1
|
Wagner N, Tsai T, Reinehr S, Theile J, Dick HB, Joachim SC. Retinal debris triggers cytotoxic damage in cocultivated primary porcine RPE cells. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1401571. [PMID: 39114482 PMCID: PMC11303199 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1401571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction One of the most common causes of vision loss in the elderly population worldwide is age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Subsequently, the number of people affected by AMD is estimated to reach approximately 288 million by the year 2040. The aim of this study was to develop an ex vivo model that simulates various aspects of the complex AMD pathogenesis. Methods For this purpose, primary porcine retinal pigment epithelial cells (ppRPE) were isolated and cultured. One group was exposed to medium containing sodium iodate (NaIO3) to induce degeneration. The others were exposed to different supplemented media, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), homogenized porcine retinas (HPR), or rod outer segments (ROOS) for eight days to promote retinal deposits. Then, these ppRPE cells were cocultured with porcine neuroretina explants for another eight days. To assess the viability of ppRPE cells, live/dead assay was performed at the end of the study. The positive RPE65 and ZO1 area was evaluated by immunocytochemistry and the expression of RLBP1, RPE65, and TJP1 was analyzed by RT-qPCR. Additionally, drusen (APOE), inflammation (ITGAM, IL6, IL8, NLRP3, TNF), oxidative stress (NFE2L2, SOD1, SOD2), and hypoxia (HIF1A) markers were investigated. The concentration of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 was determined in medium supernatants from day 16 and 24 via ELISA. Results Live/dead assay suggests that especially exposure to NaIO3 and HPR induced damage to ppRPE cells, leading in a significant ppRPE cell loss. All supplemented media resulted in decreased RPE-characteristic markers (RPE65; ZO-1) and gene expression like RLBP1 and RPE65 in the cultured ppRPE cells. Besides, some inflammatory, oxidative as well as hypoxic stress markers were altered in ppRPE cells cultivated with NaIO3. The application of HPR induced an enhanced APOE expression. Pre-exposure of the ppRPE cells led to a diminished number of cones in all supplemented media groups compared to controls. Discussion Overall, this novel coculture model represents an interesting initial approach to incorporating deposits into coculture to mimic AMD pathogenesis. Nevertheless, the effects of the media used need to be investigated in further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephanie C. Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Erguven P, Sevgin K, Kotil T, Kaleci B, Caglar HG, Ozer OF. Continuous Thymoquinone Administration Mitigates Sodium Iodate-Induced Retinal Degeneration in Rats. Curr Eye Res 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39039707 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2024.2381203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the protective or therapeutic effect of thymoquinone (TQ) in a retinal degeneration rat model and its relationships with the retina ultrastructure, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), caspase-3, and RPE65 expressions and to determine whether TQ has a therapeutic effect at the biochemical level. METHODS A total of 25 adult Wistar albino rats were divided into the following treatment groups: saline (control: CONT), CO (corn oil), sodium iodate (SI), TQ + SI, and SI + TQ injection groups. Retina morphology, RPE65, HO-1, and caspase-3 expression levels were evaluated using immunohistochemistry, and optical density was determined using ImageJ. Ultrastructural evaluations were performed with electron microscopy. Thiol-disulfide homeostatic parameters were examined in serum samples. RESULTS Outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness was significantly higher in the SI + TQ group compared to the SI group. The RPE65 expression significantly decreased in the SI group compared with the CONT and CO groups. A significant increase in RPE65 expression level and a significant decrease in caspase-3 expression level were found in the SI + TQ group compared with the SI group. The increase in HO-1 expression level was significantly higher in the TQ treatment groups, particularly in the SI + TQ group. In the SI and TQ + SI groups, the ONL thickness significantly decreased with a significant increase in caspase-3 expression compared to the CONT and CO groups. In the treatment groups, decreased organelle damage was observed on electron microscopy. In the SI + TQ group, the disulfide/native thiol and disulfide/total thiol ratios were significantly lower than all other groups, while the native/total thiol ratio was significantly higher than the other experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides evidence that continuous TQ treatment can increase HO-1 and RPE65 expression and decrease apoptosis (caspase-3 levels), thereby preserving the retina at the ultrastructural level. Moreover, TQ administration can maintain thiol/disulfide homeostasis in SI-induced retinal degeneration-modelled rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Erguven
- Department of Histology and Embryology, International Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kubra Sevgin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, International Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tugba Kotil
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Belisa Kaleci
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Albanian University, Tirana, Albania
| | | | - Omer Faruk Ozer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang YC, Chien Y, Yarmishyn AA, Lim LY, Tsai HY, Kuo WC, Tsai PH, Yang SH, Hong SI, Chen SJ, Hwang DK, Yang YP, Chiou SH. Inhibition of oxidative stress-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in retinal pigment epithelial cells of age-related macular degeneration model by suppressing ERK activation. J Adv Res 2024; 60:141-157. [PMID: 37328058 PMCID: PMC11156608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells is related to the pathogenesis of various retinopathies including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Oxidative stress is the major factor that induces degeneration of RPE cells associated with the etiology of AMD. OBJECTIVES Sodium iodate (NaIO3) generates intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is widely used to establish a model of AMD due to the selective induction of retinal degeneration. This study was performed to clarify the effects of multiple NaIO3-stimulated signaling pathways on EMT in RPE cells. METHODS The EMT characteristics in NaIO3-treated human ARPE-19 cells and RPE cells of the mouse eyes were analyzed. Multiple oxidative stress-induced modulators were investigated and the effects of pre-treatment with Ca2+ chelator, extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) inhibitor, or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor on NaIO3-induced EMT were determined. The efficacy of post-treatment with ERK inhibitor on the regulation of NaIO3-induced signaling pathways was dissected and its role in retinal thickness and morphology was evaluated by using histological cross-sections and spectral domain optical coherence tomography. RESULTS We found that NaIO3 induced EMT in ARPE-19 cells and in RPE cells of the mouse eyes. The intracellular ROS, Ca2+, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker, phospho-ERK, and phospho-EGFR were increased in NaIO3-stimulated cells. Our results showed that pre-treatment with Ca2+ chelator, ERK inhibitor, or EGFR inhibitor decreased NaIO3-induced EMT, interestingly, the inhibition of ERK displayed the most prominent effect. Furthermore, post-treatment with FR180204, a specific ERK inhibitor, reduced intracellular ROS and Ca2+ levels, downregulated phospho-EGFR and ER stress marker, attenuated EMT of RPE cells, and prevented structural disorder of the retina induced by NaIO3. CONCLUSIONS ERK is a crucial regulator of multiple NaIO3-induced signaling pathways that coordinate EMT program in RPE cells. Inhibition of ERK may be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chi Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Yueh Chien
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Aliaksandr A Yarmishyn
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Yieng Lim
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Yu Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chuan Kuo
- Institute of Biophotonics, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Hsing Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsien Yang
- Institute of Biophotonics, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Shao-I Hong
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Chen
- College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
| | - De-Kuang Hwang
- College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan; Genomic Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115024, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xiong M, Yu C, Ren B, Zhong M, Lu J, Yuan C, Sun Q, Peng Q, Zeng M, Song H. Global trends in oxidative stress in the Retina: A bibliometric analysis of 2013-2023. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31620. [PMID: 38831806 PMCID: PMC11145483 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of many retinal diseases. However, only a few systematic bibliometric studies have been conducted. This study aims to visualize research hotspots and developmental trends in oxidative stress in the retina from 2013 to 2023 by analyzing bibliometric data. Methods We retrieved papers on oxidative stress in the retina published between 2013 and 2023 from the Web of Science Core Collection. The data were visually analyzed using CiteSpace and VOSviewer software. Results The total number of 2100 publications were included in the analysis. An overall increasing trend in the number of publications is observed between 2013 and 2023. Chinese publications were the most contributive, but United States publications were the most influential. Shanghai Jiao Tong University was the most active and prolific institution. Antioxidants was the most productive journal, while Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity were the journals with the most-cited articles. Kaarniranta K, from Finland, was the most productive and influential author. Examination of co-cited references revealed that researchers in the field are primarily focused on investigating the molecular mechanisms, preventive strategies, and utilization of antioxidants to address retinal oxidative damage. Diabetic retinopathy, endothelial growth factor, retinitis pigmentosa, retinal degeneration, antioxidant response, retinal ganglion cells, and genes are the research hotspots in this field. Metabolism, sodium iodate, and system are at the forefront of research in this field. Conclusion Attention toward retinal oxidative stress has increased over the past decade. Current research focuses on the mechanisms of retinal diseases related to oxidative stress and the experimental study of antioxidants in retinal diseases, which may continue to be a trend in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xiong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chang Yu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Baoping Ren
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Meiqi Zhong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Diseases with Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chengzhi Yuan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qifang Sun
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qinghua Peng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Diseases with Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Meiyan Zeng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Houpan Song
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnostics, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Diseases with Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ortiz C, Tahiri H, Yang C, Gilbert C, Fortin C, Hardy P. The microRNA Let-7f Induces Senescence and Exacerbates Oxidative Stress in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:646. [PMID: 38929085 PMCID: PMC11200580 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the role of microRNA let-7f in the dysfunction and degeneration of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells through the induction of senescence and oxidative stress. Furthermore, we explore whether let-7f inhibition can protect these cells against sodium iodate (SI)-induced oxidative stress. Oxidative stress and let-7f expression are reciprocally regulated in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Overexpression of let-7f in ARPE-19 cells induced oxidative stress as demonstrated by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as well as senescence. Inhibition of let-7f successfully protected RPE cells from the detrimental effects induced by SI. In addition, let-7f overexpression induced RPE cellular dysfunction by diminishing their migratory capabilities and reducing the phagocytosis of porcine photoreceptor outer segments (POS). Results were further confirmed in vivo by intravitreal injections of SI and let-7f antagomir in C57BL/6 mice. Our results provide strong evidence that let-7f is implicated in the dysfunction of RPE cells through the induction of senescence and oxidative injury. These findings may help to uncover novel and relevant processes in the pathogenesis of dry AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ortiz
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
| | - Houda Tahiri
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (H.T.); (C.Y.); (C.G.); (C.F.)
| | - Chun Yang
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (H.T.); (C.Y.); (C.G.); (C.F.)
| | - Claudia Gilbert
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (H.T.); (C.Y.); (C.G.); (C.F.)
| | - Carl Fortin
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (H.T.); (C.Y.); (C.G.); (C.F.)
