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Jahanshahi S, Kheirandish F, Kazemi B, Montazeri M, Fallahi S, Rouzbahani AK, Mamaghani AJ. Investigating the Effect of Satureja khuzestanica Essential oil on MDR1 Gene Expression in Leishmania major. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:526-532. [PMID: 38227108 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00780-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis is among the neglected diseases in the world. Pentavalent antimonial compounds are considered the first-line treatment for this disease. However, using alternative natural products has received great attention due to the side effects of chemical drugs and drug resistance of the Leishmania parasite. The present study aims to investigate the effect of Satureja khuzestanica essential oil (SKEO) on MDR1 gene expression. METHODS In this study, standard strains of Leishmania major promastigotes were exposed to 5, 10, 15, and 20 µg/ml of SKEO. MDR1 gene expression of parasites exposed to essential oil was evaluated using real-time PCR. GAPDH was employed as the housekeeping gene for internal control. RESULTS Despite the increase, no statistically significant difference was observed in the relative expression of the MDR1 gene between the control group and the groups containing 5, 10, and 20 µg/ml of SKEO (P > 0.05). The relative expression of the MDR1 gene significantly increased in the group containing 15 μg/ml of essential oil compared to the control one (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study showed that the use of essential oil of Satureja khuzestanica plant can have an increasing effect on the expression of MDR1 gene of Leishmania promastigotes, which is the best case if Satureja khuzestanica essential oil reduces the expression of MDR1 gene. So it seems that the use of essential oil of Satoria plant is effective in controlling Leishmania parasite, but its concentrations induce drug resistance. As a result, concentrations of essential oil should be used that have a controlling effect on the growth and proliferation of Leishmania parasite and also have the least effect on the induction of MDR1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Jahanshahi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Kheirandish
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
- USERN Office, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
- Medical Parasitology and Mycology Department, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Bahram Kazemi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Montazeri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirzad Fallahi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Arian Karimi Rouzbahani
- USERN Office, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
- Hepatitis Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Science, Khorramabad, Iran
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Pal R, Teli G, Akhtar MJ, Matada GSP. Synthetic product-based approach toward potential antileishmanial drug development. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 263:115927. [PMID: 37976706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease and is categorized as a tropically neglected disease (NTD) with no effective vaccines available. The available chemotherapeutics against leishmaniasis are associated with an increase in the incidence of toxicity and drug resistance. Consequently, targeting metabolic pathways and enzymes of parasites which differs from the mammalian host can be exploited to treat and overcome the resistance. The classical methods of identifying the structural fragments and the moieties responsible for the biological activities from the standard compounds and their modification are options for developing more effective novel compounds. Significant progress has been made in refining the development of potent non-toxic molecules and addressing the limitations of the current treatment available. Several examples of synthetic product-based approach utilizing their core heterocyclic rings including furan, pyrrole, thiazole, imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, quinazoline, quinoline, pyrimidine, coumarin, indole, acridine, oxadiazole, purine, chalcone, carboline, phenanthrene and metal containing derivatives and their structure-activity relationships are discussed in this review. It also analyses the groups/fragments interacting with the host cell receptors and will support the medicinal chemists with novel antileishmanial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Pal
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, 560107, Karnataka, India
| | - Ghanshyam Teli
- School of Pharmacy, Sangam University, Atoon, Bhilwara, 311001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Md Jawaid Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology, PO 620, PC 130, Azaiba Bousher, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Gurubasavaraja Swamy Purawarga Matada
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, 560107, Karnataka, India.
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AlGabbani Q. Nanotechnology: A promising strategy for the control of parasitic infections. Exp Parasitol 2023:108548. [PMID: 37196702 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Annually 3.5 billion people are affected by the parasitic infections that results around 200,000 deaths per annum. Major diseases occur due to the neglected tropical parasites. Variety of methods have been used to treat the parasitic infections but now these methods have become ineffective due to the development of resistance in the parasites and some other side effects of traditional treatment methods. Previous methods include use of chemotherapeutic agents and ethnobotanicals for the treatment of parasites. Parasites have developed resistance against the chemotherapeutic agents. A major problem related to Ethnobotanicals is the unequal availability of drug at the target site which is responsible for the low efficacy of drug. Nanotechnology technology involves the manipulation of matter on a nanoscale level and has the potential to enhance the efficacy and safety of existing drugs, develop new treatments, and improve diagnostic methods for parasitic infections. Nanoparticles can be designed to selectively target parasites while minimizing toxicity to the host, and they can also be used to improve drug delivery and increase drug stability. Some important nanotechnology-based tools for parasitic control include nanoparticle-based drug delivery, nanoparticle diagnostics, nanoparticle vaccines, nanoparticle insecticides. Nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize the field of parasitic control by providing new methods for detection, prevention and treatment of parasitic infections. This review discusses the current state of nanotechnology-based approaches for controlling parasitic infections and highlights their potential to revolutionize the field of parasitology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qwait AlGabbani
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.
