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Zha X, Zheng G, Skutella T, Kiening K, Unterberg A, Younsi A. Microglia: a promising therapeutic target in spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:454-463. [PMID: 38819048 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-02044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia are present throughout the central nervous system and are vital in neural repair, nutrition, phagocytosis, immunological regulation, and maintaining neuronal function. In a healthy spinal cord, microglia are accountable for immune surveillance, however, when a spinal cord injury occurs, the microenvironment drastically changes, leading to glial scars and failed axonal regeneration. In this context, microglia vary their gene and protein expression during activation, and proliferation in reaction to the injury, influencing injury responses both favorably and unfavorably. A dynamic and multifaceted injury response is mediated by microglia, which interact directly with neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neural stem/progenitor cells. Despite a clear understanding of their essential nature and origin, the mechanisms of action and new functions of microglia in spinal cord injury require extensive research. This review summarizes current studies on microglial genesis, physiological function, and pathological state, highlights their crucial roles in spinal cord injury, and proposes microglia as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guoli Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Skutella
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl Kiening
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Unterberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Younsi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Zhang Q, Liu T, Li Y, Fan Y, Shang H, Zhao H, Sun H, Yu Z, Han M, Wan C. Gelatin methacryloyl microneedle loaded with 3D-MSC-Exosomes for the protection of ischemia-reperfusion. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 275:133336. [PMID: 38936568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes (Exo) generated from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have great therapeutic potential in ischemia-reperfusion treatment. For best therapeutic effect, high quality Exo product and effective delivery system are indispensable. In this study, we developed a new strategy for ischemia-reperfusion recovery by combining MSCs 3D (3D-MSC) culturing technology to generate Exo (3D-MSC-Exo) and microneedle for topical delivery. Firstly, primary MSCs from neonatal mice were isolated and 3D cultured with gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel to prepare 3D-MSC-Exo. The 3D-MSC showed better viability and 3D-MSC-Exo exhibited more effective effects of reducing neuroinflammation, inhibiting glial scarring, and promoting angiogenesis. Subsequently, the biocompatible GelMA was used to construct microneedles for 3D-Exo delivery (GelMA-MN@3D-Exo). The results demonstrated GelMA microneedles had excellent 3D-Exo loading capacity and enabled continuous 3D-Exo release to maintain effective therapeutic concentrations. Furthermore, the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was established to evaluate the therapeutic effect of GelMA-MN@3D-Exo in ischemia-reperfusion in vivo. Animal experiments showed that the GelMA-MN@3D-Exo system could effectively reduce the local neuroinflammatory reaction, promote angiogenesis and minimize glial scar proliferation in ischemia-reperfusion. The underlying reasons for the stronger neuroprotective effect of 3D-Exo was further studied using mass spectrometry and transcriptome assays, verifying their effects on immune regulation and cell proliferation. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that GelMA-MN@3D-Exo microneedle can effectively attenuate ischemia-reperfusion cell damage in the MCAO model, which provides a promising therapeutic strategy for ischemia-reperfusion recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Rd, District Heping, Tianjin 300052, P. R. China; Department of Geriatrics, The Fifth People's Hospital of Jinan, No. 24297 Jingshi Rd, District Huaiyin, Jinan 250000, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Tiangui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Yuming Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Yang Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Hao Shang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Huayang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Haohan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Zaiyang Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Min Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Chunxiao Wan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Rd, District Heping, Tianjin 300052, P. R. China.
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Zheng T, Jiang T, Li R, Zhu Y, Han Q, Wang M. Circulating interleukins concentrations and post-stroke depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 134:111050. [PMID: 38844127 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Interleukins may play a role in supporting the diagnosis of post-stroke depression (PSD). Here, eight databases were employed to search for studies on circulating interleukins concentrations in patients with PSD. A total of 45 studies exploring circulating interleukins in PSD and stroke patients without depression (NPSD) were included in the retrieval database, including IL-1(5), IL-1β (10), IL-2(6), IL-6(35), IL-10(7), IL-17(5), IL-18(6). Then, the RevMan 5.4 software was used for meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis showed that the PSD patients have higher concentrations of IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, and lower concentrations of IL-10 than NPSD patients. Additionally, the circulating IL-1, IL-6, and IL-18 concentrations in PSD patients were significantly higher than those in NPSD patients in the acute phase; the circulating IL-6 and IL-17 concentrations in PSD patients were significantly higher than those in NPSD patients at discharge; the PSD patients have lower concentrations sin IL-2 but higher concentrations in IL-6 and IL-17 than NPSD patients at the 3rd and 6th month. Our research provides evidence that circulating interleukins may have clinical utility as a biomarker for identifying PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; The Second Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Taotao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; The Second Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Rundong Li
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Yanping Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Qian Han
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Manxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China.
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Calado CMSDS, Manhães-de-Castro R, da Conceição Pereira S, da Silva Souza V, Barbosa LNF, Dos Santos Junior OH, Lagranha CJ, Juárez PAR, Torner L, Guzmán-Quevedo O, Toscano AE. Resveratrol Reduces Neuroinflammation and Hippocampal Microglia Activation and Protects Against Impairment of Memory and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Experimental Cerebral Palsy. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3619-3640. [PMID: 38001357 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03772-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by motor and postural impairments. However, early brain injury can promote deleterious effects on the hippocampus, impairing memory. This study aims to investigate the effects of resveratrol treatment on memory, anxiety-like behavior, and neuroinflammation markers in rats with CP. Male Wistar rats were subjected to perinatal anoxia (P0-P1) and sensory-motor restriction (P2-P28). They were treated with resveratrol (10 mg/kg, 0.1 ml/100 g) or saline from P3-P21, being divided into four experimental groups: CS (n = 15), CR (n = 15), CPS (n = 15), and CPR (n = 15). They were evaluated in the tests of novel object recognition (NORT), T-Maze, Light-Dark Box (LDB), and Elevated Plus Maze (EPM). Compared to the CS group, the CPS group has demonstrated a reduced discrimination index on the NORT (p < 0.0001) and alternation on the T-Maze (p < 0.01). In addition, the CPS group showed an increase in permanence time on the dark side in LDB (p < 0.0001) and on the close arms of the EPM (p < 0.001). The CPR group demonstrated an increase in the object discrimination index (p < 0.001), on the alternation (p < 0.001), on the permanence time on the light side (p < 0.0001), and on the open arms (p < 0.001). The CPR group showed a reduction in gene expression of IL-6 (p = 0.0175) and TNF-α (p = 0.0007) and an increase in Creb-1 levels (p = 0.0020). The CPS group showed an increase in the activated microglia and a reduction in cell proliferation in the hippocampus, while CPR animals showed a reduction of activated microglia and an increase in cell proliferation. These results demonstrate promising effects of resveratrol in cerebral palsy behavior impairment through reduced neuroinflammation in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Matheus Santos da Silva Calado
- Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Raul Manhães-de-Castro
- Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Sabrina da Conceição Pereira
- Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Vanessa da Silva Souza
- Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Leticia Nicoly Ferreira Barbosa
- Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Osmar Henrique Dos Santos Junior
- Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Claudia Jacques Lagranha
- Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Physiology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Pedro Alberto Romero Juárez
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuronutrition and Food Engineering, Tecnológico Nacional de México (TECNM), Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Tacámbaro, 61651, Tacámbaro, Michoacán, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 58330, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Luz Torner
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 58330, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Omar Guzmán-Quevedo
- Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuronutrition and Food Engineering, Tecnológico Nacional de México (TECNM), Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Tacámbaro, 61651, Tacámbaro, Michoacán, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 58330, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Ana Elisa Toscano
- Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-420, Brazil.
- Nursing Unit, Vitória Academic Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Rua Do Alto Do Reservatório S/N, Bela Vista, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, 55608-680, Brazil.
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Yang Y, Fei Y, Xu X, Yao J, Wang J, Liu C, Ding H. Shikonin attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via inhibiting NOD2/RIP2/NF-κB-mediated microglia polarization and neuroinflammation. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2024; 33:107689. [PMID: 38527567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.107689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the pathophysiological process of multiple neurological disorders such as ischemic stroke, which still lacks effective therapeutic agents. Shikonin possesses anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. However, its underlying mechanism remains elusive. This study aimed to investigate whether Shikonin confers protection against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury by modulating microglial polarization and elucidate the associated mechanisms. METHODS This study employed an oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) BV2 microglial cellular model and a middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) animal model to investigate the protection and underlying mechanism of Shikonin against ischemic stroke. RESULTS The results demonstrated that Shikonin treatment significantly reduced brain infarction volume and improved neurological function in MCAO/R rats. Simultaneously, Shikonin treatment significantly reduced microglial proinflammatory phenotype and levels of proinflammatory markers (inducible-NO synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and IL-6), increased microglial anti-inflammatory phenotype and levels of anti-inflammatory markers (Arginase-1 (Arg1), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and IL-10), reversed the expression of Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) and phosphorylation receptor interacting protein 2 (p-RIP2), and suppressed nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling activation in the ischemic penumbra regions. These effects of Shikonin were further corroborated in OGD/R-treated BV2 cells. Furthermore, overexpression of NOD2 markedly attenuated the neuroprotective effects of Shikonin treatment in MCAO/R rats. NOD2 overexpression also attenuated the regulatory effects of Shikonin on neuroinflammation, microglial polarization, and NF-κB signaling activation. CONCLUSION This study illustrates that Shikonin mitigates inflammation mediated by microglial proinflammatory polarization by inhibiting the NOD2/RIP2/NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby exerting a protective role. The findings uncover a potential molecular mechanism for Shikonin in treating ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, No. 567 North Shangde Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Fei
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, PR China; School of Basic Medicine & Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xuejiao Xu
- School of Basic Medicine & Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jun Yao
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, No. 567 North Shangde Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, PR China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Active Components and Drug Release Technology, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, PR China
| | - Jianing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, PR China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, PR China; School of Basic Medicine & Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Haiyan Ding
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, No. 567 North Shangde Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, PR China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Active Components and Drug Release Technology, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, PR China.