| | - Pierre Hardy
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (H.T.); (C.Y.); (C.G.); (C.F.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rudrapal M, Rakshit G, Singh RP, Garse S, Khan J, Chakraborty S. Dietary Polyphenols: Review on Chemistry/Sources, Bioavailability/Metabolism, Antioxidant Effects, and Their Role in Disease Management. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:429. [PMID: 38671877 PMCID: PMC11047380 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols, as secondary metabolites ubiquitous in plant sources, have emerged as pivotal bioactive compounds with far-reaching implications for human health. Plant polyphenols exhibit direct or indirect associations with biomolecules capable of modulating diverse physiological pathways. Due to their inherent abundance and structural diversity, polyphenols have garnered substantial attention from both the scientific and clinical communities. The review begins by providing an in-depth analysis of the chemical intricacies of polyphenols, shedding light on their structural diversity and the implications of such diversity on their biological activities. Subsequently, an exploration of the dietary origins of polyphenols elucidates the natural plant-based sources that contribute to their global availability. The discussion extends to the bioavailability and metabolism of polyphenols within the human body, unraveling the complex journey from ingestion to systemic effects. A central focus of the review is dedicated to unravelling the antioxidant effects of polyphenols, highlighting their role in combating oxidative stress and associated health conditions. The comprehensive analysis encompasses their impact on diverse health concerns such as hypertension, allergies, aging, and chronic diseases like heart stroke and diabetes. Insights into the global beneficial effects of polyphenols further underscore their potential as preventive and therapeutic agents. This review article critically examines the multifaceted aspects of dietary polyphenols, encompassing their chemistry, dietary origins, bioavailability/metabolism dynamics, and profound antioxidant effects. The synthesis of information presented herein aims to provide a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and health enthusiasts, fostering a deeper understanding of the intricate relationship between polyphenols and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mithun Rudrapal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology & Research (Deemed to be University), Guntur 522213, India
| | - Gourav Rakshit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi 835215, India; (G.R.); (R.P.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Ravi Pratap Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi 835215, India; (G.R.); (R.P.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Samiksha Garse
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D Y Patil Deemed to be University, Navi Mumbai 400614, India;
| | - Johra Khan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Soumi Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi 835215, India; (G.R.); (R.P.S.); (S.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jeon J, Park YS, Kim SH, Kong E, Kim J, Yang JM, Lee JY, Kim YM, Kim IB, Kim P. Deciphering perivascular macrophages and microglia in the retinal ganglion cell layers. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1368021. [PMID: 38596358 PMCID: PMC11002095 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1368021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The classically defined two retinal microglia layers are distributed in inner and outer plexiform layers. Although there are some reports that retinal microglia are also superficially located around the ganglion cell layer (GCL) in contact with the vitreous, there has been a lack of detailed descriptions and not fully understood yet. Methods: We visualized the microglial layers by using CX3CR1-GFP (C57BL6) transgenic mice with both healthy and disease conditions including NaIO3-induced retinal degeneration models and IRBP-induced auto-immune uveitis models. Result: We found the GCL microglia has two subsets; peripheral (pph) microglia located on the retinal parenchyma and BAM (CNS Border Associated Macrophage) which have a special stretched phenotype only located on the surface of large retinal veins. First, in the pph microglia subset, but not in BAM, Galectin-3 and LYVE1 are focally expressed. However, LYVE1 is specifically expressed in the amoeboid or transition forms, except the typical dendritic morphology in the pph microglia. Second, BAM is tightly attached to the surface of the retinal veins and has similar morphology patterns in both the healthy and disease conditions. CD86+ BAM has a longer process which vertically passes the proximal retinal veins. Our data helps decipher the basic anatomy and pathophysiology of the retinal microglia in the GCL. Discussion: Our data helps decipher the basic anatomy and pathophysiology of the retinal microglia in the GCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jehwi Jeon
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Soo Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Kim
- Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Kong
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jay Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Myung Yang
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Yong Lee
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Me Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Beom Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilhan Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Malih S, Song YS, Sorenson CM, Sheibani N. Choroidal Mast Cells and Pathophysiology of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Cells 2023; 13:50. [PMID: 38201254 PMCID: PMC10778483 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) remains a leading cause of vision loss in elderly patients. Its etiology and progression are, however, deeply intertwined with various cellular and molecular interactions within the retina and choroid. Among the key cellular players least studied are choroidal mast cells, with important roles in immune and allergic responses. Here, we will review what is known regarding the pathophysiology of AMD and expand on the recently proposed intricate roles of choroidal mast cells and their activation in outer retinal degeneration and AMD pathogenesis. We will focus on choroidal mast cell activation, the release of their bioactive mediators, and potential impact on ocular oxidative stress, inflammation, and overall retinal and choroidal health. We propose an important role for thrombospondin-1 (TSP1), a major ocular angioinflammatory factor, in regulation of choroidal mast cell homeostasis and activation in AMD pathogenesis. Drawing from limited studies, this review underscores the need for further comprehensive studies aimed at understanding the precise roles changes in TSP1 levels and choroidal mast cell activity play in pathophysiology of AMD. We will also propose potential therapeutic strategies targeting these regulatory pathways, and highlighting the promise they hold for curbing AMD progression through modulation of mast cell activity. In conclusion, the evolving understanding of the role of choroidal mast cells in AMD pathogenesis will not only offer deeper insights into the underlying mechanisms but will also offer opportunities for development of novel preventive strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Malih
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.M.); (Y.-S.S.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 15614, Iran
| | - Yong-Seok Song
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.M.); (Y.-S.S.)
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - Christine M. Sorenson
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.M.); (Y.-S.S.)
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Espitia-Arias MD, de la Villa P, Paleo-García V, Germain F, Milla-Navarro S. Oxidative Model of Retinal Neurodegeneration Induced by Sodium Iodate: Morphofunctional Assessment of the Visual Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1594. [PMID: 37627589 PMCID: PMC10451746 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium iodate (NaIO3) has been shown to cause severe oxidative stress damage to retinal pigment epithelium cells. This results in the indirect death of photoreceptors, leading to a loss of visual capabilities. The aim of this work is the morphological and functional characterization of the retina and the visual pathway of an animal model of retinal neurodegeneration induced by oxidative stress. Following a single intraperitoneal dose of NaIO3 (65 mg/kg) to C57BL/6J mice with a mutation in the Opn4 gene (Opn4-/-), behavioral and electroretinographic tests were performed up to 42 days after administration, as well as retinal immunohistochemistry at day 57. A near total loss of the pupillary reflex was observed at 3 days, as well as an early deterioration of visual acuity. Behavioral tests showed a late loss of light sensitivity. Full-field electroretinogram recordings displayed a progressive and marked decrease in wave amplitude, disappearing completely at 14 days. A reduction in the amplitude of the visual evoked potentials was observed, but not their total disappearance. Immunohistochemistry showed structural alterations in the outer retinal layers. Our results show that NaIO3 causes severe structural and functional damage to the retina. Therefore, the current model can be presented as a powerful tool for the study of new therapies for the prevention or treatment of retinal pathologies mediated by oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Espitia-Arias
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (M.D.E.-A.); (P.d.l.V.); (V.P.-G.)
| | - Pedro de la Villa
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (M.D.E.-A.); (P.d.l.V.); (V.P.-G.)
- Visual Neurophysiology Group-Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Paleo-García
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (M.D.E.-A.); (P.d.l.V.); (V.P.-G.)
| | - Francisco Germain
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (M.D.E.-A.); (P.d.l.V.); (V.P.-G.)
- Visual Neurophysiology Group-Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Milla-Navarro
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (M.D.E.-A.); (P.d.l.V.); (V.P.-G.)
- Visual Neurophysiology Group-Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang X, Chung JY, Rai U, Esumi N. SIRT6 overexpression in the nucleus protects mouse retinal pigment epithelium from oxidative stress. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201448. [PMID: 37185874 PMCID: PMC10130745 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is essential for the survival of retinal photoreceptors. To study retinal degeneration, sodium iodate (NaIO3) has been used to cause oxidative stress-induced RPE death followed by photoreceptor degeneration. However, analyses of RPE damage itself are still limited. Here, we characterized NaIO3-induced RPE damage, which was divided into three regions: periphery with normal-shaped RPE, transitional zone with elongated cells, and center with severely damaged or lost RPE. Elongated cells in the transitional zone exhibited molecular characteristics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Central RPE was more susceptible to stresses than peripheral RPE. Under stresses, SIRT6, an NAD+-dependent protein deacylase, rapidly translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and colocalized with stress granule factor G3BP1, leading to nuclear SIRT6 depletion. To overcome this SIRT6 depletion, SIRT6 overexpression was induced in the nucleus in transgenic mice, which protected RPE from NaIO3 and partially preserved catalase expression. These results demonstrate topological differences of mouse RPE and warrant further exploring SIRT6 as a potential target for protecting RPE from oxidative stress-induced damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jin-Yong Chung
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Usha Rai
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Noriko Esumi
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xing Y, Liang S, Zhang L, Ni H, Zhang X, Wang J, Yang L, Song S, Li HH, Jia C, Jin F. Combination of Lactobacillus fermentum NS9 and aronia anthocyanidin extract alleviates sodium iodate-induced retina degeneration. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8380. [PMID: 37225720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
It is important to explore the effective approaches to prevent dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In this study, significantly decreased full-field electroretinograms wave amplitudes and disordered retina structures were detected in rat retinas of sodium iodate induced dry AMD model. Six a- and b-wave amplitudes and the antioxidant activities were significantly increased, and the outer nuclear layer thickness was significantly improved in the rat retinas treated with the combination of Lactobacillus fermentum NS9 (LF) and aronia anthocyanidin extract (AAE) compared with the model. The effects were much better than the treatment with AAE alone. The proteomics analysis showed the expressions of α-, β- and γ-crystallins were increased by 3-8 folds in AAE treated alone and by 6-11 folds in AAE + LF treatment compared with the model, which was further confirmed by immuno-blotting analysis. Analysis of gut microbial composition indicated that higher abundance of the genus Parasutterella and species P. excrementihominis was found in the AAE + LF treatment compared with the other groups. The results indicated that the combined treatment of AAE + LF is a potential way to prevent the retina degeneration which is significantly better than the AAE treated alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xing
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- Research Laboratory of Antioxidation & Anti-Aging, Guozhen Health Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Limei Zhang
- Research Laboratory of Antioxidation & Anti-Aging, Guozhen Health Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102206, China
| | - He Ni
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- Research Laboratory of Antioxidation & Anti-Aging, Guozhen Health Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jiancheng Wang
- Research Laboratory of Antioxidation & Anti-Aging, Guozhen Health Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Shuangshuang Song
- Research Laboratory of Antioxidation & Anti-Aging, Guozhen Health Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hai-Hang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Chenxi Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Institute of Lifeomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center), Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Feng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ku LC, Sheu ML, Cheng HH, Lee CY, Tsai YC, Tsai CY, Lin KH, Lai LC, Lai DW. Melatonin protects retinal integrity through mediated immune homeostasis in the sodium iodate-induced mouse model of age-related macular degeneration. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114476. [PMID: 36905808 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related macular degeneration is the leading cause of visual deficiency in older adults worldwide. Melatonin (MT) can potentially reduce retinal deterioration. However, the mechanism by which MT mediates regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the retina is not yet fully understood. METHODS The transcriptome profiles of aged or young human retinal tissues from the GEO database were analyzed for MT-related gene expression. The pathological changes in the retina in the NaIO3-induced mouse model were quantitatively determined by staining with hematoxylin and eosin. Retinal whole-mounting immunofluorescence staining was conducted to determine the expression of the Treg-specific marker FOXP3. The phenotypes of M1/M2 macrophages were representing related gene markers in the retina. The GEO database includes biopsies from patients with retinal detachment for ENPTD1, NT5E, and TET2 gene expression. A pyrosequencing assay was performed for NT5E DNA methylation on human primary Tregs, and siTET2 transfection engineering was used. RESULTS MT synthesis-related genes in retinal tissue may be affected by age. Our study shows that MT can effectively restore NaIO3-induced retinopathy and maintain retinal structural integrity. Importantly, MT may assist the conversion of M1 to M2 macrophages to promote tissue repair, which may be caused by the increased infiltration of Tregs. Moreover, MT treatment may upregulate TET2, and further NT5E demethylation is associated with Treg recruitment in the retinal microenvironment. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that MT can effectively ameliorate retinal degeneration and regulate immune homeostasis via Tregs. Modulation of the immune response may provide a key therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Cheng Ku
- Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Meei-Ling Sheu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - He-Hsiung Cheng
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yi Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Tsai
- Department of Immune Medicine, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yun Tsai
- Experimental Animal Center, Department of Molecular Biology and Cell Research, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Hung Lin
- Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Ching Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - De-Wei Lai
- Experimental Animal Center, Department of Molecular Biology and Cell Research, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lin FL, Cheng YW, Chen LH, Ho JD, Yen JL, Wang MH, Lee TH, Hsiao G. Retinal protection by fungal product theissenolactone B in a sodium iodate-induced AMD model through targeting retinal pigment epithelial matrix metalloproteinase-9 and microglia activity. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114138. [PMID: 36535199 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of low vision and blindness for which there is currently no cure. Increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was found in AMD and potently contributes to its pathogenesis. Resident microglia also promote the processes of chronic neuroinflammation, accelerating the progression of AMD. The present study investigates the effects and mechanisms of the natural compound theissenolactone B (LB53), isolated from Theissenia cinerea, on the effects of RPE dysregulation and microglia hyperactivation and its retinal protective ability in a sodium iodate (NaIO3)-induced retinal degeneration model of AMD. The fungal component LB53 significantly reduces MMP-9 gelatinolysis in TNF-α-stimulated human RPE cells (ARPE-19). Similarly, LB53 abolishes MMP-9 protein and mRNA expression in ARPE-19 cells. Moreover, LB53 efficiently suppresses nitric oxide (NO) production, iNOS expression, and intracellular ROS levels in LPS-stimulated TLR 4-activated microglial BV-2 cells. According to signaling studies, LB53 specifically targets canonical NF-κB signaling in both ARPE-19 and BV-2 microglia. In an RPE-BV-2 interaction assay, LB53 ameliorates LPS-activated BV-2 conditioned medium-induced MMP-9 activation and expression in the RPE. In NaIO3-induced AMD mouse model, LB53 restores photoreceptor and bipolar cell dysfunction as assessed by electroretinography (ERG). Additionally, LB53 prevents retinal thinning, primarily the photoreceptor, and reduces retinal blood flow from NaIO3 damage evaluated by optic coherence tomography (OCT) and laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG), respectively. Our results demonstrate that LB53 exerts neuroprotection in a mouse model of AMD, which can be attributed to its anti-retinal inflammatory effects by impeding RPE-mediated MMP-9 activation and anti-microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Li Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Huei Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Der Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Lun Yen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mong-Heng Wang
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Tzong-Huei Lee
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - George Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for the Clinical Drug Discovery from Botanical Herbs, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Calpain-2 Facilitates Autophagic/Lysosomal Defects and Apoptosis in ARPE-19 Cells and Rats Induced by Exosomes from RPE Cells under NaIO 3 Stimulation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:3310621. [PMID: 36703913 PMCID: PMC9873447 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3310621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although accumulated evidence supports the notion that calpain contributes to eye disease, the mechanisms by which calpain promotes RPE injury are not defined. The present study is aimed at investigating whether the effect of NaIO3-exos (exosomes derived from RPE cells under NaIO3 stimulation) on the dysfunction of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) and apoptosis is based on its regulation of calpain activation in ARPE-19 cells and rats. The results showed that calpain-2 activation, ALP dysfunction, and apoptosis were induced by NaIO3-exos in ARPE-19 cells. NaIO3-exo significantly increased autophagic substrates by activating lysosomal dysfunction. ALP dysfunction and apoptosis in vitro could be eliminated by knocking down calpain-2 (si-C2) or the inhibitor calpain-2-IN-1. Further studies indicated that NaIO3-exo enhanced calpain-2 expression, ALP dysfunction, apoptosis, and retinal damage in rats. In summary, these results demonstrate for the first time that calpain-2 is one of the key players in the NaIO3-exo-mediated ALP dysfunction, apoptosis, and retinal damage and identify calpain-2 as a promising target for therapies aimed at age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
Collapse
|
15
|
Choudhary M, Tayyari F, Handa JT, Malek G. Characterization and identification of measurable endpoints in a mouse model featuring age-related retinal pathologies: a platform to test therapies. J Transl Med 2022; 102:1132-1142. [PMID: 36775353 PMCID: PMC10041606 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-022-00795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100) is the structural protein of cholesterol carriers including low-density lipoproteins. It is a constituent of sub-retinal pigment epithelial (sub-RPE) deposits and pro-atherogenic plaques, hallmarks of early dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), an ocular neurodegenerative blinding disease, and cardiovascular disease, respectively. Herein, we characterized the retinal pathology of transgenic mice expressing mouse apoB100 in order to catalog their functional and morphological ocular phenotypes as a function of age and establish measurable endpoints for their use as a mouse model to test potential therapies. ApoB100 mice were found to exhibit an age-related decline in retinal function, as measured by electroretinogram (ERG) recordings of their scotopic a-wave, scotopic b-wave; and c-wave amplitudes. ApoB100 mice also displayed a buildup of the cholesterol carrier, apolipoprotein E (apoE) within and below the supporting extracellular matrix, Bruch's membrane (BrM), along with BrM thickening, and accumulation of thin diffuse electron-dense sub-RPE deposits, the severity of which increased with age. Moreover, the combination of apoB100 and advanced age were found to be associated with RPE morphological changes and the presence of sub-retinal immune cells as visualized in RPE-choroid flatmounts. Finally, aged apoB100 mice showed higher levels of circulating and ocular pro-inflammatory cytokines, supporting a link between age and increased local and systemic inflammation. Collectively, the data support the use of aged apoB100 mice as a platform to evaluate potential therapies for retinal degeneration, specifically drugs intended to target removal of lipids from Bruch's membrane and/or alleviate ocular inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayur Choudhary
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Faryan Tayyari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James T Handa
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Goldis Malek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jeon J, Kim SH, Kong E, Kim SJ, Yang JM, Lee JY, Lee J, Kim YM, Kim P. Establishment of the reproducible branch retinal artery occlusion mouse model and intravital longitudinal imaging of the retinal CX3CR1-GFP+ cells after spontaneous arterial recanalization. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:897800. [PMID: 35911406 PMCID: PMC9334526 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.897800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of retinal artery occlusion (RAO) have been widely used in many studies. However, most of these studies prefer using a central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) which is a typical global ischemia model of the retina, due to the technical limitation of producing single vessel targeted modeling with real-time imaging. A focal ischemia model, such as branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO), is also needed for explaining interactions, including the immunological reaction between the ischemic retina and adjacent healthy retina. Accordingly, a relevant model for clinical RAO patients has been demanded to understand the pathophysiology of the RAO disease. Herein, we establish a convenient BRAO mouse model to research the focal reaction of the retina. As a photo-thrombotic agent, Rose bengal was intravenously injected into 7 week-old transgenic mice (CX3CR1-GFP) for making embolism occlusion, which causes pathology similarly to clinical cases. In an optimized condition, a 561 nm laser (13.1 mw) was projected to a targeted vessel to induce photo-thrombosis for 27 s by custom-built retinal confocal microscopy. Compared to previous BRAO models, the procedures of thrombosis generation were naturally and minimal invasively generated with real-time retinal imaging. In addition, by utilizing the self-remission characteristics of Rose bengal thrombus, a reflow of the BRAO with immunological reactions of the CX3CR1-GFP+ inflammatory cells such as the retinal microglia and monocytes was monitored and analyzed. In this models, reperfusion began on day 3 after modeling. Simultaneously, the activation of CX3CR1-GFP+ inflammatory cells, including the increase of activation marker and morphologic change, was confirmed by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and quantitative real-time PCR. CD86 and Nox2 were prominently expressed on day 3 after the modeling. At day 7, blood flow was almost restored in the large vessels. CX3CR1-GFP+ populations in both superficial and deep layers of the retina also increased around even in the BRAO peri-ischemic area. In summary, this study successfully establishes a reproducible BRAO modeling method with convenient capabilities of easily controllable time points and selection of a specific single vessel. It can be a useful tool to analyze the behavior of inflammatory cell after spontaneous arterial recanalization in BRAO and further investigate the pathophysiology of BRAO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jehwi Jeon
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eunji Kong
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Soo Jin Kim
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jee Myung Yang
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Ilsan, South Korea
| | - Joo Yong Lee
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Junyeop Lee
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - You-Me Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Pilhan Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Pilhan Kim,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kim SY, Qian H. Comparison between sodium iodate and lipid peroxide murine models of age-related macular degeneration for drug evaluation-a narrative review. ANNALS OF EYE SCIENCE 2022; 7:8. [PMID: 37622161 PMCID: PMC10448775 DOI: 10.21037/aes-21-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Objective In this review, non-transgenic models of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are discussed, with focuses on murine retinal degeneration induced by sodium iodate and lipid peroxide (HpODE) as preclinical study platforms. Background AMD is the most common cause of vision loss in a world with an increasingly aging population. The major phenotypes of early and intermediate AMD are increased drusen and autofluorescence, Müller glia activation, infiltrated subretinal microglia and inward moving retinal pigment epithelium cells. Intermediate AMD may progress to advanced AMD, characterized by geography atrophy and/or choroidal neovascularization. Various transgenic and non-transgenic animal models related to retinal degeneration have been generated to investigate AMD pathogenesis and pathobiology, and have been widely used as potential therapeutic evaluation platforms. Methods Two retinal degeneration murine models induced by sodium iodate and HpODE are described. Distinct pathological features and procedures of these two models are compared. In addition, practical protocol and material preparation and assessment methods are elaborated. Conclusion Retina degeneration induced by sodium iodate and HpODE in mouse eye resembles many clinical aspects of human AMD and complimentary to the existent other animal models. However, standardization of procedure and assessment protocols is needed for preclinical studies. Further studies of HpODE on different routes, doses and species will be valuable for the future extensive use. Despite many merits of murine studies, differences between murine and human should be always considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Young Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Haohua Qian
- Visual Function Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pankova N, Baek DSH, Zhao X, Wang H, Reyad MM, Liang H, Joshi R, Boyd SR. Evolving Patterns of Hyperfluorescent Fundus Autofluorescence Accompany Retinal Atrophy in the Rat and Mimic Atrophic Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:3. [PMID: 35254423 PMCID: PMC8914569 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Complex two-dimensional (2D) patterns of hyperfluorescent short-wave fundus autofluorescence (FAF) at the border of geographic atrophy (GA) can predict its expansion in patients with late non-exudative “dry” AMD. However, preclinical models do not phenocopy this important feature of disease. We sought to describe the spatiotemporal changes in hyperfluorescent FAF patterns that occur following acute oxidative stress, potentially in association with GA expansion. Methods Sprague Dawley rats (n = 54) received systemic sodium iodate (25–45 mg/kg, n = 90 eyes) or saline (n = 18 eyes) and underwent serial full fundus imaging by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, including blue FAF and delayed near-infrared analysis. Composite images of the fundus were assembled, and the 2D patterns were described qualitatively and quantitatively. A subset of eyes underwent tissue analysis, and four underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. Results Reproducibly changing, complex patterns of hyperfluorescent FAF emerge at the borders of toxin-induced damage; however, in the absence of GA expansion, they percolate inward within the region of retinal pigment epithelium loss, evolving, maturing, and senescing in situ over time. Unexpectedly, the late FAF patterns most closely resemble the diffuse tricking form of clinical disease. A five-stage classification system is presented. Conclusions Longitudinal, full-fundus imaging of outer retinal atrophy in the rat eye identifies evolving, complex patterns of hyperfluorescent FAF that phenocopy aspects of disease. Translational Relevance This work provides a novel tool to assess hyperfluorescent FAF in association with progressive retinal atrophy, a therapeutic target in late AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Pankova
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Sung Hyeon Baek
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xu Zhao
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hai Wang
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew-Mina Reyad
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Huiyuan Liang
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rahul Joshi
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shelley Romayne Boyd
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Seah I, Goh D, Chan HW, Su X. Developing Non-Human Primate Models of Inherited Retinal Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:344. [PMID: 35205388 PMCID: PMC8872446 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) represent a genetically and clinically heterogenous group of diseases that can eventually lead to blindness. Advances in sequencing technologies have resulted in better molecular characterization and genotype-phenotype correlation of IRDs. This has fueled research into therapeutic development over the recent years. Animal models are required for pre-clinical efficacy assessment. Non-human primates (NHP) are ideal due to the anatomical and genetic similarities shared with humans. However, developing NHP disease to recapitulate the disease phenotype for specific IRDs may be challenging from both technical and cost perspectives. This review discusses the currently available NHP IRD models and the methods used for development, with a particular focus on gene-editing technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Seah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 7, Singapore 119 228, Singapore; (I.S.); (H.W.C.)