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Zafar R, Shahid K, Wilson LD, Fahid M, Sartaj M, Waseem W, Saeed Jan M, Zubair M, Irfan A, Ullah S, Sadiq A. Organotin (IV) complexes with sulphonyl hydrazide moiety. Design, synthesis, characterization, docking studies, cytotoxic and anti-leishmanial activity. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:12336-12346. [PMID: 34459711 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1970625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to a lack of therapeutic options for the pathological condition of leishmaniasis, which is characterized by polymorphic lesions and skin surface infections, Leishmania genus parasites damaged dermis and mucosa. There was a need to synthesize and characterize some new complexes. This study evaluated the biological activities preferably anti-Leishmanial activity of organotin (IV) containing sulphonyl hydrazide derivatives. A series of six new organotin (IV) complexes 1-6 labeled as R2SnL2; R = Methyl (1), Butyl (2), Phenyl (3) and R3SnL; R = Methyl (4), Butyl (5), Phenyl (6) has been synthesized as reflux method derived from N'- (2,4-dinitrophenyl)-4-methylphenylsulfonylhydrazide (L). All compounds were characterized through FT-IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and elemental analysis. Structural analysis confirms the formation of six complexes (1-6). All derivatives have been screened for their pharmacological activities. Interestingly, compound 1 showed promising activity against leishmania promastigotes with low cytotoxicity. All results were further elaborated through docking studies performed on leishmania donovoni synthetase PDB: ID 3QW3 that acts as an essential building block for the viability of Leishmania promastigotes. This research effectively synthesized sulphonyl hydrazide ligand and its six new organotin (IV) derivatives, which were tested for biological properties such as antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, and ideally anti-leishmanial activity and cytotoxicity. Studies have confirmed that these compounds have the potency to be a good candidate against leishmaniasis. Computational studies were carried out to recognize the binding affinities for leishmania donovoni synthetase.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehman Zafar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Khadija Shahid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Lee D Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Muhammad Fahid
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Majid Sartaj
- Department of Civil Engineering, Colonel by Hall (CBY), University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Wajeeha Waseem
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saeed Jan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sami Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lahore, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Sadiq
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Polylactide Nanoparticles as a Biodegradable Vaccine Adjuvant: A Study on Safety, Protective Immunity and Efficacy against Human Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania Major. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248677. [PMID: 36557812 PMCID: PMC9783570 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is the 3rd most challenging vector-borne disease after malaria and lymphatic filariasis. Currently, no vaccine candidate is approved or marketed against leishmaniasis due to difficulties in eliciting broad immune responses when using sub-unit vaccines. The aim of this work was the design of a particulate sub-unit vaccine for vaccination against leishmaniasis. The poly (D,L-lactide) nanoparticles (PLA-NPs) were developed in order to efficiently adsorb a recombinant L. major histone H2B (L. major H2B) and to boost its immunogenicity. Firstly, a study was focused on the production of well-formed nanoparticles by the nanoprecipitation method without using a surfactant and on the antigen adsorption process under mild conditions. The set-up preparation method permitted to obtain H2B-adsorbed nanoparticles H2B/PLA (adsorption capacity of about 2.8% (w/w)) with a narrow size distribution (287 nm) and a positive zeta potential (30.9 mV). Secondly, an in vitro release assay performed at 37 °C, pH 7.4, showed a continuous release of the adsorbed H2B for almost 21 days (30%) from day 7. The immune response of H2B/PLA was investigated and compared to H2B + CpG7909 as a standard adjuvant. The humoral response intensity (IgG) was substantially similar between both formulations. Interestingly, when challenged with the standard parasite strain (GLC94) isolated from a human lesion of cutaneous leishmaniasis, mice showed a significant reduction in footpad swelling compared to unvaccinated ones, and no deaths occurred until week 17th. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PLA-NPs represent a stable, cost-effective delivery system adjuvant for use in vaccination against leishmaniasis.