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Zhu Y, Zhao X, Liu R, Yang D, Ge G. Effect of Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation of Microglia-Derived Exosomes on Hippocampal Neurons: A Study on miR-124 and Inflammatory Cytokines. J Mol Histol 2024; 55:349-357. [PMID: 38598045 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-024-10193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Stroke is a cerebrovascular disease that threatens human health. Developing safe and effective drugs and finding therapeutic targets has become an urgent scientific problem. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of oxygen-glucose deprivation of the microglia-derived exosome on hippocampal neurons and its relationship to miR-124 in the exosome. We incubated hippocampal neurons with exosomes secreted by oxygen-glucose deprivation/ reoxygenation (OGD/R) microglia. The levels of glutamic acid (GLU) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the culture supernatant were detected by ELISA. CCK-8 was used to measure neuronal survival rates. The mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were detected by RT-qPCR to evaluate the effect of exosomes on neurons. RT-qPCR was then used to detect miR-124 in microglia and their secreted exosomes. Finally, potential targets of miR-124 were analyzed through database retrieval, gene detection with dual luciferase reporters, and western blotting experiments. The results showed that the contents of GLU, TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA increased in the supernatant of cultured hippocampal neurons, the content of GABA decreased, and the survival rate of neurons decreased. Oxygen-glucose deprivation increases miR-124 levels in microglia and their released exosomes. miR-124 acts as a target gene on cytokine signaling suppressor molecule 1(SOCS1), while miR-124 inhibitors reduce the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA in neurons. These results suggest that oxygen- and glucose-deprived microglia regulate inflammatory cytokines leading to reduced neuronal survival, which may be achieved by miR-124 using SOCS1 as a potential target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Zhu
- Class 5, Grade 2023, Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Gui'an New District, Guizhou, 561113, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Guizhou Medical University School of Basic Medicine, Gui'an New District, Guizhou, 561113, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruojing Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Guizhou Medical University School of Basic Medicine, Gui'an New District, Guizhou, 561113, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Guizhou Medical University School of Basic Medicine, Gui'an New District, Guizhou, 561113, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Human Brain Bank for Functions and Diseases of Department of Education of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou, 561113, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Ge
- Department of Human Anatomy, Guizhou Medical University School of Basic Medicine, Gui'an New District, Guizhou, 561113, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Human Brain Bank for Functions and Diseases of Department of Education of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou, 561113, People's Republic of China.
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Li L, Krafft PR, Zeng N, Duan R, Qi X, Shao A, Xue F, Zhang JH. Microglia Autophagy Mediated by TMEM166 Promotes Ischemic Stroke Secondary to Carotid Artery Stenosis. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1416-1431. [PMID: 37611898 PMCID: PMC11081158 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke can be a serious complication of selective carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in patients with carotid artery stenosis (CAS). The underlying risk factors and mechanisms of these postoperative strokes are not completely understood. Our previous study showed that TMEM166-induced neuronal autophagy is involved in the development of secondary brain injury following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. This current study aimed to investigate the role of TMEM166 in ischemic stroke following CEA. In the clinical part of this study, the quantitative analysis demonstrated circulating TMEM166, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were significantly elevated in patients who suffered an ischemic stroke after CEA compared to those who did not. Furthermore, non-survivors exhibited higher levels of these proteins than survivors. In the preclinical part of this study, a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was implemented following CAS simulation in TMEM166-/- mice. We found TMEM166 expression was positively correlated with the degree of ischemic brain injury. Ad5-TMEM166 transfection aggravated ischemic brain injury by inducing microglial autophagy activation and release of inflammatory cytokines. Accordingly, TMEM166 deficiency reduced brain inflammation and inhibited excessive microglial autophagy through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. These findings suggest that TMEM166 may play a key role in the development of ischemic injury after CEA and may serve as a biomarker for risk assessment of postoperative ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Paul R. Krafft
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA.
| | - Na Zeng
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Ranran Duan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Xiang Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Fushan Xue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - John H. Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Neurosurgery and Neurology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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Kuang H, Zhu X, Chen H, Tang H, Zhao H. The immunomodulatory mechanism of acupuncture treatment for ischemic stroke: research progress, prospects, and future direction. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1319863. [PMID: 38756772 PMCID: PMC11096548 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1319863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the leading causes of death and disability. Complicated mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of IS. Immunomodulatory mechanisms are crucial to IS. Acupuncture is a traditional non-drug treatment that has been extensively used to treat IS. The exploration of neuroimmune modulation will broaden the understanding of the mechanisms underlying acupuncture treatment. This review summarizes the immune response of immune cells, immune cytokines, and immune organs after an IS. The immunomodulatory mechanisms of acupuncture treatment on the central nervous system and peripheral immunity, as well as the factors that influence the effects of acupuncture treatment, were summarized. We suggest prospects and future directions for research on immunomodulatory mechanisms of acupuncture treatment for IS based on current progress, and we hope that these will provide inspiration for researchers. Additionally, acupuncture has shown favorable outcomes in the treatment of immune-based nervous system diseases, generating new directions for research on possible targets and treatments for immune-based nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Kuang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shenzhen Luohu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Shenzhen Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinzhou Zhu
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Han Tang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shenzhen Luohu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Shenzhen Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shenzhen Luohu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Shenzhen Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Shenzhen, China
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Tiwari S, Basnet N, Choi JW. Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 1 Plays a Pathogenic Role in Permanent Brain Ischemic Stroke by Modulating Neuroinflammatory Responses. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2024; 32:319-328. [PMID: 38627097 PMCID: PMC11063482 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2024.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPA1) plays a critical role in brain injury following a transient brain ischemic stroke. However, its role in permanent brain ischemic stroke remains unknown. To address this, we investigated whether LPA1 could contribute to brain injury of mice challenged by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). A selective LPA1 antagonist (AM152) was used as a pharmacological tool for this investigation. When AM152 was given to pMCAO-challenged mice one hour after occlusion, pMCAO-induced brain damage such as brain infarction, functional neurological deficits, apoptosis, and blood-brain barrier disruption was significantly attenuated. Histological analyses demonstrated that AM152 administration attenuated microglial activation and proliferation in injured brain after pMCAO challenge. AM152 administration also attenuated abnormal neuroinflammatory responses by decreasing expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines while increasing expression levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the injured brain. As underlying effector pathways, NF-κB, MAPKs (ERK1/2, p38, and JNKs), and PI3K/Akt were found to be involved in LPA1-dependent pathogenesis. Collectively, these results demonstrate that LPA1 can contribute to brain injury by permanent ischemic stroke, along with relevant pathogenic events in an injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Tiwari
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Nikita Basnet
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Woong Choi
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
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10
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Li C, Jiang M, Fang Z, Chen Z, Li L, Liu Z, Wang J, Yin X, Wang J, Wu M. Current evidence of synaptic dysfunction after stroke: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14744. [PMID: 38727249 PMCID: PMC11084978 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disease in which brain tissue is damaged due to sudden obstruction of blood flow to the brain or the rupture of blood vessels in the brain, which can prompt ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. After stroke onset, ischemia, hypoxia, infiltration of blood components into the brain parenchyma, and lysed cell fragments, among other factors, invariably increase blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, the inflammatory response, and brain edema. These changes lead to neuronal cell death and synaptic dysfunction, the latter of which poses a significant challenge to stroke treatment. RESULTS Synaptic dysfunction occurs in various ways after stroke and includes the following: damage to neuronal structures, accumulation of pathologic proteins in the cell body, decreased fluidity and release of synaptic vesicles, disruption of mitochondrial transport in synapses, activation of synaptic phagocytosis by microglia/macrophages and astrocytes, and a reduction in synapse formation. CONCLUSIONS This review summarizes the cellular and molecular mechanisms related to synapses and the protective effects of drugs or compounds and rehabilitation therapy on synapses in stroke according to recent research. Such an exploration will help to elucidate the relationship between stroke and synaptic damage and provide new insights into protecting synapses and restoring neurologic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Li
- Department of Medical LaboratoryAffiliated Hospital of Jiujiang UniversityJiujiangJiangxiChina
| | - Min Jiang
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research CenterJiujiangJiangxiChina
| | - Zhi‐Ting Fang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Zhiying Chen
- Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Jiujiang UniversityJiujiangJiangxiChina
| | - Li Li
- Department of Intensive Care UnitThe Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang UniversityJiujiangJiangxiChina
| | - Ziying Liu
- Department of Medical LaboratoryAffiliated Hospital of Jiujiang UniversityJiujiangJiangxiChina
| | - Junmin Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Xiaoping Yin
- Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Jiujiang UniversityJiujiangJiangxiChina
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Moxin Wu
- Department of Medical LaboratoryAffiliated Hospital of Jiujiang UniversityJiujiangJiangxiChina
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research CenterJiujiangJiangxiChina
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11
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Zhang J, Chen Z, Chen Q. Advanced Nano-Drug Delivery Systems in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke. Molecules 2024; 29:1848. [PMID: 38675668 PMCID: PMC11054753 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the frequency of strokes has been on the rise year by year and has become the second leading cause of death around the world, which is characterized by a high mortality rate, high recurrence rate, and high disability rate. Ischemic strokes account for a large percentage of strokes. A reperfusion injury in ischemic strokes is a complex cascade of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, immune infiltration, and mitochondrial damage. Conventional treatments are ineffective, and the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) leads to inefficient drug delivery utilization, so researchers are turning their attention to nano-drug delivery systems. Functionalized nano-drug delivery systems have been widely studied and applied to the study of cerebral ischemic diseases due to their favorable biocompatibility, high efficiency, strong specificity, and specific targeting ability. In this paper, we briefly describe the pathological process of reperfusion injuries in strokes and focus on the therapeutic research progress of nano-drug delivery systems in ischemic strokes, aiming to provide certain references to understand the progress of research on nano-drug delivery systems (NDDSs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (J.Z.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (J.Z.); (Z.C.)
| | - Qi Chen
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Medical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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12
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Liu X, Wang Y, Tian Y, Hu J, Liu Z, Ma Y, Xu W, Wang W, Gao J, Wang T. The Water Extract of Rhubarb Prevents Ischemic Stroke by Regulating Gut Bacteria and Metabolic Pathways. Metabolites 2024; 14:216. [PMID: 38668344 PMCID: PMC11052393 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14040216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhubarb (RR), Chinese name Dahuang, is commonly used in the treatment of ischemic stroke (IS). However, its potential mechanism is not fully elucidated. This study intended to verify the effect of RR on IS and investigate the possible mechanism of RR in preventing IS. IS in male rats was induced by embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery, and drug administration was applied half an hour before surgery. RR dramatically decreased the neurological deficit scores, the cerebral infarct volume, and the cerebral edema rate, and improved the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and histopathological changes in the brain of MCAO rats. The 16S rRNA analysis showed the harmful microbes such as Fournierella and Bilophila were decreased, and the beneficial microbes such as Enterorhabdus, Defluviitaleaceae, Christensenellaceae, and Lachnospira were significantly increased, after RR pretreatment. 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) was used to detect serum metabolomics, and RR treatment significantly changed the levels of metabolites such as isoleucine, valine, N6-acetyllysine, methionine, 3-aminoisobutyric acid, N, N-dimethylglycine, propylene glycol, trimethylamine N-oxide, myo-inositol, choline, betaine, lactate, glucose, and lipid, and the enrichment analysis of differential metabolites showed that RR may participate in the regulation of amino acid metabolism and energy metabolism. RR exerts the role of anti-IS via regulating gut bacteria and metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyao Liu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; (X.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Yuxi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; (Y.W.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yuan Tian
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; (Y.T.); (Z.L.); (W.X.)
| | - Jiahui Hu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; (X.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Zhen Liu
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; (Y.T.); (Z.L.); (W.X.)
| | - Yuncheng Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; (Y.W.); (Y.M.)
| | - Wenhui Xu
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; (Y.T.); (Z.L.); (W.X.)
