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Gradisteanu Pircalabioru G, Musat M, Elian V, Iliescu C. Liquid Biopsy: A Game Changer for Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2661. [PMID: 38473908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
As the burden of type 2 diabetes (T2D) continues to escalate globally, there is a growing need for novel, less-invasive biomarkers capable of early diabetes detection and monitoring of disease progression. Liquid biopsy, recognized for its minimally invasive nature, is increasingly being applied beyond oncology, and nevertheless shows its potential when the collection of the tissue biopsy is not possible. This diagnostic approach involves utilizing liquid biopsy markers such as cell-free nucleic acids, extracellular vesicles, and diverse metabolites for the molecular diagnosis of T2D and its related complications. In this context, we thoroughly examine recent developments in T2D liquid biopsy research. Additionally, we discuss the primary challenges and future prospects of employing liquid biopsy in the management of T2D. Prognosis, diagnosis and monitoring of T2D through liquid biopsy could be a game-changing technique for personalized diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gratiela Gradisteanu Pircalabioru
- eBio-Hub Research-Center, National University of Science and Technology "Politehnica" Bucharest, 6 Iuliu Maniu Bulevard, Campus Building, 061344 Bucharest, Romania
- Research Institute of University of Bucharest, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 3 Ilfov Str., 050094 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Madalina Musat
- eBio-Hub Research-Center, National University of Science and Technology "Politehnica" Bucharest, 6 Iuliu Maniu Bulevard, Campus Building, 061344 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Endocrinology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Endocrinology, C.I. Parhon National Institute of Endocrinology, 011683 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Viviana Elian
- Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 5-7 Ion Movila Street, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Prof. Dr. N. C. Paulescu National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ciprian Iliescu
- eBio-Hub Research-Center, National University of Science and Technology "Politehnica" Bucharest, 6 Iuliu Maniu Bulevard, Campus Building, 061344 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 3 Ilfov Str., 050094 Bucharest, Romania
- National Research and Development Institute in Microtechnologies-IMT Bucharest, 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190 Voluntari, Romania
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Al Shehhi YI, Elemam NM, Alsaegh MA. The response of salivary proinflammatory biomarkers to tooth extraction in individuals with type II diabetes mellitus. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:250. [PMID: 38373910 PMCID: PMC10875873 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the levels of salivary proinflammatory cytokines in the saliva of patients living with type II diabetes mellitus (DM) compared to those in healthy individuals three times: before tooth extraction and at 2 hours and 2 days after tooth extraction. METHODS The study included 27 participants. Among them, 20 (n = 20; 74%) had type II DM, and seven (n = 7; 26%) were healthy control subjects. Saliva samples were collected at three time intervals: before tooth extraction and 2 hours and 2 days after tooth extraction. The salivary biomarkers were investigated using a Luminex multiplex assay. These salivary biomarkers included tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). RESULTS At baseline, patients with type II DM had significantly lower levels of IL-1β (P = 0.016). Moreover, 2 hours after extraction, patients with type II DM had significantly lower levels of IL-1β and TNF-α than did healthy control subjects (P = 0.046 and P = 0.020, respectively). In addition, 2 days after tooth extraction, the DM group had significantly greater IL-6 levels (P = 0.010) than the control group. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type II DM, salivary proinflammatory biomarker levels are generally comparable or lower than those in healthy control subjects. Proinflammatory cytokines manifest differently in patients with type II DM after tooth extraction than in normal healthy individuals. There is generally a delayed early response of salivary proinflammatory markers in patients living with type II DM who undergo tooth extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuf Ibrahim Al Shehhi
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Noha M Elemam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Mohammed Amjed Alsaegh
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.
