while in areas of more marginal malaria potential (such as the East African highlands), increasing temperatures may translate nearly linearly into increased disease potential. Finally, we observe that while explicitly modelling the stages of the Plasmodium sporogonic cycle is essential, explicitly including the stages of the Anopheles gonotrophic cycle is of minimal importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaldeen Okuneye
- a School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287 , USA
| | - Steffen E Eikenberry
- a School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287 , USA
| | - Abba B Gumel
- a School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287 , USA
- b Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Pretoria , Pretoria , South Africa
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45
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Moreno-Gutierrez D, Llanos-Cuentas A, Luis Barboza J, Contreras-Mancilla J, Gamboa D, Rodriguez H, Carrasco-Escobar G, Boreux R, Hayette MP, Beutels P, Speybroeck N, Rosas-Aguirre A. Effectiveness of a Malaria Surveillance Strategy Based on Active Case Detection during High Transmission Season in the Peruvian Amazon. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15122670. [PMID: 30486449 PMCID: PMC6314008 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Faced with the resurgence of malaria, malaria surveillance in the Peruvian Amazon incorporated consecutive active case detection (ACD) interventions using light microscopy (LM) as reactive measure in communities with an unusual high number of cases during high transmission season (HTS). We assessed the effectiveness in malaria detection of this local ACD-based strategy. Methods: A cohort study was conducted in June–July 2015 in Mazan, Loreto. Four consecutive ACD interventions at intervals of 10 days were conducted in four riverine communities (Gamitanacocha, Primero de Enero, Libertad and Urco Miraño). In each intervention, all inhabitants were visited at home, and finger-prick blood samples collected for immediate diagnosis by LM and on filter paper for later analysis by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Effectiveness was calculated by dividing the number of malaria infections detected using LM by the number of malaria infections detected by delayed qPCR. Results: Most community inhabitants (88.1%, 822/933) were present in at least one of the four ACD interventions. A total of 451 infections were detected by qPCR in 446 participants (54.3% of total participants); five individuals had two infections. Plasmodium vivax was the predominant species (79.8%), followed by P. falciparum (15.3%) and P. vivax-P. falciparum co-infections (4.9%). Most qPCR-positive infections were asymptomatic (255/448, 56.9%). The ACD-strategy using LM had an effectiveness of 22.8% (detection of 103 of the total qPCR-positive infections). Children aged 5–14 years, and farming as main economic activity were associated with P. vivax infections. Conclusions: Although the ACD-strategy using LM increased the opportunity of detecting and treating malaria infections during HTS, the number of detected infections was considerably lower than the real burden of infections (those detected by qPCR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Diamantina Moreno-Gutierrez
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Loreto 160, Peru.
- Research Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Peru.
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Peru.
| | - José Luis Barboza
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Peru.
| | - Juan Contreras-Mancilla
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Peru.
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Peru.
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Peru.
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Peru.
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Peru.
| | - Hugo Rodriguez
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Loreto 160, Peru.
| | - Gabriel Carrasco-Escobar
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Peru.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Raphaël Boreux
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Marie-Pierre Hayette
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Philippe Beutels
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Niko Speybroeck
- Research Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Angel Rosas-Aguirre
- Research Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Peru.
