1
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Lubinski B, Whittaker GR. Host Cell Proteases Involved in Human Respiratory Viral Infections and Their Inhibitors: A Review. Viruses 2024; 16:984. [PMID: 38932275 PMCID: PMC11209347 DOI: 10.3390/v16060984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral tropism is most commonly linked to receptor use, but host cell protease use can be a notable factor in susceptibility to infection. Here we review the use of host cell proteases by human viruses, focusing on those with primarily respiratory tropism, particularly SARS-CoV-2. We first describe the various classes of proteases present in the respiratory tract, as well as elsewhere in the body, and incorporate the targeting of these proteases as therapeutic drugs for use in humans. Host cell proteases are also linked to the systemic spread of viruses and play important roles outside of the respiratory tract; therefore, we address how proteases affect viruses across the spectrum of infections that can occur in humans, intending to understand the extrapulmonary spread of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Lubinski
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA;
| | - Gary R. Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Public & Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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2
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Xiong T, Xie H, Li L, Liang S, Huang M, Yu C, Zhuang T, Liang X, Liu D, Chen R. Prevalence, Genotype Diversity, and Distinct Pathogenicity of 205 Gammacoronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus Isolates in China during 2019-2023. Viruses 2024; 16:930. [PMID: 38932222 PMCID: PMC11209364 DOI: 10.3390/v16060930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes a highly contagious disease in chickens and seriously endangers the poultry industry. The emergence and co-circulation of diverse IBV serotypes and genotypes with distinct pathogenicity worldwide pose a serious challenge to the development of effective intervention measures. In this study, we report the epidemic trends of IBV in China from 2019 to 2023 and a comparative analysis on the antigenic characteristics and pathogenicity of isolates among major prevalent lineages. Phylogenetic and recombination analyses based on the nucleotide sequences of the spike (S) 1 gene clustered a total of 205 isolates into twelve distinct lineages, with GI-19 as a predominant lineage (61.77 ± 4.56%) exhibiting an overall increasing trend over the past five years, and demonstrated that a majority of the variants were derived from gene recombination events. Further characterization of the growth and pathogenic properties of six representative isolates from different lineages classified four out of the six isolates as nephropathogenic types with mortality rates in one-day-old SPF chickens varying from 20-60%, one as a respiratory type with weak virulence, and one as a naturally occurring avirulent strain. Taken together, our findings illuminate the epidemic trends, prevalence, recombination, and pathogenicity of current IBV strains in China, providing key information for further strengthening the surveillance and pathogenicity studies of IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xiong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Zhaoqing Branch of Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Hangao Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Zhaoqing Branch of Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Manufacture Technology of Veterinary Bioproducts, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Shijin Liang
- Zhaoqing Branch of Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Meizhen Huang
- Zhaoqing Branch of Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Chuanzhao Yu
- Zhaoqing Branch of Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Tingting Zhuang
- Zhaoqing Branch of Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Xuejing Liang
- Zhaoqing Branch of Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Dingxiang Liu
- Zhaoqing Branch of Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ruiai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Zhaoqing Branch of Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
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3
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Mondol SM, Hasib M, Limon MBH, Alam ASMRU. Insights into Omicron's Low Fusogenicity through In Silico Molecular Studies on Spike-Furin Interactions. Bioinform Biol Insights 2023; 17:11779322231189371. [PMID: 37529484 PMCID: PMC10387760 DOI: 10.1177/11779322231189371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant and its subvariants have a unique set of mutations. Two of those mutations (N679 K and P681 H) reside close to the S1 /S2 furin cleavage site (FCS; 685-686). When these mutations reside together, they exert less-efficient membrane fusion than wild type and most other variants of concern such as the Delta variant. Here, we in silico targeted these mutations to find out which of the amino acids and interactions change plays the key role in fusion. To comprehend the epistatic effect of N679 K and P681 H mutations on the spike protein, we in silico constructed three types of spike protein sequences by changing the respective amino acids on 679 and 681 positions (P681 H, N679 K, K679 N-H681 P variants). We then analyzed the binding affinity of furin and spike (Furin-Wild, Furin-Omicron, Furin-P681 H, Furin-N679 K, and Furin-K679 N/H681 P) complexes. Omicron and P681 H variants showed a similar higher binding energy trend compared to the wild type and N679 K. The variation in hydrogen, hydrophobic, and salt bridge bonds between spike protein and furin provided an explanation for the observed low fusogenicity of Omicron. The fate of the epistasis in furin binding and possible cleavage depends on the efficient interaction between FCS in spike and furin catalytic triad, and in addition, the loss of the hydrogen bond between Arg 681 (spike) and Asn 295 (furin) along with inhibitor-like ineffective higher affinity plays an important role in the enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Hasib
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Barishal, Barishal, Bangladesh
| | | | - A S M Rubayet Ul Alam
- Department of Microbiology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
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4
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Kariithi HM, Volkening JD, Goraichuk IV, Ateya LO, Williams-Coplin D, Olivier TL, Binepal YS, Afonso CL, Suarez DL. Unique Variants of Avian Coronaviruses from Indigenous Chickens in Kenya. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020264. [PMID: 36851482 PMCID: PMC9961390 DOI: 10.3390/v15020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The avian gamma-coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (AvCoV, IBV; Coronaviridae family) causes upper respiratory disease associated with severe economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Here, we report for the first time in Kenya and the Eastern African region two novel AvCoVs, designated IBV/ck/KE/1920/A374/2017 (A374/17) and AvCoV/ck/KE/1922/A376/2017 (A376/17), inadvertently discovered using random nontargeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) of cloacal swabs collected from indigenous chickens. Despite having genome organization (5'UTR-[Rep1a/1ab-S-3a-3b-E-M-4b-4c-5a-5b-N-6b]-3'UTR), canonical conservation of essential genes and size (~27.6 kb) typical of IBVs, the Kenyan isolates do not phylogenetically cluster with any genotypes of the 37 IBV lineages and 26 unique variants (UVs). Excluding the spike gene, genome sequences of A374/17 and A376/17 are only 93.1% similar to each other and 86.7-91.4% identical to genomes of other AvCoVs. All five non-spike genes of the two isolates phylogenetically cluster together and distinctly from other IBVs and turkey coronaviruses (TCoVs), including the indigenous African GI-26 viruses, suggesting a common origin of the genome backbone of the Kenyan isolates. However, isolate A376/17 contains a TCoV-like spike (S) protein coding sequence and is most similar to Asian TCoVs (84.5-85.1%) compared to other TCoVs (75.6-78.5%), whereas isolate A374/17 contains an S1 gene sequence most similar to the globally distributed lineage GI-16 (78.4-79.5%) and the Middle Eastern lineage GI-23 (79.8-80.2%) viruses. Unanswered questions include the actual origin of the Kenyan AvCoVs, the potential pathobiological significance of their genetic variations, whether they have indeed established themselves as independent variants and subsequently spread within Kenya and to the neighboring east/central African countries that have porous live poultry trade borders, and whether the live-attenuated Mass-type (lineage GI-1)-based vaccines currently used in Kenya and most of the African countries provide protection against these genetically divergent field variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M. Kariithi
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kaptagat Rd, Loresho, Nairobi P.O. Box 57811-00200, Kenya
- Correspondence: (H.M.K.); (D.L.S.); Tel.: +1-(706)-546-3479 (D.L.S.)
