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Sinclair SH, Schwartz S. Diabetic retinopathy: New concepts of screening, monitoring, and interventions. Surv Ophthalmol 2024; 69:882-892. [PMID: 38964559 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The science of diabetes care has progressed to provide a better understanding of the oxidative and inflammatory lesions and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit within the retina (and brain) that occur early in diabetes, even prediabetes. Screening for retinal structural abnormalities, has traditionally been performed by fundus examination or color fundus photography; however, these imaging techniques detect the disease only when there are sufficient lesions, predominantly hemorrhagic, that are recognized to occur late in the disease process after significant neuronal apoptosis and atrophy, as well as microvascular occlusion with alterations in vision. Thus, interventions have been primarily oriented toward the later-detected stages, and clinical trials, while demonstrating a slowing of the disease progression, demonstrate minimal visual improvement and modest reduction in the continued loss over prolonged periods. Similarly, vision measurement utilizing charts detects only problems of visual function late, as the process begins most often parafoveally with increasing number and progressive expansion, including into the fovea. While visual acuity has long been used to define endpoints of visual function for such trials, current methods reviewed herein are found to be imprecise. We review improved methods of testing visual function and newer imaging techniques with the recommendation that these must be utilized to discover and evaluate the injury earlier in the disease process, even in the prediabetic state. This would allow earlier therapy with ocular as well as systemic pharmacologic treatments that lower the and neuro-inflammatory processes within eye and brain. This also may include newer, micropulsed laser therapy that, if applied during the earlier cascade, should result in improved and often normalized retinal function without the adverse treatment effects of standard photocoagulation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stan Schwartz
- University of Pennsylvania Affiliate, Main Line Health System, USA
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2
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Luo Y, Zhu J, Hu Z, Luo W, Du X, Hu H, Peng S. Progress in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Encephalopathy: The Key Role of Neuroinflammation. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2024; 40:e3841. [PMID: 39295168 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic encephalopathy (DE) is a severe complication that occurs in the central nervous system (CNS) and leads to cognitive impairment. DE involves various pathophysiological processes, and its pathogenesis is still unclear. This review summarised current research on the pathogenesis of diabetic encephalopathy, which involves neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, iron homoeostasis, blood-brain barrier disruption, altered gut microbiota, insulin resistance, etc. Among these pathological mechanisms, neuroinflammation has been focused on. This paper summarises some of the molecular mechanisms involved in neuroinflammation, including the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR), Lipocalin-2 (LCN-2), Pyroptosis, Advanced Glycosylation End Products (AGEs), and some common pro-inflammatory factors. In addition, we discuss recent advances in the study of potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of DE against neuroinflammation. The current research on the pathogenesis of DE is progressing slowly, and more research is needed in the future. Further study of neuroinflammation as a mechanism is conducive to the discovery of more effective treatments for DE in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinxi Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ziyan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Haijun Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shengliang Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Sarmadi R, Lotfi H, Hejazi MA, Ghiasi F, Keyhanmanesh R. The role of probiotics on microvascular complications of type-2 diabetes: Nephropathy and retinopathy. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2024; 16:65-76. [PMID: 39253347 PMCID: PMC11380747 DOI: 10.34172/jcvtr.32877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a multifactorial disorder that involves several molecular mechanisms and is still one of the key global health challenges with increasing prevalence and incidence. Gut microbiome dysbiosis could activate and recognize receptors that trigger the inflammation response and modulation of insulin sensitivity. In addition, the intricate role of gut microbiota dysbiosis in the onset and development of T2D (Type 2 diabetes mellitus) and associated microvascular complications was identified. These complications include diabetic nephropathy (DN) and diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetic neuropathy, cerebrovascular disorders, and coronary heart disease. A recent interesting strategy to improve these complications is probiotics administration. The safety and health effects of probiotics against various diseases have been validated by various in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. In this review, the related mechanisms between the gut microbiome, initiation, and progression of T2D and its common microvascular complications (DN and DR) have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robab Sarmadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hajie Lotfi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Hejazi
- Food Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fariba Ghiasi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rana Keyhanmanesh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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4
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Mathew DJ, Sivak JM. Lipid mediators in glaucoma: Unraveling their diverse roles and untapped therapeutic potential. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2024; 171:106815. [PMID: 38280539 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2024.106815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a complex neurodegenerative disease characterized by optic nerve damage and visual field loss, and remains a leading cause of irreversible blindness. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a critical risk factor that requires effective management. Emerging research underscores dual roles of bioactive lipid mediators in both IOP regulation, and the modulation of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in glaucoma. Bioactive lipids, encompassing eicosanoids, specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), sphingolipids, and endocannabinoids, have emerged as crucial players in these processes, orchestrating inflammation and diverse effects on aqueous humor dynamics and tissue remodeling. Perturbations in these lipid mediators contribute to retinal ganglion cell loss, vascular dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Glaucoma management primarily targets IOP reduction via pharmacological agents and surgical interventions, with prostaglandin analogues at the forefront. Intriguingly, additional lipid mediators offer promise in attenuating inflammation and providing neuroprotection. Here we explore these pathways to shed light on their intricate roles, and to unveil novel therapeutic avenues for glaucoma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Mathew
- Donald K Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Canada
| | - J M Sivak
- Donald K Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Canada.
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5
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Cai L, Xia M, Zhang F. Redox Regulation of Immunometabolism in Microglia Underpinning Diabetic Retinopathy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:423. [PMID: 38671871 PMCID: PMC11047590 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of visual impairment and blindness among the working-age population. Microglia, resident immune cells in the retina, are recognized as crucial drivers in the DR process. Microglia activation is a tightly regulated immunometabolic process. In the early stages of DR, the M1 phenotype commonly shifts from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis for energy production. Emerging evidence suggests that microglia in DR not only engage specific metabolic pathways but also rearrange their oxidation-reduction (redox) system. This redox adaptation supports metabolic reprogramming and offers potential therapeutic strategies using antioxidants. Here, we provide an overview of recent insights into the involvement of reactive oxygen species and the distinct roles played by key cellular antioxidant pathways, including the NADPH oxidase 2 system, which promotes glycolysis via enhanced glucose transporter 4 translocation to the cell membrane through the AKT/mTOR pathway, as well as the involvement of the thioredoxin and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 antioxidant systems, which maintain microglia in an anti-inflammatory state. Therefore, we highlight the potential for targeting the modulation of microglial redox metabolism to offer new concepts for DR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwei Cai
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China; (L.C.); (M.X.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Mengxue Xia
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China; (L.C.); (M.X.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China; (L.C.); (M.X.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
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Hu M, Zheng M, Wang C, Li Q, Li J, Zhou X, Ying X, Quan S, Gu L, Zhang X. Andrographolide derivative Andro-III modulates neuroinflammation and attenuates neuropathological changes of Alzheimer's disease via GSK-3β/NF-κB/CREB pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 965:176305. [PMID: 38160932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Andrographolide has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, making it a potential therapeutic option for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our research group optimized its structure in a previous study to minimize the risk of renal toxicity, which would beneficial for future clinical research. This study aims to examine the impact of Andro-III on enhancing cognitive learning ability in 3xTg-AD mice, as well as the mechanisms involved. Andro-III improved spatial learning ability, prevented the loss of Nysted's vesicles, reduced the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau proteins, and suppressed microglial activation. Further research found that the expression of nuclear factor kappa-B RelA (NF-κB p65) expression and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) activity were inhibited, while CREB was upregulated in brain tissue treated with Andro-III. Moreover, Andro-III downregulated the expression of IBA1 and inflammatory factors in microglial cells of mice induced by Aβ. The regulation of the GSK-3β/NF-κB/CREB pathway was similar to that observed in 3xTg-AD mice. Therefore, Andro-III modulates neuroinflammation and attenuates neuropathological changes of AD via the GSK-3β/NF-κB/CREB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, PR China; Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310013, PR China
| | - Miao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, PR China; Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310013, PR China
| | - Can Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, PR China; Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310013, PR China
| | - Qin Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, PR China; Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310013, PR China
| | - Jinhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, PR China; Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310013, PR China
| | - Xuebin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, PR China; Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310013, PR China
| | - XinYi Ying
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, PR China; Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310013, PR China
| | - Shengli Quan
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, PR China; Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310013, PR China
| | - Lili Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, PR China; Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310013, PR China.