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Gomes PR, Rocha MD, Lira JA, Coelho FA, Alves EH, Nascimento HM, Oliveira SM, Carmo RR, Araújo HT, Silva FR, Vasconcelos DF. Salivary biomarkers present in patients with periodontitis without clinical distinction: findings from a meta-analysis. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2023; 28:e457-e466. [PMID: 37026605 PMCID: PMC10499340 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.25876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new classification for periodontitis has been adopted in clinical practice. However, there are still discussions regarding this new classification and difficulties in its adoption, both by professionals and researchers. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate which salivary biomarkers are present in periodontitis, following the new classification of periodontal diseases through meta-analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS A literature search was carried out in the scientific databases: PubMed, Scielo and Google scholar to select studies. The selection of studies was followed by two authors upon reading of the title, abstract and full text. The necessary data were collected and statistical analyses were performed using the Review Manager statistical software version 5.4, with calculation of Mean Difference, heterogeneity (I²) and funnel plot with P < 0.05. RESULTS After following the selection criteria, 9 articles were selected for comparison. The studies address the presence of biomarkers in the saliva of patients with periodontitis and their possible use in the monitoring and diagnosis of the disease. For the meta-analytic comparison, a sample size of 1,983 individuals was used. Statistical analyses showed that nitric oxide, IL-6, IL-1B and osteoprotegerin are substances that are significantly present in patients with periodontitis (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS IL-6, nitric oxide, IL-1B, TNF-α and osteoprotegerin are among the most present biomarkers in patients with periodontitis, and may be used in the future as a monitoring of periodontal disease. The present study also revealed that there was no statistically significant difference in the concentration of these biomarkers for clinical distinction from periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-R Gomes
- Laboratory of Histological Analysis and Preparation (LAPHis) Federal University of Parnaiba Delta (UFDPar) Av. São Sebastião, nº 2819 - Nossa Sra. de Fátima Parnaíba - Piauí, CEP: 64202-020, Brazil
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Delrue C, De Bruyne S, Speeckaert MM. Unlocking the Diagnostic Potential of Saliva: A Comprehensive Review of Infrared Spectroscopy and Its Applications in Salivary Analysis. J Pers Med 2023; 13:907. [PMID: 37373896 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13060907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a noninvasive and rapid analytical technique that provides information on the chemical composition, structure, and conformation of biomolecules in saliva. This technique has been widely used to analyze salivary biomolecules, owing to its label-free advantages. Saliva contains a complex mixture of biomolecules including water, electrolytes, lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids which are potential biomarkers for several diseases. IR spectroscopy has shown great promise for the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases such as dental caries, periodontitis, infectious diseases, cancer, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease, as well as for drug monitoring. Recent advancements in IR spectroscopy, such as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy, have further enhanced its utility in salivary analysis. FTIR spectroscopy enables the collection of a complete IR spectrum of the sample, whereas ATR spectroscopy enables the analysis of samples in their native form, without the need for sample preparation. With the development of standardized protocols for sample collection and analysis and further advancements in IR spectroscopy, the potential for salivary diagnostics using IR spectroscopy is vast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Delrue
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sander De Bruyne
- Department of Clinical Biology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marijn M Speeckaert
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), 1000 Brussels, Belgium