| | - Debbie Goh
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 7, Singapore 119 228, Singapore;
| | - Hwei Wuen Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 7, Singapore 119 228, Singapore; (I.S.); (H.W.C.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 7, Singapore 119 228, Singapore;
| | - Xinyi Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 7, Singapore 119 228, Singapore; (I.S.); (H.W.C.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 7, Singapore 119 228, Singapore;
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138 673, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), The Academia, 20 College Road, Level 6 Discovery Tower, Singapore 169 856, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sreekumar PG, Reddy ST, Hinton DR, Kannan R. Mechanisms of RPE senescence and potential role of αB crystallin peptide as a senolytic agent in experimental AMD. Exp Eye Res 2022; 215:108918. [PMID: 34986369 PMCID: PMC8923947 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) can cause mitochondrial dysfunction and is likely a causative factor in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Under oxidative stress conditions, some of the RPE cells become senescent and a contributory role for RPE senescence in AMD pathology has been proposed. The purpose of this study is to 1) characterize senescence in human RPE; 2) investigate the effect of an αB Crystallin chaperone peptide (mini Cry) in controlling senescence, in particular by regulating mitochondrial function and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) production and 3) develop mouse models for studying the role of RPE senescence in dry and nAMD. Senescence was induced in human RPE cells in two ways. First, subconfluent cells were treated with 0.2 μg/ml doxorubicin (DOX); second, subconfluent cells were treated with 500 μM H2O2. Senescence biomarkers (senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-βgal), p21, p16) and mitochondrial proteins (Fis1, DRP1, MFN2, PGC1-α, mtTFA) were analyzed in control and experimental groups. The effect of mini Cry on mitochondrial bioenergetics, glycolysis and SASP was determined. In vivo, retinal degeneration was induced by intravenous injection of NaIO3 (20 mg/kg) and subretinal fibrosis by laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. Increased SA-βgal staining and p16 and p21 expression was observed after DOX- or H2O2-induced senescence and mini Cry significantly decreased senescence-positive cells. The expression of mitochondrial biogenesis proteins PGC-1 and mTFA increased with senescence, and mini Cry reduced expression significantly. Senescent RPE cells were metabolically active, as evidenced by significantly enhanced oxidative phosphorylation and anaerobic glycolysis, mini Cry markedly reduced rates of respiration and glycolysis. Senescent RPE cells maintain a proinflammatory phenotype characterized by significantly increased production of cytokines (IFN-ˠ, TNF-α, IL1-α IL1-β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10), and VEGF-A; mini Cry significantly inhibited their secretion. We identified and localized senescent RPE cells for the first time in NaIO3-induced retinal degeneration and laser-induced subretinal fibrosis mouse models. We conclude that mini Cry significantly impairs stress-induced senescence by modulating mitochondrial biogenesis and fission proteins in RPE cells. Characterization of senescence could provide further understanding of the metabolic changes that accompany the senescent phenotype in ocular disease. Future studies in vivo may better define the role of senescence in AMD and the therapeutic potential of mini Cry as a senotherapeutic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parameswaran G Sreekumar
- The Stephen J. Ryan Initiative for Macular Research (RIMR), Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - Srinivasa T Reddy
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - David R Hinton
- Department of Pathology and Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Ram Kannan
- The Stephen J. Ryan Initiative for Macular Research (RIMR), Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA; Stein Eye Institute, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li P, Li Q, Biswas N, Xin H, Diemer T, Liu L, Perez Gutierrez L, Paternostro G, Piermarocchi C, Domanskyi S, Wang RK, Ferrara N. LIF, a mitogen for choroidal endothelial cells, protects the choriocapillaris: implications for prevention of geographic atrophy. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e14511. [PMID: 34779136 PMCID: PMC8749470 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the course of our studies aiming to discover vascular bed-specific endothelial cell (EC) mitogens, we identified leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) as a mitogen for bovine choroidal EC (BCE), although LIF has been mainly characterized as an EC growth inhibitor and an anti-angiogenic molecule. LIF stimulated growth of BCE while it inhibited, as previously reported, bovine aortic EC (BAE) growth. The JAK-STAT3 pathway mediated LIF actions in both BCE and BAE cells, but a caspase-independent proapoptotic signal mediated by cathepsins was triggered in BAE but not in BCE. LIF administration directly promoted activation of STAT3 and increased blood vessel density in mouse eyes. LIF also had protective effects on the choriocapillaris in a model of oxidative retinal injury. Analysis of available single-cell transcriptomic datasets shows strong expression of the specific LIF receptor in mouse and human choroidal EC. Our data suggest that LIF administration may be an innovative approach to prevent atrophy associated with AMD, through protection of the choriocapillaris.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pin Li
- Department of PathologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Qin Li
- Department of OphthalmologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Nilima Biswas
- Department of PathologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Hong Xin
- Department of PathologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Tanja Diemer
- Department of PathologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Lixian Liu
- Department of PathologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | | | | | - Carlo Piermarocchi
- Department of Physics and AstronomyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Sergii Domanskyi
- Department of Physics and AstronomyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Ruikang K Wang
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Napoleone Ferrara
- Department of PathologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Department of OphthalmologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The eye presents a unique opportunity for complement component 3 (C3) therapeutics. Drugs can be delivered directly to specific parts of the eye, and growing evidence has established a pivotal role for C3 in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Emerging data show that C3 may be important to the pathophysiology of other eye diseases as well. This article will discuss the location of C3 expression in the eye as well as the preclinical and clinical data regarding C3's functions in AMD. We will provide a comprehensive review of developing C3 inhibitors for the eye, including the Phase 2 and 3 data for the C3 inhibitor pegcetacoplan as a treatment for the geographic atrophy of AMD. Developing evidence also points toward C3 as a therapeutic target for stages of AMD preceding geographic atrophy. We will also discuss data illuminating C3's relationship to other eye diseases, such as Stargardt disease, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. In addition to being a converging point and centerpiece of the complement cascade, C3 has broad effects as a multifaceted controller of opsonophagocytosis, microglia/macrophage recruitment, and downstream terminal pathway activity. C3 is a crucial player in the pathophysiology of AMD but also seems to have importance in other diseases that are major causes of blindness. Directions for further investigation will be highlighted, as culminating evidence suggests that we may be approaching an era of C3 therapeutics for the eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Kim
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Tianyu Liu
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - John D Lambris
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Xing Y, Liang S, Zhao Y, Yang S, Ni H, Li H. Protection of Aronia melanocarpa Fruit Extract from Sodium-Iodate-Induced Damages in Rat Retina. Nutrients 2021; 13:4411. [PMID: 34959962 PMCID: PMC8703977 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the major causes of blindness in elderly populations. However, the dry form of AMD has lack of effective treatments. The fruits of Aronia melanocarpa are rich in anthocyanins. In this study, the protective effects of aronia fruit extract on rat retina were investigated using a NaIO3-induced dry AMD model. Full-field electroretinograms (ERGs) showed that b-wave amplitudes were significantly decreased and the retina structures were disordered in the model. The extract treatment alleviated the injuries. The b-wave amplitudes increased 61.5% in Scotopic 0.01ERG, 122.0% in Photopic 3.0ERG, and 106.8% in Photopic 3.0 flicker; the retina structure disorder was improved with the thickness of outer nuclear layer increasing by 44.1%; and the malonaldehyde level was significantly reduced in extract-treated rat retinas compared to the model. The proteomics analysis showed the expressions of five crystallin proteins, α-crystallin A chain, β-crystallin B2, β-crystallin A3, α-crystallin B chain, and γ-crystallin S, which protect retina ganglion cells, were increased by 7.38-, 7.74-, 15.30-, 4.86-, and 9.14-fold, respectively, in the extract treatment compared to the control, which was also confirmed by immunoblotting. The results suggest that aronia fruit extract, probably due to its anthocyanins, could protect the rat retina by alleviating oxidative damages and by upregulating the crystallin proteins to protect its nerve system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xing
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (Y.X.); (H.N.)
| | - Shan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Institute of Lifeomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center), Beijing 102206, China;
| | - Shuo Yang
- Guozhen Health Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, China;
| | - He Ni
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (Y.X.); (H.N.)
| | - Haihang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (Y.X.); (H.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chaudhary S, Ashok A, Wise AS, Rana NA, Kritikos AE, Lindner E, Singh N. β-Cleavage of the prion protein in the human eye: Implications for the spread of infectious prions and human ocular disorders. Exp Eye Res 2021; 212:108787. [PMID: 34624335 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported β-cleavage of the prion protein (PrPC) in human ocular tissues. Here, we explored whether this is unique to the human eye, and its functional implications. A comparison of the cleavage pattern of PrPC in human ocular tissues with common nocturnal and diurnal animals revealed mainly β-cleavage in humans, and mostly full-length PrPC in animal retinas. Soluble FL PrPC and N-terminal fragment (N2) released from β-cleavage was observed in the aqueous and vitreous humor (AH & VH). Expression of human PrPC in ARPE-19 cells, a human retinal pigmented epithelial cell line, also showed β-cleaved PrPC. Surprisingly, β-cleavage was not altered by a variety of insults, including oxidative stress, suggesting a unique role of this cleavage in the human eye. It is likely that β-cleaved C- or N-terminal fragments of PrPC protect from various insults unique to the human eye. On the contrary, β-cleaved C-terminus of PrPC is susceptible to conversion to the pathological PrP-scrapie form, and includes the binding sites for β1-integrin and amyloid-β, molecules implicated in several ocular disorders. Considering the species and tissue-specific cleavage of PrPC, our data suggest re-evaluation of prion infectivity and other ocular disorders of the human eye conducted in mouse models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Chaudhary
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ajay Ashok
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Aaron S Wise
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Neil A Rana
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Alexander E Kritikos
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ewald Lindner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Neena Singh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Enzbrenner A, Zulliger R, Biber J, Pousa AMQ, Schäfer N, Stucki C, Giroud N, Berrera M, Kortvely E, Schmucki R, Badi L, Grosche A, Pauly D, Enzmann V. Sodium Iodate-Induced Degeneration Results in Local Complement Changes and Inflammatory Processes in Murine Retina. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9218. [PMID: 34502128 PMCID: PMC8431125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide, causes personal suffering and high socioeconomic costs. While there has been progress in the treatments for the neovascular form of AMD, no therapy is yet available for the more common dry form, also known as geographic atrophy. We analysed the retinal tissue in a mouse model of retinal degeneration caused by sodium iodate (NaIO3)-induced retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) atrophy to understand the underlying pathology. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), qRT-PCR, Western blot, immunohistochemistry of the retinas and multiplex ELISA of the mouse serum were applied to find the pathways involved in the degeneration. NaIO3 caused patchy RPE loss and thinning of the photoreceptor layer. This was accompanied by the increased retinal expression of complement components c1s, c3, c4, cfb and cfh. C1s, C3, CFH and CFB were complement proteins, with enhanced deposition at day 3. C4 was upregulated in retinal degeneration at day 10. Consistently, the transcript levels of proinflammatory ccl-2, -3, -5, il-1β, il-33 and tgf-β were increased in the retinas of NaIO3 mice, but vegf-a mRNA was reduced. Macrophages, microglia and gliotic Müller cells could be a cellular source for local retinal inflammatory changes in the NaIO3 retina. Systemic complement and cytokines/chemokines remained unaltered in this model of NaIO3-dependent retinal degeneration. In conclusion, systemically administered NaIO3 promotes degenerative and inflammatory processes in the retina, which can mimic the hallmarks of geographic atrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Enzbrenner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (A.E.); (N.S.)
| | - Rahel Zulliger
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland; (R.Z.); (C.S.); (N.G.); (M.B.); (E.K.); (R.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Josef Biber
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; (J.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Ana Maria Quintela Pousa
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (A.M.Q.P.); (V.E.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Schäfer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (A.E.); (N.S.)
| | - Corinne Stucki
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland; (R.Z.); (C.S.); (N.G.); (M.B.); (E.K.); (R.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Nicolas Giroud
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland; (R.Z.); (C.S.); (N.G.); (M.B.); (E.K.); (R.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Marco Berrera
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland; (R.Z.); (C.S.); (N.G.); (M.B.); (E.K.); (R.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Elod Kortvely
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland; (R.Z.); (C.S.); (N.G.); (M.B.); (E.K.); (R.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Roland Schmucki
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland; (R.Z.); (C.S.); (N.G.); (M.B.); (E.K.); (R.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Laura Badi
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland; (R.Z.); (C.S.); (N.G.); (M.B.); (E.K.); (R.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Antje Grosche
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; (J.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Diana Pauly
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (A.E.); (N.S.)