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, PR China; Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310013, PR China.
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Tempone MH, Borges-Martins VP, César F, Alexandrino-Mattos DP, de Figueiredo CS, Raony Í, dos Santos AA, Duarte-Silva AT, Dias MS, Freitas HR, de Araújo EG, Ribeiro-Resende VT, Cossenza M, P. Silva H, P. de Carvalho R, Ventura ALM, Calaza KC, Silveira MS, Kubrusly RCC, de Melo Reis RA. The Healthy and Diseased Retina Seen through Neuron-Glia Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1120. [PMID: 38256192 PMCID: PMC10817105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The retina is the sensory tissue responsible for the first stages of visual processing, with a conserved anatomy and functional architecture among vertebrates. To date, retinal eye diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma, and others, affect nearly 170 million people worldwide, resulting in vision loss and blindness. To tackle retinal disorders, the developing retina has been explored as a versatile model to study intercellular signaling, as it presents a broad neurochemical repertoire that has been approached in the last decades in terms of signaling and diseases. Retina, dissociated and arranged as typical cultures, as mixed or neuron- and glia-enriched, and/or organized as neurospheres and/or as organoids, are valuable to understand both neuronal and glial compartments, which have contributed to revealing roles and mechanisms between transmitter systems as well as antioxidants, trophic factors, and extracellular matrix proteins. Overall, contributions in understanding neurogenesis, tissue development, differentiation, connectivity, plasticity, and cell death are widely described. A complete access to the genome of several vertebrates, as well as the recent transcriptome at the single cell level at different stages of development, also anticipates future advances in providing cues to target blinding diseases or retinal dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus H. Tempone
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.H.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.A.-M.); (V.T.R.-R.)
| | - Vladimir P. Borges-Martins
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute and Program of Neurosciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-150, Brazil; (V.P.B.-M.); (A.A.d.S.); (M.C.); (R.C.C.K.)
| | - Felipe César
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.H.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.A.-M.); (V.T.R.-R.)
| | - Dio Pablo Alexandrino-Mattos
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.H.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.A.-M.); (V.T.R.-R.)
| | - Camila S. de Figueiredo
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
| | - Ícaro Raony
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (Í.R.); (H.R.F.)
| | - Aline Araujo dos Santos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute and Program of Neurosciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-150, Brazil; (V.P.B.-M.); (A.A.d.S.); (M.C.); (R.C.C.K.)
| | - Aline Teixeira Duarte-Silva
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
| | - Mariana Santana Dias
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy and Viral Vectors, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.S.D.); (H.P.S.)
| | - Hércules Rezende Freitas
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (Í.R.); (H.R.F.)
| | - Elisabeth G. de Araújo
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation—INCT-NIM, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Victor Tulio Ribeiro-Resende
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.H.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.A.-M.); (V.T.R.-R.)
| | - Marcelo Cossenza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute and Program of Neurosciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-150, Brazil; (V.P.B.-M.); (A.A.d.S.); (M.C.); (R.C.C.K.)
| | - Hilda P. Silva
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy and Viral Vectors, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.S.D.); (H.P.S.)
| | - Roberto P. de Carvalho
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
| | - Ana L. M. Ventura
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
| | - Karin C. Calaza
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
| | - Mariana S. Silveira
- Laboratory for Investigation in Neuroregeneration and Development, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil;
| | - Regina C. C. Kubrusly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute and Program of Neurosciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-150, Brazil; (V.P.B.-M.); (A.A.d.S.); (M.C.); (R.C.C.K.)
| | - Ricardo A. de Melo Reis
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.H.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.A.-M.); (V.T.R.-R.)
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Majimbi M, McLenachan S, Nesbit M, Chen FK, Lam V, Mamo J, Takechi R. In vivo retinal imaging is associated with cognitive decline, blood-brain barrier disruption and neuroinflammation in type 2 diabetic mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1224418. [PMID: 37850093 PMCID: PMC10577437 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1224418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with chronic inflammation and neurovascular changes that lead to functional impairment and atrophy in neural-derived tissue. A reduction in retinal thickness is an early indicator of diabetic retinopathy (DR), with progressive loss of neuroglia corresponding to DR severity. The brain undergoes similar pathophysiological events as the retina, which contribute to T2D-related cognitive decline. Methods This study explored the relationship between retinal thinning and cognitive decline in the LepR db/db model of T2D. Diabetic db/db and non-diabetic db/+ mice aged 14 and 28 weeks underwent cognitive testing in short and long-term memory domains and in vivo retinal imaging using optical coherence tomography (OCT), followed by plasma metabolic measures and ex vivo quantification of neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and microvascular leakage. Results At 28 weeks, mice exhibited retinal thinning in the ganglion cell complex and inner nuclear layer, concomitant with diabetic insulin resistance, memory deficits, increased expression of inflammation markers and cerebrovascular leakage. Interestingly, alterations in retinal thickness at both experimental timepoints were correlated with cognitive decline and elevated immune response in the brain and retina. Discussion These results suggest that changes in retinal thickness quantified with in vivo OCT imaging may be an indicator of diabetic cognitive dysfunction and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Majimbi
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Samuel McLenachan
- Lions Eye Institute Australia, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Michael Nesbit
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Fred K. Chen
- Lions Eye Institute Australia, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Virginie Lam
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - John Mamo
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Ryu Takechi
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
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Shrivastav D, Dabla PK, Sharma J, Viswas A, Mir R. Insights on antioxidant therapeutic strategies in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A narrative review of randomized control trials. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:919-929. [PMID: 37383600 PMCID: PMC10294058 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i6.919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease of impaired glucose utilization. Imbalance in generation and elimination of free radicals generate oxidative stress which modulates glucose metabolism and insulin regulation, resulting in the occurrence and progression of diabetes and associated complications. Antioxidant supplements in T2DM can be seen as a potential preventive and effective therapeutic strategy.
AIM To compare randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in which antioxidants have been shown to have a therapeutic effect in T2DM patients.
METHODS We systematically searched the electronic database PubMed by keywords. RCTs evaluating the effect of antioxidant therapy on glycaemic control as well as oxidant and antioxidant status as primary outcomes were included. The outcomes considered were: A reduction in blood glucose; changes in oxidative stress and antioxidant markers. Full-length papers of the shortlisted articles were assessed for the eligibility criteria and 17 RCTs were included.
RESULTS The administration of fixed-dose antioxidants significantly reduces fasting blood sugar and glycated hemoglobin and is associated with decreased malondialdehyde, advanced oxidation protein products, and increased total antioxidant capacity.