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Eikenberry SE, Gumel AB. Mathematical modeling of climate change and malaria transmission dynamics: a historical review. J Math Biol 2018; 77:857-933. [PMID: 29691632 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-018-1229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Malaria, one of the greatest historical killers of mankind, continues to claim around half a million lives annually, with almost all deaths occurring in children under the age of five living in tropical Africa. The range of this disease is limited by climate to the warmer regions of the globe, and so anthropogenic global warming (and climate change more broadly) now threatens to alter the geographic area for potential malaria transmission, as both the Plasmodium malaria parasite and Anopheles mosquito vector have highly temperature-dependent lifecycles, while the aquatic immature Anopheles habitats are also strongly dependent upon rainfall and local hydrodynamics. A wide variety of process-based (or mechanistic) mathematical models have thus been proposed for the complex, highly nonlinear weather-driven Anopheles lifecycle and malaria transmission dynamics, but have reached somewhat disparate conclusions as to optimum temperatures for transmission, and the possible effect of increasing temperatures upon (potential) malaria distribution, with some projecting a large increase in the area at risk for malaria, but others predicting primarily a shift in the disease's geographic range. More generally, both global and local environmental changes drove the initial emergence of P. falciparum as a major human pathogen in tropical Africa some 10,000 years ago, and the disease has a long and deep history through the present. It is the goal of this paper to review major aspects of malaria biology, methods for formalizing these into mathematical forms, uncertainties and controversies in proper modeling methodology, and to provide a timeline of some major modeling efforts from the classical works of Sir Ronald Ross and George Macdonald through recent climate-focused modeling studies. Finally, we attempt to place such mathematical work within a broader historical context for the "million-murdering Death" of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen E Eikenberry
- Global Security Initiative, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. .,School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Abba B Gumel
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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47
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Tannous S, Ghanem E. A bite to fight: front-line innate immune defenses against malaria parasites. Pathog Glob Health 2018; 112:1-12. [PMID: 29376476 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2018.1429847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria infection caused by Plasmodium parasites remains a major health burden worldwide especially in the tropics and subtropics. Plasmodium exhibits a complex life cycle whereby it undergoes a series of developmental stages in the Anopheles mosquito vector and the vertebrate human host. Malaria severity is mainly attributed to the genetic complexity of the parasite which is reflected in the sophisticated mechanisms of invasion and evasion that allow it to overcome the immune responses of both its invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. In this review, we aim to provide an updated, clear and concise summary of the literature focusing on the interactions of the vertebrate innate immune system with Plasmodium parasites, namely sporozoites, merozoites, and trophozoites. The roles of innate immune factors, both humoral and cellular, in anti-Plasmodium defense are described with particular emphasis on the contribution of key innate players including neutrophils, macrophages, and natural killer cells to the clearance of liver and blood stage parasites. A comprehensive understanding of the innate immune responses to malaria parasites remains an important goal that would dramatically help improve the design of original treatment strategies and vaccines, both of which are urgently needed to relieve the burden of malaria especially in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Tannous
- a Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Sciences , Notre Dame University , Louaize , Lebanon
| | - Esther Ghanem
- a Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Sciences , Notre Dame University , Louaize , Lebanon
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48
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Ruas R, Pinto A, Nuak J, Sarmento A, Abreu C. Non-falciparum malaria imported mainly from Africa: a review from a Portuguese hospital. Malar J 2017; 16:298. [PMID: 28743266 PMCID: PMC5526234 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1952-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-falciparum malaria (NFM) has been reported to be responsible for around 25% of imported malaria cases in Europe but is often neglected due to its less severe clinical course when compared to Plasmodium falciparum. Differentiation between species is however crucial for a correct approach. The objective of this study is to report the cases of this often missed aetiology of malaria in a tertiary hospital in Portugal. METHODS Data were retrospectively analysed from patients admitted from January 2006 to August 2016 with a NFM diagnosis based on microscopy, rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) (BinaxNow®) and/or PCR. Epidemiologic and clinical aspects were reviewed. RESULTS A total of 19 NFM cases were diagnosed, corresponding to 8.4% of the total 225 cases of malaria. Seventeen (89%) were male with a median age of 41 years. All but one case were imported from sub-Saharan Africa, with 12 (63%) of the cases returned from Angola. Microscopy was positive for all patients and correctly identified the species in 12 (63%) patients. BinaxNOW® was performed in all patients and it was positive in 11 cases, showing a sensitivity of 58%. PCR was performed in nine patients and was positive in eight of them, being responsible for the identification of the species in four cases. Plasmodium malariae accounted for 37% (n = 7) of the cases, Plasmodium ovale for 32% (n = 6) and Plasmodium vivax for 17% (n = 3). In three (16%) patients, morphology was suggestive of P. vivax or P. ovale, but precise species identification was not possible. Regarding presentation, fever was the most reported symptom, and the most frequent laboratory finding was thrombocytopaenia. Quinine-doxycycline was prescribed in eleven patients (58%), chloroquine in six cases (32%) and artemether-lumefantrine in two (11%). All of the patients showed clinical improvement. CONCLUSIONS NFM remains an important cause of imported malaria in patients from sub-Saharan Africa, alone or as mixed infection with P. falciparum. Access to PCR techniques facilitates diagnosis, as low sensitivity from RDTs and microscopy are to be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Ruas