| | | | - Iryna V. Goraichuk
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA
- National Scientific Center Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, 83 Pushkinska St., 61023 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Leonard O. Ateya
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kaptagat Rd, Loresho, Nairobi P.O. Box 57811-00200, Kenya
| | - Dawn Williams-Coplin
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Tim L. Olivier
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Yatinder S. Binepal
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kaptagat Rd, Loresho, Nairobi P.O. Box 57811-00200, Kenya
| | | | - David L. Suarez
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA
- Correspondence: (H.M.K.); (D.L.S.); Tel.: +1-(706)-546-3479 (D.L.S.)
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Lubinski B, Jaimes JA, Whittaker GR. Intrinsic furin-mediated cleavability of the spike S1/S2 site from SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.529 (Omicron). BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.04.20.488969. [PMID: 35923311 PMCID: PMC9347273 DOI: 10.1101/2022.04.20.488969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The ability of SARS-CoV-2 to be primed for viral entry by the host cell protease furin has become one of the most investigated of the numerous transmission and pathogenicity features of the virus. SARS-CoV-2 The variant B.1.1.529 (Omicron) emerged in late 2020 and has continued to evolve and is now present in several distinct sub-variants. Here, we analyzed the "furin cleavage site" of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron variant) in vitro, to assess the role of two key mutations (spike, N679K and P681H) that are common across all subvariants compared to the ancestral B.1 virus and other notable lineages. We observed significantly increased intrinsic cleavability with furin compared to an original B lineage virus (Wuhan-Hu1), as well as to two variants, B.1.1.7 (Alpha) and B.1.617 (Delta) that subsequently had wide circulation. Increased furin-mediated cleavage was attributed to the N679K mutation, which lies outside the conventional furin binding pocket. Our findings suggest that B.1.1.529 (Omicron variant) has gained genetic features linked to intrinsic furin cleavability, in line with its evolution within the population as the COVID-19 pandemic has proceeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Lubinski
- Graduate Field of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, 14853, USA
| | - Javier A. Jaimes
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, 14853, USA
| | - Gary R. Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, 14853, USA
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6
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de Bruin ACM, Funk M, Spronken MI, Gultyaev AP, Fouchier RAM, Richard M. Hemagglutinin Subtype Specificity and Mechanisms of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Genesis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071566. [PMID: 35891546 PMCID: PMC9321182 DOI: 10.3390/v14071566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses (HPAIVs) arise from low pathogenic precursors following spillover from wild waterfowl into poultry populations. The main virulence determinant of HPAIVs is the presence of a multi-basic cleavage site (MBCS) in the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. The MBCS allows for HA cleavage and, consequently, activation by ubiquitous proteases, which results in systemic dissemination in terrestrial poultry. Since 1959, 51 independent MBCS acquisition events have been documented, virtually all in HA from the H5 and H7 subtypes. In the present article, data from natural LPAIV to HPAIV conversions and experimental in vitro and in vivo studies were reviewed in order to compile recent advances in understanding HA cleavage efficiency, protease usage, and MBCS acquisition mechanisms. Finally, recent hypotheses that might explain the unique predisposition of the H5 and H7 HA sequences to obtain an MBCS in nature are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C. M. de Bruin
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.C.M.d.B.); (M.F.); (M.I.S.); (A.P.G.); (R.A.M.F.)
| | - Mathis Funk
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.C.M.d.B.); (M.F.); (M.I.S.); (A.P.G.); (R.A.M.F.)
| | - Monique I. Spronken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.C.M.d.B.); (M.F.); (M.I.S.); (A.P.G.); (R.A.M.F.)
| | - Alexander P. Gultyaev
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.C.M.d.B.); (M.F.); (M.I.S.); (A.P.G.); (R.A.M.F.)
- Group Imaging and Bioinformatics, Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS), Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.C.M.d.B.); (M.F.); (M.I.S.); (A.P.G.); (R.A.M.F.)
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (A.C.M.d.B.); (M.F.); (M.I.S.); (A.P.G.); (R.A.M.F.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Study of protease-mediated processes initiating viral infection and cell-cell viral spreading of SARS-CoV-2. J Mol Model 2022; 28:224. [PMID: 35854129 PMCID: PMC9296015 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05206-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Viral-cell entry and cell-cell viral spreading processes of SARS-CoV-2 are subjected to fast evolutionary optimization because of its worldwide spreading, requiring the need for new drug developments. However, this task is still challenging, because a detailed understanding of the underlying molecular processes, mediated by the key cellular proteases TMPRSS2 and furin, is still lacking. Here, we show by large-scale atomistic calculations that binding of the ACE2 cell receptor at one of the heteromers of the SARS-CoV-2 spike leads to a release of its furin cleavage site (S1/S2), enabling an enhanced furin binding, and that this latter process promotes the binding of TMPRSS2 through the release of the TMPRSS2 cleavage site (S2') out of the ACE2-binding heteromer. Moreover, we find that, after proteolytic cleavage, improved furin binding causes that parts of the S2 subunit dissociate from the complex, suggesting that furin promotes the fusion of the S2 subunit with the cell membrane before transfer of the viral RNA. Here we show by computational means that binding of the ACE2-cell receptor at one of the heteromers of the SARS-CoV-2 spike leads to an enhanced binding of the protease furin, promoting the binding of the protease TMPRSS2. Moreover, we show that, after proteolytic cleavage, improved furin binding causes that parts of the heteromer dissociate from the spike.