- Experimental Ophthalmology, University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Volker Enzmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (A.M.Q.P.); (V.E.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Van Hove I, Van Bergen T, Etienne I, Holgado A, Afonina IS, Beyaert R, Feyen JH, Hu TT. IL-33trap-mediated IL-33 neutralization does not exacerbate choroidal neovascularization, but fails to protect against retinal degeneration in a dry age-related macular degeneration model. Exp Eye Res 2021; 207:108608. [PMID: 33930400 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
The progressive and sight-threatening disease, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a growing public health concern due to ageing demographics, with the highest unmet medical need for the advanced stage of dry AMD, geographic atrophy. The pathogenesis underlying AMD is driven by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. There is ample evidence that inflammation is strongly involved in AMD development. Interleukin-33 (IL-33) has been proposed to be critically involved in retinal degeneration, but a protective role in eye pathophysiology was also demonstrated. The current study investigated the therapeutic potential of IL-33trap, a novel IL-33-neutralizing biologic, in dry AMD/geographic atrophy and, based on controversial data regarding the protective versus detrimental functions of IL-33 in neovascularization, evaluated the risk of progression to wet AMD by IL-33 neutralization. Repeated intravitreal (IVT) injections of IL-33trap in the mouse laser-induced choroidal neovascularization model did not exacerbate neovascularization or leakage, while it significantly inhibited inflammatory cell infiltration in the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid. On the contrary, IVT treatment with IL-33trap significantly induced retinal inflammation and could not prevent retinopathy induction in the mouse sodium iodate (NaIO3) model. Overall, these data suggest a complex and dichotomous role of IL-33 in eye pathology and indicate that IL-33 neutralization is not able to prevent onset and progression of dry AMD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inge Van Hove
- Oxurion NV, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Aurora Holgado
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Inna S Afonina
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jean Hm Feyen
- Oxurion NV, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Toll-like Receptor 2 Facilitates Oxidative Damage-Induced Retinal Degeneration. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2209-2224.e5. [PMID: 32075760 PMCID: PMC7179253 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degeneration is a form of neurodegenerative disease and is the leading cause of vision loss globally. The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are primary components of the innate immune system involved in signal transduction. Here we show that TLR2 induces complement factors C3 and CFB, the common and rate-limiting factors of the alternative pathway in both retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and mononuclear phagocytes. Neutralization of TLR2 reduces opsonizing fragments of C3 in the outer retina and protects photoreceptor neurons from oxidative stress-induced degeneration. TLR2 deficiency also preserves tight junction expression and promotes RPE resistance to fragmentation. Finally, oxidative stress-induced formation of the terminal complement membrane attack complex and Iba1+ cell infiltration are strikingly inhibited in the TLR2-deficient retina. Our data directly implicate TLR2 as a mediator of retinal degeneration in response to oxidative stress and present TLR2 as a bridge between oxidative damage and complement-mediated retinal pathology. Oxidative stress and complement deposition are common to many retinal degenerative diseases. Mulfaul et al. demonstrate that TLR2 blockade protects against photoreceptor neuronal cell death and RPE fragmentation in experimental models of oxidative stress-induced retinal degeneration and present TLR2 as a bridge between oxidative damage and complement-mediated retinal pathology.
Collapse
|
28
|
Arranz-Romera A, Hernandez M, Checa-Casalengua P, Garcia-Layana A, Molina-Martinez IT, Recalde S, Young MJ, Tucker BA, Herrero-Vanrell R, Fernandez-Robredo P, Bravo-Osuna I. A Safe GDNF and GDNF/BDNF Controlled Delivery System Improves Migration in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells and Survival in Retinal Ganglion Cells: Potential Usefulness in Degenerative Retinal Pathologies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14010050. [PMID: 33440745 PMCID: PMC7827036 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the sustained delivery effect of poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA)/vitamin E (VitE) microspheres (MSs) loaded with glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) alone (GDNF-MSs) or combined with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF; GDNF/BDNF-MSs) on migration of the human adult retinal pigment epithelial cell-line-19 (ARPE-19) cells, primate choroidal endothelial (RF/6A) cells, and the survival of isolated mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The morphology of the MSs, particle size, and encapsulation efficiencies of the active substances were evaluated. In vitro release, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) deoxyuridine dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) apoptosis, functional wound healing migration (ARPE-19; migration), and (RF/6A; angiogenesis) assays were conducted. The safety of MS intravitreal injection was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin, neuronal nuclei (NeuN) immunolabeling, and TUNEL assays, and RGC in vitro survival was analyzed. MSs delivered GDNF and co-delivered GDNF/BDNF in a sustained manner over 77 days. The BDNF/GDNF combination increased RPE cell migration, whereas no effect was observed on RF/6A. MSs did not alter cell viability, apoptosis was absent in vitro, and RGCs survived in vitro for seven weeks. In mice, retinal toxicity and apoptosis was absent in histologic sections. This delivery strategy could be useful as a potential co-therapy in retinal degenerations and glaucoma, in line with future personalized long-term intravitreal treatment as different amounts (doses) of microparticles can be administered according to patients’ needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Arranz-Romera
- Pharmaceutical Innovation in Ophthalmology (InnOftal), Research Group (UCM 920415), Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.-R.); (P.C.-C.); (I.T.M.-M.); (R.H.-V.)
| | - Maria Hernandez
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.G.-L.); (S.R.); (P.F.-R.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa Sanitaria en Enfermedades Oculares (Oftared), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (I.B.-O.)
| | - Patricia Checa-Casalengua
- Pharmaceutical Innovation in Ophthalmology (InnOftal), Research Group (UCM 920415), Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.-R.); (P.C.-C.); (I.T.M.-M.); (R.H.-V.)
| | - Alfredo Garcia-Layana
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.G.-L.); (S.R.); (P.F.-R.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa Sanitaria en Enfermedades Oculares (Oftared), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Irene T. Molina-Martinez
- Pharmaceutical Innovation in Ophthalmology (InnOftal), Research Group (UCM 920415), Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.-R.); (P.C.-C.); (I.T.M.-M.); (R.H.-V.)
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa Sanitaria en Enfermedades Oculares (Oftared), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial (IUFI), Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Recalde
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.G.-L.); (S.R.); (P.F.-R.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa Sanitaria en Enfermedades Oculares (Oftared), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Michael J. Young
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Budd A. Tucker
- Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Rocío Herrero-Vanrell
- Pharmaceutical Innovation in Ophthalmology (InnOftal), Research Group (UCM 920415), Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.-R.); (P.C.-C.); (I.T.M.-M.); (R.H.-V.)
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa Sanitaria en Enfermedades Oculares (Oftared), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial (IUFI), Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Fernandez-Robredo
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.G.-L.); (S.R.); (P.F.-R.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa Sanitaria en Enfermedades Oculares (Oftared), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Irene Bravo-Osuna
- Pharmaceutical Innovation in Ophthalmology (InnOftal), Research Group (UCM 920415), Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.-R.); (P.C.-C.); (I.T.M.-M.); (R.H.-V.)
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa Sanitaria en Enfermedades Oculares (Oftared), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial (IUFI), Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (I.B.-O.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bagewadi S, Parameswaran S, Krishnakumar S, Sethuraman S, Subramanian A. Tissue engineering approaches towards the regeneration of biomimetic scaffolds for age-related macular degeneration. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:5935-5953. [PMID: 34254105 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00976a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the third major cause of blindness in people aged above 60 years. It causes dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and leads to an irreversible loss of central vision. The present clinical treatment options are more palliative in controlling the progression of the disease and do not functionally restore the degenerated RPE monolayer and photoreceptors. Currently, the clinical transplantation of RPE cells has shown poor engraftment potential due to the absence of an intact Bruch's membrane in AMD patients, thereby the vision is unable to be restored completely. Although tissue engineering strategies target the development of Bruch's membrane-mimetic substrates, the challenge still lies in the development of an ultrathin, biologically and mechanically equivalent membrane to restore visual acuity. Further, existing limitations such as cellular aggregation, surgical complications including retinal tissue damage, tissue rejection, disease transmission, inferior mechanical strength, and the loss of vision over time demand the search for an ideal strategy to restore the functional RPE. Hence, this review aims to provide insights into various approaches, from conventional cell therapy to 3D bioprinting, and their unmet challenges in treating AMD by outlining the pathophysiology of AMD and the host tissue response with respect to injury, treatment and preclinical animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shambhavi Bagewadi
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sowmya Parameswaran
- Radheshyam Kanoi Stem Cell Laboratory, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Subramanian Krishnakumar
- Radheshyam Kanoi Stem Cell Laboratory, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Swaminathan Sethuraman
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Anuradha Subramanian
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
SHIRAI M, NIINO N, MORI K, KAI K. Microarray-based gene expression analysis combined with laser capture microdissection is beneficial in investigating the modes of action of ocular toxicity. J Toxicol Pathol 2021; 35:171-182. [PMID: 35516843 PMCID: PMC9018402 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2021-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina consists of several layers, and drugs can affect the retina and choroid
separately. Therefore, investigating the target layers of toxicity can provide useful
information pertaining to its modes of action. Herein, we compared gene expression
profiles obtained via microarray analyses using samples of target layers collected via
laser capture microdissection and samples of the whole globe of the eye of rats treated
with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Pathway analyses suggested
changes in the different pathways between the laser capture microdissection samples and
the whole globe samples. Consistent with the histological distribution of glial cells,
upregulation of several inflammation-related pathways was noted only in the whole globe
samples. Individual gene expression analyses revealed several gene expression changes in
the laser capture microdissection samples, such as caspase- and glycolysis-related gene
expression changes, which is similar to previous reports regarding
N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-treated animals; however,
caspase- and glycolysis-related gene expressions did not change or changed unexpectedly in
the whole globe samples. Analyses of the laser capture microdissection samples revealed
new potential candidate genes involved in the modes of action of
N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced retinal toxicity.