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Valentim-Silva JR, de Barros NB, Macedo SRA, Ferreira ADS, Silva RS, Dill LSM, Zanchi FB, do Nascimento JR, do Nascimento FRF, Lourenzoni MR, Soares AM, Calderon LDA, Nicolete R. Antileishmanial activity, cytotoxicity and cellular response of amphotericin B in combination with crotamine derived from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom using in vitro and in silico approaches. Toxicon 2022; 217:96-106. [PMID: 35977615 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the in vitro activity, synergism, cytotoxicity and cellular immunological response, as well as the molecular affinity between amphotericin B (AmB) and crotamine (CTA), derived from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom against Leishmania amazonensis. METHODS This study performed the inhibition of promastigotes and amastigotes' growth under different concentrations of the drug and pharmacological combinations (AmB + CTA) based on the Berimbaum method (synergism study). The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) quantification method was used to determine the cytotoxicity of the drug and combinations employing four cell lines (J774, HepG2, VERO, and C2C12). Following, the levels of Tumour Necrose Factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin-12 (IL-12) cytokines, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and nitrites, as an indirect measure of Nitric Oxide (NO), using the Griess reaction were assessed in the supernatants of infected macrophages. In silico approach (molecular docking and dynamics) and binding affinity (surface plasmon resonance) between the drug and toxin were also investigated. RESULTS CTA enhanced AmB effect against promastigote and amastigote forms of L. amazonensis, decreased the drug toxicity in different cell lines and induced the production of important Th1-like cytokines and NO by infected macrophages. The pharmacological combination also displayed consistent molecular interactions with low energy of coupling and a concentration-dependent profile. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that this pharmacological approach is a promising alternative treatment against L. amazonensis infection due to the improved activity (synergistic effect) achieved against the parasites' forms and to the decreased cytotoxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- João R Valentim-Silva
- Post-Doctoral Fellow in Health Sciences, Federal University of Acre (UFAC), Rio Branco, AC, Brazil; Physical Education Department of Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz Rondônia), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rodrigo S Silva
- Center of Study of Biomolecules Applied in Medicine (CEBio), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz Rondônia) and Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Leandro S M Dill
- Center of Study of Biomolecules Applied in Medicine (CEBio), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz Rondônia) and Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Fernando B Zanchi
- Center of Study of Biomolecules Applied in Medicine (CEBio), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz Rondônia) and Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Johnny R do Nascimento
- Immunophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Flávia R F do Nascimento
- Immunophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | | | - Andreimar M Soares
- Center of Study of Biomolecules Applied in Medicine (CEBio), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz Rondônia) and Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; eCentro Universitário São Lucas (UniSL), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Leonardo de A Calderon
- Center of Study of Biomolecules Applied in Medicine (CEBio), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz Rondônia) and Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Roberto Nicolete
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz Rondônia), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz Ceará), Eusébio, CE, Brazil.
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Preparation and Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties and Anti-leishmanial Activity of Zirconium/Tioxolone Niosomes Against Leishmania major. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Bajwa HUR, Khan MK, Abbas Z, Riaz R, Rehman TU, Abbas RZ, Aleem MT, Abbas A, Almutairi MM, Alshammari FA, Alraey Y, Alouffi A. Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Their Role as Potential Drug Candidates for the Treatment of Parasitic Diseases. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050750. [PMID: 35629416 PMCID: PMC9145985 DOI: 10.3390/life12050750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoa, helminths and ectoparasites are the major groups of parasites distributed worldwide. Currently, these parasites are treated with chemotherapeutic antiprotozoal drugs, anti-helminthic and anti-ectoparasitic agents, but, with the passage of time, resistance to these drugs has developed due to overuse. In this scenario, nanoparticles are proving to be a major breakthrough in the treatment and control of parasitic diseases. In the last decade, there has been enormous development in the field of nanomedicine for parasitic control. Gold and silver nanoparticles have shown promising results in the treatments of various types of parasitic infections. These nanoparticles are synthesized through the use of various conventional and molecular technologies and have shown great efficacy. They work in different ways, that include damaging the parasite membrane, DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) disruption, protein synthesis inhibition and free-radical formation. These agents are effective against intracellular parasites as well. Other nanoparticles, such as iron, nickel, zinc and platinum, have also shown good results in the treatment and control of parasitic infections. It is hoped that this research subject will become the future of modern drug development. This review summarizes the methods that are used to synthesize nanoparticles and their possible mechanisms of action against parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Kasib Khan
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (M.K.K.); (Z.A.); (R.Z.A.)
| | - Zaheer Abbas
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (M.K.K.); (Z.A.); (R.Z.A.)
| | - Roshan Riaz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkey;
| | - Tauseef ur Rehman
- Department of Parasitology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (T.u.R.); (A.A.)
| | - Rao Zahid Abbas
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (M.K.K.); (Z.A.); (R.Z.A.)
| | - Muhammad Tahir Aleem
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Asghar Abbas
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MNS-University of Agriculture Multan, Multan 60650, Pakistan;
| | - Mashal M. Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fahdah Ayed Alshammari
- College of Sciences and Literature Microbiology, Arar Northern Border University, Arar 73211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Yasser Alraey
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 62217, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (T.u.R.); (A.A.)