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8
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Kariithi HM, Volkening JD, Leyson CM, Afonso CL, Christy N, Decanini EL, Lemiere S, Suarez DL. Genome Sequence Variations of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Serotypes From Commercial Chickens in Mexico. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:931272. [PMID: 35903135 PMCID: PMC9315362 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.931272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
New variants of infectious bronchitis viruses (IBVs; Coronaviridae) continuously emerge despite routine vaccinations. Here, we report genome sequence variations of IBVs identified by random non-targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) of vaccine and field samples collected on FTA cards from commercial flocks in Mexico in 2019–2021. Paired-ended sequencing libraries prepared from rRNA-depleted RNAs were sequenced using Illumina MiSeq. IBV RNA was detected in 60.07% (n = 167) of the analyzed samples, from which 33 complete genome sequences were de novo assembled. The genomes are organized as 5'UTR-[Rep1a-Rep1b-S-3a-3b-E-M-4b-4c-5a-5b-N-6b]-3'UTR, except in eight sequences lacking non-structural protein genes (accessory genes) 4b, 4c, and 6b. Seventeen sequences have auxiliary S2' cleavage site located 153 residues downstream the canonically conserved primary furin-specific S1/S2 cleavage site. The sequences distinctly cluster into lineages GI-1 (Mass-type; n = 8), GI-3 (Holte/Iowa-97; n = 2), GI-9 (Arkansas-like; n = 8), GI-13 (793B; n = 14), and GI-17 (California variant; CAV; n = 1), with regional distribution in Mexico; this is the first report of the presence of 793B- and CAV-like strains in the country. Various point mutations, substitutions, insertions and deletions are present in the S1 hypervariable regions (HVRs I-III) across all 5 lineages, including in residues 38, 43, 56, 63, 66, and 69 that are critical in viral attachment to respiratory tract tissues. Nine intra-/inter-lineage recombination events are present in the S proteins of three Mass-type sequences, two each of Holte/Iowa-97 and Ark-like sequence, and one each of 793B-like and CAV-like sequences. This study demonstrates the feasibility of FTA cards as an attractive, adoptable low-cost sampling option for untargeted discovery of avian viral agents in field-collected clinical samples. Collectively, our data points to co-circulation of multiple distinct IBVs in Mexican commercial flocks, underscoring the need for active surveillance and a review of IBV vaccines currently used in Mexico and the larger Latin America region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M. Kariithi
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya
- *Correspondence: Henry M. Kariithi
| | | | - Christina M. Leyson
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Nancy Christy
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | | | | | - David L. Suarez
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States
- David L. Suarez
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Dhanalakshmi M, Das K, Pandya M, Shah S, Gadnayak A, Dave S, Das J. Artificial Neural Network-Based Study Predicts GS-441524 as a Potential Inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Activator Protein Furin: a Polypharmacology Approach. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:4511-4529. [PMID: 35507249 PMCID: PMC9066385 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Furin, a pro-protein convertase, plays a significant role as a biological scissor in bacterial, viral, and even mammalian substrates which in turn decides the fate of many viral and bacterial infections along with the numerous ailments caused by cancer, diabetes, inflammations, and neurological disorders. In the wake of the current pandemic caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2, furin has become the center of attraction for researchers as the spike protein contains a polybasic furin cleavage site. In the present work, we have searched for novel inhibitors against this interesting human target from FDA-approved antiviral. To enhance the selection of new inhibitors, we employed Kohonen's artificial neural network-based self-organizing maps for ligand-based virtual screening. Promising results were obtained which can help in drug repurposing and network pharmacology studies can address the errors generated due to promiscuity/polypharmacology. We found 15 existing FDA antiviral drugs having the potential to inhibit furin. Among these, six compounds have targets on important human proteins (LDLR, FCGR1A, PCK1, TLR7, DNA, and PNP). The role of these 15 drugs inhibiting furin can be established by studying further on patients infected with number of viruses including SARS-CoV-2. Here we propose two promising candidate FDA drugs GS-441524 and Grazoprevir (MK-5172) for repurposing as inhibitors of furin. The best results were observed with GS-441524.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dhanalakshmi
- Research and Development Centre, Bharathiar University, Marudhamalai Rd, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kajari Das
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Medha Pandya
- The KPES Science College, Maharaja krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Sejal Shah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
| | - Ayushman Gadnayak
- Centre for Genomics & Biomedical Informatics, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha "O" Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sushma Dave
- Department of Applied Sciences, JIET, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.
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10
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Hossain MG, Tang YD, Akter S, Zheng C. Roles of the polybasic furin cleavage site of spike protein in SARS-CoV-2 replication, pathogenesis, and host immune responses and vaccination. J Med Virol 2021; 94:1815-1820. [PMID: 34936124 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The polybasic furin cleavage site insertion with four amino acid motifs (PRRA) in spike protein's S1/S2 junction site is important in determining viral infectivity, transmission, and host range. However, there is no review so far explaining the effect of the furin cleavage site of the spike protein on SARS-CoV-2 replication and pathogenesis in the host and immune responses and vaccination. Therefore, here we specifically focused on genomic evolution and properties of the cleavage site of spike protein in the context of SARS-CoV-2 followed by its effect on viral entry, replication, and pathogenesis. We also explored whether the spike protein furin cleavage site affected the host immune responses and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. This review will help to provide novel insights into the effects of polybasic furin cleavage site on the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Golzar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Sharmin Akter
- Department of Physiology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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11
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Neerukonda SN, Vassell R, Lusvarghi S, Wang R, Echegaray F, Bentley L, Eakin AE, Erlandson KJ, Katzelnick LC, Weiss CD, Wang W. SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant Displays Moderate Resistance to Neutralizing Antibodies and Spike Protein Properties of Higher Soluble ACE2 Sensitivity, Enhanced Cleavage and Fusogenic Activity. Viruses 2021; 13:2485. [PMID: 34960755 PMCID: PMC8707919 DOI: 10.3390/v13122485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 lineage variants, Kappa (B.1.617.1) and Delta (B.1.617.2, AY) emerged during the second wave of infections in India, but the Delta variants have become dominant worldwide and continue to evolve. Here, we compared B.1.617 variants for neutralization resistance by convalescent sera, mRNA vaccine-elicited sera, and therapeutic neutralizing antibodies using a pseudovirus neutralization assay. B.1.617.1, B.1.617.2, and AY.1 pseudoviruses showed a modest 1.5- to 4.4-fold reduction in neutralization by convalescent sera and vaccine-elicited sera. In comparison, similar modest reductions were also observed for C.37, P.1, R.1, and B.1.526 pseudoviruses, but 7- and 16-fold reductions for vaccine-elicited and convalescent sera, respectively, were seen for B.1.351 pseudoviruses. Among twenty-three therapeutic antibodies tested, four antibodies showed either complete or partial loss of neutralization against B.1.617.2 pseudoviruses and six antibodies showed either complete or partial loss of neutralization against B.1.617.1 and AY.1 pseudoviruses. Our results indicate that the current mRNA-based vaccines will likely remain effective in protecting against B.1.617 variants. Finally, the P681R substitution confers efficient cleavage of B.1.617 variants' spike proteins and the spike of Delta variants exhibited greater sensitivity to soluble ACE2 neutralization, as well as fusogenic activity, which may contribute to enhanced spread of Delta variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabari Nath Neerukonda
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA; (S.N.N.); (R.V.); (S.L.); (R.W.)
| | - Russell Vassell
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA; (S.N.N.); (R.V.); (S.L.); (R.W.)
| | - Sabrina Lusvarghi
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA; (S.N.N.); (R.V.); (S.L.); (R.W.)
| | - Richard Wang
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA; (S.N.N.); (R.V.); (S.L.); (R.W.)
| | - Fernando Echegaray
- Viral Epidemiology and Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (F.E.); (L.C.K.)
| | - Lisa Bentley
- Office of the Assistance Secretary for Preparedness and Response, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC 20201, USA;
| | - Ann E. Eakin
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Karl J. Erlandson
- Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases Division, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC 20201, USA;
| | - Leah C. Katzelnick
- Viral Epidemiology and Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (F.E.); (L.C.K.)
| | - Carol D. Weiss
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA; (S.N.N.); (R.V.); (S.L.); (R.W.)