- Infectious Diseases Department, Centro Hospitalar São João, Alameda Professor Hernani Monteiro, 4200, Porto, Portugal. .,Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde (I3s), Grupo de I&D em Nefrologia e Doenças Infeciosas, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - André Pinto
- Infectious Diseases Department, Centro Hospitalar São João, Alameda Professor Hernani Monteiro, 4200, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde (I3s), Grupo de I&D em Nefrologia e Doenças Infeciosas, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Nuak
- Infectious Diseases Department, Centro Hospitalar São João, Alameda Professor Hernani Monteiro, 4200, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde (I3s), Grupo de I&D em Nefrologia e Doenças Infeciosas, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Sarmento
- Infectious Diseases Department, Centro Hospitalar São João, Alameda Professor Hernani Monteiro, 4200, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde (I3s), Grupo de I&D em Nefrologia e Doenças Infeciosas, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cândida Abreu
- Infectious Diseases Department, Centro Hospitalar São João, Alameda Professor Hernani Monteiro, 4200, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde (I3s), Grupo de I&D em Nefrologia e Doenças Infeciosas, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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49
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Charnaud SC, Dixon MWA, Nie CQ, Chappell L, Sanders PR, Nebl T, Hanssen E, Berriman M, Chan JA, Blanch AJ, Beeson JG, Rayner JC, Przyborski JM, Tilley L, Crabb BS, Gilson PR. The exported chaperone Hsp70-x supports virulence functions for Plasmodium falciparum blood stage parasites. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181656. [PMID: 28732045 PMCID: PMC5521827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is caused by five different Plasmodium spp. in humans each of which modifies the host erythrocyte to survive and replicate. The two main causes of malaria, P. falciparum and P. vivax, differ in their ability to cause severe disease, mainly due to differences in the cytoadhesion of infected erythrocytes (IE) in the microvasculature. Cytoadhesion of P. falciparum in the brain leads to a large number of deaths each year and is a consequence of exported parasite proteins, some of which modify the erythrocyte cytoskeleton while others such as PfEMP1 project onto the erythrocyte surface where they bind to endothelial cells. Here we investigate the effects of knocking out an exported Hsp70-type chaperone termed Hsp70-x that is present in P. falciparum but not P. vivax. Although the growth of Δhsp70-x parasites was unaffected, the export of PfEMP1 cytoadherence proteins was delayed and Δhsp70-x IE had reduced adhesion. The Δhsp70-x IE were also more rigid than wild-type controls indicating changes in the way the parasites modified their host erythrocyte. To investigate the cause of this, transcriptional and translational changes in exported and chaperone proteins were monitored and some changes were observed. We propose that PfHsp70-x is not essential for survival in vitro, but may be required for the efficient export and functioning of some P. falciparum exported proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew W. A. Dixon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Lia Chappell
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Thomas Nebl
- Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric Hanssen
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jo-Anne Chan
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam J. Blanch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Julian C. Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Leann Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan S. Crabb
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul R. Gilson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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50
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Nateghpour M, Haghi AM, Naderi B, Sepehrizadeh Z. Genetic polymorphism of Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein in malarious areas in southeastern of Iran. J Parasit Dis 2017; 41:1132-1138. [PMID: 29114153 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-017-0946-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax parasite causes the largest number of malaria infection in some malarious areas of the world including Iran. Considering transfer and genetic dynamics of the parasite population in a specific area can help us to predict the spread of the infection either emergence of new cases or drug resistance in the context of elimination program in the malarious areas. Study on the genetic diversity of common alleles in a given geographical area, for vaccine and immune level studies can be important. The purpose of this study was to know the status of P. vivax Duffy Binding Protein (PvDBP) polymorphism in patients infected with the parasite in malaria endemic southeastern Iran. The fragment of gene corresponding to PvDBP of thirty P. vivax malaria infected individuals was amplified. A 1176 bp band related to this fragment was purified and PCR-RFLP method was employed using enzymatic digestion with PstI and RsaI restriction enzymes. Ten percent of samples were sent for sequencing. PCR-RFLP showed that 99.7% of the samples were cut as the same together, either the PstI enzyme or the enzyme of RsaI. In each case, only 2 isolates were unlike others. Findings revealed that there is at least 96% identity among isolates in the nucleotide level. Amino acid pattern of PvDBP in Iranian isolates showed little discrepancies with those PvDBP genes that have been recorded in GenBank. Sequencing of PvDBP isolates of Iranian P. vivax infected patients showed low level of genetic polymorphism among them. Results of this study can prepare valuable information for malaria policy makers to intend them in their malaria control program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Nateghpour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Motevalli Haghi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahare Naderi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zargham Sepehrizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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