CONCLUSION Antioxidant supplements can be a beneficial approach for the treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pradeep Kumar Dabla
- Department of Biochemistry, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Delhi 110002, India
| | - Jitender Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Delhi 110002, India
| | - Aroop Viswas
- Department of Biochemistry, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Delhi 110002, India
| | - Rashid Mir
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Shrivastav D, Dabla PK, Sharma J, Viswas A, Mir R. Insights on antioxidant therapeutic strategies in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A narrative review of randomized control trials. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:919-929. [DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i6.919 shrivastav d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
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Fanaro GB, Marques MR, Calaza KDC, Brito R, Pessoni AM, Mendonça HR, Lemos DEDA, de Brito Alves JL, de Souza EL, Cavalcanti Neto MP. New Insights on Dietary Polyphenols for the Management of Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Diabetic Retinopathy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1237. [PMID: 37371967 PMCID: PMC10295526 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a neurodegenerative and vascular pathology that is considered one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide, resulting from complications of advanced diabetes mellitus (DM). Current therapies consist of protocols aiming to alleviate the existing clinical signs associated with microvascular alterations limited to the advanced disease stages. In response to the low resolution and limitations of the DR treatment, there is an urgent need to develop more effective alternative therapies to optimize glycemic, vascular, and neuronal parameters, including the reduction in the cellular damage promoted by inflammation and oxidative stress. Recent evidence has shown that dietary polyphenols reduce oxidative and inflammatory parameters of various diseases by modulating multiple cell signaling pathways and gene expression, contributing to the improvement of several chronic diseases, including metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. However, despite the growing evidence for the bioactivities of phenolic compounds, there is still a lack of data, especially from human studies, on the therapeutic potential of these substances. This review aims to comprehensively describe and clarify the effects of dietary phenolic compounds on the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in DR, especially those of oxidative and inflammatory nature, through evidence from experimental studies. Finally, the review highlights the potential of dietary phenolic compounds as a prophylactic and therapeutic strategy and the need for further clinical studies approaching the efficacy of these substances in DR management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Bernardes Fanaro
- Institute of Health and Biotechnology, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69460000, Amazonas, Brazil;
| | | | - Karin da Costa Calaza
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24210201, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
| | - Rafael Brito
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24210201, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
| | | | - Henrique Rocha Mendonça
- Institute of Biodiversity and Sustainability (NUPEM), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Macaé 27965045, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (H.R.M.); (M.P.C.N.)
| | | | - José Luiz de Brito Alves
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051900, Paraíba, Brazil; (D.E.d.A.L.); (J.L.d.B.A.)
| | - Evandro Leite de Souza
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051900, Paraíba, Brazil; (D.E.d.A.L.); (J.L.d.B.A.)
| | - Marinaldo Pacífico Cavalcanti Neto
- Institute of Biodiversity and Sustainability (NUPEM), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Macaé 27965045, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (H.R.M.); (M.P.C.N.)
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12
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Lepre CC, Russo M, Trotta MC, Petrillo F, D'Agostino FA, Gaudino G, D'Amico G, Campitiello MR, Crisci E, Nicoletti M, Gesualdo C, Simonelli F, D'Amico M, Hermenean A, Rossi S. Inhibition of Galectins and the P2X7 Purinergic Receptor as a Therapeutic Approach in the Neurovascular Inflammation of Diabetic Retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119721. [PMID: 37298672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most frequent microvascular retinal complication of diabetic patients, contributing to loss of vision. Recently, retinal neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration have emerged as key players in DR progression, and therefore, this review examines the neuroinflammatory molecular basis of DR. We focus on four important aspects of retinal neuroinflammation: (i) the exacerbation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress; (ii) the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome; (iii) the role of galectins; and (iv) the activation of purinergic 2X7 receptor (P2X7R). Moreover, this review proposes the selective inhibition of galectins and the P2X7R as a potential pharmacological approach to prevent the progression of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Claudia Lepre
- "Aurel Ardelean" Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 310144 Arad, Romania
| | - Marina Russo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Consiglia Trotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Petrillo
- Ph.D. Course in Translational Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabiana Anna D'Agostino
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Gaudino
- School of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Maria Rosaria Campitiello
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Physiopathology of Human Reproduction, ASL Salerno, 84124 Salerno, Italy
| | - Erminia Crisci
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maddalena Nicoletti
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Gesualdo
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Simonelli
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Michele D'Amico
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Anca Hermenean
- "Aurel Ardelean" Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 310144 Arad, Romania
| | - Settimio Rossi
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
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13
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Wu S, Mo X. Optic Nerve Regeneration in Diabetic Retinopathy: Potentials and Challenges Ahead. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021447. [PMID: 36674963 PMCID: PMC9865663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most common microvascular compilation of diabetes, is the leading cause of vision loss and blindness worldwide. Recent studies indicate that retinal neuron impairment occurs before any noticeable vascular changes in DR, and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration is one of the earliest signs. Axons of RGCs have little capacity to regenerate after injury, clinically leading the visual functional defects to become irreversible. In the past two decades, tremendous progress has been achieved to enable RGC axon regeneration in animal models of optic nerve injury, which holds promise for neural repair and visual restoration in DR. This review summarizes these advances and discusses the potential and challenges for developing optic nerve regeneration strategies treating DR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaofen Mo
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-021-64377134
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14
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Yang K, Cao F, Wang W, Tian Z, Yang L. The relationship between HMGB1 and autophagy in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1141516. [PMID: 37065747 PMCID: PMC10090453 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1141516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels and has become the third leading threat to human health after cancer and cardiovascular disease. Recent studies have shown that autophagy is closely associated with diabetes. Under normal physiological conditions, autophagy promotes cellular homeostasis, reduces damage to healthy tissues and has bidirectional effects on regulating diabetes. However, under pathological conditions, unregulated autophagy activation leads to cell death and may contribute to the progression of diabetes. Therefore, restoring normal autophagy may be a key strategy to treat diabetes. High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is a chromatin protein that is mainly present in the nucleus and can be actively secreted or passively released from necrotic, apoptotic, and inflammatory cells. HMGB1 can induce autophagy by activating various pathways. Studies have shown that HMGB1 plays an important role in insulin resistance and diabetes. In this review, we will introduce the biological and structural characteristics of HMGB1 and summarize the existing knowledge on the relationship between HMGB1, autophagy, diabetes, and diabetic complications. We will also summarize potential therapeutic strategies that may be useful for the prevention and treatment of diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Cao
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Acupuncture, Haidian District Shuangyushu Community Health Service Center, Beijing, China
| | - Weili Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Lu Yang, ; Zhenyu Tian,
| | - Lu Yang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Lu Yang, ; Zhenyu Tian,
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15
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Li L, Song M, Zhou J, Sun X, Lei Y. Ambient particulate matter exposure causes visual dysfunction and retinal neuronal degeneration. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 247:114231. [PMID: 36327781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 pollution is related to neurotoxic and vascular effects in eye diseases such as glaucoma. This study investigates the adverse effects of PM2.5 exposure on visual function and retinal neurons. A versatile aerosol concentration enrichment system was used to expose mice to either control air or PM2.5 polluted air. Six months after PM2.5 exposure, visual function was measured by electroretinography (ERG). Hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunofluorescence staining were used for histopathological analysis. Protein markers of apoptosis, astrocytic reactivity, inflammatory cytokines, lipid peroxidation, protein nitration and DNA damage response were quantified with ELISA, western blot or detected using immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. After six months of exposure, PM2.5-exposed mice responded poorly to light stimuli compared with those exposed to the control air. PM2.5 exposure caused retinal thinning and reduction in the expression of retinal ganglion cell-selective marker RNA-binding protein with multiple splicing (RBPMS). Further, positive TUNEL staining was observed in the inner nucleus and outer nuclear layers of the retinae after exposure to PM2.5, which was accompanied by the activation of apoptosis signaling molecules p53, caspase-3 and Bax. PM2.5 induced the release of inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α and cleaved interleukin-1β. Furthermore, increased levels of 8-OHdG and γ-H2AX in the mouse retinea were indicative of DNA single and double strand breaks by PM2.5 exposure, which activated PARP-1 mediated DNA damage and repair. In conclusion, this study demonstrates sub-chronic systemic exposure to concentrated PM2.5 causes visual dysfunction and retinal neuronal degeneration. DATA AVAILABILITY: The datasets during and/or analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Li
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Maomao Song
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai Meteorological Bureau, Shanghai 200030, China; Shanghai Typhoon Institute, CMA, Shanghai 200030, China; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai 200031, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yuan Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai 200031, China.