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Khairul-Anwar I, Wan-Nazatul-Shima S, Siti-Lailatul-Akmar Z, Hamid Siti-Azrin A, Zunaina E. Evaluation of TNF-α and IL-6 in saliva among diabetic retinopathy patients in East Coast Malaysia. Trop Med Int Health 2022; 27:310-316. [PMID: 35048479 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in saliva between different stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2018 and November 2020. This study included diabetes mellitus (DM) patients with no DR, non-proliferative DR (NPDR), and proliferative DR (PDR). None of the patients with DM were included in the control group. Unstimulated saliva samples were then collected. TNF-α and IL-6 levels were measured. RESULTS Altogether, 120 patients were included in the study (DM without DR, 33 patients; DM with NPDR, 30 patients; DM with PDR, 32 patients; non-DM, 25 patients). The mean IL-6 level in saliva was significantly higher in the DM group (0.033±0.005 pg/ml) than in the non-DM group (0.027±0.001 pg/ml) (p<0.001 after adjusting for covariates). There was no significant difference in mean salivary TNF-α between patients with DM and those without DM after adjusting for covariates. The mean IL-6 in saliva was significantly higher in the NPDR (0.036±0.003 pg/ml) and PDR (0.093±0.023 pg/ml) groups than in the no DR group (0.027±0.001 pg/ml) (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). Mean TNF-α in saliva was significantly higher in the NPDR (0.086±0.022 pg/ml) and PDR (0.093±0.023 pg/ml) groups than in the no DR group (0.049±0.011 pg/ml) (p=0.015 and p=0.003, respectively). CONCLUSION There is an association between inflammatory biomarkers in saliva (IL-6 and TNF-α) and severity of DR among patients with DM, suggesting that these salivary biomarkers are potential biomarkers for screening, monitoring, and predicting the progression of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Khairul-Anwar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Shahidan Wan-Nazatul-Shima
- Basic Science & Oral Biology Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zainuddin Siti-Lailatul-Akmar
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ab Hamid Siti-Azrin
- Biostatistics and Research Methodology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Embong Zunaina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Gao J, Nanayakkara S. Host-derived salivary biomarkers demonstrate potentials for the diagnosis of periodontal diseases. J Evid Based Dent Pract 2021; 22:101689. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2021.101689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Agho ET, Owotade FJ, Kolawole BA, Oyetola EO, Adedeji TA. Salivary inflammatory biomarkers and glycated haemoglobin among patients with type 2 diabetic mellitus. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:101. [PMID: 33676486 PMCID: PMC8095344 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus has reached epidemic proportions worldwide and improved detection techniques and biomarkers are urgently needed across the spectrum of diabetes initiation and progression. Inflammatory biomarkers play a role in the development of the condition and blood is the gold standard body fluid for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Serum glycated haemoglobin is a widely used marker of chronic hyperglycemia, and it is currently used to diagnose type 2 diabetes mellitus and it is the standard biomarker for the adequacy of management. However, saliva offers an alternative to serum as a biological fluid for diagnostic purposes. Non-invasive measures of inflammatory biomarkers (such as saliva diagnostics) are increasingly being investigated due to significant similarities between salivary and serum proteome. The role of saliva diagnostics in diabetes mellitus has not been explored in our study population. Objectives This study investigated the association of selected salivary inflammatory biomarkers (Interleukin 6 [IL-6], C-reactive protein [CRP], and Tumour necrosis factor α [TNF-α]) to glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) in type 2 diabetics. Materials and methods Seventy-five participants, 39 type 2 diabetics (52%) and 36 (48%) healthy controls were recruited. Saliva and blood samples were collected for each participant. The levels of selected salivary inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6, CRP and TNF-α) were estimated by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method and glycated haemogloin (HbA1C) was estimated using the liquid chromatography method. Periodontal status of the participants were determined using the Basic Periodontal Examination (BPE). Results The mean salivary levels of CRP was significantly higher in diabetics, 0.05 ± 0.04 µg/ml than in controls, 0.02 ± 0.02 µg/ml (p < 0.001). Mean TNF-α was also significantly higher in diabetics, 5.39 ± 12.10 pg/ml than in controls, 1.51 ± 3.66 pg/ml (p = 0.036). Mean salivary IL-6 was also higher in diabetics compared with controls (47.20 ± 18.49 versus 41.94 ± 16.88 pg/ml), but the difference was not statistically significant, p = 0.204. In the multivariate analysis adjusting for age and periodontal status, only the mean salivary CRP was significantly higher in diabetics, 0.034 higher than controls (95% CI 0.009, 0.059 and p = 0.01). There was a positive correlation between salivary CRP and HbA1C levels, which was moderate with r-value 0.4929 and p-value < 0.0001. Conclusions Salivary inflammatory biomarkers especially CRP are higher in diabetics compared with controls and CRP is positively correlated with serum HbA1C levels. The biomarkers show potentials as non-invasive alternative method to evaluate glycaemic control in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Foluso John Owotade