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Weiling Wang
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; (Y.T.); (Z.L.); (W.X.)
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jian Gao
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; (Y.T.); (Z.L.); (W.X.)
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; (Y.T.); (Z.L.); (W.X.)
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
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13
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Chen Y, Mateski J, Gerace L, Wheeler J, Burl J, Prakash B, Svedin C, Amrick R, Adams BD. Non-coding RNAs and neuroinflammation: implications for neurological disorders. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2024; 249:10120. [PMID: 38463392 PMCID: PMC10911137 DOI: 10.3389/ebm.2024.10120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is considered a balanced inflammatory response important in the intrinsic repair process after injury or infection. Under chronic states of disease, injury, or infection, persistent neuroinflammation results in a heightened presence of cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species that result in tissue damage. In the CNS, the surrounding microglia normally contain macrophages and other innate immune cells that perform active immune surveillance. The resulting cytokines produced by these macrophages affect the growth, development, and responsiveness of the microglia present in both white and gray matter regions of the CNS. Controlling the levels of these cytokines ultimately improves neurocognitive function and results in the repair of lesions associated with neurologic disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are master regulators of the genome and subsequently control the activity of inflammatory responses crucial in sustaining a robust and acute immunological response towards an acute infection while dampening pathways that result in heightened levels of cytokines and chemokines associated with chronic neuroinflammation. Numerous reports have directly implicated miRNAs in controlling the abundance and activity of interleukins, TGF-B, NF-kB, and toll-like receptor-signaling intrinsically linked with the development of neurological disorders such as Parkinson's, ALS, epilepsy, Alzheimer's, and neuromuscular degeneration. This review is focused on discussing the role miRNAs play in regulating or initiating these chronic neurological states, many of which maintain the level and/or activity of neuron-specific secondary messengers. Dysregulated miRNAs present in the microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and epididymal cells, contribute to an overall glial-specific inflammatory niche that impacts the activity of neuronal conductivity, signaling action potentials, neurotransmitter robustness, neuron-neuron specific communication, and neuron-muscular connections. Understanding which miRNAs regulate microglial activation is a crucial step forward in developing non-coding RNA-based therapeutics to treat and potentially correct the behavioral and cognitive deficits typically found in patients suffering from chronic neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Chen
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
- Department of RNA Sciences, The Brain Institute of America, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Julia Mateski
- Department of RNA Sciences, The Brain Institute of America, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, MN, United States
| | - Linda Gerace
- Department of RNA Sciences, The Brain Institute of America, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of English, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, United States
| | - Jonathan Wheeler
- Department of RNA Sciences, The Brain Institute of America, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Tech, New York Institute of Tech, Old Westbury, NY, United States
| | - Jan Burl
- Department of RNA Sciences, The Brain Institute of America, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of English, Southern New Hampshire University, Manchester, NH, United States
| | - Bhavna Prakash
- Department of RNA Sciences, The Brain Institute of America, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Cherie Svedin
- Department of RNA Sciences, The Brain Institute of America, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biology, Utah Tech University, St. George, UT, United States
| | - Rebecca Amrick
- Department of RNA Sciences, The Brain Institute of America, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of English, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, United States
| | - Brian D Adams
- Department of RNA Sciences, The Brain Institute of America, New Haven, CT, United States
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14
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Yu Z, Pang H, Yang Y, Luo D, Zheng H, Huang Z, Zhang M, Ren K. Microglia dysfunction drives disrupted hippocampal amplitude of low frequency after acute kidney injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14363. [PMID: 37469216 PMCID: PMC10848109 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Acute kidney injury (AKI) has been associated with a variety of neurological problems, while the neurobiological mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we utilized resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) to detect brain injury at an early stage and investigated the impact of microglia on the neuropathological mechanism of AKI. METHODS Rs-fMRI data were collected from AKI rats and the control group with a 9.4-Tesla scanner at 24, 48, and 72 h post administration of contrast medium or saline. The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) was then compared across the groups at each time course. Additionally, flow cytometry and SMART-seq2 were employed to evaluate microglia. Furthermore, pathological staining and Western blot were used to analyze the samples. RESULTS MRI results revealed that AKI led to a decreased ALFF in the hippocampus, particularly in the 48 h and 72 h groups. Additionally, western blot suggested that AKI-induced the neuronal apoptosis at 48 h and 72 h. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy images demonstrated that AKI activated the aggregation of microglia into neurons at 24 h, with a strong upregulation of M1 polarization at 48 h and peaking at 72 h, accompanying with the release of proinflammatory cytokines. The ALFF value was strongly correlated with the proportion of microglia (|r| > 0.80, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that microglia aggregation and inflammatory factor upregulation are significant mechanisms of AKI-induced neuronal apoptosis. We used fMRI to detect the alterations in hippocampal function, which may provide a noninvasive method for the early detection of brain injury after AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Yu
- School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Huize Pang
- Department of RadiologyThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Yifan Yang
- School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Doudou Luo
- School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Haiping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life SciencesXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Zicheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life SciencesXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Ke Ren
- School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
- Department of RadiologyThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
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15
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Shen G, Lou C, Li Q, Zhao B, Luo Y, Wu F, Jiao D, Fang M, Geng Y. Edaravone dexborneol alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through NF-κB/NLRP3 signal pathway. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:372-384. [PMID: 37475155 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory injury following ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) severely limits the efficacy of stroke treatment. Edaravone dexborneol (C.EDA) has been shown to reduce inflammation following a cerebral hemorrhage. However, the precise anti-inflammatory mechanism of C.EDA is unknown. In this study, we investigated whether C.EDA provides neuroprotection after I/R in rats, as well as the potential mechanisms involved. A middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (I/R) model was created using Sprague-Dawley rats. The blood flow of the central cerebral artery was monitored by a laser speckle imaging system. The neurological score was used to assess behavioral improvement. Cerebral infarction volume was measured by TTC staining. And the integrity of the blood-brain barrier was detected by Evan's blue staining. The expression of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB)/ the NOD-like receptor protein (NLRP3) inflammasome signal pathway and microglia polarization were detected by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. The cerebral blood flow ratio indicates that the cerebral I/R model was successfully established. After reperfusion for 72 h, the improvement of neurological scores, infarct volume reduction, and integrity of the blood-brain barrier was observed in I/R rats with C.EDA treatment. Meanwhile, the immunofluorescence result showed that the expression of iNOS, NLRP3, and NF-κB protein was decreased and the level of Arg1 was increased. Western blot analysis showed that the expression of NF-κB/NLRP3 signal pathway-related protein was decreased. In conclusion, this study indicates that C.EDA alleviates I/R injury by blocking the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and regulating the polarization of M1/M2 microglia via the NF-κB signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghong Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengjian Lou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - Qunfeng Li
- Department of Medicine, QuZhou College of Technology, Quzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bingxin Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuhuan Luo
- Department of Pediatric, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Institute of System Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dian Jiao
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Marong Fang
- Institute of System Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Geng
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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16
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Fornari Laurindo L, Aparecido Dias J, Cressoni Araújo A, Torres Pomini K, Machado Galhardi C, Rucco Penteado Detregiachi C, Santos de Argollo Haber L, Donizeti Roque D, Dib Bechara M, Vialogo Marques de Castro M, de Souza Bastos Mazuqueli Pereira E, José Tofano R, Jasmin Santos German Borgo I, Maria Barbalho S. Immunological dimensions of neuroinflammation and microglial activation: exploring innovative immunomodulatory approaches to mitigate neuroinflammatory progression. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1305933. [PMID: 38259497 PMCID: PMC10800801 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1305933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing life expectancy has led to a higher incidence of age-related neurodegenerative conditions. Within this framework, neuroinflammation emerges as a significant contributing factor. It involves the activation of microglia and astrocytes, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and the infiltration of peripheral leukocytes into the central nervous system (CNS). These instances result in neuronal damage and neurodegeneration through activated nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing (NLR) family pyrin domain containing protein 3 (NLRP3) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) pathways and decreased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activity. Due to limited effectiveness regarding the inhibition of neuroinflammatory targets using conventional drugs, there is challenging growth in the search for innovative therapies for alleviating neuroinflammation in CNS diseases or even before their onset. Our results indicate that interventions focusing on Interleukin-Driven Immunomodulation, Chemokine (CXC) Receptor Signaling and Expression, Cold Exposure, and Fibrin-Targeted strategies significantly promise to mitigate neuroinflammatory processes. These approaches demonstrate potential anti-neuroinflammatory effects, addressing conditions such as Multiple Sclerosis, Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Parkinson's Disease, and Alzheimer's Disease. While the findings are promising, immunomodulatory therapies often face limitations due to Immune-Related Adverse Events. Therefore, the conduction of randomized clinical trials in this matter is mandatory, and will pave the way for a promising future in the development of new medicines with specific therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Fornari Laurindo
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina de Marília (FAMEMA), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Aparecido Dias
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano Cressoni Araújo
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina Torres Pomini
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Machado Galhardi
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Rucco Penteado Detregiachi
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luíza Santos de Argollo Haber
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Domingos Donizeti Roque
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dib Bechara
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela Vialogo Marques de Castro
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana de Souza Bastos Mazuqueli Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo José Tofano
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iris Jasmin Santos German Borgo
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), School of Dentistry of Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo (FOB-USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Maria Barbalho
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Food and Technology of Marília (FATEC), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Xu Y, Fang X, Zhao Z, Wu H, Fan H, Zhang Y, Meng Q, Rong Q, Fukunaga K, Guo Q, Liu Q. GPR124 induces NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis in endothelial cells during ischemic injury. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 962:176228. [PMID: 38042462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE G protein-coupled receptor 124 (GPR124) regulates central nervous system angiogenesis and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, and its deficiency aggravates BBB breakdown and hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic mice. However, excessive GPR124 expression promotes inflammation in atherosclerotic mice. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the role of GPR124 in hypoxia/ischemia-induced cerebrovascular endothelial cell injury. METHODS bEnd.3 cells were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), and time-dependent changes in GPR124 mRNA and protein expression were evaluated using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. The effects of GPR124 overexpression or knockdown on the expression of pyroptosis-related genes were assessed at the mRNA and protein levels. Tadehaginoside (TA) was screened as a potential small molecule targeting GPR124, and its effects on pyroptosis-related signaling pathways were investigated. Finally, the therapeutic efficacy of TA was evaluated using a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (tMCAO/R). RESULTS During OGD, the expression of GPR124 initially increased and then decreased over time, with the highest levels observed 1 h after OGD. The overexpression of GPR124 enhanced the OGD-induced expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1, and Gasdermin D (GSDMD) in bEnd.3 cells, whereas GPR124 knockdown reduced pyroptosis. Additionally, TA exhibited a high targeting ability to GPR124, significantly inhibiting its function and expression and suppressing the expression of pyroptosis-related proteins during OGD. Furthermore, TA treatment significantly reduced the cerebral infarct volume and pyroptotic signaling in tMCAO/R rats. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that GPR124 mediates pyroptotic signaling in endothelial cells during the early stages of hypoxia/ischemia, thereby exacerbating ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Xu
- Department of Pharmacy & Engineering Research Center of Tropical Medicine Innovation and Transformation, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, China
| | - Xingyue Fang
- Department of Pharmacy & Engineering Research Center of Tropical Medicine Innovation and Transformation, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, China
| | - Zhenqiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research & Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Haolin Wu
- Department of Pharmacy & Engineering Research Center of Tropical Medicine Innovation and Transformation, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, China
| | - Haofei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research & Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Qingwen Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic and Life Science, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Qiongwen Rong
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research & Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of CNS Drug Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Qingyun Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic and Life Science, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research & Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China.