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16
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Melatonin ameliorates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis via activating NRF2 and inhibiting galectin-3 expression. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 44:1029-1037. [PMID: 36333557 PMCID: PMC9638373 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-01018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic interstitial lung disease with no effective therapies. Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a marker of oxidative stress, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of PF. Fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation (FMD) is an important source of fibrotic cells in PF. Previous studies showed that melatonin (MT) exerted anti-fibrotic effect in many diseases including PF through its antioxidant activity. In the present study we investigated the relationships among Gal-3, NRF2, ROS in FMD and their regulation by MT. We established an in vitro model of FMD in TGF-β1-treated human fetal lung fibroblast1 (HFL1) cells and a PF mouse model via bleomycin (BLM) intratracheal instillation. We found that Gal-3 expression was significantly increased both in vitro and in vivo. Knockdown of Gal-3 in HFL1 cells markedly attenuated TGF-β1-induced FMD process and ROS accumulation. In TGF-β1-treated HFL1 cells, pretreatment with NRF2-specific inhibitor ML385 (5 μM) significantly increased the levels of Gal-3, α-SMA and ROS, suggesting that the expression of Gal-3 was regulated by NRF2. Treatment with NRF2-activator MT (250 μM) blocked α-SMA and ROS accumulation accompanied by reduced Gal-3 expression. In BLM-induced PF model, administration of MT (5 mg·kg−1·d−1, ip for 14 or 28 days) significantly attenuated the progression of lung fibrosis through up-regulating NRF2 and down-regulating Gal-3 expression in lung tissues. These results suggest that Gal-3 regulates TGF-β1-induced pro-fibrogenic responses and ROS production in FMD, and MT activates NRF2 to block FMD process by down-regulating Gal-3 expression. This study provides a useful clue for a clinical strategy to prevent PF. Graphic abstract of the mechanisms. MT attenuated BLM-induced PF via activating NRF2 and inhibiting Gal-3 expression. ![]()
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17
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Ren J, Zhang S, Pan Y, Jin M, Li J, Luo Y, Sun X, Li G. Diabetic retinopathy: Involved cells, biomarkers, and treatments. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:953691. [PMID: 36016568 PMCID: PMC9396039 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.953691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of vision loss and blindness worldwide, is caused by retinal neurovascular unit dysfunction, and its cellular pathology involves at least nine kinds of retinal cells, including photoreceptors, horizontal and bipolar cells, amacrine cells, retinal ganglion cells, glial cells (Müller cells, astrocytes, and microglia), endothelial cells, pericytes, and retinal pigment epithelial cells. Its mechanism is complicated and involves loss of cells, inflammatory factor production, neovascularization, and BRB impairment. However, the mechanism has not been completely elucidated. Drug treatment for DR has been gradually advancing recently. Research on potential drug targets relies upon clear information on pathogenesis and effective biomarkers. Therefore, we reviewed the recent literature on the cellular pathology and the diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of DR in terms of blood, protein, and clinical and preclinical drug therapy (including synthesized molecules and natural molecules). This review may provide a theoretical basis for further DR research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Ren
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Yunnan Branch, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Jinghong, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, Kunming, China
| | - Shuxia Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfeng Pan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Meiqi Jin
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, Kunming, China
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Luo, ; Xiaobo Sun , ; Guang Li,
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Luo, ; Xiaobo Sun , ; Guang Li,
| | - Guang Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Yunnan Branch, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Jinghong, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Luo, ; Xiaobo Sun , ; Guang Li,
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18
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Investigation of the correlation between diabetic retinopathy and prevalent and incident migraine in a national cohort study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12443. [PMID: 35859157 PMCID: PMC9300720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16793-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a disease characterized by cerebral vasodilation. While diabetes has previously been associated with a lower risk of migraine, it is not known if diabetic retinopathy (DR), a retinal peripheral vascular occlusive disease, is a potential biomarker of protection against migraine. Therefore, we aimed to examine diabetic retinopathy as a marker of prevalent and 5-year incident migraine. In a national cohort, we compared patients with diabetes attending DR screening from The Danish National Registry of Diabetic Retinopathy (cases, n = 205,970) to an age- and gender-matched group of patients without diabetes (controls, n = 1,003,170). In the cross-sectional study, a multivariable model demonstrated a lower prevalence of migraine among cases compared with controls (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.81–0.85), with a lower risk in cases with DR than in those without (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.65–0.72). In the prospective study, a lower risk of incident migraine was found in a multivariable model in cases (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.70–0.82), but this did not depend upon the presence of DR. To conclude, in a national study of more than 1.2 million people, patients screened for DR had a lower risk of present migraine, but DR was not a protective marker of incident migraine.
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Li M, Tian M, Jiang X, Liu Y, Wang Y, Li Y. Inhibition of galectin-3 ameliorates high-glucose-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in ARPE-19 cells. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2022; 41:179-186. [PMID: 35658762 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2022.2081701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) has been found to be participated in the pathogenesis of DR in recent years. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is involved in many diabetic complications and ophthalmological diseases. However, the role of Gal-3 in RPE cells in DR remains unknown. This study aims to investigate the role of Gal-3 in ARPE-19 cells under high glucose treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS ARPE-19 cells were cultured under normal or high glucose (HG) for 48 h. Expression of Gal-3 was inhibited by Si-Gal-3 transfection. Apoptosis was checked by flow cytometry. Oxidative stress was checked by measuring ROS, MDA levels, and SOD activities. Occludin and ZO-1 expression were checked by immunofluorescence staining. Genes involved in inflammatory response were measured by real-time PCR and Western blot. RESULTS Gal-3 expression could be increased by HG treatment in ARPE-19 cells. Gal-3 knockdown might reduce oxidative stress, apoptosis, and gene expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and integrin-β1 induced by HG treatment. The gene expression of IL-1β could be markedly promoted by HG treatment and this increasement was partly alleviated by Gal-3 knockdown only at the mRNA level. The reduced expression of ZO-1 and occludin caused by HG could also be improved by Gal-3 knockdown. CONCLUSION Gal-3 participated in increased oxidative stress and inflammatory response caused by HG in ARPE-19 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Meimei Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xinli Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yukun Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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20
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Li Y, Li T, Zhou Z, Xiao Y. Emerging roles of Galectin-3 in diabetes and diabetes complications: A snapshot. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:569-577. [PMID: 35083706 PMCID: PMC9156459 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09704-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a member of the galectin family, widely expressed in immune cells and plays a role mainly in inflammation, autoimmunity, apoptosis, and chemotaxis. We summarized the roles of Galectin-3 in diabetes and its complications, as well as the underlying mechanisms. Clinical research has determined that the circulating level of Galectin-3 is closely related to diabetes and its complications, thus it is promising to use Galectin-3 as a predictor and biomarker for those diseases. Galectin-3 also may be considered as an ideal therapeutic target, which has broad prospects in the prevention and treatment of diabetes and its complications, especially macrovascular and microvascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139, Renmin Rd, Changsha, 410011, China
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Changsha, 176, West Labour Road, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Rd, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139, Renmin Rd, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139, Renmin Rd, Changsha, 410011, China.