Collectively, our results suggest that specific retinal layers, which may be targeted by
specific toxins, are beneficial in identifying genes responsible for drug-induced ocular
toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto SHIRAI
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-0081, Japan
| | - Noriyo NIINO
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-0081, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko MORI
- Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Kiyonori KAI
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-0081, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kim SY, Kambhampati SP, Bhutto IA, McLeod DS, Lutty GA, Kannan RM. Evolution of oxidative stress, inflammation and neovascularization in the choroid and retina in a subretinal lipid induced age-related macular degeneration model. Exp Eye Res 2020; 203:108391. [PMID: 33307075 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, inflammation and neovascularization are the key pathological events that are implicated in human age-related macular degeneration (AMD). There are a limited number of animal models available for evaluating and developing new therapies. Most models represent late exudative or neovascular AMD (nAMD) but there is a relative paucity of models that mimic early events in AMD. The purpose of this study is to characterize the evolution of oxidative stress, inflammation, retinal degeneration and neovascularization in a rat model of AMD, created by subretinal injection of human lipid hydroperoxide (HpODE) that found in the sub-macular region in aged and AMD patients. Subretinal HpODE induced retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and retinal degeneration resulting in loss of RPE cells, photoreceptors and retinal thinning. RPE degeneration and atrophy were detected by day 5, followed by neural tissue degeneration at day 12 with robust TUNEL positive cells. Western blot analysis confirmed an increase in pro-apoptotic Bak protein at day 12 in retinal tissues. Oxidative damage biomarkers (4-hydroxynonenal, malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, and nitrotyrosine) increased in retinal tissue from days 5-12. Müller glial activation was observed in the HpODE injected area at day 5 followed by its remodeling and migration in the outer retina by day 20. RT-qPCR analysis further indicated upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) both in retinal and RPE/choroidal tissue as early as day 2 and persisted until day 12. Upregulation of oxidative stress markers such as NADPH oxidase (NOX and DOUX family) was detected early in retinal tissue by day 2 followed by its upregulation in choroidal tissue at day 5. Neovascularization was demonstrated from day 12 to day 20 post HpODE injection in choroidal tissue. The results from this study indicate that subretinal HpODE induces advanced AMD phenotypes comprising many aspects of both dry/early and late) and neovascular/late AMD as observed in humans. Within 3 weeks via oxidative damage, upregulation of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory genes, pro-apoptotic Bak and pro-angiogenic VEGF upregulation occurs leading to CNV formation. This experimental model of subretinal HpODE is an appropriate model for the study of AMD and provides an important platform for translational and basic research in developing new therapies particularly for early/dry AMD where currently no viable therapies are available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Young Kim
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Siva P Kambhampati
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Imran A Bhutto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D Scott McLeod
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gerard A Lutty
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Rangaramanujam M Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wolk A, Upadhyay M, Ali M, Suh J, Stoehr H, Bonilha VL, Anand-Apte B. The retinal pigment epithelium in Sorsby Fundus Dystrophy shows increased sensitivity to oxidative stress-induced degeneration. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101681. [PMID: 32828705 PMCID: PMC7767753 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorsby Fundus Dystrophy (SFD) is a rare inherited autosomal dominant macular degeneration caused by specific mutations in TIMP3. Patients with SFD present with pathophysiology similar to the more common Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) and loss of vision due to both choroidal neovascularization and geographic atrophy. Previously, it has been shown that RPE degeneration in AMD is due in part to oxidative stress. We hypothesized that similar mechanisms may be at play in SFD. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether mice carrying the S179C-Timp3 mutation, a variant commonly observed in SFD, showed increased sensitivity to oxidative stress. Antioxidant genes are increased at baseline in the RPE in SFD mouse models, but not in the retina. This suggests the presence of a pro-oxidant environment in the RPE in the presence of Timp3 mutations. To determine if the RPE of Timp3 mutant mice is more susceptible to degeneration when exposed to low levels of oxidative stress, mice were injected with low doses of sodium iodate. The RPE and photoreceptors in Timp3 mutant mice degenerated at low doses of sodium iodate, which had no effect in wildtype control mice. These studies suggest that TIMP3 mutations may result in a dysregulation of pro-oxidant-antioxidant homeostasis in the RPE, leading to RPE degeneration in SFD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Wolk
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute & Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Dept. of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Mala Upadhyay
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute & Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Mariya Ali
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute & Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Jason Suh
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute & Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Heidi Stoehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, 31 Universitätsstraße, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Vera L Bonilha
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute & Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Dept. of Ophthalmology, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Bela Anand-Apte
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute & Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Dept. of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Dept. of Ophthalmology, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hydrogel-mediated co-transplantation of retinal pigmented epithelium and photoreceptors restores vision in an animal model of advanced retinal degeneration. Biomaterials 2020; 257:120233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
34
|
Dixit S, Polato F, Samardzija M, Abu-Asab M, Grimm C, Crawford SE, Becerra SP. PEDF deficiency increases the susceptibility of rd10 mice to retinal degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2020; 198:108121. [PMID: 32721425 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The SERPINF1 gene encodes pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a member of the serpin superfamily with neurotrophic and antiangiogenic properties in the retina. We hypothesized that absence of PEDF would lead to increased stress-associated retinal degeneration in Serpinf1 null mice. Accordingly, using a Serpinf1 null mouse model, we investigated the impact of PEDF absence on retinal morphology, and susceptibility to induced and inherited retinal degeneration. We studied the pattern of Serpinf1 expression in the mouse retina layers. PEDF protein was detected by western blotting. Transmission electron microscopy was performed on mouse retina. Serpinf1 null mice and wild type littermates were injected with NaIO3 (30 mg/kg body weight) intraperitonially. At post-injection day 1, 3, 4, 6 and 8 mice were euthanized, and eyes were enucleated. Serpinf1 null and rd10 double mutant mice were generated and their eyes enucleated at different time points from post-natal day 15 to post-natal day 28. Enucleated eyes were processed for hematoxylin and eosin staining and histopathological evaluations. We found that Serpinf1 was expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium, in the inner nuclear layer and in the ganglion cell layer, but undetectable in the outer nuclear layer of wild type mice. Plasma PEDF protein levels were undetectable in Serpinf1 null animals. RPE atrophy and retinal thinning were observed in NaIO3-treated wild type mice that progressed with time post-injection. NaIO3-treated Serpinf1 null mice showed comparatively better retinal morphology than wild type mice at day 4 post-injection. However, the absence of PEDF in Serpinf1 null x rd10 mice increased the susceptibility to retinal degeneration relative to that of rd10 mice. We concluded that histopathological evaluation of retinas lacking PEDF showed that removal of the Serpinf1 gene may activate PEDF-independent compensatory mechanisms to protect the retina against oxidative stress, while it increases the susceptibility to degenerate the retina in inherited retinal degeneration models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Dixit
- Section of Protein Structure and Function, LRCMB-NEI-NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Federica Polato
- Section of Protein Structure and Function, LRCMB-NEI-NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marijana Samardzija
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian Grimm
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Health System Research Institute, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - S Patricia Becerra
- Section of Protein Structure and Function, LRCMB-NEI-NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lehmann GL, Hanke-Gogokhia C, Hu Y, Bareja R, Salfati Z, Ginsberg M, Nolan DJ, Mendez-Huergo SP, Dalotto-Moreno T, Wojcinski A, Ochoa F, Zeng S, Cerliani JP, Panagis L, Zager PJ, Mullins RF, Ogura S, Lutty GA, Bang J, Zippin JH, Romano C, Rabinovich GA, Elemento O, Joyner AL, Rafii S, Rodriguez-Boulan E, Benedicto I. Single-cell profiling reveals an endothelium-mediated immunomodulatory pathway in the eye choroid. J Exp Med 2020; 217:e20190730. [PMID: 32196081 PMCID: PMC7971135 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity and survival of retinal photoreceptors depend on support functions performed by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and on oxygen and nutrients delivered by blood vessels in the underlying choroid. By combining single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing, we categorized mouse RPE/choroid cell types and characterized the tissue-specific transcriptomic features of choroidal endothelial cells. We found that choroidal endothelium adjacent to the RPE expresses high levels of Indian Hedgehog and identified its downstream target as stromal GLI1+ mesenchymal stem cell-like cells. In vivo genetic impairment of Hedgehog signaling induced significant loss of choroidal mast cells, as well as an altered inflammatory response and exacerbated visual function defects after retinal damage. Our studies reveal the cellular and molecular landscape of adult RPE/choroid and uncover a Hedgehog-regulated choroidal immunomodulatory signaling circuit. These results open new avenues for the study and treatment of retinal vascular diseases and choroid-related inflammatory blinding disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo L. Lehmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY
| | - Christin Hanke-Gogokhia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Yang Hu
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Rohan Bareja
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Zelda Salfati
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Santiago P. Mendez-Huergo
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomas Dalotto-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alexandre Wojcinski
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Shemin Zeng
- The University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Juan P. Cerliani
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Patrick J. Zager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Robert F. Mullins
- The University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Shuntaro Ogura
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Gerard A. Lutty
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jakyung Bang
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Jonathan H. Zippin
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
| | | | - Gabriel A. Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Alexandra L. Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Enrique Rodriguez-Boulan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Ignacio Benedicto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Morphologic and electrophysiologic findings of retinal degeneration after intravitreal sodium iodate injection following vitrectomy in canines. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3588. [PMID: 32107442 PMCID: PMC7046695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60579-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed and characterized a canine model of outer retinal degeneration induced by sodium iodate (SI) intravitreal injection after vitrectomy. In the preliminary study, we repeatedly injected SI intravitreally into the eyes of three canines to develop outer retinal degeneration two weeks after vitrectomy. Based on the preliminary study, a single dose of either 1.2 mg or 1.0 mg SI/0.05 mL was also injected (1.2 mg in n = 5 canines, 1.0 mg in n = 2 canines). Spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (OCT), electroretinography (ERG), and histological examinations were performed at baseline and following intravitreal injection. In the preliminary study, after a 0.5-mg SI injection and a 1.0-mg SI injection and after two 0.8-mg SI injections, retinal degeneration with retinal thinning was observed on OCT imaging. In the second study, after a single 1.0- or 1.2-mg SI injection, outer retinal degeneration was induced. All eyes showed diffuse outer retinal degeneration on OCT and a loss of both cone and rod responses in ERG. Histological examination also showed the loss of outer retinal layer. Intravitreally injected SI (1.0–1.2 mg) in a vitrectomized canine model induced outer retinal degeneration effectively, and could be evaluated through in vivo ophthalmic examination.