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA; (S.N.N.); (R.V.); (S.L.); (R.W.)
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12
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Rahbar MR, Jahangiri A, Khalili S, Zarei M, Mehrabani-Zeinabad K, Khalesi B, Pourzardosht N, Hessami A, Nezafat N, Sadraei S, Negahdaripour M. Hotspots for mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein: a correspondence analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23622. [PMID: 34880279 PMCID: PMC8654821 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01655-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spike glycoprotein (Sgp) is liable for binding of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to the host receptors. Since Sgp is the main target for vaccine and drug designing, elucidating its mutation pattern could help in this regard. This study is aimed at investigating the correspondence of specific residues to the SgpSARS-CoV-2 functionality by explorative interpretation of sequence alignments. Centrality analysis of the Sgp dissects the importance of these residues in the interaction network of the RBD-ACE2 (receptor-binding domain) complex and furin cleavage site. Correspondence of RBD to threonine500 and asparagine501 and furin cleavage site to glutamine675, glutamine677, threonine678, and alanine684 was observed; all residues are exactly located at the interaction interfaces. The harmonious location of residues dictates the RBD binding property and the flexibility, hydrophobicity, and accessibility of the furin cleavage site. These species-specific residues can be assumed as real targets of evolution, while other substitutions tend to support them. Moreover, all these residues are parts of experimentally identified epitopes. Therefore, their substitution may affect vaccine efficacy. Higher rate of RBD maintenance than furin cleavage site was predicted. The accumulation of substitutions reinforces the probability of the multi-host circulation of the virus and emphasizes the enduring evolutionary events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Rahbar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Jahangiri
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Khalili
- Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Zarei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kamran Mehrabani-Zeinabad
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahman Khalesi
- Department of Research and Production of Poultry Viral Vaccine, Razi Vaccine, and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Navid Pourzardosht
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Biochemistry Department, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Anahita Hessami
- School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Nezafat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saman Sadraei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran.
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Dynamic, but Not Necessarily Disordered, Human-Virus Interactions Mediated through SLiMs in Viral Proteins. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122369. [PMID: 34960638 PMCID: PMC8703344 DOI: 10.3390/v13122369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most viruses have small genomes that encode proteins needed to perform essential enzymatic functions. Across virus families, primary enzyme functions are under functional constraint; however, secondary functions mediated by exposed protein surfaces that promote interactions with the host proteins may be less constrained. Viruses often form transient interactions with host proteins through conformationally flexible interfaces. Exposed flexible amino acid residues are known to evolve rapidly suggesting that secondary functions may generate diverse interaction potentials between viruses within the same viral family. One mechanism of interaction is viral mimicry through short linear motifs (SLiMs) that act as functional signatures in host proteins. Viral SLiMs display specific patterns of adjacent amino acids that resemble their host SLiMs and may occur by chance numerous times in viral proteins due to mutational and selective processes. Through mimicry of SLiMs in the host cell proteome, viruses can interfere with the protein interaction network of the host and utilize the host-cell machinery to their benefit. The overlap between rapidly evolving protein regions and the location of functionally critical SLiMs suggest that these motifs and their functional potential may be rapidly rewired causing variation in pathogenicity, infectivity, and virulence of related viruses. The following review provides an overview of known viral SLiMs with select examples of their role in the life cycle of a virus, and a discussion of the structural properties of experimentally validated SLiMs highlighting that a large portion of known viral SLiMs are devoid of predicted intrinsic disorder based on the viral SLiMs from the ELM database.
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14
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Neerukonda SN, Vassell R, Lusvarghi S, Wang R, Echegaray F, Bentley L, Eakin AE, Erlandson KJ, Katzelnick LC, Weiss CD, Wang W. SARS-COV-2 Delta variant displays moderate resistance to neutralizing antibodies and spike protein properties of higher soluble ACE2 sensitivity, enhanced cleavage and fusogenic activity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.11.05.467523. [PMID: 34790980 PMCID: PMC8597883 DOI: 10.1101/2021.11.05.467523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 lineage variants, Kappa (B.1.617.1) and Delta (B.1.617.2, AY) emerged during the second wave of infections in India, but the Delta variants have become dominant worldwide and continue to evolve. The spike proteins of B.1.617.1, B.1.617.2, and AY.1 variants have several substitutions in the receptor binding domain (RBD), including L452R+E484Q, L452R+T478K, and K417N+L452R+T478K, respectively, that could potentially reduce effectiveness of therapeutic antibodies and current vaccines. Here we compared B.1.617 variants, and their single and double RBD substitutions for resistance to neutralization by convalescent sera, mRNA vaccine-elicited sera, and therapeutic neutralizing antibodies using a pseudovirus neutralization assay. Pseudoviruses with the B.1.617.1, B.1.617.2, and AY.1 spike showed a modest 1.5 to 4.4-fold reduction in neutralization titer by convalescent sera and vaccine-elicited sera. In comparison, similar modest reductions were also observed for pseudoviruses with C.37, P.1, R.1, and B.1.526 spikes, but seven- and sixteen-fold reduction for vaccine-elicited and convalescent sera, respectively, was seen for pseudoviruses with the B.1.351 spike. Four of twenty-three therapeutic neutralizing antibodies showed either complete or partial loss of neutralization against B.1.617.2 pseudoviruses due to the L452R substitution, whereas six of twenty-three therapeutic neutralizing antibodies showed either complete or partial loss of neutralization against B.1.617.1 pseudoviruses due to either the E484Q or L452R substitution. Against AY.1 pseudoviruses, the L452R and K417N substitutions accounted for the loss of neutralization by four antibodies and one antibody, respectively, whereas one antibody lost potency that could not be fully accounted for by a single RBD substitution. The modest resistance of B.1.617 variants to vaccine-elicited sera suggest that current mRNA-based vaccines will likely remain effective in protecting against B.1.617 variants, but the therapeutic antibodies need to be carefully selected based on their resistance profiles. Finally, the spike proteins of B.1.617 variants are more efficiently cleaved due to the P681R substitution, and the spike of Delta variants exhibited greater sensitivity to soluble ACE2 neutralization, as well as fusogenic activity, which may contribute to enhanced spread of Delta variants.