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 220005, Nigeria
| | | | - Elijah Olufemi Oyetola
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 220005, Nigeria
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Caixeta DC, Aguiar EMG, Cardoso-Sousa L, Coelho LMD, Oliveira SW, Espindola FS, Raniero L, Crosara KTB, Baker MJ, Siqueira WL, Sabino-Silva R. Salivary molecular spectroscopy: A sustainable, rapid and non-invasive monitoring tool for diabetes mellitus during insulin treatment. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0223461. [PMID: 32182246 PMCID: PMC7077825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring of blood glucose is an invasive, painful and costly practice in diabetes. Consequently, the search for a more cost-effective (reagent-free), non-invasive and specific diabetes monitoring method is of great interest. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy has been used in diagnosis of several diseases, however, applications in the monitoring of diabetic treatment are just beginning to emerge. Here, we used ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to evaluate saliva of non-diabetic (ND), diabetic (D) and insulin-treated diabetic (D+I) rats to identify potential salivary biomarkers related to glucose monitoring. The spectrum of saliva of ND, D and D+I rats displayed several unique vibrational modes and from these, two vibrational modes were pre-validated as potential diagnostic biomarkers by ROC curve analysis with significant correlation with glycemia. Compared to the ND and D+I rats, classification of D rats was achieved with a sensitivity of 100%, and an average specificity of 93.33% and 100% using bands 1452 cm-1 and 836 cm-1, respectively. Moreover, 1452 cm-1 and 836 cm-1 spectral bands proved to be robust spectral biomarkers and highly correlated with glycemia (R2 of 0.801 and 0.788, P < 0.01, respectively). Both PCA-LDA and HCA classifications achieved an accuracy of 95.2%. Spectral salivary biomarkers discovered using univariate and multivariate analysis may provide a novel robust alternative for diabetes monitoring using a non-invasive and green technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Caixeta
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Emília M G Aguiar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Léia Cardoso-Sousa
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Líris M D Coelho
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Stephanie W Oliveira
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Foued S Espindola
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leandro Raniero
- Nanosensor Laboratory, IP&D, University of Vale do Paraíba, São José Dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Karla T B Crosara
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Matthew J Baker
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology & Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Walter L Siqueira
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Robinson Sabino-Silva
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Tiongco REG, Arceo ES, Rivera NS, Flake CCD, Policarpio AR. Estimation of salivary glucose, amylase, calcium, and phosphorus among non-diabetics and diabetics: Potential identification of non-invasive diagnostic markers. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:2601-2605. [PMID: 31405682 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Diabetes Mellitus (DM) continues to burden millions of people worldwide. Early detection and effective diagnosis of DM are essential key strategies to reduce the impeding incidence of the disease and its complications. Thus, this study determined the potential utility of salivary glucose, amylase, calcium, and phosphorus as non-invasive diagnostic markers of DM. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 80 participants were recruited and divided into two groups (non-diabetics and diabetics). Fasting blood samples and unstimulated saliva samples were collected and tested for glucose, amylase, calcium, and phosphorus. RESULTS Mann-Whitney U test shows that salivary glucose and salivary amylase were significantly higher among diabetics than non-diabetics. In addition to this, the receiver operations characteristics (ROC) curve showed that salivary glucose (AUC = 0.811, p < 0.001) and amylase (AUC = 0.649, p = 0.03) has significant association with DM. CONCLUSION Overall, only salivary glucose and amylase showed good potential in discriminating patients with diabetes from those without.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Enrique G Tiongco
- Department of Medical Technology, College of Allied Medical Professions, Angeles University Foundation, Angeles City, Philippines.