Collapse
|
37
|
Voigt AP, Binkley E, Flamme-Wiese MJ, Zeng S, DeLuca AP, Scheetz TE, Tucker BA, Mullins RF, Stone EM. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing in Human Retinal Degeneration Reveals Distinct Glial Cell Populations. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020438. [PMID: 32069977 PMCID: PMC7072666 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative diseases affecting retinal photoreceptor cells have numerous etiologies and clinical presentations. We clinically and molecularly studied the retina of a 70-year-old patient with retinal degeneration attributed to autoimmune retinopathy. The patient was followed for 19 years for progressive peripheral visual field loss and pigmentary changes. Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on foveal and peripheral retina from this patient and four control patients, and cell-specific gene expression differences were identified between healthy and degenerating retina. Distinct populations of glial cells, including astrocytes and Müller cells, were identified in the tissue from the retinal degeneration patient. The glial cell populations demonstrated an expression profile consistent with reactive gliosis. This report provides evidence that glial cells have a distinct transcriptome in the setting of human retinal degeneration and represents a complementary clinical and molecular investigation of a case of progressive retinal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Voigt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Elaine Binkley
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Miles J. Flamme-Wiese
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Shemin Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Adam P. DeLuca
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Todd E. Scheetz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Budd A. Tucker
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Robert F. Mullins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Edwin M. Stone
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Valiente-Soriano FJ, Ortín-Martínez A, Di Pierdomenico J, García-Ayuso D, Gallego-Ortega A, Miralles de Imperial-Ollero JA, Jiménez-López M, Villegas-Pérez MP, Wheeler LA, Vidal-Sanz M. Topical Brimonidine or Intravitreal BDNF, CNTF, or bFGF Protect Cones Against Phototoxicity. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019; 8:36. [PMID: 31890348 PMCID: PMC6919195 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.6.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To develop a focal photoreceptor degeneration model by blue light-emitting diode (LED)-induced phototoxicity (LIP) and investigate the protective effects of topical brimonidine (BMD) or intravitreal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Methods In anesthetized, dark-adapted, adult female Swiss mice, the left eye was dilated and exposed to blue light (10 seconds, 200 lux). After LIP, full-field electroretinograms (ERG) and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) were obtained longitudinally, and reactive-Iba-1+monocytic cells, TUNEL+ cells and S-opsin+ cone outer segments were examined up to 7 days. Left eyes were treated topically with BMD (1%) or vehicle, before or right after LIP, or intravitreally with BDNF (2.5 μg), CNTF (0.2 μg), bFGF (0.5 μg), or corresponding vehicle right after LIP. At 7 days, S-opsin+ cone outer segments were counted within predetermined fixed-size areas (PFA) centered on the lesion in both flattened retinas. Results SD-OCT showed a circular region in the superior-temporal left retina with progressive thinning (207.9 ± 5.6 μm to 160.7 ± 6.8 μm [7 days], n = 8), increasing TUNEL+ cells (peak at 3 days), decreasing S-opsin+ cone outer segments, and strong microglia activation. ERGs were normal by 3 days. Total S-opsin+ cones in the PFA for LIP-treated and fellow-retinas were 2330 ± 262 and 5601 ± 583 (n = 8), respectively. All neuroprotectants (n = 7–11), including topical BMD pre- or post-LIP, or intravitreal BDNF, CNTF, and bFGF, showed significantly greater S-opsin+ cone survival than their corresponding vehicle-treated groups. Conclusions LIP is a reliable, quantifiable focal photoreceptor degeneration model. Topical BMD or intravitreal BDNF, CNTF, or bFGF protect against LIP-induced cone-photoreceptor loss. Translational Relevance Topical BMD or intravitreal BDNF, CNTF, or bFGF protect cones against phototoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Arturo Ortín-Martínez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.,Present Address: Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Johnny Di Pierdomenico
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Diego García-Ayuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gallego-Ortega
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan A Miralles de Imperial-Ollero
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Jiménez-López
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - María Paz Villegas-Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Larry A Wheeler
- Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Inhibiting microRNA-144 potentiates Nrf2-dependent antioxidant signaling in RPE and protects against oxidative stress-induced outer retinal degeneration. Redox Biol 2019; 28:101336. [PMID: 31590045 PMCID: PMC6812120 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is consistently exposed to high levels of pro-oxidant and inflammatory stimuli. As such, under normal conditions the antioxidant machinery in the RPE cell is one of the most efficient in the entire body. However, antioxidant defense mechanisms are often impacted negatively by the process of aging and/or degenerative disease leaving RPE susceptible to damage which contributes to retinal dysfunction. Thus, understanding better the mechanisms governing antioxidant responses in RPE is critically important. Here, we evaluated the role of the redox sensitive microRNA miR-144 in regulation of antioxidant signaling in human and mouse RPE. In cultured human RPE, miR-144-3p and miR-144-5p expression was upregulated in response to pro-oxidant stimuli. Likewise, overexpression of miR-144-3p and -5p using targeted miR mimics was associated with reduced expression of Nrf2 and downstream antioxidant target genes (NQO1 and GCLC), reduced levels of glutathione and increased RPE cell death. Alternately, some protection was conferred against the above when miR-144-3p and miR-144-5p expression was suppressed using antagomirs. Expression analyses revealed a higher conservation of miR-144-3p expression across species and additionally, the presence of two potential Nrf2 binding sites in the 3p sequence compared to only one in the 5p sequence. Thus, we evaluated the impact of miR-144-3p expression in the retinas of mice in which a robust pro-oxidant environment was generated using sodium iodate (SI). Subretinal injection of miR-144-3p antagomir in SI mice preserved retinal integrity and function, decreased oxidative stress, limited apoptosis and enhanced antioxidant gene expression. Collectively, the present work establishes miR-144 as a potential target for preventing and treating degenerative retinal diseases in which oxidative stress is paramount and RPE is prominently affected (e.g., age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy).
Collapse
|
40
|
Su F, Spee C, Araujo E, Barron E, Wang M, Ghione C, Hinton DR, Nusinowitz S, Kannan R, Reddy ST, Farias-Eisner R. A Novel HDL-Mimetic Peptide HM-10/10 Protects RPE and Photoreceptors in Murine Models of Retinal Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194807. [PMID: 31569695 PMCID: PMC6801888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness in the developed world. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a critical site of pathology in AMD. Oxidative stress plays a key role in the development of AMD. We generated a chimeric high-density lipoprotein (HDL), mimetic peptide named HM-10/10, with anti-oxidant properties and investigated its potential for the treatment of retinal disease using cell culture and animal models of RPE and photoreceptor (PR) degeneration. Treatment with HM-10/10 peptide prevented human fetal RPE cell death caused by tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (tBH)-induced oxidative stress and sodium iodate (NaIO3), which causes RPE atrophy and is a model of geographic atrophy in mice. We also show that HM-10/10 peptide ameliorated photoreceptor cell death and significantly improved retinal function in a mouse model of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced PR degeneration. Our results demonstrate that HM-10/10 protects RPE and retina from oxidant injury and can serve as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of retinal degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Christine Spee
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Eduardo Araujo
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Eric Barron
- The Stephen J. Ryan Initiative for Macular Research, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Mo Wang
- The Stephen J. Ryan Initiative for Macular Research, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Caleb Ghione
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - David R Hinton
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Steven Nusinowitz
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Ram Kannan
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- The Stephen J. Ryan Initiative for Macular Research, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Srinivasa T Reddy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Robin Farias-Eisner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Injectable taurine-loaded alginate hydrogels for retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) regeneration. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 103:109787. [PMID: 31349479 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to produce injectable taurine (Tr)-loaded alginate (Agn) hydrogel for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) treatment by inducing the regeneration of RPE (retinal pigment epithelium) cells. Porosity and swelling ratio were measured to evaluate the mechanical properties of the hydrogels, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to evaluate the physical and chemical properties. RPE cells extracted from the pigmented epithelium of rabbits were encapsulated in the Tr/Agn hydrogels. Cells proliferation and migration were improved in Tr/Agn hydrogels with an enhanced expression of RPE-specific genes including RPE65, CRALBP, NPR-A, MITF and collagen type I and II. In vivo tests demonstrated the excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability without inflammatory response by the host when implanted with the hydrogel. Moreover, when the Tr/Agn hydrogels were injected into the sub-retinal space, high adhesion of RPE cells and retinal regeneration were confirmed. These results demonstrated a potential role of injectable Tr/Agn hydrogels as potential therapeutic tools for the treatment of retinal diseases, including AMD.
Collapse
|
42
|
Retinal degeneration rat model: A study on the structural and functional changes in the retina following injection of sodium iodate. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 196:111514. [PMID: 31154277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Retinal disorders account for a large proportion of ocular disorders that can lead to visual impairment or blindness, and yet our limited knowledge in the pathogenesis and choice of appropriate animal models for new treatment modalities may contribute to ineffective therapies. Although genetic in vivo models are favored, the variable expressivity and penetrance of these heterogeneous disorders can cause difficulties in assessing potential treatments against retinal degeneration. Hence, an attractive alternative is to develop a chemically-induced model that is both cost-friendly and standardizable. Sodium iodate is an oxidative chemical that is used to simulate late stage retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration. In this study, retinal degeneration was induced through systemic administration of sodium iodate (NaIO3) at varying doses up to 80 mg/kg in Sprague-Dawley rats. An analysis on the visual response of the rats by electroretinography (ERG) showed a decrease in photoreceptor function with NaIO3 administration at a dose of 40 mg/kg or greater. The results correlated with the TUNEL assay, which revealed signs of DNA damage throughout the retina. Histomorphological analysis also revealed extensive structural lesions throughout the outer retina and parts of the inner retina. Our results provided a detailed view of NaIO3-induced retinal degeneration, and showed that the administration of 40 mg/kg NaIO3 was sufficient to generate disturbances in retinal function. The pathological findings in this model reveal a degenerating retina, and can be further utilized to develop effective therapies for RPE, photoreceptor, and bipolar cell regeneration.
Collapse
|
43
|
Li R, Liu Y, Xie J, Huang X, Zhang L, Liu H, Li L. Sirt3 mediates the protective effect of hydrogen in inhibiting ROS-induced retinal senescence. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 135:116-124. [PMID: 30735837 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen possesses antioxidative effects and cures numerous types of ophthalmopathy, but the mechanism of hydrogen on ROS-induced retinal senescence remains elusive. In this study, retinal morphology revealed that hydrogen reduced the number and size of vitreous black deposits in Bruch's membrane in NaIO3 mice. Hydrogen also reduced ROS levels in the retina as assessed by DHE staining. Moreover, this result was consistent with the downregulation of expression of the oxidative stress hallmark OGG1. These findings suggested that hydrogen can reduce retinal oxidative stress induced by NaIO3, and this result was further verified using the antioxidant ALCAR. Mechanistic analysis revealed that hydrogen significantly inhibited the downregulation of Sirt3 expression, and this notion was confirmed using AICAR, which restores Sirt3 expression and activity. Moreover, hydrogen reduced the expression of p53, p21 and p16 and the number of blue-green precipitations in the retinas of NaIO3 mice as assessed by SA-β-gal staining. We also found that hydrogen decreased the expression of the DNA damage-related protein ATM, cyclinD1 and NF-κB but increased the expression of the DNA repair-related protein HMGB1, suggesting that hydrogen inhibits senescence in retinas of NaIO3 mice. Additionally, OCT examination revealed that hydrogen suppressed retinal high reflex formation significantly and prevented the retina from thinning. This result was supported by ERG assays that demonstrated that hydrogen prevented the reduction in a- and b-wave amplitude induced by NaIO3 in mice. Thus, our data suggest that hydrogen may inhibit retinal senescence by suppressing the downregulation of Sirt3 expression through reduced oxidative stress reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruichan Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Taizhou University, Taizhou, PR China.
| | - Yanli Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Taizhou University, Taizhou, PR China.
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Cell Biology, Taizhou University, Taizhou, PR China.
| | - Xudong Huang
- Chemistry and Life College, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, PR China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Jinzhoushi Oral Cavity Hospital, Jinzhou, PR China.
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, PR China.