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15
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CDH2 mutation affecting N-cadherin function causes attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in humans and mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6187. [PMID: 34702855 PMCID: PMC8548587 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood-onset psychiatric disorder characterized by inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity. ADHD exhibits substantial heritability, with rare monogenic variants contributing to its pathogenesis. Here we demonstrate familial ADHD caused by a missense mutation in CDH2, which encodes the adhesion protein N-cadherin, known to play a significant role in synaptogenesis; the mutation affects maturation of the protein. In line with the human phenotype, CRISPR/Cas9-mutated knock-in mice harboring the human mutation in the mouse ortholog recapitulated core behavioral features of hyperactivity. Symptoms were modified by methylphenidate, the most commonly prescribed therapeutic for ADHD. The mutated mice exhibited impaired presynaptic vesicle clustering, attenuated evoked transmitter release and decreased spontaneous release. Specific downstream molecular pathways were affected in both the ventral midbrain and prefrontal cortex, with reduced tyrosine hydroxylase expression and dopamine levels. We thus delineate roles for CDH2-related pathways in the pathophysiology of ADHD. Molecular mechanisms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are not fully understood. Here the authors demonstrate a mutation in CDH2, encoding N-cadherin, that is associated with ADHD, and in a mouse model, delineate molecular electrophysiological characteristics associated with this mutation.
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16
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Genetic Variation in the Glycoprotein B Sequence of Equid Herpesvirus 5 among Horses of Various Breeds at Polish National Studs. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030322. [PMID: 33803246 PMCID: PMC7998979 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus 5 (EHV-5) is one of two γ-herpesviruses that commonly infect horses worldwide. The objective of the study was to estimate the genetic variability within EHV-5 viruses circulating among horses in Poland. Partial glycoprotein B (gB) sequences from 92 Polish horses from 13 studs throughout Poland were compared to each other and to three EHV-5 sequences from other countries. Despite the overall high level of conservation, considerable variability was observed around the putative furin cleavage site. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the viruses clustered within two major lineages (A and B), with further sub-clustering within group A. The clustering of EHV-5 sequences was independent of age or geographical origin of the sampled horses. Recombination was identified as one of the factors contributing to the genomic heterogeneity. Viruses from unweaned foals were more similar to viruses from other foals at the same stud than to viruses form their dams, suggesting the horizontal transfer and/or evolution of EHV-5 within individual hosts. Our data indicate that the gB sequence is not suitable for tracking the source of EHV-5 infection. Further research is needed to elucidate the importance of the sequence variability around the EHV-5 gB furin cleavage site on the biology of the virus.
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Chambers JP, Yu J, Valdes JJ, Arulanandam BP. SARS-CoV-2, Early Entry Events. J Pathog 2020; 2020:9238696. [PMID: 33299610 PMCID: PMC7707962 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9238696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, and host cell entry is the first step in the viral life cycle. The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) entry process into susceptible host tissue cells is complex requiring (1) attachment of the virus via the conserved spike (S) protein receptor-binding motif (RBM) to the host cell angiotensin-converting-enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, (2) S protein proteolytic processing, and (3) membrane fusion. Spike protein processing occurs at two cleavage sites, i.e., S1/S2 and S2'. Cleavage at the S1/S2 and S2' sites ultimately gives rise to generation of competent fusion elements important in the merging of the host cell and viral membranes. Following cleavage, shedding of the S1 crown results in significant conformational changes and fusion peptide repositioning for target membrane insertion and fusion. Identification of specific protease involvement has been difficult due to the many cell types used and studied. However, it appears that S protein proteolytic cleavage is dependent on (1) furin and (2) serine protease transmembrane protease serine 2 proteases acting in tandem. Although at present not clear, increased SARS-CoV-2 S receptor-binding motif binding affinity and replication efficiency may in part account for observed differences in infectivity. Cleavage of the ACE2 receptor appears to be yet another layer of complexity in addition to forfeiture and/or alteration of ACE2 function which plays an important role in cardiovascular and immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Chambers
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jieh Yu
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - James J. Valdes
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- MSI STEM Research and Development Consortium, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bernard P. Arulanandam
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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18
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The Amino Acid at Position 8 of the Proteolytic Cleavage Site of the Mumps Virus Fusion Protein Affects Viral Proteolysis and Fusogenicity. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01732-20. [PMID: 32907974 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01732-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mumps virus (MuV) fusion protein (F) plays a crucial role for the entry process and spread of infection by mediating fusion between viral and cellular membranes as well as between infected and neighboring cells, respectively. The fusogenicity of MuV differs depending on the strain and might correlate with the virulence; however, it is unclear which mechanisms contribute to the differentiated fusogenicity. The cleavage motif of MuV F is highly conserved among all strains, except the amino acid residue at position 8 (P8) that shows a certain variability with a total of four amino acid variants (leucine [L], proline [P], serine [S], and threonine [T]). We demonstrate that P8 affects the proteolytic processing and the fusogenicity of MuV F. The presence of L or S at P8 resulted in a slower proteolysis of MuV F by furin and a reduced ability to mediate cell-cell fusion. However, virus-cell fusion was more efficient for F proteins harboring L or S at P8, suggesting that P8 contributes to the mechanism of viral spread: P and T enable a rapid spread of infection by cell-to-cell fusion, whereas viruses harboring L or S at P8 spread preferentially by the release of infectious viral particles. Our study provides novel insights into the fusogenicity of MuV and its influence on the mechanisms of virus spread within infected tissues. Assuming a correlation between MuV fusogenicity and virulence, sequence information on the amino acid residue at P8 might be helpful to estimate the virulence of circulating and emerging strains.IMPORTANCE Mumps virus (MuV) is the causative agent of the highly infectious disease mumps. Mumps is mainly associated with mild symptoms, but severe complications such as encephalitis, meningitis, or orchitis can also occur. There is evidence that the virulence of different MuV strains and variants might correlate with the ability of the fusion protein (F) to mediate cell-to-cell fusion. However, the relation between virulence and fusogenicity or the mechanisms responsible for the varied fusogenicity of different MuV strains are incompletely understood. Here, we focused on the amino acid residue at position 8 (P8) of the proteolytic cleavage site of MuV F, because this amino acid residue shows a striking variability depending on the genotype of MuV. The P8 residue has a significant effect on the proteolytic processing and fusogenicity of MuV F and might thereby determine the route of viral spread within infected tissues.