| | - Engracia S Arceo
- Department of Medical Technology, College of Allied Medical Professions, Angeles University Foundation, Angeles City, Philippines
| | - Nicole S Rivera
- Department of Medical Technology, College of Allied Medical Professions, Angeles University Foundation, Angeles City, Philippines
| | - Chastene Christopher D Flake
- Department of Medical Technology, College of Allied Medical Professions, Angeles University Foundation, Angeles City, Philippines
| | - Archie R Policarpio
- Department of Medical Technology, College of Allied Medical Professions, Angeles University Foundation, Angeles City, Philippines
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Rebelo R, Barbosa AI, Caballero D, Kwon IK, Oliveira JM, Kundu SC, Reis RL, Correlo VM. 3D biosensors in advanced medical diagnostics of high mortality diseases. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 130:20-39. [PMID: 30716590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes are high mortality diseases, which account for almost two thirds of all deaths worldwide. Their early detection and continuous evaluation are fundamental for an improved patient prognosis and reduced socioeconomic impact. Current biosensor technologies are typically based on the analysis of whole blood samples from patients for the detection of disease-specific biomarkers. However, these technologies display serious shortcomings, such as reduced sensitivity and dynamic range, limited in vivo applicability, and lack of continuous monitoring. There is the urgent need for new diagnostic and treatment follow-up tools, which allow for the early detection of the pathology as well as for the continuous monitoring of the physiological responses to specific therapies. During the last years, a new generation of biosensor technologies with improved performance has emerged in the biomedical sector. The combination of advanced biomaterial methods, biochemical tools, and micro/nanotechnology approaches has resulted in the development of innovative three-dimensional (3D) biosensor platforms for advanced medical diagnosis. In this review, we report the most recent advances in the field of 3D biosensors for clinical applications, focusing on the diagnosis and monitoring of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes. We discuss about their clinical performance compared to standard biosensor technologies, their implantable capability, and their integration into microfluidic devices to develop clinically-relevant models. Overall, we anticipate that 3D biosensors will drive us toward a new paradigm in medical diagnosis, resulting in real-time in vivo biosensors capable to significantly improve patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rebelo
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Ana I Barbosa
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - David Caballero
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Il Keun Kwon
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02477, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joaquim M Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal; The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Avepark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Subhas C Kundu
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal; Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02477, Republic of Korea; The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Avepark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Vitor M Correlo
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal; The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Avepark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
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Marín Martínez L, Molino Pagán D, López Jornet P. Trace Elements in Saliva as Markers of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 186:354-360. [PMID: 29629481 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To analyze Mg, Ca, and Zn levels in saliva, comparing patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and a control group of healthy subjects. This transversal, observational, clinical study included a total sample of 147 patients, 74 with type 2 diabetes mellitus and a control group of 73 healthy subjects. Socio-demographic, anthropometric, diabetological, and metabolic variables were registered. Trace elements in non-stimulated basal saliva were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS): Mg, Ca, and Zn. Concentrations of zinc, calcium, and magnesium were significantly higher in the diabetic group than the control group (p < 0.001). A relation was observed between waist circumference and high cardiovascular risk in men (based on two categories: waist circumference < 102 cm; waist circumference ≥ 102 cm), and magnesium levels in saliva (p = 0.003). Magnesium, zinc, and calcium levels in saliva could be useful markers for differentiating patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from non-diabetics. The salivary magnesium could be used as a marker of high cardiovascular risk when associated with abdominal obesity represented by a waist circumference ≥ 102 cm in men. The present results do suggest that salivary zinc levels could act as a good marker of type 2 diabetes mellitus, in light of zinc's well-known role as a co-marker of insulin and its relationship to carbohydrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Marín Martínez
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital General Universitario Santa Lucía, Urb. Novo Carthago, 80, 30202, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Diana Molino Pagán
- Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Hospital Morales Meseguer, Clínica Odontológica, C / Marqués Vélez s/n, 30008, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pía López Jornet
- Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinical University Hospital, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain C / Marqués Vélez s/n, 30008, Murcia, Spain
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12