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Taizhou University, Taizhou, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hanovice NJ, Leach LL, Slater K, Gabriel AE, Romanovicz D, Shao E, Collery R, Burton EA, Lathrop KL, Link BA, Gross JM. Regeneration of the zebrafish retinal pigment epithelium after widespread genetic ablation. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007939. [PMID: 30695061 PMCID: PMC6368336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a specialized monolayer of pigmented cells within the eye that is critical for maintaining visual system function. Diseases affecting the RPE have dire consequences for vision, and the most prevalent of these is atrophic (dry) age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is thought to result from RPE dysfunction and degeneration. An intriguing possibility for treating RPE degenerative diseases like atrophic AMD is the stimulation of endogenous RPE regeneration; however, very little is known about the mechanisms driving successful RPE regeneration in vivo. Here, we developed a zebrafish transgenic model (rpe65a:nfsB-eGFP) that enabled ablation of large swathes of mature RPE. RPE ablation resulted in rapid RPE degeneration, as well as degeneration of Bruch’s membrane and underlying photoreceptors. Using this model, we demonstrate for the first time that zebrafish are capable of regenerating a functional RPE monolayer after RPE ablation. Regenerated RPE cells first appear at the periphery of the RPE, and regeneration proceeds in a peripheral-to-central fashion. RPE ablation elicits a robust proliferative response in the remaining RPE. Subsequently, proliferative cells move into the injury site and differentiate into RPE. BrdU incorporation assays demonstrate that the regenerated RPE is likely derived from remaining peripheral RPE cells. Pharmacological disruption using IWR-1, a Wnt signaling antagonist, significantly reduces cell proliferation in the RPE and impairs overall RPE recovery. These data demonstrate that the zebrafish RPE possesses a robust capacity for regeneration and highlight a potential mechanism through which endogenous RPE regenerate in vivo. Diseases resulting in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) degeneration are among the leading causes of blindness worldwide, and no therapy exists that can replace RPE or restore lost vision. One intriguing possibility is the development of therapies focused on stimulating endogenous RPE regeneration. For this to be possible, we must first gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying RPE regeneration. Here, we develop a transgenic zebrafish system through which we ablate large swathes of mature RPE and demonstrate that zebrafish regenerate RPE after widespread injury. Injury-adjacent RPE proliferate and regenerate RPE, suggesting that they are the source of regenerated tissue. Finally, we demonstrate that Wnt signaling may be involved in RPE regeneration. These findings establish a versatile in vivo model through which the molecular and cellular underpinnings of RPE regeneration can be further characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Hanovice
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lyndsay L. Leach
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kayleigh Slater
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ana E. Gabriel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dwight Romanovicz
- Center for Biomedical Research Support, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Enhua Shao
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Tsinghua University Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Ross Collery
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Burton
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kira L. Lathrop
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brian A. Link
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Gross
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Migrate and Rescue RPE in the Setting of Oxidative Stress. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:9682856. [PMID: 30651740 PMCID: PMC6311721 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9682856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress leads to the degeneration of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) and photoreceptor cells. We evaluated the potential of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) as a therapeutic tool by studying the migration capacity of ASCs in vitro and their protective effect against RPE cell death under oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. ASCs exhibited enhanced migration when exposed to conditioned medium of oxidative stressed RPE cells obtained by hydrogen peroxide. Migration-related axis SDF-1/CXCR4 was studied, and upregulation of SDF-1 in stressed RPE and of CXCR4 in ASCs was detected. Moreover, ASCs' conditioned medium prevented H2O2-induced cell death of RPE cells. Early passage ASCs had high expression level of HGF, low VEGF levels, and unmodulated IL-1β levels, compared to late passage ASCs. Thus, early passage ASCs show the potential to migrate towards damaged RPE cells and protect them in a paracrine manner from cell death induced by oxidative stress. In vivo, mice received systemic injection of NaIO3, and 72 h later, ASCs were transplanted in the subretinal space. Seven days after ASC transplantation, the eyes were enucleated fixed and frozen for immunohistochemical analysis. Under such conditions, ASC-treated mice showed preservation of nuclear layers in the outer nuclear layer and stronger staining of RPE and photoreceptor layer, compared to PBS-treated mice. Taken together, our results indicate that ASCs are able to home in on damaged RPE cells and protect against damage to the RPE and PR layers caused by oxidative stress. These data imply the potential that ASCs have in regenerating RPE under oxidative stress, providing the basis for a therapeutic approach to retinal degeneration diseases related to oxidative stress that could help save the eyesight of millions of people worldwide.
Collapse
|
46
|
Liu Y, Li R, Xie J, Hu J, Huang X, Ren F, Li L. Protective Effect of Hydrogen on Sodium Iodate-Induced Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:389. [PMID: 30564112 PMCID: PMC6288204 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is one of the main causes of AMD. Hydrogen has anti-oxidative stress and apoptotic effects on retinal injury. However, the effect of hydrogen on AMD is not clear. In this study, fundus radiography, OCT, and FFA demonstrated that HRW reduced the deposition of drusen-like structures in RPE layer, prevented retina from thinning and leakage of ocular fundus vasculature induced by NaIO3. ERG analysis confirmed that HRW effectively reversed the decrease of a-wave and b-wave amplitude in NaIO3-mice. Mechanistically, HRW greatly reduced the oxidative stress reaction through decreased MDA levels, increased SOD production, and decreased ROS content. The OGG1 expression was downregulated which is a marker of oxidative stress. Involvement of oxidative stress was confirmed using oxidative stress inhibitor ALCAR. Moreover, oxidative stress reaction was associated with expression of Sirt1 level and HRW significantly inhibited the downregulation of Sirt1 expression. This result was further confirmed with AICAR which restore Sirt1 expression and activity. In addition, NaIO3-induced retinal damage was related to apoptosis via caspase 8 and caspase 9, but not the caspase 3 pathways, which led to upregulation of Bax and p53, downregulation of Bcl-2, and increase in Jc-1-positive cells in mice. However, HRW effectively reversed these effects that apoptosis induced. These results suggest that HRW protects retinal functions against oxidative stress injury through inhibiting downregulation of Sirt1 and reducing retinal apoptosis. Therefore, we speculated that hydrogen administration is a promising treatment for AMD therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Ruichan Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Cell Biology, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Jiehua Hu
- Information Center, Logistics College, Naval University of Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Xudong Huang
- Chemistry and Life College, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fu Ren
- Biological Anthropology Institute, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Stimulation of AMPK prevents degeneration of photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:10475-10480. [PMID: 30249643 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802724115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases are generally characterized by a permanent loss of light-sensitive retinal neurons known as photoreceptors, or their support cells, the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). Metabolic dysfunction has been implicated as a common mechanism of degeneration. In this study, we used the drug metformin in a gain-of-function approach to activate adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). We found that treatment protected photoreceptors and the RPE from acute injury and delayed inherited retinal degeneration. Protection was associated with decreased oxidative stress, decreased DNA damage, and increased mitochondrial energy production. To determine whether protection was a local or a systemic effect of metformin, we used AMPK retinal knockout mice and found that local expression of AMPK catalytic subunit α2 was required for metformin-induced protection. Our data demonstrate that increasing the activity of AMPK in retinal neurons or glia can delay or prevent degeneration of photoreceptors and the RPE from multiple types of cell-death triggers.
Collapse
|
48
|
Sreekumar PG, Li Z, Wang W, Spee C, Hinton DR, Kannan R, MacKay JA. Intra-vitreal αB crystallin fused to elastin-like polypeptide provides neuroprotection in a mouse model of age-related macular degeneration. J Control Release 2018; 283:94-104. [PMID: 29778783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of severe and irreversible central vision loss, and the primary site of AMD pathology is the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Geographic atrophy (GA) is an advanced form of AMD characterized by extensive RPE cell loss, subsequent degeneration of photoreceptors, and thinning of retina. This report describes the protective potential of a peptide derived from the αB crystallin protein using a sodium iodate (NaIO3) induced mouse model of GA. Systemic NaIO3 challenge causes degeneration of the RPE and neighboring photoreceptors, which have similarities to retinas of GA patients. αB crystallin is an abundant ocular protein that maintains ocular clarity and retinal homeostasis, and a small peptide from this protein (mini cry) displays neuroprotective properties. To retain this peptide for longer in the vitreous, mini cry was fused to an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP). A single intra-vitreal treatment by this crySI fusion significantly inhibits retinal degeneration in comparison to free mini cry. While mini cry is cleared from the eye with a mean residence time of 0.4 days, crySI is retained with a mean residence time of 3.0 days; furthermore, fundus photography reveals evidence of retention at two weeks. Unlike the free mini cry, crySI protects the RPE against NaIO3 challenge for at least two weeks after administration. CrySI also inhibits RPE apoptosis and caspase-3 activation and protects the retina from cell death up to 1-month post NaIO3 challenge. These results show that intra-ocular ELP-linked peptides such as crySI hold promise as protective agents to prevent RPE atrophy and progressive retinal degeneration in AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parameswaran G Sreekumar
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Macular Research Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Wan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Christine Spee
- Department Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - David R Hinton
- Department Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ram Kannan
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Macular Research Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - J Andrew MacKay
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ma W, Zhang Y, Gao C, Fariss RN, Tam J, Wong WT. Monocyte infiltration and proliferation reestablish myeloid cell homeostasis in the mouse retina following retinal pigment epithelial cell injury. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8433. [PMID: 28814744 PMCID: PMC5559448 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08702-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading contributor of vision loss, currently lacks comprehensive treatment. While AMD histopathology involves retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) injury associated with immune cell infiltration, the nature of immune cell responses to RPE injury remains undefined. We induced RPE injury pharmacologically and genetically in transgenic mouse models in which microglia and systemic monocytes were separately tagged, enabling a spatial and temporal dissection of the relative contributions of microglia vs. monocytes to post-injury changes. We found that myeloid cell responses to RPE injury occur in stages: (1) an early mobilization of endogenous microglia from the inner retina to the RPE layer, followed by (2) subsequent monocyte infiltration from the retinal vasculature into the inner retina that replenishes the local myeloid cell population in a CCR2-regulated manner. These altered distributions of myeloid cells post-injury were long-lived, with recruited monocytes acquiring the distribution, markers, and morphologies of neighboring endogenous microglia in a durable manner. These findings indicate the role played by infiltrating monocytes in maintaining myeloid cell homeostasis in the retina following AMD-relevant RPE injury and provide a foundation for understanding and therapeutically modulating immune aspects in retinal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Ma
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yikui Zhang
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chun Gao
- Biological Imaging Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Robert N Fariss
- Biological Imaging Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Johnny Tam
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Wai T Wong
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhao Z, Liang Y, Liu Y, Xu P, Flamme-Wiese MJ, Sun D, Sun J, Mullins RF, Chen Y, Cai J. Choroidal γδ T cells in protection against retinal pigment epithelium and retinal injury. FASEB J 2017; 31:4903-4916. [PMID: 28729290 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700533r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells located near the epithelial barrier are integral components of local inflammatory and innate immune responses. We have previously reported the presence of choroidal γδ T cells in a model of chronic degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The goals of the current study were to further define the functions of choroidal γδ T cells and to explore the underlying mechanisms of their action. Our data demonstrate that choroidal γδ T cells are activated by RPE injury in response to NaIO3 treatment, and that they express genes that encode immunosuppressive cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-10. γδ-T-cell-deficient mice developed profound RPE and retinal damage at doses that caused minimal effects in wild-type mice, and adoptive transfer of γδ T cells prevented sensitization. Intravitreal injection of IL-4 and IL-10 ameliorated RPE toxicity that was induced by NaIO3Ex vivo coculture of γδ T cells with RPE explants activated the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines via an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-dependent mechanism. AhR deficiency abolished the protective effects of γδ T cells after adoptive transfer. Collectively, these findings define important roles for choroid γδ T cells in maintaining tissue homeostasis in the outer retina.-Zhao, Z., Liang, Y., Liu, Y., Xu, P., Flamme-Wiese, M. J., Sun, D., Sun, J., Mullins, R. F., Chen, Y., Cai, J. Choroidal γδ T cells in protection against retinal pigment epithelium and retinal injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyang Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuejin Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pei Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Miles J Flamme-Wiese
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jiaren Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert F Mullins
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jiyang Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA;
| |
Collapse
|