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19
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Izaguirre G. The Proteolytic Regulation of Virus Cell Entry by Furin and Other Proprotein Convertases. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090837. [PMID: 31505793 PMCID: PMC6784293 DOI: 10.3390/v11090837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide variety of viruses exploit furin and other proprotein convertases (PCs) of the constitutive protein secretion pathway in order to regulate their cell entry mechanism and infectivity. Surface proteins of enveloped, as well as non-enveloped, viruses become processed by these proteases intracellularly during morphogenesis or extracellularly after egress and during entry in order to produce mature virions activated for infection. Although viruses also take advantage of other proteases, it is when some viruses become reactive with PCs that they may develop high pathogenicity. Besides reacting with furin, some viruses may also react with the PCs of the other specificity group constituted by PC4/PC5/PACE4/PC7. The targeting of PCs for inhibition may result in a useful strategy to treat infections with some highly pathogenic viruses. A wide variety of PC inhibitors have been developed and tested for their antiviral activity in cell-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Izaguirre
- College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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20
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Braun E, Sauter D. Furin-mediated protein processing in infectious diseases and cancer. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e1073. [PMID: 31406574 PMCID: PMC6682551 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic cleavage regulates numerous processes in health and disease. One key player is the ubiquitously expressed serine protease furin, which cleaves a plethora of proteins at polybasic recognition motifs. Mammalian substrates of furin include cytokines, hormones, growth factors and receptors. Thus, it is not surprising that aberrant furin activity is associated with a variety of disorders including cancer. Furthermore, the enzymatic activity of furin is exploited by numerous viral and bacterial pathogens, thereby enhancing their virulence and spread. In this review, we describe the physiological and pathophysiological substrates of furin and discuss how dysregulation of a simple proteolytic cleavage event may promote infectious diseases and cancer. One major focus is the role of furin in viral glycoprotein maturation and pathogenicity. We also outline cellular mechanisms regulating the expression and activation of furin and summarise current approaches that target this protease for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Braun
- Institute of Molecular VirologyUlm University Medical CenterUlmGermany
| | - Daniel Sauter
- Institute of Molecular VirologyUlm University Medical CenterUlmGermany
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21
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Pees M, Schmidt V, Papp T, Gellért Á, Abbas M, Starck JM, Neul A, Marschang RE. Three genetically distinct ferlaviruses have varying effects on infected corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217164. [PMID: 31163032 PMCID: PMC6548425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferlaviruses are important pathogens in snakes and other reptiles. They cause respiratory and neurological disease in infected animals and can cause severe disease outbreaks. Isolates from this genus can be divided into four genogroups–A, B, and C, as well as a more distantly related sister group, “tortoise”. Sequences from large portions (5.3 kb) of the genomes of a variety of ferlavirus isolates from genogroups A, B, and C, including the genes coding the surface glycoproteins F and HN as well as the L protein were determined and compared. In silico analyses of the glycoproteins of genogroup A, B, and C isolates were carried out. Three isolates representing these three genogroups were used in transmission studies with corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus), and clinical signs, gross and histopathology, electronmicroscopic changes in the lungs, and isolation of bacteria from the lungs were evaluated. Analysis of the sequences supported the previous categorization of ferlaviruses into four genogroups, and criteria for definition of ferlavirus genogroups and species were established based on sequence identities (80% resp. 90%). Analysis of the ferlavirus glycoprotein models showed parallels to corresponding regions of other paramyxoviruses. The transmission studies showed clear differences in the pathogenicities of the three virus isolates used. The genogroup B isolate was the most and the group A virus the least pathogenic. Reasons for these differences were not clear based on the differences in the putative structures of their respective glycoproteins, although e.g. residue and consequential structure variation of an extended cleavage site or changes in electrostatic charges at enzyme binding sites could play a role. The presence of bacteria in the lungs of the infected animals also clearly corresponded to increased pathogenicity. This study contributes to knowledge about the structure and phylogeny of ferlaviruses and lucidly demonstrates differences in pathogenicity between strains of different genogroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pees
- Department for Birds and Reptiles, University Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Volker Schmidt
- Department for Birds and Reptiles, University Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tibor Papp
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Gellért
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maha Abbas
- Institute for Environmental and Animal Hygiene, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Annkatrin Neul
- Department for Birds and Reptiles, University Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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22
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Cheong H, Kim J, Mu J, Zhang W, Li J, Yang H, Xing B. Spatiotemporal‐Controlled Reporter for Cell‐Surface Proteolytic Enzyme Activity Visualization. Chembiochem 2018; 20:561-567. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haolun Cheong
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Jisu Kim
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Jing Mu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Wenmin Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
- College of ChemistryFuzhou University Fuzhou Fujian 350116 P.R. China
| | - Juan Li
- College of ChemistryFuzhou University Fuzhou Fujian 350116 P.R. China
| | - HuangHao Yang
- College of ChemistryFuzhou University Fuzhou Fujian 350116 P.R. China
| | - Bengang Xing
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
- College of ChemistryFuzhou University Fuzhou Fujian 350116 P.R. China
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23
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Karnisova L, Marejkova M, Hrbackova H, Mellmann A, Karch H, Fruth A, Drevinek P, Blahova K, Bielaszewska M, Nunvar J. Attack of the clones: whole genome-based characterization of two closely related enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O26 epidemic lineages. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:647. [PMID: 30170539 PMCID: PMC6119250 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O26:H11/H-, the most common non-O157 serotype causing hemolytic uremic syndrome worldwide, are evolutionarily highly dynamic with new pathogenic clones emerging rapidly. Here, we investigated the population structure of EHEC O26 isolated from patients in several European countries using whole genome sequencing, with emphasis on a detailed analysis of strains of the highly virulent new European clone (nEC) which has spread since 1990s. RESULTS Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based analysis of 32 EHEC O26 isolated in the Czech Republic, Germany, Austria and Italy demonstrated a split of the nEC (ST29C2 clonal group) into two distinct lineages, which we termed, based on their temporal emergence, as "early" nEC and "late" nEC. The evolutionary divergence of the early nEC and late nEC is marked by the presence of 59 and 70 lineage-specific SNPs (synapomorphic mutations) in the genomes of the respective lineages. In silico analyses of publicly available E. coli O26 genomic sequences identified the late nEC lineage worldwide. Using a PCR designed to target the late nEC synapomorphic mutation in the sen/ent gene, we identified the early nEC decline accompanied by the late nEC rise in Germany and the Czech Republic since 2004 and 2013, respectively. Most of the late nEC strains harbor one of two major types of Shiga toxin 2a (Stx2a)-encoding prophages. The type I stx2a-phage is virtually identical to stx2a-phage of EHEC O104:H4 outbreak strain, whereas the type II stx2a-phage is a hybrid of EHEC O104:H4 and EHEC O157:H7 stx2a-phages and carries a novel mutation in Stx2a. Strains harboring these two phage types do not differ by the amounts and biological activities of Stx2a produced. CONCLUSIONS Using SNP-level analyses, we provide the evidence of the evolutionary split of EHEC O26:H11/H- nEC into two distinct lineages, and a recent replacement of the early nEC by the late nEC in Germany and the Czech Republic. PCR targeting the late nEC synapomorphic mutation in ent/sen enables the discrimination of early nEC strains and late nEC strains in clinical and environmental samples, thereby facilitating further investigations of their geographic distribution, prevalence, clinical significance and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Karnisova
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Marejkova
- National Reference Laboratory for E. coli and Shigella, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hrbackova
- Laboratory for Tissue Cultures, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Mellmann
- Institute for Hygiene and the National Consulting Laboratory on Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute for Hygiene and the National Consulting Laboratory on Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Angelika Fruth
- National Reference Center for Salmonella and Other Enteric Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Pavel Drevinek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kveta Blahova
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Bielaszewska
- National Reference Laboratory for E. coli and Shigella, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Nunvar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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24
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Evolution of high pathogenicity of H5 avian influenza virus: haemagglutinin cleavage site selection of reverse-genetics mutants during passage in chickens. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11518. [PMID: 30068964 PMCID: PMC6070550 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29944-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) are generally asymptomatic in their natural avian hosts. LPAIVs can evolve into highly pathogenic forms, which can affect avian and human populations with devastating consequences. The switch to highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) from LPAIV precursors requires the acquisition of multiple basic amino acids in the haemagglutinin cleavage site (HACS) motif. Through reverse genetics of an H5N1 HPAIV, and experimental infection of chickens, we determined that viruses containing five or more basic amino acids in the HACS motif were preferentially selected over those with three to four basic amino acids, leading to rapid replacement with virus types containing extended HACS motifs. Conversely, viruses harbouring low pathogenicity motifs containing two basic amino acids did not readily evolve to extended forms, suggesting that a single insertion of a basic amino acid into the cleavage site motif of low-pathogenic viruses may lead to escalating selection for extended motifs. Our results may explain why mid-length forms are rarely detected in nature. The stability of the short motif suggests that pathogenicity switching may require specific conditions of intense selection pressure (such as with high host density) to boost selection of the initial mid-length HACS forms.