| | - Qibing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy & Engineering Research Center of Tropical Medicine Innovation and Transformation, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic and Life Science, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China.
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Chung S, Yi Y, Ullah I, Chung K, Park S, Lim J, Kim C, Pyun SH, Kim M, Kim D, Lee M, Rhim T, Lee SK. Systemic Treatment with Fas-Blocking Peptide Attenuates Apoptosis in Brain Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:661. [PMID: 38203830 PMCID: PMC10780202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis plays a crucial role in neuronal injury, with substantial evidence implicating Fas-mediated cell death as a key factor in ischemic strokes. To address this, inhibition of Fas-signaling has emerged as a promising strategy in preventing neuronal cell death and alleviating brain ischemia. However, the challenge of overcoming the blood-brain barrier (BBB) hampers the effective delivery of therapeutic drugs to the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we employed a 30 amino acid-long leptin peptide to facilitate BBB penetration. By conjugating the leptin peptide with a Fas-blocking peptide (FBP) using polyethylene glycol (PEG), we achieved specific accumulation in the Fas-expressing infarction region of the brain following systemic administration. Notably, administration in leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice demonstrated that leptin facilitated the delivery of FBP peptide. We found that the systemic administration of leptin-PEG-FBP effectively inhibited Fas-mediated apoptosis in the ischemic region, resulting in a significant reduction of neuronal cell death, decreased infarct volumes, and accelerated recovery. Importantly, neither leptin nor PEG-FBP influenced apoptotic signaling in brain ischemia. Here, we demonstrate that the systemic delivery of leptin-PEG-FBP presents a promising and viable strategy for treating cerebral ischemic stroke. Our approach not only highlights the therapeutic potential but also emphasizes the importance of overcoming BBB challenges to advance treatments for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungeun Chung
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea (Y.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Yujong Yi
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea (Y.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea (Y.Y.); (M.L.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kunho Chung
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea (Y.Y.); (M.L.)
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Seongjun Park
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea (Y.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Jaeyeoung Lim
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea (Y.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Chaeyeon Kim
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea (Y.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Seon-Hong Pyun
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea (Y.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Minkyung Kim
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea (Y.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Dokyoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea;
| | - Minhyung Lee
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea (Y.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Taiyoun Rhim
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea (Y.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Sang-Kyung Lee
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea (Y.Y.); (M.L.)
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19
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Feng X, Li M, Lin Z, Lu Y, Zhuang Y, Lei J, Liu X, Zhao H. Tetramethylpyrazine promotes axonal remodeling and modulates microglial polarization via JAK2-STAT1/3 and GSK3-NFκB pathways in ischemic stroke. Neurochem Int 2023; 170:105607. [PMID: 37657766 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke results in demyelination that underlies neurological disfunction. Promoting oligodendrogenesis will rescue the injured axons and accelerate remyelination after stroke. Microglia react to ischemia/hypoxia and polarize to M1/M2 phenotypes influencing myelin injury and repair. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) has neuroprotective effects in treating cerebrovascular disorders. This study aims to evaluate whether TMP promotes the renovation of damaged brain tissues especially on remyelination and modulates microglia phenotypes following ischemic stroke. Here magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and histopathological evaluation are performed to characterize the process of demyelination and remyelination. Immunofluorescence staining is used to prove oligodendrogenesis and microglial polarization. Western blotting is conducted to examine interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and Janus protein tyrosine kinase (JAK) 2-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1/3-glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3-nuclear transcription factor κB (NFκB) signals. Results show TMP alleviates the injury of axons and myelin sheath, increases NG2+, Ki67+/NG2+, CNPase+, Ki67+/CNPase+, Iba1+/Arg-1+ cells and decreases Iba1+ and Iba1+/CD16+ cells in periinfarctions of rats. Particularly, TMP downregulates IL-6 and upregulates IL-10 and TGF-β expressions, besides, enhances JAK2-STAT3 and suppresses STAT1-GSK3-NFκB activation in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) rats. Then we demonstrate that TMP reverses M1/M2 phenotype via JAK2-STAT1/3 and GSK3-NFκB pathways in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-stimulated BV2 microglia. Blocking JAK2 with AG490 counteracts TMP's facilitation on M2 polarization of microglia. This study warrants the promising therapy for stroke with TMP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230031, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Mingcong Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Ziyue Lin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yun Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yuming Zhuang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jianfeng Lei
- Medical Imaging Laboratory of Core Facility Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Animal, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, 100069, China.
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20
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Blank-Stein N, Mass E. Macrophage and monocyte subsets in response to ischemic stroke. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250233. [PMID: 37467166 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of disability and mortality. Despite extensive efforts in stroke research, the only pharmacological treatment currently available is arterial recanalization, which has limited efficacy only in the acute phase of stroke. The neuroinflammatory response to stroke is believed to provide a wider time window than recanalization and has therefore been proposed as an attractive therapeutic target. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in the understanding of cellular and molecular responses of distinct macrophage populations following stroke, which may offer potential targets for therapeutic interventions. Specifically, we discuss the role of local responders in neuroinflammation, including the well-studied microglia as well as the emerging players, border-associated macrophages, and macrophages originating from the skull bone marrow. Additionally, we focus on the behavior of monocytes stemming from distant tissues such as the bone marrow and spleen. Finally, we highlight aging as a crucial factor modulating the immune response, which is often neglected in animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelli Blank-Stein
- Developmental Biology of the Immune System, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Elvira Mass
- Developmental Biology of the Immune System, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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21
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Fan PL, Wang SS, Chu SF, Chen NH. Time-dependent dual effect of microglia in ischemic stroke. Neurochem Int 2023; 169:105584. [PMID: 37454817 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Stroke, the third leading cause of death and disability worldwide, is classified into ischemic or hemorrhagic, in which approximately 85% of strokes are ischemic. Ischemic stroke occurs as a result of arterial occlusion due to embolus or thrombus, with ischemia in the perfusion territory supplied by the occluded artery. The traditional concept that ischemic stroke is solely a vascular occlusion disorder has been expanded to include the dynamic interaction between microglia, astrocytes, neurons, vascular cells, and matrix components forming the "neurovascular unit." Acute ischemic stroke triggers a wide spectrum of neurovascular disturbances, glial activation, and secondary neuroinflammation that promotes further injury, ultimately resulting in neuronal death. Microglia, as the resident macrophages in the central nervous system, is one of the first responders to ischemic injury and plays a significant role in post-ischemic neuroinflammation. In this review, we reviewed the mechanisms of microglia in multiple stages of post-ischemic neuroinflammation development, including acute, sub-acute and chronic phases of stroke. A comprehensive understanding of the dynamic variation and the time-dependent role of microglia in post-stroke neuroinflammation could aid in the search for more effective therapeutics and diagnostic strategies for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Long Fan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Shi-Feng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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22
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Liu X, Yang L, Zhang G, Ling J. Neuroprotective Effects of Phenolic Antioxidant Tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) in Brain Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:4909-4923. [PMID: 37191855 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Human life and health are gravely threatened by brain diseases. The onset and progression of the illnesses are influenced by a variety of factors, including pathogenic causes, environmental factors, mental issues, etc. According to scientific studies, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress play a significant role in the development and incidence of brain diseases by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative tissue damage to induce inflammation and apoptosis. Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and oxidative stress-related changes are inseparable factors in the etiology of several brain diseases. Numerous neurodegenerative diseases have undergone substantial research into the therapeutic alternatives that target oxidative stress, the function of oxidative stress, and the possible therapeutic use of antioxidants. Formerly, tBHQ is a synthetic phenolic antioxidant, which has been widely used as a food additive. According to recent researches, tBHQ can suppress the processes that lead to neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, which offers a fresh approach to treating brain diseases. In order to achieve the goal of decreasing inflammation and apoptosis, tBHQ is a specialized nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) activator that decreases oxidative stress and enhances antioxidant status by upregulating the Nrf2 gene and reducing nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) activity. This article reviews the effects of tBHQ on neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in recent years and looks into how tBHQ inhibits neuroinflammation and oxidative stress through human, animal, and cell experiments to play a neuroprotective role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), stroke, depression, and Parkinson's disease (PD). It is anticipated that this article will be useful as a reference for upcoming research and the creation of drugs to treat brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Medical College, Linyi, 276000, China
| | - Luodan Yang
- College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guoying Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Jianya Ling
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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23
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Jiang H, Sun Z, Zhu X, Li F, Chen Q. Essential genes Ptgs2, Tlr4, and Ccr2 regulate neuro-inflammation during the acute phase of cerebral ischemic in mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13021. [PMID: 37563282 PMCID: PMC10415315 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40255-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is associated with changes in gene expression patterns in the ischemic penumbra and extensive neurovascular inflammation. However, the key molecules related to the inflammatory response in the acute phase of IS remain unclear. To address this knowledge gap, conducted a study using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) on two gene expression profiles, GSE58720 and GSE202659, downloaded from the GEO database. We screened differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using GEO2R and analyzed 170 differentially expressed intersection genes for Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis. We also used Metascape, DAVID, STRING, Cytoscape, and TargetScan to identify candidate miRNAs and genes. The targeted genes and miRNA molecule were clarified using the mice middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion (MCAO/R) model. Our findings revealed that 170 genes were correlated with cytokine production and inflammatory cell activation, as determined by GO and KEGG analyses. Cluster analysis identified 11 hub genes highly associated with neuroinflammation: Ccl7, Tnf, Ccl4, Timp1, Ccl3, Ccr1, Sele, Ccr2, Tlr4, Ptgs2, and Il6. TargetScan results suggested that Ptgs2, Tlr4, and Ccr2 might be regulated by miR-202-3p. In the MCAO/R model, the level of miR-202-3p decreased, while the levels of Ptgs2, Tlr4, and Ccr2 increased compared to the sham group. Knockdown of miR-202-3p exacerbated ischemic reperfusion injury (IRI) through neuroinflammation both in vivo and in vitro. Our study also demonstrated that mRNA and protein levels of Ptgs2, Tlr4, and Ccr2 increased in the MCAO/R model with miR-202-3p knockdown. These findings suggest that differentially expressed genes, including Ptgs2, Tlr4, and Ccr2 may play crucial roles in the neuroinflammation of IS, and their expression may be negatively regulated by miR-202-3p. Our study provides new insights into the regulation of neuroinflammation in IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang Distict, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhiqiang Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang Distict, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiwei Zhu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang Distict, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Qianxue Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang Distict, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China.