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21
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Daldal H, Nazıroğlu M. Selenium and Resveratrol Attenuated Diabetes Mellitus-Mediated Oxidative Retinopathy and Apoptosis via the Modulation of TRPM2 Activity in Mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:2283-2297. [PMID: 35384580 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus induces optic nerve injury via the excessive generation of mitochondria reactive free oxygen radical (mitROS). TRPM2 channel is activated by mitROS, although it is inhibited by selenium (Se) and resveratrol (RSV). The activation of TRPM2 induces apoptosis and oxidative injury in the optic nerve. The inhibition of TRPM2 may decrease the optic nerve injury action of diabetes mellitus after the treatments of Se and RSV. Present study aimed to investigate the protective actions of Se and RSV on the excessive Ca2+ influx and mitROS generation-mediated optic nerve oxidative injury via the modulation of TRPM2. Fifty-six C57BL/6j male mice were divided into seven groups as control, Se, RSV, streptozotocin (STZ), STZ + Se, STZ + RSV, and STZ + Se + RSV. The STZ-mediated stimulation of TRPM2 increased the cytosolic Ca2+, lipid peroxidation, mitROS, cytosolic ROS, apoptosis, caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 concentrations in the mice, although their concentrations were decreased in the optic nerve by the treatments of Se and RSV. The STZ-induced decrease of optic nerve viability, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, vitamin A, and vitamin E concentrations was also upregulated by the treatments of Se and RSV. The STZ-induced increase of TRPM2, PARP-1, caspase-3, and caspase-9 protein band expressions was diminished by the treatments of Se and RSV. In conclusion, STZ induced the optic nerve oxidative injury and apoptosis via the upregulation of TRPM2 stimulation, although the treatments of Se and RSV decreased the injury and apoptosis via the downregulation of TRPM2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Daldal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Usak University, TR-64100, Usak, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Nazıroğlu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Suleyman Demirel University, TR-32260, Isparta, Turkey
- Drug Discovery Unit, BSN Health, Analyses, Innov., Consult., Org., Agricul., Ltd., TR-32260, Isparta, Turkey
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22
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Mohammad G, Kowluru RA. Involvement of High Mobility Group Box 1 Protein in Optic Nerve Damage in Diabetes. Eye Brain 2022; 14:59-69. [PMID: 35586662 PMCID: PMC9109986 DOI: 10.2147/eb.s352730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diabetic patients routinely have high levels of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein in their plasma, vitreous and ocular membranes, which is strongly correlated with subclinical chronic inflammation in the eye. Our previous work has suggested that high HMGB1 in diabetes plays a role in retinal inflammation and angiogenesis, but its role in the optic nerve damage is unclear. Therefore, our goal is to examine the role of HMGB1 in optic nerve damage in diabetes. Methods Gene expression of HMGB1 was quantified in the optic nerve from streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice by qRT-PCR, and their protein expressions by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining. Using immunohistochemical technique, expression of reactive astrogliosis (indicator of neuroinflammation) and nerve demyelination/damage were determined by quantifying glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and myelin basic protein (MBP), respectively. The role of HMGB1 in the optic nerve damage and alteration visual pathways was confirmed in mice receiving glycyrrhizin, a HMGB1 inhibitor. Similar parameters were measured in the optic nerve from human donors with diabetes. Results Compared to normal mice, diabetic mice exhibited increased levels of HMGB1, higher GFAP expression, and decreased MBP in the optic nerve. Double immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that diabetes induced increased HMGB1 immunoreactivities were significantly colocalized with GFAP in the optic nerve. Glycyrrhizin supplementation effectively reduced HMGB1 and maintained normal axonal myelination and visual conduction. Results from mice optic nerve confirmed the results obtained from human donors with diabetes. Discussions Thus, diabetes-induced HMGB1 upregulation promotes optic nerve demyelination and inflammation. The regulation of HMGB1 activation has potential to protect optic nerve damage and the abnormalities of visual pathways in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Mohammad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Correspondence: Ghulam Mohammad, Tel +1 313-577-0744, Email
| | - Renu A Kowluru
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
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23
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Carpi-Santos R, de Melo Reis RA, Gomes FCA, Calaza KC. Contribution of Müller Cells in the Diabetic Retinopathy Development: Focus on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:617. [PMID: 35453302 PMCID: PMC9027671 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a neurovascular complication of diabetes and the main cause of vision loss in adults. Glial cells have a key role in maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis. In the retina, the predominant element is the Müller cell, a specialized cell with radial morphology that spans all retinal layers and influences the function of the entire retinal circuitry. Müller cells provide metabolic support, regulation of extracellular composition, synaptic activity control, structural organization of the blood-retina barrier, antioxidant activity, and trophic support, among other roles. Therefore, impairments of Müller actions lead to retinal malfunctions. Accordingly, increasing evidence indicates that Müller cells are affected in diabetic retinopathy and may contribute to the severity of the disease. Here, we will survey recently described alterations in Müller cell functions and cellular events that contribute to diabetic retinopathy, especially related to oxidative stress and inflammation. This review sheds light on Müller cells as potential therapeutic targets of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Carpi-Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (R.C.-S.); (F.C.A.G.)
| | - Ricardo A. de Melo Reis
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Flávia Carvalho Alcantara Gomes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (R.C.-S.); (F.C.A.G.)
| | - Karin C. Calaza
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Neurobiologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi 24210-201, RJ, Brazil
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24
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Maslinic Acid Protects against Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Retinopathy by Activating Nrf2 and Suppressing NF-κB. J Ophthalmol 2022; 2022:3044202. [PMID: 35265366 PMCID: PMC8901311 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3044202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the protective effect of maslinic acid (MA) against diabetic retinopathy (DR) in rats with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and investigated possible mechanisms of action. DM was introduced by streptozotocin (STZ) (65 mg/kg, i.p.). Control and STZ (T1DM) were divided into 2 subgroups, which received either the vehicle or MA (80 mg/kg). Serum, pancreases, and retinas were collected for further use. MA significantly reduced fasting glucose levels in the control and T1DM rats but enhanced fasting insulin levels and partially increased the size of the islets of Langerhans and the number of β-cells in T1DM rats. In addition, MA significantly improved the retina structure by preventing the reduction in the area between the inner and outer limiting membranes (ILM and OLM, respectively) and increasing the number of cells forming the ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner nuclear layer (INL), and outer nuclear layer (ONL). Associated with these effects, MA significantly reduced the total levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as the nuclear levels of NF-κB p65, mRNA levels of Bax, and protein levels of cleaved caspase-3 in the retinas of T1DM rats. However, MA significantly lowered levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) but significantly increased the nuclear levels of Nrf2, protein levels of Bcl2, and total levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in the retinas of the control and T1DM rats. In conclusion, MA prevents DR by antioxidant potential mediated by the activation of Nrf2.