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25
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Stangherlin LM, de Paula FN, Icimoto MY, Ruiz LGP, Nogueira ML, Braz ASK, Juliano L, da Silva MCC. Positively Selected Sites at HCMV gB Furin Processing Region and Their Effects in Cleavage Efficiency. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:934. [PMID: 28588572 PMCID: PMC5441137 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus is a ubiquitous infectious agent that affects mainly immunosuppressed, fetuses, and newborns. The virus has several polymorphic regions, in particular in the envelope glycoproteins. The UL55 gene encodes the glycoprotein B that has a variable region, containing a furin cleavage site and according to the variability different genotypes are characterized. Here we investigated variability and existence of selective pressure on the UL55 variable region containing the furin cleavage site in 213 clinical sequences from patients worldwide. We showed the occurrence of positive selective pressure on gB codons 461 and 462, near the furin cleavage site. Cleavage analysis of synthesized peptides demonstrated that most mutations confer better cleavage by furin, suggesting that evolution is acting in order to increase the efficiency cleavage and supporting the hypothesis that gB processing is important in the host. We also demonstrated that peptides containing sequences, that characterize genotypes gB2 and 3, are differentially cleaved by furin. Our data demonstrate for the first time that variability in the cleavage site is related to degree of gB processing by furin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas M Stangherlin
- Center for Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABCSanto André, Brazil
| | - Felipe N de Paula
- Center for Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABCSanto André, Brazil.,Pasteur InstituteSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Y Icimoto
- Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo G P Ruiz
- Medical School of São José do Rio PretoSão José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Antônio S K Braz
- Center for Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABCSanto André, Brazil
| | - Luiz Juliano
- Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria C C da Silva
- Center for Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABCSanto André, Brazil
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26
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Małuch I, Levesque C, Kwiatkowska A, Couture F, Ly K, Desjardins R, Neugebauer WA, Prahl A, Day R. Positional Scanning Identifies the Molecular Determinants of a High Affinity Multi-Leucine Inhibitor for Furin and PACE4. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2732-2744. [PMID: 28287731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The proprotein convertase family of enzymes includes seven endoproteases with significant redundancy in their cleavage activity. We previously described the peptide Ac-LLLLRVK-Amba that displays potent inhibitory effects on both PACE4 and prostate cancer cell lines proliferation. Herein, the molecular determinants for PACE4 and furin inhibition were investigated by positional scanning using peptide libraries that substituted its leucine core with each natural amino acid. We determined that the incorporation of basic amino acids led to analogues with improved inhibitory potency toward both enzymes, whereas negatively charged residues significantly reduced it. All the remaining amino acids were in general well tolerated, with the exemption of the P6 position. However, not all of the potent PACE4 inhibitors displayed antiproliferative activity. The best analogues were obtained by the incorporation of the Ile residue at the P5 and P6 positions. These substitutions led to inhibitors with increased PACE4 selectivity and potent antiproliferative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Małuch
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk , 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Christine Levesque
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Canada.,Département de Chirurgie/Urologie, Centre Hospitalier Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, J1H 5N4 Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Anna Kwiatkowska
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Canada.,Département de Chirurgie/Urologie, Centre Hospitalier Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, J1H 5N4 Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Frédéric Couture
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Canada.,Département de Chirurgie/Urologie, Centre Hospitalier Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, J1H 5N4 Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Kévin Ly
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Canada.,Département de Chirurgie/Urologie, Centre Hospitalier Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, J1H 5N4 Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Roxane Desjardins
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Canada.,Département de Chirurgie/Urologie, Centre Hospitalier Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, J1H 5N4 Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Witold A Neugebauer
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Adam Prahl
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk , 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Robert Day
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Canada.,Département de Chirurgie/Urologie, Centre Hospitalier Université de Sherbrooke , 3001 12e Avenue Nord, J1H 5N4 Sherbrooke, Canada
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27
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Kawahara K, Hirata H, Ohbuchi K, Nishi K, Maeda A, Kuniyasu A, Yamada D, Maeda T, Tsuji A, Sawada M, Nakayama H. The novel monoclonal antibody 9F5 reveals expression of a fragment of GPNMB/osteoactivin processed by furin-like protease(s) in a subpopulation of microglia in neonatal rat brain. Glia 2016; 64:1938-61. [PMID: 27464357 PMCID: PMC5129557 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To differentiate subtypes of microglia (MG), we developed a novel monoclonal antibody, 9F5, against one subtype (type 1) of rat primary MG. The 9F5 showed high selectivity for this cell type in Western blot and immunocytochemical analyses and no cross-reaction with rat peritoneal macrophages (Mφ). We identified the antigen molecule for 9F5: the 50- to 70-kDa fragments of rat glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB)/osteoactivin, which started at Lys(170) . In addition, 9F5 immunoreactivity with GPNMB depended on the activity of furin-like protease(s). More important, rat type 1 MG expressed the GPNMB fragments, but type 2 MG and Mφ did not, although all these cells expressed mRNA and the full-length protein for GPNMB. These results suggest that 9F5 reactivity with MG depends greatly on cleavage of GPNMB and that type 1 MG, in contrast to type 2 MG and Mφ, may have furin-like protease(s) for GPNMB cleavage. In neonatal rat brain, amoeboid 9F5+ MG were observed in specific brain areas including forebrain subventricular zone, corpus callosum, and retina. Double-immunοstaining with 9F5 antibody and anti-Iba1 antibody, which reacts with MG throughout the CNS, revealed that 9F5+ MG were a portion of Iba1+ MG, suggesting that MG subtype(s) exist in vivo. We propose that 9F5 is a useful tool to discriminate between rat type 1 MG and other subtypes of MG/Mφ and to reveal the role of the GPNMB fragments during developing brain. GLIA 2016;64:1938-1961.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohichi Kawahara
- Department of Molecular Cell Function, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Ohe-Honmachi, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan. .,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, 265-1 Higashijima, Niigata, 956-8603, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Hirata
- Department of Molecular Cell Function, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Ohe-Honmachi, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Kengo Ohbuchi
- Department of Molecular Cell Function, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Ohe-Honmachi, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nishi
- Department of Molecular Cell Function, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Ohe-Honmachi, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Akira Maeda
- Department of Molecular Cell Function, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Ohe-Honmachi, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kuniyasu
- Department of Molecular Cell Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamada
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, 265-1 Higashijima, Niigata, 956-8603, Japan
| | - Takehiko Maeda
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, 265-1 Higashijima, Niigata, 956-8603, Japan
| | - Akihiko Tsuji
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, the University of Tokushima Graduate School, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Makoto Sawada
- Department of Brain Functions, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nakayama
- Department of Molecular Cell Function, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Ohe-Honmachi, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan.