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24
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Zhou C, Zhu T, Ni W, Zhou H, Song J, Wang M, Jin G, Zhou Y, Han J, Hua F. Gain-of-function of progesterone receptor membrane component 2 ameliorates ischemic brain injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:1585-1601. [PMID: 36794556 PMCID: PMC10173723 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Progesterone receptor membrane component 2 (PGRMC2) belongs to the membrane-associated progesterone receptor family, which regulates multiple pathophysiological processes. However, the role of PGRMC2 in ischemic stroke remains unexplored. The present study sought to determine the regulatory role of PGRMC2 in ischemic stroke. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The protein expression level and localization of PGRMC2 were examined by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. The gain-of-function ligand of PGRMC2 (CPAG-1, 45 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected into sham/MCAO mice, and brain infarction, blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage, and sensorimotor functions were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging, brain water content, Evans blue extravasation, immunofluorescence staining, and neurobehavioral tests. The astrocyte and microglial activation, neuronal functions, and gene expression profiles were revealed by RNA sequencing, qPCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining after surgery and CPAG-1 treatment. RESULTS Progesterone receptor membrane component 2 was elevated in different brain cells after ischemic stroke. Intraperitoneal delivery of CPAG-1 reduced infarct size, brain edema, BBB leakage, astrocyte and microglial activation, and neuronal death, and improved sensorimotor deficits after ischemic stroke. CONCLUSION CPAG-1 acts as a novel neuroprotective compound that could reduce neuropathologic damage and improve functional recovery after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhou
- Institute of Neurological DiseasesXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Taiyang Zhu
- Institute of Neurological DiseasesXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Wanyan Ni
- Institute of Neurological DiseasesXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Hui Zhou
- Institute of Neurological DiseasesXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Jiaxing Song
- Department of NeurologyXinqiao Hospital and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of GeriatricsThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Guoliang Jin
- Institute of Neurological DiseasesXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Yan Zhou
- Institute of Neurological DiseasesXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Jingjing Han
- Institute of Neurological DiseasesXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Fang Hua
- Institute of Neurological DiseasesXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
- Department of Interdisciplinary Health ScienceCollege of Allied Health Science, Augusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
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25
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Zhou D, Chen L, Wang Y, Gan L, Yuan M, Zhang L, Chen F. RNA binding protein RPS3 mediates microglial polarization by activating NLRP3 inflammasome via SIRT1 in ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2023; 32:107132. [PMID: 37087770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2023.107132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is the obstruction of cerebral blood flow with a high morbidity. Microglial polarization is a contributing factor for ischemic stroke-induced injury. Here, we focused on function and mechanism of RNA binding protein RPS3 in microglial polarization after ischemic stroke. METHODS Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) was conducted in SD rats. Infarct area was detected by TTC staining and neurological score was assessed. Fluorescence staining tested neuronal apoptosis and microglial differentiation. Oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) was applied for treating microglia. Levels of RPS3, SIRT1, M1 and M2 polarization markers (CD86, iNOS, CD206, Arg-1) were determined by RT-qPCR. Western blot detected RPS3, SIRT1, NLRP3, ASC and Cleaved-caspase-1 expression. RIP assay validated that RPS3 interacted with SIRT1. CCK-8 measured cell viability. Flow cytometry and ELISA assessed M1 and M2 polarization markers. LDH release was detected using colorimetric CytoTox 96 Cytotoxicity kit. RESULTS RPS3 depletion improved neurological dysfunction and reduced infarction area in rats after tMCAO. Knockdown of RPS3 resulted in increased SIRT1 expression and decreased NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and induced microglia M2 polarization after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Besides, RPS3 directly targeted SIRT1 and reduced its expression in microglia. RPS3 silencing suppressed OGD/R-triggered neuronal and microglial cell death through SIRT1. Moreover, RPS3 activated NLRP3 inflammasome and regulated microglial polarization via SIRT1. CONCLUSION RPS3 regulates microglial polarization and neuronal injury through SIRT1/NLRP3 pathway, suggesting a novel target for ischemic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimi Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, 35 Jiefang Dadao, Zhengxiang District, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, 35 Jiefang Dadao, Zhengxiang District, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yuzheng Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, 35 Jiefang Dadao, Zhengxiang District, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Lu Gan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, 35 Jiefang Dadao, Zhengxiang District, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Mei Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, 35 Jiefang Dadao, Zhengxiang District, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, 35 Jiefang Dadao, Zhengxiang District, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Fenfang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, 35 Jiefang Dadao, Zhengxiang District, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
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26
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Ri MH, Xing Y, Zuo HX, Li MY, Jin HL, Ma J, Jin X. Regulatory mechanisms of natural compounds from traditional Chinese herbal medicines on the microglial response in ischemic stroke. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 116:154889. [PMID: 37262999 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of clinically effective neuroprotective agents for stroke therapy is still a challenging task. Microglia play a critical role in brain injury and recovery after ischemic stroke. Traditional Chinese herbal medicines (TCHMs) are based on a unique therapeutic principle, have various formulas, and have long been widely used to treat stroke. Therefore, the active compounds in TCHMs and their underlying mechanisms of action are attracting increasing attention in the field of stroke drug development. PURPOSE To summarize the regulatory mechanisms of TCHM-derived natural compounds on the microglial response in animal models of ischemic stroke. METHODS We searched studies published until 10 April 2023 in the Web of Science, PubMed, and ScienceDirect using the following keywords: natural compounds, natural products or phytochemicals, traditional Chinese Medicine or Chinese herbal medicine, microglia, and ischemic stroke. This review was prepared according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines. RESULTS Natural compounds derived from TCHMs can attenuate the M1 phenotype of microglia, which is involved in the detrimental inflammatory response, via inhibition of NF-κB, MAPKs, JAK/STAT, Notch, TLR4, P2X7R, CX3CR1, IL-17RA, the NLRP3 inflammasome, and pro-oxidant enzymes. Additionally, the neuroprotective response of microglia with the M2 phenotype can be enhanced by activating Nrf2/HO-1, PI3K/AKT, AMPK, PPARγ, SIRT1, CB2R, TREM2, nAChR, and IL-33/ST2. Several clinical trials showed that TCHM-derived natural compounds that regulate microglial responses have significant and safe therapeutic effects, but further well-designed clinical studies are needed. CONCLUSIONS Further research regarding the direct targets and potential pleiotropic or synergistic effects of natural compounds would provide a more reasonable approach for regulation of the microglial response with the possibility of successful stroke drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myong Hak Ri
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China; Faculty of Life Science, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Yue Xing
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hong Xiang Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ming Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hong Lan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Juan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Xuejun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China.