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Zhong L, Liu Y, Wang K, He Z, Gong Z, Zhao Z, Yang Y, Gao X, Li F, Wu H, Zhang S, Chen L. Biomarkers: paving stones on the road towards the personalized precision medicine for oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:911. [PMID: 30241505 PMCID: PMC6151070 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4806-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional therapeutics have encountered a bottleneck caused by diagnosis delay and subjective and unreliable assessment. Biomarkers can overcome this bottleneck and guide us toward personalized precision medicine for oral squamous cell carcinoma. To achieve this, it is important to efficiently and accurately screen out specific biomarkers from among the huge number of molecules. Progress in omics-based high-throughput technology has laid a solid foundation for biomarker discovery. With credible and systemic biomarker models, more precise and personalized diagnosis and assessment would be achieved and patients would be more likely to be cured and have a higher quality of life. However, this is not straightforward owing to the complexity of molecules involved in tumorigenesis. In this context, there is a need to focus on tumor heterogeneity and homogeneity, which are discussed in detail. In this review, we aim to provide an understanding of biomarker discovery and application for precision medicine of oral squamous cell carcinoma, and have a strong belief that biomarker will pave the road toward future precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutong Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijing He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaojian Gong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhili Zhao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaocheng Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangjie Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanjiang Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Serum and salivary ferritin and Hepcidin levels in patients with chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Oral Health 2018; 18:63. [PMID: 29636044 PMCID: PMC5894201 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-018-0524-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron disorder and abnormal expression of hepcidin play important roles in many diseases, but it is still unclear in chronic periodontitis (CP) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We aimed to assess ferritin and hepcidin levels in serum and saliva of CP patients with or without T2DM. METHODS Serum and unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected from 88 participants, who were categorized into 4 groups based on the presence or absence of CP or T2DM. Demographics and general health parameters were recorded. Full-mouth clinical periodontal parameters including probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, bleeding index, and plaque index were recorded. Chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect ferritin and hepcidin concentrations, respectively, in serum and saliva. RESULTS Serum ferritin and hepcidin levels in the CP and CP with T2DM groups were higher than in the control group (P < 0.05). Serum hepcidin and serum ferritin are linear correlated (P < 0.001). Serum hepcidin/ferritin values in the CP with T2DM group were significantly lower than those in the T2DM and control groups. Moreover, salivary ferritin levels in the CP and T2DM groups were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). There was positively correlation between salivary ferritin and serum ferritin (P = 0.017). Hepcidin concentrations were relatively low in saliva. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that iron overload and hepcidin inadequacy existed in CP with T2DM patients. Salivary ferritin might provide a reference for body iron load. TRIAL REGISTRATION ChiCTR-ROC-17012780.
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Yuan C, Liu X, Zheng S. Matrix metalloproteinase-8 levels in oral samples as a biomarker for periodontitis in the Chinese population: an observational study. BMC Oral Health 2018; 18:51. [PMID: 29587716 PMCID: PMC5870224 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-018-0512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical evaluation of periodontal inflammation does not fully reflect the disease activity. Extensive studies have been conducted out on gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) components that might serve as potential diagnostic markers for periodontitis, among which matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) has shown to be promising, but there were no studies for individuals in China. The aim of this study was to compare clinical diagnostic parameters and levels of active MMP-8 (aMMP-8) in GCF and oral rinse samples from the Chinese patients with varying degrees of periodontal inflammation. METHODS GCF and oral rinse samples were obtained from 60 participants into two groups, a periodontitis group and a control group, specified by the presence and number of pocket depths or attachment loss. The aMMP-8 levels in GCF and oral rinse samples was quantified by ELISA using specific monoclonal antibodies. Logistic and linear regression models were employed for testing the correlation between aMMP-8 levels and periodontal condition, as well as diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS Periodontitis group (mean = 24.84 ng/ml) exhibited significantly higher aMMP-8 levels than control group in GCF (p < 0.001). The aMMP-8 levels in oral rinse samples ranged from 0.05 to 2.18 ng/ml, but differences were not statistically significant between the two groups (p > 0.1). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed a highest threshold of 6.66, with a corresponding sensitivity and specificity of 0.8 and 0.9, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Measuring aMMP-8 levels in GCF may have potentiality for complementary early diagnosis of periodontal disease and inflammation in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yuan
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochen Liu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuguo Zheng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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Assessment of Salivary Adipokines Resistin, Visfatin, and Ghrelin as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Biomarkers. Biochem Res Int 2018; 2018:7463796. [PMID: 29487749 PMCID: PMC5816886 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7463796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is emerging as a metabolic epidemic worldwide. Pathologically, dysregulation of many biological pathways precedes hyperglycemia and the clinical diagnosis of T2DM. Changing trajectories along the process of T2DM development necessitates frequent measurement of biomarkers for early identification of at-risk individuals and successful prevention. Increase in circulating inflammatory adipokines has been suggested as predictive of T2DM. Human saliva is an easily accessible biospecimen amenable for painless frequent collection and possesses nearly 50% of serum proteome. In this study, we measured the adipokines resistin, visfatin, TNF-α, and ghrelin as markers for T2DM in unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) using specific assay kits. Resistin and visfatin concentrations were significantly higher in T2DM saliva. Although the concentration of acylated or unacylated ghrelin was lower in diabetic saliva, the decrease was not significant. Since resistin and visfatin are biomarkers integral to T2DM pathology, their salivary assessments may receive clinical acceptance.