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25
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Wu D, Wang Y, Wu Y, Ding S. The Protective Effect of Genipin on Oxidative Stress Under Hypoxia and Hyperglycemia in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2021.2804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to explore the protective effect of genipin on retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells under hypoxia and hyperglycemia. RPE cells were cultured under hyperglycemia and hypoxia mimicking agent DFX. The cells were then exposed to genipin (10–50 μM), genipin + phospha-tidylinositol
(3,4,5) trisphosphates (PIP3) as phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, and genipin+ PI3K agonist, followed by CCK-8 assay to detect the cell viability. Western blot determined PI3K/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway, and apoptosis- and anti-apoptosis-related proteins levels. MitoSOXTM Red
kit was conducted to analyze reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. Finally, confocal immunofluorescence staining assessed nuclear translocation of Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2). Hyperglycemia and hypoxia treatment induced injury in RPE cells, with nuclear translocation
of Nrf2 and ROS production. Importantly, administration of genipin alleviated the injury, up-regulated Bcl-2 expression, inhibited caspase-3 activity and nuclear translocation of Nrf2, and down-regulated the level of Bax and ROS. In addition, genipin pretreatment obviously increased PI3K and
Akt phosphorylation and promoted cell proliferation and viability. On the contrary, PI3K inhibitor inactivated PI3K/AKT and decreased cell viability while PI3K agonist showed the opposite effect. Genipin prevented oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by hyperglycemia and hypoxia through
PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daifeng Wu
- The Department of Ophthalmology, Fuzhou First People’s Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Fuzhou, Jiangxi, 344000, China
| | - Yulin Wang
- The Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330019, China
| | - Yueyang Wu
- School of Statistics, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Shanxi, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Shujuan Ding
- The Department of Ophthalmology, Fuzhou First People’s Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Fuzhou, Jiangxi, 344000, China
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26
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Udoh BE, Erim AE, Archibong BE, Paulinus SO, Ezeokpo BC, Agwu KK. Sonographic Optic Nerve Diameter and Clinical Biomarkers in Patients With Poorly Controlled Diabetes: A Comparative Analysis With Nondiabetic Subjects. JOURNAL OF DIAGNOSTIC MEDICAL SONOGRAPHY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/87564793211044139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The study assessed optic nerve diameter (OND) and clinical biomarkers in patients with poorly controlled diabetes compared with healthy nondiabetic volunteers. Materials and Methods: There were 1320 adult participants recruited to the study. The cohort was divided into 600 Type 2 diabetic (DM II) patients and 720 apparently healthy, nondiabetic volunteers. The OND was measured using a high-resolution dedicated ultrasound device (Sonoace 5500; Medicol, Medison, Miami, FL, USA) with a 10-MHz linear array transducer. Subjects were examined in a supine position with their eyes closed. Three measurements of the OND were taken and the average recorded. Hemoglobin A1c concentration and lipid profiles were determined using Bio-Rad Diamat analyzer (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Body mass index and age were matched for both cohorts for comparativeness. Results: The mean OND of the DM II patients was 3.10 ± 0.14 mm (range of 2.6–4.0 mm), which was significantly ( P < .05) lower than the control volunteers (4.22 ± 0.15 mm). The OND demonstrated a negative significant correlation with HA1c, duration of diabetes and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level ( P < .05). Lipid profiles, blood urea, serum creatinine, and hemoglobin A1c showed statistical difference between diabetics and control subjects. Conclusion: Poorly controlled DM II patients may have significantly narrower OND than nondiabetic patients. This imaging biomarker has the potential to transform visual care for DM II patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Effiong Udoh
- Department of Radiography and Radiological Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Akwa Egom Erim
- Department of Radiography and Radiological Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Bassey E. Archibong
- Department of Radiography and Radiological Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Samson O. Paulinus
- Department of Radiography and Radiological Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | | | - Kenneth Kalu Agwu
- Department of Radiography and Radiological Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria
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27
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Nian S, Lo ACY, Mi Y, Ren K, Yang D. Neurovascular unit in diabetic retinopathy: pathophysiological roles and potential therapeutical targets. EYE AND VISION 2021; 8:15. [PMID: 33931128 PMCID: PMC8088070 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-021-00239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), one of the common complications of diabetes, is the leading cause of visual loss in working-age individuals in many industrialized countries. It has been traditionally regarded as a purely microvascular disease in the retina. However, an increasing number of studies have shown that DR is a complex neurovascular disorder that affects not only vascular structure but also neural tissue of the retina. Deterioration of neural retina could precede microvascular abnormalities in the DR, leading to microvascular changes. Furthermore, disruption of interactions among neurons, vascular cells, glia and local immune cells, which collectively form the neurovascular unit, is considered to be associated with the progression of DR early on in the disease. Therefore, it makes sense to develop new therapeutic strategies to prevent or reverse retinal neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation and impaired cell-cell interactions of the neurovascular unit in early stage DR. Here, we present current perspectives on the pathophysiology of DR as a neurovascular disease, especially at the early stage. Potential novel treatments for preventing or reversing neurovascular injuries in DR are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Nian
- Department of Pathology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Amy C Y Lo
- Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yajing Mi
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Kai Ren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
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28
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Tan Y, Zheng Y, Xu D, Sun Z, Yang H, Yin Q. Galectin-3: a key player in microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:78. [PMID: 33906678 PMCID: PMC8077955 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and is characterized by the deposition of extracellular aggregates of amyloid-β (Aβ), the formation of intraneuronal tau neurofibrillary tangles and microglial activation-mediated neuroinflammation. One of the key molecules involved in microglial activation is galectin-3 (Gal-3). In recent years, extensive studies have dissected the mechanisms by which Gal-3 modulates microglial activation, impacting Aβ deposition, in both animal models and human studies. In this review article, we focus on the emerging role of Gal-3 in biology and pathobiology, including its origin, its functions in regulating microglial activation and neuroinflammation, and its emergence as a biomarker in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. These aspects are important to elucidate the involvement of Gal-3 in AD pathogenesis and may provide novel insights into the use of Gal-3 for AD diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Tan
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Yanqun Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Dongshan Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, 276017, Shandong, China
| | - Daiwen Xu
- Department of Neurology, The People Hospital of Huaiyin Jinan, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Zhanfang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Qingqing Yin
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
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29
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Li HL, Hao GM, Tang SJ, Sun HH, Fang YS, Pang X, Liu H, Ji Q, Wang XR, Tian JY, Jiang KX, Song XZ, Zhu RX, Han J, Wang W. HuoXue JieDu formula improves diabetic retinopathy in rats by regulating microRNAs. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 268:113616. [PMID: 33271246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE HuoXue JieDu Formula (HXJDF) originates from classical formulas and was formed based on clinical experience. It is composed of Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold, Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H. Chen, the roots of Anguina kirilowii (Maxim.) Kuntze, and Coptis omeiensis (C. Chen) C.Y.Cheng. HXJDF prevents the deterioration of diabetic retinopathy. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the effects of HXJDF on diabetic retinopathy in rats and investigate the roles of miRNAs in the effects of HXJDF. MATERIALS AND METHODS A single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (65 mg/kg) was used to induce diabetes in rats. Rats were divided into three groups: normal, diabetic, and diabetic + HXJDF. Rats were treated with HXJDF (15.4 g/kg) or water by oral gavage for twelve weeks. At the end of the treatment, rats were anaesthetized, and retinal haemodynamic changes were measured. Then, the retinas were removed and examined by haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and TUNEL assays. In addition, miRNA expression profiling was performed using miRNA microarrays and further validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). RESULTS Diabetes reduced peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), mean velocity (MV) and central retinal vein velocity (CRV) but increased the resistance index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI). In addition, in the diabetic group, retinal cell arrangement was disordered and loosely arranged, the retinal thickness and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) number decreased, and retinal cell apoptosis increased. In addition, 11 miRNAs were upregulated and 4 miRNAs were downregulated. After treatment, HXJDF improved retinal haemodynamics and morphologic changes, restored retinal thickness and RGC number and decreased retinal cell apoptosis. Furthermore, the changes in miRNA expression were significantly abolished by HXJDF. CONCLUSION HXJDF may prevent DR by regulating the expression of miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Li
- College of Traditional Chinese, Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Gai-Mei Hao
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Shi-Jie Tang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hui-Hui Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese, Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Yong-Sheng Fang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Xinxin Pang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Hanying Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese, Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Qingxuan Ji
- College of Traditional Chinese, Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Xi-Rui Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Jing-Yun Tian
- College of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Kun-Xiu Jiang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Xing-Zhuo Song
- College of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Rui-Xin Zhu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jing Han
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese, Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
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30
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Pereira-Figueiredo D, Nascimento AA, Cunha-Rodrigues MC, Brito R, Calaza KC. Caffeine and Its Neuroprotective Role in Ischemic Events: A Mechanism Dependent on Adenosine Receptors. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1693-1725. [PMID: 33730305 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia is characterized by a transient, insufficient, or permanent interruption of blood flow to a tissue, which leads to an inadequate glucose and oxygen supply. The nervous tissue is highly active, and it closely depends on glucose and oxygen to satisfy its metabolic demand. Therefore, ischemic conditions promote cell death and lead to a secondary wave of cell damage that progressively spreads to the neighborhood areas, called penumbra. Brain ischemia is one of the main causes of deaths and summed with retinal ischemia comprises one of the principal reasons of disability. Although several studies have been performed to investigate the mechanisms of damage to find protective/preventive interventions, an effective treatment does not exist yet. Adenosine is a well-described neuromodulator in the central nervous system (CNS), and acts through four subtypes of G-protein-coupled receptors. Adenosine receptors, especially A1 and A2A receptors, are the main targets of caffeine in daily consumption doses. Accordingly, caffeine has been greatly studied in the context of CNS pathologies. In fact, adenosine system, as well as caffeine, is involved in neuroprotection effects in different pathological situations. Therefore, the present review focuses on the role of adenosine/caffeine in CNS, brain and retina, ischemic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pereira-Figueiredo
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Program, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - A A Nascimento
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - M C Cunha-Rodrigues
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - R Brito
- Laboratory of Neuronal Physiology and Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - K C Calaza
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Program, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil. .,Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil. .,Neurobiology Department, Biology Institute of Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.