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Tang S, Gao M, Cheng X, Ji L. Scientometric analysis of post-stroke depression research based on CiteSpace. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33633. [PMID: 37145004 PMCID: PMC10158871 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-stroke depression (PSD) has served as a severe and common complication leading to a higher level of mortality. Though various studies have been focused on PSD, limited research endeavor has been dedicated to bibliometric analysis in the past. In view of this, the current analysis serves to elucidate the latest status of global research and pinpoint the emerging area of interest for PSD, in order to support further investigation of the field. Publications related to PSD were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database on September 24, 2022, and included in the bibliometric analysis. VOSviewer and CiteSpace software were used to visually analyze publication outputs, scientific cooperation, highly-cited references, and keywords to identify the current status and future trends in PSD research. A total of 533 publications were retrieved. The annual number of publications showed an increasing trend from 1999 to 2022. In terms of country and academic institution, the USA and Duke University have topped the list of PSD research respectively. Meanwhile, Robinson RG and Alexopoulos GS have been the most representative investigators of the field. In the past, researchers focused on the risk factors of PSD, late-life depression, and Alzheimer disease. In recent years, further research effort has been placed on meta-analysis, ischemic stroke, predictor, inflammation, mechanism, and mortality. In conclusion, in the past 20 years, PSD research has been progressing and gaining more attention. The bibliometric analysis successfully unveiled the field's major contributing countries, institutions, and investigators. Furthermore, current hot spots and future trends in the field of PSD were identified, which included meta-analysis, ischemic stroke, predictor, inflammation, mechanism, and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saixue Tang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
- The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of TCM, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mingzhou Gao
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xunshu Cheng
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lijin Ji
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
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Guo X, Liu R, Jia M, Wang Q, Wu J. Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Induced Blood Brain Barrier Dysfunction and the Involved Molecular Mechanism. Neurochem Res 2023:10.1007/s11064-023-03923-x. [PMID: 37017889 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03923-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is characterized by the abrupt failure of blood flow to a specific brain region, resulting in insufficient supply of oxygen and glucose to the ischemic tissues. Timely reperfusion of blood flow can rescue dying tissue but can also lead to secondary damage to both the infarcted tissues and the blood-brain barrier, known as ischemia/reperfusion injury. Both primary and secondary damage result in biphasic opening of the blood-brain barrier, leading to blood-brain barrier dysfunction and vasogenic edema. Importantly, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, inflammation, and microglial activation are critical factors that worsen stroke outcomes. Activated microglia secrete numerous cytokines, chemokines, and inflammatory factors during neuroinflammation, contributing to the second opening of the blood-brain barrier and worsening the outcome of ischemic stroke. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and other microglia-derived molecules have been shown to be involved in the breakdown of blood-brain barrier. Additionally, other non-microglia-derived molecules such as RNA, HSPs, and transporter proteins also participate in the blood-brain barrier breakdown process after ischemic stroke, either in the primary damage stage directly influencing tight junction proteins and endothelial cells, or in the secondary damage stage participating in the following neuroinflammation. This review summarizes the cellular and molecular components of the blood-brain barrier and concludes the association of microglia-derived and non-microglia-derived molecules with blood-brain barrier dysfunction and its underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 10070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 10070, China
| | - Ru Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 10070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 10070, China
| | - Meng Jia
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 10070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 10070, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 10070, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 10070, China.
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 10070, China.
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Wang Y, Zhang Q, Zhang S, Qi J, Li L. The superiority and feasibility of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride-stained brain tissues for molecular biology experiments based on microglial properties. Animal Model Exp Med 2023; 6:111-119. [PMID: 37140996 PMCID: PMC10158948 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TTC (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride) staining is the most commonly used method in identifying and assessing cerebral infarct volumes in the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model. Given that microglia exhibit different morphologies in different regions after ischemic stroke, we demonstrate the superiority and necessity of using TTC-stained brain tissue to analyze the expression of various proteins or genes in different regions based on microglia character. METHODS We compared brain tissue (left for 10 min on ice) from the improved TTC staining method with penumbra from the traditional sampling method. We identified the feasibility and necessity of the improved staining method using real time (RT)-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence analysis. RESULTS There was no protein and RNA degradation in the TTC-stained brain tissue group. However, the TREM2 specifically expressed on the microglia showed a significant difference between two groups in the penumbra region. CONCLUSIONS TTC-stained brain tissue can be used for molecular biology experiments without any restrictions. In addition, TTC-stained brain tissue shows greater superiority due to its precise positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingrong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuchi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangtao Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Qiao C, Liu Z, Qie S. The Implications of Microglial Regulation in Neuroplasticity-Dependent Stroke Recovery. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030571. [PMID: 36979506 PMCID: PMC10046452 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke causes varying degrees of neurological deficits, leading to corresponding dysfunctions. There are different therapeutic principles for each stage of pathological development. Neuroprotection is the main treatment in the acute phase, and functional recovery becomes primary in the subacute and chronic phases. Neuroplasticity is considered the basis of functional restoration and neurological rehabilitation after stroke, including the remodeling of dendrites and dendritic spines, axonal sprouting, myelin regeneration, synapse shaping, and neurogenesis. Spatiotemporal development affects the spontaneous rewiring of neural circuits and brain networks. Microglia are resident immune cells in the brain that contribute to homeostasis under physiological conditions. Microglia are activated immediately after stroke, and phenotypic polarization changes and phagocytic function are crucial for regulating focal and global brain inflammation and neurological recovery. We have previously shown that the development of neuroplasticity is spatiotemporally consistent with microglial activation, suggesting that microglia may have a profound impact on neuroplasticity after stroke and may be a key therapeutic target for post-stroke rehabilitation. In this review, we explore the impact of neuroplasticity on post-stroke restoration as well as the functions and mechanisms of microglial activation, polarization, and phagocytosis. This is followed by a summary of microglia-targeted rehabilitative interventions that influence neuroplasticity and promote stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenye Qiao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Zongjian Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Shuyan Qie
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100144, China
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31
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Wang Z, Song Y, Bai S, Xiang W, Zhou X, Han L, Zhu D, Guan Y. Imaging of microglia in post-stroke inflammation. Nucl Med Biol 2023; 118-119:108336. [PMID: 37028196 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2023.108336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Microglia constantly survey the central nervous system microenvironment and maintain brain homeostasis. Microglia activation, polarization and inflammatory response are of great importance in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke. For exploring biochemical processes in vivo, positron emission tomography (PET) is a superior imaging tool. Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), is a validated neuroinflammatory biomarker which is widely used to evaluate various central nervous system (CNS) pathologies in both preclinical and clinical studies. TSPO level can be elevated due to peripheral inflammatory cells infiltration and glial cells activation. Therefore, a clear understanding of the dynamic changes between microglia and TSPO is critical for interpreting PET studies and understanding the pathophysiology after ischemic stroke. Our review discusses alternative biological targets that have attracted considerable interest for the imaging of microglia activation in recent years, and the potential value of imaging of microglia in the assessment of stroke therapies.
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Zhang YD, Jiang T, Wang SY, Fu XX, Duan R, Wei B, Cao HM, Yan E, Chen SY. The Alzheimer’s disease-associated gene TREML2 modulates inflammation by regulating microglia polarization and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:434-438. [PMID: 35900442 PMCID: PMC9396521 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.346468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-like 2 (TREML2) is a newly identified susceptibility gene for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It encodes a microglial inflammation-associated receptor. To date, the potential role of microglial TREML2 in neuroinflammation in the context of AD remains unclear. In this study, APP/PS1 mice were used to investigate the dynamic changes of TREML2 levels in brain during AD progression. In addition, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of primary microglia as well as a lentivirus-mediated TREML2 overexpression and knockdown were employed to explore the role of TREML2 in neuroinflammation in the context of AD. Our results show that TREML2 levels gradually increased in the brains of APP/PS1 mice during disease progression. LPS stimulation of primary microglia led to the release of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in the culture medium. The LPS-induced microglial release of inflammatory cytokines was enhanced by TREML2 overexpression and was attenuated by TREML2 knockdown. LPS increased the levels of microglial M1-type polarization marker inducible nitric oxide synthase. This effect was enhanced by TREML2 overexpression and ameliorated by TREML2 knockdown. Furthermore, the levels of microglial M2-type polarization markers CD206 and ARG1 in the primary microglia were reduced by TREML2 overexpression and elevated by TREML2 knockdown. LPS stimulation increased the levels of NLRP3 in primary microglia. The LPS-induced increase in NLRP3 was further elevated by TREML2 overexpression and alleviated by TREML2 knockdown. In summary, this study provides the first evidence that TREML2 modulates inflammation by regulating microglial polarization and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These findings reveal the mechanisms by which TREML2 regulates microglial inflammation and suggest that TREML2 inhibition may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Guo YL, Zhai QY, Ye YH, Ren YQ, Song ZH, Ge KL, Cheng BH. Neuroprotective effects of neural stem cells pretreated with neuregulin1β on PC12 cells exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:618-625. [DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.350207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Norouzi-Barough L, Asgari Khosroshahi A, Gorji A, Zafari F, Shahverdi Shahraki M, Shirian S. COVID-19-Induced Stroke and the Potential of Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in the Regulation of Neuroinflammation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:37-46. [PMID: 35025001 PMCID: PMC8755896 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a known neurological complication of COVID-19 infection, which is associated with high mortality and disability. Following IS, secondary neuroinflammation that occurs can play both harmful and beneficial roles and lead to further injury or repair of damaged neuronal tissue, respectively. Since inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19-induced stroke, targeting neuroinflammation could be an effective strategy for modulating the immune responses following ischemic events. Numerous investigations have indicated that the application of mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) improves functional recovery following stroke, mainly through reducing neuroinflammation as well as promoting neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Therefore, MSC-EVs can be applied for the regulation of SARS-CoV-2-mediated inflammation and the management of COVID-19- related ischemic events. In this study, we have first described the advantages and disadvantages of neuroinflammation in the pathological evolution after IS and summarized the characteristics of neuroinflammation in COVID-19-related stroke. Then, we have discussed the potential benefit of MSC-EVs in the regulation of inflammatory responses after COVID-19-induced ischemic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Norouzi-Barough
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Ali Gorji
- Epilepsy Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universitat Münster, Munster, Germany
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Zafari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non- Communicable Disease, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | - Sadegh Shirian
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
- Shiraz Molecular Pathology Research Center, Dr. Daneshbod Pathol Lab, Shiraz, Iran.