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Maheswari TNU, Venugopal A, Sureshbabu NM, Ramani P. Salivary micro RNA as a potential biomarker in oral potentially malignant disorders: A systematic review. Tzu Chi Med J 2018; 30:55-60. [PMID: 29875583 PMCID: PMC5968743 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_114_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) are oral mucosal disorders which have a high potential to turn into malignancy. A recent report suggests that 16%–62% of epithelial dysplasia cases of OPMD undergo malignant transformation, showing the need for early detection of malignancy in these disorders. Micro RNA (miRNA) plays an important role in cellular growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune response, and hence, deregulation of miRNA is considered a signature of oral carcinogenesis. A search was done using MeSH terms in the PubMed, ScienceDirect databases, hand search, and finally, six studies were included in this systematic review. A total of 167 patients with oral cancer, 78 with OPMDs, 147 healthy controls, and 20 disease controls were analyzed for the expression of salivary miRNAs. Quality assessment based on the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 tool was used to obtain a risk of bias chart using Revman 5.3 software and it was proved that the study done by Zahran et al. in 2015 had a low risk of bias. The results of this study revealed upregulated miRNA 184 with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.86 and miRNA 21 with an AUC of 0.73 and downregulated miRNA 145 with an AUC of 0.68, which proved that these miRNAs are significant in detecting early malignancy in OPMD and should be further analyzed in various populations. This systematic review explored the potential of expression of salivary miRNA in OPMD for future studies. This could pave the way to utilize saliva as a surrogate marker in diagnosing early malignant changes in OPMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Uma Maheswari
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Archana Venugopal
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nivedhita Malli Sureshbabu
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prathiba Ramani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Guo Y, Guo LN, Zhu JF, Tang CY, Feng YZ, Zhou HD. Associations of Salivary BPIFA1 Protein in Chronic Periodontitis Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Endocrinol 2017; 2017:1087017. [PMID: 29109737 PMCID: PMC5646319 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1087017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To explore the differences in salivary BPI fold containing family A, member 1 (BPIFA1) concentration among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects with various severities of chronic periodontitis and to determine whether BPIFA1 in saliva can be used as a potential biomarker of T2DM. METHODS Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from 44 subjects with T2DM and 44 without T2DM (NDM). Additionally, demographic data and general health parameters, including fasting blood glucose (FBG) and body mass index (BMI), were collected. We also detected full-mouth clinical periodontal parameters including probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding index (BI), and plaque index (PLI). Salivary BPIFA1, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations were also detected. RESULTS BPIFA1 in saliva was detected at relatively high levels. T2DM subjects had decreased salivary BPIFA1 concentrations (P = 0.031). In T2DM subjects with nonperiodontitis or severe periodontitis, the level of BPIFA1 was significantly lower compared with that of NDM. Salivary TNF-α concentration displayed a similar trend to BPIFA1 in the NDM group. CONCLUSIONS BPIFA1 protein is rich in saliva and might be used as a potential predictive biomarker of T2DM, especially in patients with severe periodontitis and nonperiodontitis. This trial is registered with ChiCTR-ROC-17010310.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Guo
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Lin-Na Guo
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Jun-Fei Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Chen-Yi Tang
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yun-Zhi Feng
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Hou-De Zhou