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31
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Guo GY, Zhang LJ, Li B, Liang RB, Ge QM, Shu HY, Li QY, Pan YC, Pei CG, Shao Y. Altered spontaneous brain activity in patients with diabetic optic neuropathy: A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study using regional homogeneity. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:278-291. [PMID: 33758647 PMCID: PMC7958477 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i3.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is a common chronic disease. Given the increasing incidence of diabetes, more individuals are affected by diabetic optic neuropathy (DON), which results in decreased vision. Whether DON leads to abnormalities of other visual systems, including the eye, the visual cortex, and other brain regions, remains unknown.
AIM To investigate the local characteristics of spontaneous brain activity using regional homogeneity (ReHo) in patients with DON.
METHODS We matched 22 patients with DON with 22 healthy controls (HCs). All subjects underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. The ReHo technique was used to record spontaneous changes in brain activity. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were applied to differentiate between ReHo values for patients with DON and HCs. We also assessed the correlation between Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores and ReHo values in DON patients using Pearson correlation analysis.
RESULTS ReHo values of the right middle frontal gyrus (RMFG), left anterior cingulate (LAC), and superior frontal gyrus (SFG)/left frontal superior orbital gyrus (LFSO) were significantly lower in DON patients compared to HCs. Among these, the greatest difference was observed in the RMFG. The result of the ROC curves suggest that ReHo values in altered brain regions may help diagnose DON, and the RMFG and LAC ReHo values are more clinically relevant than SFG/LFSO. We also found that anxiety and depression scores of the DON group were extremely negatively correlated with the LAC ReHo values (r = -0.9336, P < 0.0001 and r = -0.8453,P < 0.0001, respectively).
CONCLUSION Three different brain regions show ReHo changes in DON patients, and these changes could serve as diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers to further guide the prevention and treatment of DON patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Ying Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Biao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Rong-Bin Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qian-Min Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hui-Ye Shu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qiu-Yu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yi-Cong Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Chong-Gang Pei
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
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Ramya R, Coral K, Bharathidevi SR. RAGE silencing deters CML-AGE induced inflammation and TLR4 expression in endothelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2021; 206:108519. [PMID: 33639133 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), the predominant advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in diabetes and its RAGE induced cytokine release has been well explored. But the CML mediated multiple AGEs receptor expression is still not understood and the role played by RAGE silencing in modulating CML generated pro-inflammatory cytokines in micro and macrovascular endothelial cells is yet to be studied. HUVEC and HREC cells were exposed with CML for 24 h. RAGE, AGER1, AGER2, Gal-3, TLR4, TLR2, CD36, FEEL-1, FEEL-2, and chemokine HMGB1 were quantified by either qPCR/western blotting. The receptor's expression was also determined in control vs diabetic retina. Expression of pro-inflammatory genes, ROS, and mitochondrial membrane potential change were assessed using ELISA, DCFDA, and JC-1 method respectively. RAGE expression was silenced either by Si-RAGE or neutralising antibody with anti-RAGE and expression of other AGE receptors, adaptors, and signalling pathway were studied compared with Si-Control. CML activated RAGE, TLR4, HMGB1(p < 0.001) and Gal-3 (p < 0.05) expression in both micro and macro vascular cells. Cadaveric diabetic retinal tissues also showed increased expression of RAGE, TLR4 and HMGB1 (p < 0.05). RAGE silencing significantly reduced TLR4, HMGB1 (p < 0.05) expression and inhibited the phosphorylation of NFκB and ERK1/2 in both these cells. The TLR4 adaptors MyD88 and TIRAP (p < 0.05) showed down regulation on RAGE silencing. This study shows CML induces AGE receptors expression as observed in diabetic retina and RAGE silencing down regulated TLR4 signalling and cytokine release by partly modulating TLR4 adaptors which needs further validation. From this study we speculate targeting the TLR4 adaptors like MyD88 and TIRAP can be a potential therapeutic target for reducing diabetic induced vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Ramya
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, 600006, India; School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Karunakaran Coral
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, 600006, India
| | - Subramaniam Rajesh Bharathidevi
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, 600006, India.
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Chai GR, Liu S, Yang HW, Chen XL. Quercetin protects against diabetic retinopathy in rats by inducing heme oxygenase-1 expression. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1344-1350. [PMID: 33318415 PMCID: PMC8284280 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.301027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a widely-occurring flavonoid that protects against cancer, and improves memory and cardiovascular functions. However, whether quercetin exhibits therapeutic effects in diabetic retinopathy remains unclear. In this study, we established a rat model of streptozocin-induced diabetic retinopathy. Seventy-two hours later, the rats were intraperitoneally administered 150 mg/kg quercetin for 16 successive weeks. Quercetin markedly increased the thickness of the retinal cell layer, increased the number of ganglion cells, and decreased the overexpression of the pro-inflammatory factors interleukin-1β, interleukin-18, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the retinal tissue as well as the overexpression of high mobility group box-1 and the overactivation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Furthermore, quercetin inhibited the overexpression of TLR4 and NF-κBp65, reduced the expression of the pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and upregulated the neurotrophins brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor. Intraperitoneal injection of the heme oxygenase-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin blocked the protective effect of quercetin. These findings suggest that quercetin exerts therapeutic effects in diabetic retinopathy possibly by inducing heme oxygenase-1 expression. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of China Medical University, China (approval No. 2016PS229K) on April 8, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Rui Chai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Geratology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hong-Wei Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiao-Long Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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Yin Q, Chen J, Ma S, Dong C, Zhang Y, Hou X, Li S, Liu B. Pharmacological Inhibition of Galectin-3 Ameliorates Diabetes-Associated Cognitive Impairment, Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in vivo and in vitro. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:533-542. [PMID: 32982368 PMCID: PMC7508034 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s273858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In diabetes, cognitive impairment is linked with oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. As the only chimeric member of the galectin family, galectin-3 (Gal3) induces neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, its role in diabetes-associated cognitive impairment is not established. Methodology Here, we investigated the effects of Gal3 inhibition on cognitive impairment and the possible underlying molecular events in diabetes. We investigated the effects of the Gal3 inhibitor modified citrus pectin (MCP; 100 mg/kg/day oral for 6 weeks) in vivo in high-fat diet (HFD)/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Additionally, the effects of MCP on high glucose (HG)-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells were investigated in vitro. Results We found that MCP attenuated memory impairment in diabetic rats in the Morris water maze test and reduced insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. In HG-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells, MCP increased cell viability and decreased oxidative stress and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that the inhibition of Gal3 by MCP ameliorates diabetes-associated cognitive impairment, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, suggesting that Gal3 could be a potential new target for therapeutic intervention to prevent cognitive impairment in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Yin
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, People's Republic of China.,Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shizhan Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanfang Dong
- Department of Geriatrics, Jinan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, People's Republic of China.,Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xunyao Hou
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangbin Li
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China.,Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
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Ma S, Li S, Lv R, Hou X, Nie S, Yin Q. Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with serum galectin-3 level. J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11:1295-1302. [PMID: 32196999 PMCID: PMC7477520 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Galectin-3 (Gal3) contributes to insulin resistance, inflammation and obesity, the three risk factors for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 134 hospitalized type 2 diabetes mellitus patients were assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment method, and divided into 65 MCI and 69 controls. Levels of variables, Gal3 and Aβ42, were investigated in relation with cognitive function in both type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with MCI and high-fat diet/streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetes mellitus rats. RESULTS Significantly higher levels of serum Gal3 and lower levels of plasma Aβ42 (all P < 0.05) were found in the MCI type 2 diabetes mellitus group as compared with the non-MCI type 2 diabetes mellitus control. Partial correlation analysis showed that Gal3 is negatively correlated with both MMSE score (r = -0.51, P < 0.01) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment score (r = -0.47, P < 0.001) after adjustment for glycated hemoglobin, homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and Aβ42 in all type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, with a stronger effect seen in the MCI type 2 diabetes mellitus group after further analysis with MCI strata. A simple logistic regression model showed that Gal3 and Aβ42 are significantly associated with MCI type 2 diabetes mellitus patients after adjustment with the covariates sex, age, body mass index, glycated hemoglobin, homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and antidiabetic drugs. Serum and brain Gal3 levels were significantly increased in high-fat diet/streptozotocin diabetic rats, which correlate to the impairment of learning and memory ability. Gal3 inhibitor modified citrus pectin decreased serum and brain Gal3 levels in diabetic rats, accompanied by the amelioration of learning and memory impairment. CONCLUSIONS Gal3 might be associated with cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus, and serum Gal3 level might be a new risk factor of MCI in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhan Ma