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35
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Li M, Gao ZL, Zhang QP, Luo AX, Xu WY, Duan TQ, Wen XP, Zhang RQ, Zeng R, Huang JF. Autophagy in glaucoma pathogenesis: Therapeutic potential and future perspectives. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1068213. [PMID: 36589756 PMCID: PMC9795220 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1068213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common blinding eye disease characterized by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons, progressive loss of visual field, and optic nerve atrophy. Autophagy plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of glaucoma and is closely related to its pathogenesis. Targeting autophagy and blocking the apoptosis of RGCs provides emerging guidance for the treatment of glaucoma. Here, we provide a systematic review of the mechanisms and targets of interventions related to autophagy in glaucoma and discuss the outlook of emerging ideas, techniques, and multidisciplinary combinations to provide a new basis for further research and the prevention of glaucomatous visual impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhao-Lin Gao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Quan-Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research & Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China,Anatomy Laboratory, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Ai-Xiang Luo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei-Ye Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tian-Qi Duan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xu-Peng Wen
- Transplantation Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ru-Qi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ru Zeng
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ju-Fang Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Ju-Fang Huang,
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36
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Cycloastragenol suppresses M1 and promotes M2 polarization in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells and ischemic stroke mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109290. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Peng L, Hu G, Yao Q, Wu J, He Z, Law BYK, Hu G, Zhou X, Du J, Wu A, Yu L. Microglia autophagy in ischemic stroke: A double-edged sword. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1013311. [PMID: 36466850 PMCID: PMC9708732 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1013311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the major types of cerebrovascular diseases causing neurological morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the pathophysiological process of IS, microglia play a beneficial role in tissue repair. However, it could also cause cellular damage, consequently leading to cell death. Inflammation is characterized by the activation of microglia, and increasing evidence showed that autophagy interacts with inflammation through regulating correlative mediators and signaling pathways. In this paper, we summarized the beneficial and harmful effects of microglia in IS. In addition, we discussed the interplay between microglia autophagy and ischemic inflammation, as along with its application in the treatment of IS. We believe this could help to provide the theoretical references for further study into IS and treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Peng
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Medicine Imaging, School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Guangqiang Hu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qianfang Yao
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianming Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ziyang He
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Betty Yuen-Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Guishan Hu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhou
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Junrong Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems of Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anguo Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Medicine Imaging, School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Li KR, Wu AG, Tang Y, He XP, Yu CL, Wu JM, Hu GQ, Yu L. The Key Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Detection of Neurodegenerative Diseases-Associated Biomarkers: A Review. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5935-5954. [PMID: 35829831 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02944-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including chronic disease such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis, and acute diseases like traumatic brain injury and ischemic stroke are characterized by progressive degeneration, brain tissue damage and loss of neurons, accompanied by behavioral and cognitive dysfunctions. So far, there are no complete cures for NDs; thus, early and timely diagnoses are essential and beneficial to patients' treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become one of the advanced medical imaging techniques widely used in the clinical examination of NDs due to its non-invasive diagnostic value. In this review, research published in English in current decade from PubMed electronic database on the use of MRI to detect specific biomarkers of NDs was collected, summarized, and discussed, which provides valuable suggestions for the early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of NDs in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Ru Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Department of Radiology, Chongqing University Fuling Hospital, Chongqing, 408000, China
| | - An-Guo Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Xiao-Peng He
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Chong-Lin Yu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian-Ming Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Guang-Qiang Hu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lu Yu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
- Department of Chemistry, School of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
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Wu F, Liu Z, Zhou L, Ye D, Zhu Y, Huang K, Weng Y, Xiong X, Zhan R, Shen J. Systemic immune responses after ischemic stroke: From the center to the periphery. Front Immunol 2022; 13:911661. [PMID: 36211352 PMCID: PMC9533176 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.911661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of disability and death. It imposes a heavy economic burden on individuals, families and society. The mortality rate of ischemic stroke has decreased with the help of thrombolytic drug therapy and intravascular intervention. However, the nerve damage caused by ischemia-reperfusion is long-lasting and followed by multiple organ dysfunction. In this process, the immune responses manifested by systemic inflammatory responses play an important role. It begins with neuroinflammation following ischemic stroke. The large number of inflammatory cells released after activation of immune cells in the lesion area, along with the deactivated neuroendocrine and autonomic nervous systems, link the center with the periphery. With the activation of systemic immunity and the emergence of immunosuppression, peripheral organs become the second “battlefield” of the immune response after ischemic stroke and gradually become dysfunctional and lead to an adverse prognosis. The purpose of this review was to describe the systemic immune responses after ischemic stroke. We hope to provide new ideas for future research and clinical treatments to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zongchi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihui Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Di Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaiyuan Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxiang Weng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Renya Zhan
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Shen, ; Renya Zhan,
| | - Jian Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Shen, ; Renya Zhan,
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Matsumoto S, Choudhury ME, Takeda H, Sato A, Kihara N, Mikami K, Inoue A, Yano H, Watanabe H, Kumon Y, Kunieda T, Tanaka J. Microglial re-modeling contributes to recovery from ischemic injury of rat brain: A study using a cytokine mixture containing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:941363. [PMID: 35968363 PMCID: PMC9366522 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.941363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of mortality and permanent disability. Chronic stroke lesions increase gradually due to the secondary neuroinflammation that occurs following acute ischemic neuronal degeneration. In this study, the ameliorating effect of a cytokine mixture consisting of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-3 was evaluated on ischemic brain injury using a rat stroke model prepared by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). The mixture reduced infarct volume and ameliorated ischemia-induced motor and cognitive dysfunctions. Sorted microglia cells from the ischemic hemisphere of rats administered the mixture showed reduced mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-1β at 3 days post-reperfusion. On flow cytometric analysis, the expression of CD86, a marker of pro-inflammatory type microglia, was suppressed, and the expression of CD163, a marker of tissue-repairing type microglia, was increased by the cytokine treatment. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry data showed that the cytokines increased the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL in neurons in the ischemic lesion. Thus, the present study demonstrated that cytokine treatment markedly suppressed neurodegeneration during the chronic phase in the rat stroke model. The neuroprotective effects may be mediated by phenotypic changes of microglia that presumably lead to increased expression of Bcl-xL in ischemic lesions, while enhancing neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirabe Matsumoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
- *Correspondence: Shirabe Matsumoto,
| | - Mohammed E. Choudhury
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
- Mohammed E. Choudhury,
| | - Haruna Takeda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Arisa Sato
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Nanako Kihara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Kanta Mikami
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Akihiro Inoue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Hajime Yano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Hideaki Watanabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kumon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Takeharu Kunieda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Junya Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
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Hur HJ, Lee JY, Kim DH, Cho MS, Lee S, Kim HS, Kim DW. Conditioned Medium of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Precursor Cells Exerts Neurorestorative Effects against Ischemic Stroke Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7787. [PMID: 35887140 PMCID: PMC9319001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that early therapeutic events of neural precursor cells (NPCs) transplantation to animals with acute ischemic stroke readily protected neuronal cell damage and improved behavioral recovery through paracrine mechanisms. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that administration of conditioned medium from NPCs (NPC-CMs) could recapitulate the beneficial effects of cell transplantation. Rats with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: PBS control, Vehicle (medium) controls, single (NPC-CM(S)) or multiple injections of NPC-CM(NPC-CM(M)) groups. A single intravenous injection of NPC-CM exhibited strong neuroregenerative potential to induce behavioral recovery, and multiple injections enhanced this activity further by suppressing inflammatory damage and inducing endogenous neurogenesis leading to histopathological and functional recovery. Proteome analysis of NPC-CM identified a number of proteins that are known to be associated with nervous system development, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis. In addition, transcriptome analysis revealed the importance of the inflammatory response during stroke recovery and some of the key hub genes in the interaction network were validated. Thus, our findings demonstrated that NPC-CM promoted functional recovery and reduced cerebral infarct and inflammation with enhanced endogenous neurogenesis, and the results highlighted the potency of NPC-CM in stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Hur
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.-J.H.); (D.-H.K.)
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Ji Yong Lee
- Research Institute of Hyperbaric Medicine and Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju-si 26426, Korea;
| | - Do-Hun Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.-J.H.); (D.-H.K.)
- S. Biomedics Co., Ltd., Seoul 04979, Korea;
| | | | - Sangsik Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si 25601, Korea;
| | - Han-Soo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si 25601, Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.-J.H.); (D.-H.K.)
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Hong SM, Ju IG, Kim JH, Park SC, Choi JG, Sohn MW, Oh MS, Kim SY. The novel anti-neuroinflammatory functional food CCL01, a mixture of Cuscuta seed extracts and Lactobacillus paracasei NK112. Food Funct 2022; 13:7638-7649. [PMID: 35735022 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01150f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, which occurs due to microglia, is related to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Recently, the development of functional foods that down-regulate over-activated microglial cells to prevent the progression of neurodegenerative disorders has been proposed, since over-activated microglia induce a chronic source of neurotoxic factors and reduce neuronal survival. Thus, the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of a functional food mixture (CCL01) including Cuscuta seeds and Lactobacillus paracasei NK112 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced experimental models were investigated. In LPS-induced in vitro models, the expression levels of inflammatory mediators (e.g., inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, nitric oxide, and prostaglandin E2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6) were decreased upon CCL01 treatment. CCL01 showed an anti-neuroinflammatory effect in LPS-induced microglial cells via the inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway and the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway. In the LPS-treated in vivo mouse models, the increased expression of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1), which indicates microglial activity, was markedly decreased upon treatment with CCL01 (50 and 200 mg kg-1) in the hippocampus and cortex areas of the mouse brains in comparison with the LPS-injected group. In addition, the groups to which CCL01 was administered had significantly decreased plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in the LPS-injected mouse models. Our data suggest that CCL01 may be a potential anti-neuroinflammatory agent that can prevent microglia overactivation, and it could be useful for developing functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Min Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea.
| | - In Gyoung Ju
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, #26, Kyungheedaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, #26, Kyungheedaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Cheol Park
- MThera Pharma Co., Ltd, #102, 38, Magokjungang 8-ro 1-gil, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07793, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Gyu Choi
- MThera Pharma Co., Ltd, #102, 38, Magokjungang 8-ro 1-gil, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07793, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Won Sohn
- MThera Pharma Co., Ltd, #102, 38, Magokjungang 8-ro 1-gil, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07793, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Sook Oh
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, #26, Kyungheedaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, #26, Kyungheedaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.,Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, #26, Kyungheedaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea. .,Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
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Deng J, Meng F, Zhang K, Gao J, Liu Z, Li M, Liu X, Li J, Wang Y, Zhang L, Tang P. Emerging Roles of Microglia Depletion in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121871. [PMID: 35741000 PMCID: PMC9221038 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, as the resident immune cells and first responder to neurological insults, play an extremely important role in the pathophysiological process of spinal cord injury. On the one hand, microglia respond rapidly and gather around the lesion in the early stage of injury to exert a protective role, but with the continuous stimulation of the injury, the excessive activated microglia secrete a large number of harmful substances, aggravate the injury of spinal cord tissue, and affect functional recovery. The effects of microglia depletion on the repair of spinal cord injury remain unclear, and there is no uniformly accepted paradigm for the removal methods and timing of microglia depletion, but different microglia depletion strategies greatly affect the outcomes after spinal cord injury. Therefore, this review summarizes the physiological and pathological roles of microglia, especially the effects of microglia depletion on spinal cord injury-sustained microglial depletion would aggravate injury and impair functional recovery, while the short-term depletion of microglial population in diseased conditions seems to improve tissue repair and promote functional improvement after spinal cord injury. Furthermore, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of major strategies and timing of microglia depletion to provide potential strategy for the treatment of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Deng
- Senior Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100037, China;
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing 100853, China; (J.G.); (Z.L.); (M.L.); (X.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Fanqi Meng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China;
| | - Kexue Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China;
| | - Jianpeng Gao
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing 100853, China; (J.G.); (Z.L.); (M.L.); (X.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Zhongyang Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing 100853, China; (J.G.); (Z.L.); (M.L.); (X.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Ming Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing 100853, China; (J.G.); (Z.L.); (M.L.); (X.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Xiao Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing 100853, China; (J.G.); (Z.L.); (M.L.); (X.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiantao Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing 100853, China; (J.G.); (Z.L.); (M.L.); (X.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Yu Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopaedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopaedics, The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China;
| | - Licheng Zhang
- Senior Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100037, China;
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing 100853, China; (J.G.); (Z.L.); (M.L.); (X.L.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (P.T.)
| | - Peifu Tang
- Senior Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100037, China;
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing 100853, China; (J.G.); (Z.L.); (M.L.); (X.L.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (P.T.)