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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Wang A, Swinford C, Zhao A, Ramos ED, Gregory RL, Srinivasan M. A Case-Control Study to Determine the Prognostic Features of Salivary Epithelial Cells in Periodontitis. JDR Clin Trans Res 2016; 1:256-265. [PMID: 30931739 DOI: 10.1177/2380084416653596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis-a biofilm-induced immunoinflammatory pathology-often progresses gradually, exhibiting periodic bursts and resolution. Exfoliating oral epithelial cells act as reservoirs for key periodontal pathogens, facilitating reinfection or infection of new sites. Since saliva is a rich source of oral epithelial cells, we hypothesized that the microbial and functional profile of salivary epithelial cells (SECs) will reflect the in situ host response and disease severity. We used a case-control study design. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from 20 chronic periodontitis patients and 20 healthy controls in accordance with the institutional review board. The isolated SECs were assessed for viability by trypan blue exclusion. Gram-stained SECs were analyzed by ImageJ, and Gram stain index (GSI) per SEC was calculated. Equal numbers of SECs from each sample were exposed to 2 periodontal pathogens- Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum-in biofilm or planktonic formulations at varying proportions. Cytokines in culture supernatants were assessed by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Additionally, soluble Toll-like receptor 2 (sTLR-2)-a pattern recognition receptor capable of binding microbial ligands associated with periodontitis-was measured in clarified saliva by ELISA. An increased number of SECs, a higher GSI/SEC, and a lower sTLR-2 were observed in periodontitis saliva as compared with healthy saliva. SECs from periodontitis saliva secreted higher amounts of interleukin 8 in response to P. gingivalis, and the presence of F. nucleatum dampened the response. Nonsurgical periodontal treatment improved clinical parameters, reduced the number of SECs, decreased GSI/SEC, and increased sTLR-2 in clarified saliva. In conclusion, our data suggest that SECs can provide a phenotypically distinct individualized resource for assessing epithelial response to pathogens in the course of periodontal disease. Furthermore, correlation between the sTLR-2 and GSI/SEC suggests that the expression profile of epithelial and soluble Toll-like receptor could provide an indirect measure of periodontal disease-associated dysbiosis. Knowledge Transfer Statement: The results of this study can be used for prognostic evaluation of chronic periodontitis in response to therapy and provide an opportunity for early identification of poor responders. A chip-based simple test incorporating the identified salivary epithelial cell characteristics can be developed and validated for future clinical applications, especially for monitoring patients with increased susceptibility for refractory and/or recurrent periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wang
- 1 Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - C Swinford
- 1 Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - A Zhao
- 1 Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - E D Ramos
- 2 Department of Periodontics and Allied Health, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - R L Gregory
- 3 Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - M Srinivasan
- 1 Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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High salivary soluble L-selectin and interleukin-7 levels in Asian Indian patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome. Clin Rheumatol 2016; 35:3063-3067. [PMID: 27620619 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-016-3406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In present study, we aimed to study salivary soluble L-selectin (sL-selectin), interleukin-7(IjL-7), and lymphotoxin-α levels in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) and their clinical as well as serological correlations. pSS patients fulfilling either the American European Consensus Group (AECG) and/or the American college of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria were recruited. Age- and sex-matched hospital staff were recruited as healthy controls. Unstimulated saliva was collected by the spitting method; sL-selectin, IL-7, and lymphotoxin-α were measured in the saliva using commercial ELISA kits. Forty-three patients with pSS and 31 healthy controls were included in the study. Increased levels of sL-selectin and IL-7 were found in the saliva of patients as compared to controls. Lymphotoxin-α was undetectable in the saliva of pSS patients and controls. Salivary sL-selectin positively correlated with rheumatoid factor (r = 0.47; p < 0.003). No other variable including ESSDAI was significantly associated with salivary sL-selectin and IL-7 levels. Indian patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome have higher salivary sL-selectin and IL-7 levels than healthy controls.
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