- Department of EndocrinologyShandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanChina
| | - Shangbin Li
- Department of GeriatricsShandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanChina
- Department of GeriatricShandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Renjun Lv
- Department of Geriatric NeurologyShandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanChina
| | - Xunyao Hou
- Department of GeriatricShandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Shanjing Nie
- Department of Geriatric NeurologyShandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanChina
| | - Qingqing Yin
- Department of Geriatric NeurologyShandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanChina
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Pinazo-Durán MD, Muñoz-Negrete FJ, Sanz-González SM, Benítez-Del-Castillo J, Giménez-Gómez R, Valero-Velló M, Zanón-Moreno V, García-Medina JJ. The role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of glaucoma neurodegeneration. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 256:99-124. [PMID: 32958217 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The chapter is a review enclosed in the volume "Glaucoma: A pancitopatia of the retina and beyond." No cure exists for glaucoma. Knowledge on the molecular and cellular alterations underlying glaucoma neurodegeneration (GL-ND) includes innovative and path-breaking research on neuroinflammation and neuroprotection. A series of events involving immune response (IR), oxidative stress and gene expression are occurring during the glaucoma course. Uveitic glaucoma (UG) is a prevalent acute/chronic complication, in the setting of chronic anterior chamber inflammation. Managing the disease requires a team approach to guarantee better results for eyes and vision. Advances in biomedicine/biotechnology are driving a tremendous revolution in ophthalmology and ophthalmic research. New diagnostic and imaging modalities, constantly refined, enable outstanding criteria for delimiting glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Moreover, biotherapies that may modulate or inhibit the IR must be considered among the first-line for glaucoma neuroprotection. This review offers the readers useful and practical information on the latest updates in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Pinazo-Durán
- Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía"/FISABIO and Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmo-biology Group of the University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Researchers of the Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research "OFTARED" of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Net RD16/0008/0022, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Muñoz-Negrete
- Researchers of the Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research "OFTARED" of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Net RD16/0008/0022, Madrid, Spain; Ophthalmology Department at the University Hospital "Ramón y Cajal" (IRYCIS) and Surgery Department at the Faculty of Medicine, University Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia M Sanz-González
- Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía"/FISABIO and Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmo-biology Group of the University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Researchers of the Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research "OFTARED" of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Net RD16/0008/0022, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Benítez-Del-Castillo
- Researchers of the Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research "OFTARED" of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Net RD16/0008/0022, Madrid, Spain; Department of Ophthalmology at the Hospital of Jerez, Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Rafael Giménez-Gómez
- Researchers of the Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research "OFTARED" of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Net RD16/0008/0022, Madrid, Spain; Department of Ophthalmology at the University Hospital "Reina Sofia", Córdoba, Spain
| | - Mar Valero-Velló
- Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía"/FISABIO and Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmo-biology Group of the University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Zanón-Moreno
- Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía"/FISABIO and Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmo-biology Group of the University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Researchers of the Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research "OFTARED" of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Net RD16/0008/0022, Madrid, Spain; International University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José J García-Medina
- Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía"/FISABIO and Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmo-biology Group of the University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Researchers of the Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research "OFTARED" of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Net RD16/0008/0022, Madrid, Spain; Department of Ophthalmology at the University Hospital "Morales Meseguer" and Department of Ophthalmology at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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López-Bernal Á, García-Tejera O, Testi L, Villalobos FJ. Genotypic variability in radial resistance to water flow in olive roots and its response to temperature variations. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:445-453. [PMID: 32031664 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As radial root resistance (Rp) represents one of the key components of the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum resistance catena modulating water transport, understanding its control is essential for physiologists, modelers and breeders. Reports of Rp, however, are still scarce and scattered in the scientific literature. In this study, we assessed genetic variability in Rp and its dependence on temperature in five widely used olive cultivars. In a first experiment, cultivar differences in Rp at 25 °C were evaluated from flow-pressure measurements in excised roots and subsequent analysis of root traits. In a second experiment, similar determinations were performed continually over a 5-h period in which temperature was gradually increased from 12 to 32 °C, enabling the assessment of Rp response to changing temperature. Despite some variability, our results did not show statistical differences in Rp among cultivars in the first experiment. In the second, cultivar differences in Rp were not significant at 12 °C, but they became so as temperature increased. Furthermore, the changes in Rp between 12 and 32 °C were higher than those expected by the temperature-driven decrease in water viscosity, with the degree of that change differing among cultivars. Also, Rp at 25 °C reached momentarily in the second experiment was consistently higher than in the first at that same, but fixed, temperature. Overall, our results suggest that there is limited variability in Rp among the studied cultivars when plants have been exposed to a given temperature for sufficient time. Temperature-induced variation in Rp might thus be partly explained by changes in membrane permeability that occur slowly, which explains why our values at 25 °C differed between experiments. The observed cultivar differences in Rp with warming also indicate faster acclimation of Rp to temperature changes in some cultivars than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Á López-Bernal
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - O García-Tejera
- Efficient Use of Water Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Parc de Gardeny, Edifici Fruitcentre, 25003 Lleida, Spain
| | - L Testi
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Av. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14080 Córdoba, Spain
| | - F J Villalobos
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio C4, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Av. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14080 Córdoba, Spain
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Pillar S, Moisseiev E, Sokolovska J, Grzybowski A. Recent Developments in Diabetic Retinal Neurodegeneration: A Literature Review. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:5728674. [PMID: 34151902 PMCID: PMC7787838 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5728674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration plays a significant role in the complex pathology of diabetic retinopathy. Evidence suggests the onset of neurodegeneration occurs early on in the disease, and so a greater understanding of the process is essential for prompt detection and targeted therapies. Neurodegeneration is a common pathway of assorted processes, including activation of inflammatory pathways, reduction of neuroprotective factors, DNA damage, and apoptosis. Oxidative stress and formation of advanced glycation end products amplify these processes and are elevated in the setting of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and glucose variability. These key pathophysiologic mechanisms are discussed, as well as diagnostic modalities and novel therapeutic avenues, with an emphasis on recent discoveries. The aim of this article is to highlight the crucial role of neurodegeneration in diabetic retinopathy and to review the molecular basis for this neuronal dysfunction, its diagnostic features, and the progress currently made in relevant therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Pillar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Elad Moisseiev
- Department of Ophthalmology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Andrzej Grzybowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
- Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Poznan, Poland
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