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Xu Y, Zhi F, Peng Y, Mao J, Balboni G, Yang Y, Xia Y. A Critical Role of δ-Opioid Receptor in Anti-microglial Activation Under Stress. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:847386. [PMID: 35663569 PMCID: PMC9160527 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.847386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are involved in the regulation of cerebral homeostasis and pathogen confrontation. There is, however, evidence showing that excessive microglia activation is implicated in various age-related cerebral diseases. On the other hand, microglia may experience complex changes of polarization in pathological insults, i.e., from a proinflammatory M1 to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, which differentially contribute to the exacerbation or alleviation of cellular injury. Remolding the phenotype of microglia or inhibiting the excessive activation of microglia seems to be a promising approach against neurodegenerative pathologies. Since δ-opioid receptor (DOR) activation exhibits a strong protective capacity against various neuronal injuries, especially the hypoxic/ischemic injury, we asked if the DOR-induced neuroprotection is associated with its effect on microglia. We explored this fundamental issue by using pharmacological and genetic approaches in the BV2 cell line, a general type of microglial cells. The results showed that DOR expression significantly increased in the activated microglial M2 phenotype, but slightly decreased in the microglial M1 phenotype. Hypoxia induced dual polarizations of BV2 cells with an increase in DOR expression. Administration of a specific DOR agonist, UFP-512, largely inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or hypoxia-induced microglial M1 activation and inflammatory activity with high concentrations of UFP-512 being effective to reverse the interleukin-4 (IL4)-induced microglial activation. Consistent with these observations, inhibiting DOR or knocking-down DOR promoted the excessive activation of BV2 cells in both M1 and M2 directions, while DOR overexpression did the opposite. Furthermore, the PC12 cells exposed to the conditioned medium of BV2 cells treated by UFP-512 grew better than those treated directly with UFP-512 under LPS or hypoxic insults. DOR inhibitor naltrindole could block all the effects of DOR activation. The medium from the BV2 cells with DOR knock-down decreased the viability of PC12 cell, while the medium from the BV2 cells with DOR overexpression largely attenuated LPS or hypoxic injury in the PC12 cells. These first data suggest a close linkage between DOR expression/function and microglial polarization and a critical role of DOR in negative controlling microglial activation. Our work provides a novel clue for new protective strategies against neurodegenerative pathophysiology through DOR-mediated regulation of microglia.
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Zheng J, Liao Y, Xu Y, Mo Z. Icariin attenuates ischemic stroke through suppressing inflammation mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathway in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2022; 49:719-730. [PMID: 35451526 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke possesses the characteristics of high incidence, high disability, and high mortality. Icariin (ICA) is a flavonoid extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Epimedium. The protective effect of ICA on ischemic stroke is worthy to be further studied. In this study, male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the following seven groups: sham, model, ICA low-dose (10 mg/kg), ICA medium-dose (20 mg/kg), ICA high-dose (40 mg/kg), positive control drug (12 mg/kg nimodipine) and endoplasmic reticulum stress induction (0.16 mg/kg tunicamycin) groups. The model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rats, including 2 h ischemia and 24 h reperfusion, was accomplished by applying the method of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). At 24 h reperfusion, neurological deficits, brain water content, pathological damage of brain tissues, the expression of inflammation-related targets, and the signal pathway-related proteins were explored. Compared with the model group, ICA significantly improved neurological deficits, brain edema and pathological damage after MCAO. In addition, ICA increased neuron survival, reduced microglial activation and expression of IL-1β, alleviating the inflammatory damage caused by ischemic stroke. Moreover, ICA suppressed the expressions of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), inositol requiring enzyme-1 α (IRE1α), phospho-IRE1α (p-IRE1α), protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), phospho-PERK (p-PERK), spliced XBP1 (XBP1s), unspliced XBP1 (XBP1u), thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), NLRP3, and caspase-1. These results suggested that ICA offers neuroprotection against ischemic stroke by inhibiting ER stress-mediated inflammation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuling Liao
- Zhangshu Traditional Chinese Medicine Industry Research Institute, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhentao Mo
- Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
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Blockade on Lin28a Prevents Cognitive Impairment and Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier Induced by Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040852. [PMID: 35453602 PMCID: PMC9029709 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Lin28a is an RNA-binding protein involved in the translation and regulation of multiple mRNAs. Lin28a is overexpressed in animal models of brain injury. Similarly, our preliminary study found increased Lin28a expression levels in the animal models four to seven days after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Therefore, this current study aimed to evaluate the effects of modulating Lin28a on cognition and brain functions. Vascular dementia (VaD) was induced in 12-week-old male Wistar rats using permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO), and these rats were treated with Lin28a siRNA on the fourth and seventh day after BCCAO. From the 42nd day after BCCAO, cognitive behavioral experiments were performed for two weeks. VaD induced by BCCAO resulted in cognitive impairment and microglial activation. Lin28a expression was upregulated after BCCAO. Lin28a siRNA treatment alleviated cognitive impairment and overexpression of GFAP and Iba-1 in the brain. Furthermore, the treatment ameliorated the VaD-induced damage to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) components, including PECAM-1, PDGFRβ, occludin, claudin-9, and ZO-1. CCR6 activation after VaD, associated with BBB disruption, was diminished by treatment with Lin28a siRNA. The treatment inhibited VaD-induced microglial activity and alleviated BBB damage. Thus, blocking Lin28a may alleviate cognitive impairment caused by VaD.
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Yang Y, Yin N, Gu Z, Zhao Y, Liu C, Zhou T, Zhang K, Zhang Z, Liu J, Shi J. Engineered biomimetic drug-delivery systems for ischemic stroke therapy. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2022.100129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Jin R, Wang M, Zhong W, Kissinger CR, Villafranca JE, Li G. J147 Reduces tPA-Induced Brain Hemorrhage in Acute Experimental Stroke in Rats. Front Neurol 2022; 13:821082. [PMID: 35309561 PMCID: PMC8925862 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.821082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose J147, a novel neurotrophic compound, was originally developed to treat aging-associated neurological diseases. Based on the broad spectrum of cytoprotective effects exhibited by this compound, we investigated whether J147 has cerebroprotection for acute ischemic stroke and whether it can enhance the effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Methods Rats were subjected to transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (tMCAO) by insertion of an intraluminal suture or embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (eMCAO), and treated intravenously with J147 alone or in combination with tPA. Results We found that J147 treatment significantly reduced infarct volume when administered at 2 h after stroke onset in the tMCAO model, but had no effect in eMCAO without tPA. However, combination treatment with J147 plus tPA at 4 h after stroke onset significantly reduced infarct volume and neurological deficits at 72 h after stroke compared with saline or tPA alone groups in the eMCAO model. Importantly, the combination treatment significantly reduced delayed tPA-associated brain hemorrhage and secondary microvascular thrombosis. These protective effects were associated with J147-mediated inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), 15-lipoxygenase-1, and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) expression in the ischemic hemispheres (predominantly in ischemic cerebral endothelium). Moreover, the combination treatment significantly reduced circulating platelet activation and platelet-leukocyte aggregation compared with saline or tPA alone groups at 24 h after stroke, which might also contribute to reduced microvascular thrombosis and neuroinflammation (as demonstrated by reduced neutrophil brain infiltration and microglial activation). Conclusion Our results demonstrate that J147 treatment alone exerts cerebral cytoprotective effects in a suture model of acute ischemic stroke, while in an embolic stroke model co-administration of J147 with tPA reduces delayed tPA-induced intracerebral hemorrhage and confers cerebroprotection. These findings suggest that J147-tPA combination therapy could be a promising approach to improving the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience Institute, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience Institute, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Wei Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience Institute, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, United States
| | | | | | - Guohong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience Institute, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, United States
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Yuan J, Liu H, Zhang H, Wang T, Zheng Q, Li Z. Controlled Activation of TRPV1 Channels on Microglia to Boost Their Autophagy for Clearance of Alpha-Synuclein and Enhance Therapy of Parkinson's Disease. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108435. [PMID: 35023596 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized with accumulation of Lewy bodies with a major component of fibrillar alpha-synuclein (α-syn). Herein, boosting PD therapeutic efficacy by enhancing the autophagy of microglia to phagocytose and degrade α-syn via controlled opening of their surface TRPV1 channels with rationally designed photothermal nanoagent is reported. The Cu2- x Se-anti-TRPV1 nanoparticles (CS-AT NPs) are fabricated to target the microglia and open their surface TRPV1 channels under the second near infrared (NIR-II) laser irradiation to cause influx of Ca2+ to activate ATG5 and Ca2+ /CaMKK2/AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway, which promote phagocytosis and degradation of α-syn. The CS-AT NPs are efficiently delivered by focused ultrasound into striatum of PD mice with high expression of TRPV1 receptors. The athletic ability of PD mice treated by CS-AT NPs and NIR-II irradiation is significantly improved due to the phagocytotic clearance of α-syn by microglia with enhanced autophagy. The enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, ionized calcium binding adapter protein 1, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and pSer129-α-syn (p-α-syn) of treated PD mice are almost recovered to the normal levels of healthy mice. This study provides insights into the activation of microglial autophagy by targeting surface ion channels to improve the treatment of PD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Yuan
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hanghang Liu
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qing Zheng
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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Effects of Tai Chi on biomarkers and their implication to neurorehabilitation – a systemic review. Eur J Integr Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2021.101391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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