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28
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Weldon JE, Skarzynski M, Therres JA, Ostovitz JR, Zhou H, Kreitman RJ, Pastan I. Designing the furin-cleavable linker in recombinant immunotoxins based on Pseudomonas exotoxin A. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1120-8. [PMID: 25997032 PMCID: PMC7724502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) are fusion proteins that join antibodies to protein toxins for targeted cell killing. RITs armed with Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) are undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. The current design of PE-based RITs joins an antibody fragment to the catalytic domain of PE using a polypeptide linker that is cleaved by the protease furin. Intracellular cleavage of native PE by furin is required for cytotoxicity, yet the PE cleavage site has been shown to be a poor furin substrate. Here we describe the rational design of more efficiently cleaved furin linkers in PE-based RITs, and experiments evaluating their effects on cleavage and cytotoxicity. We found that changes to the furin site could greatly influence both cleavage and cytotoxicity, but the two parameters were not directly correlated. Furthermore, the effects of alterations to the furin linker were not universal. Identical mutations in the anti-CD22 RIT HA22-LR often displayed different cytotoxicity from mutations in the anti-mesothelin RIT SS1-LR/GGS, underscoring the prominent role of the target site in their intoxication pathways. Combining several beneficial mutations in HA22-LR resulted in a variant (HA22-LR/FUR) with a remarkably enhanced cleavage rate and improved cytotoxicity against five B cell lines and similar or enhanced cytotoxicity in five out of six hairy cell leukemia patient samples. This result informs the design of protease-sensitive linkers and suggests that HA22-LR/FUR may be a candidate for further preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Weldon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Martin Skarzynski
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jamy A. Therres
- Department of Biological Sciences, Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Joshua R. Ostovitz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Hong Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Robert J. Kreitman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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29
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Kara I, Poggi M, Bonardo B, Govers R, Landrier JF, Tian S, Leibiger I, Day R, Creemers JWM, Peiretti F. The paired basic amino acid-cleaving enzyme 4 (PACE4) is involved in the maturation of insulin receptor isoform B: an opportunity to reduce the specific insulin receptor-dependent effects of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2). J Biol Chem 2014; 290:2812-21. [PMID: 25527501 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.592543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaining the full activity of the insulin receptor (IR) requires the proteolytic cleavage of its proform by intra-Golgi furin-like activity. In mammalian cells, IR is expressed as two isoforms (IRB and IRA) that are responsible for insulin action. However, only IRA transmits the growth-promoting and mitogenic effects of insulin-like growth factor 2. Here we demonstrate that the two IR isoforms are similarly cleaved by furin, but when this furin-dependent maturation is inefficient, IR proforms move to the cell surface where the proprotein convertase PACE4 selectively supports IRB maturation. Therefore, in situations of impaired furin activity, the proteolytic maturation of IRB is greater than that of IRA, and accordingly, the amount of phosphorylated IRB is also greater than that of IRA. We highlight the ability of a particular proprotein convertase inhibitor to effectively reduce the maturation of IRA and its associated mitogenic signaling without altering the signals emanating from IRB. In conclusion, the selective PACE4-dependent maturation of IRB occurs when furin activity is reduced; accordingly, the pharmacological inhibition of furin reduces IRA maturation and its mitogenic potential without altering the insulin effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imène Kara
- From the INSERM 1062, INRA 1260, Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de médecine, F-13385, Marseille, France
| | - Marjorie Poggi
- From the INSERM 1062, INRA 1260, Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de médecine, F-13385, Marseille, France
| | - Bernadette Bonardo
- From the INSERM 1062, INRA 1260, Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de médecine, F-13385, Marseille, France
| | - Roland Govers
- From the INSERM 1062, INRA 1260, Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de médecine, F-13385, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-François Landrier
- From the INSERM 1062, INRA 1260, Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de médecine, F-13385, Marseille, France
| | - Sun Tian
- Nuolan Net, 1098 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingo Leibiger
- the Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Day
- the Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Département de Chirurgie/Urologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada, and
| | - John W M Creemers
- the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Franck Peiretti
- From the INSERM 1062, INRA 1260, Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de médecine, F-13385, Marseille, France,
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30
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Furuya T, Koga M, Hikami K, Kawasaki A, Tsuchiya N. Effects ofAPRIL(TNFSF13) polymorphisms and splicing isoforms on the secretion of soluble APRIL. Mod Rheumatol 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/s10165-011-0539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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31
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Characterization of the hepcidin gene in eight species of bats. Res Vet Sci 2013; 96:111-7. [PMID: 24295741 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hemochromatosis, or iron storage disease, has been associated with significant liver disease and mortality in captive Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus). The physiologic basis for this susceptibility has not been established. In humans, a deficiency or resistance to the iron regulatory hormone, hepcidin has been implicated in the development of hereditary hemochromatosis. In the present study, we compared the coding sequence of the hepcidin gene in eight species of bats representing three distinct taxonomic families with diverse life histories and dietary preferences. Bat hepcidin mRNA encoded a 23 amino acid signal peptide, a 34 or 35 amino acid pro-region, and a 25 amino acid mature peptide, similar to other mammalian species. Differences in the sequence of the portion of the hepcidin gene that encodes the mature peptide that might account for the increased susceptibility of the Egyptian fruit bat to iron storage disease were not identified. Variability in gene sequence corresponded to the taxonomic relationship amongst species.
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