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Joshi G, Quadir SS, Yadav KS. Road map to the treatment of neglected tropical diseases: Nanocarriers interventions. J Control Release 2021; 339:51-74. [PMID: 34555491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neglected tropical disease (NTD) is a set of 20 deadliest endemic diseases which shows its presence in most of the developing countries worldwide. Nearly 1 billion of the population are affected by it and suffered from poverty yearly. These diseases offer their own unique challenges and limitations towards effective prevention and treatment methods. Neglected tropical diseases are severe infections they may not kill the patient but debilitate the patient by causing severe skin deformities, disfigurement and horrible risks for several infections. Existing therapies for neglected diseases suffer from the loopholes like high degree of toxicity, side effects, low bioavailability, improper targeting and problematic application for affected populations. Progress in the field of nanotechnology in last decades suggested the intervention of nanocarriers to take over and drive the research and development to the next level by incorporating established drugs into the nanocarriers rather than discovering the newer drugs which is an expensive affair. These nanocarriers are believed to be a sure shot technique to fight infections at root level by virtue of its nanosize and ability to reach at cellular level. This article highlights the recent advances, rationale, targets and the challenges that are being faced to fight against NTDs and how the novel therapy tactics are able to contribute to its importance in prevention and treatment of NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313001, India
| | - Sheikh Shahnawaz Quadir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313001, India
| | - Khushwant S Yadav
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be University), Mumbai 400056, India.
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Teixeira SC, da Silva MS, Gomes AAS, Moretti NS, Lopes DS, Ferro EAV, Rodrigues VDM. Panacea within a Pandora's box: the antiparasitic effects of phospholipases A 2 (PLA 2s) from snake venoms. Trends Parasitol 2021; 38:80-94. [PMID: 34364805 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases affect millions of individuals worldwide, mainly in low-income regions. There is no cure for most of these diseases, and the treatment relies on drugs that have side effects and lead to drug resistance, emphasizing the urgency to find new treatments. Snake venom has been gaining prominence as a rich source of molecules with antiparasitic potentials, such as phospholipases A2 (PLA2s). Here, we compile the findings involving PLA2s with antiparasitic activities against helminths, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, and trypanosomatids. We indicate their molecular features, highlighting the possible antiparasitic mechanisms of action of these proteins. We also demonstrate interactions between PLA2s and some parasite membrane components, shedding light on potential targets for drug design that may provide better treatment for the illnesses caused by parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cota Teixeira
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia (UFU), MG, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Santos da Silva
- DNA Replication and Repair Laboratory (DRRL), Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Nilmar Silvio Moretti
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Patógenos (LBMP), Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daiana Silva Lopes
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Anísio Teixeira Campus, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Amália Vieira Ferro
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia (UFU), MG, Brazil
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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Prasanna P, Kumar P, Kumar S, Rajana VK, Kant V, Prasad SR, Mohan U, Ravichandiran V, Mandal D. Current status of nanoscale drug delivery and the future of nano-vaccine development for leishmaniasis - A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111920. [PMID: 34328115 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of tropical diseases like leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease, has not received much attention even though it is the second-largest infectious disease after malaria. As per the WHO report, a total of 0.7-1.0 million new leishmaniasis cases, which are spread by 23 Leishmania species in more than 98 countries, are estimated with an alarming 26,000-65,000 death toll every year. Lack of potential vaccines along with the cost and toxicity of amphotericin B (AmB), the most common drug for the treatment of leishmaniasis, has raised the interest significantly for new formulations and drug delivery systems including nanoparticle-based delivery as anti-leishmanial agents. The size, shape, and high surface area to volume ratio of different NPs make them ideal for many biological applications. The delivery of drugs through liposome, polymeric, and solid-lipid NPs provides the advantage of high biocomatibilty of the carrier with reduced toxicity. Importantly, NP-based delivery has shown improved efficacy due to targeted delivery of the payload and synergistic action of NP and payload on the target. This review analyses the advantage of NP-based delivery over standard chemotherapy and natural product-based delivery system. The role of different physicochemical properties of a nanoscale delivery system is discussed. Further, different ways of nanoformulation delivery ranging from liposome, niosomes, polymeric, metallic, solid-lipid NPs were updated along with the possible mechanisms of action against the parasite. The status of current nano-vaccines and the future potential of NP-based vaccine are elaborated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Prasanna
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India.
| | - Prakash Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India.
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India.
| | - Vinod Kumar Rajana
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India.
| | - Vishnu Kant
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India.
| | - Surendra Rajit Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India.
| | - Utpal Mohan
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata 700054, India.
| | - V Ravichandiran
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata 700054, India.
| | - Debabrata Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India.
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Pandian SRK, Panneerselvam T, Pavadai P, Govindaraj S, Ravishankar V, Palanisamy P, Sampath M, Sankaranarayanan M, Kunjiappan S. Nano Based Approach for the Treatment of Neglected Tropical Diseases. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2021.665274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) afflict more than one billion peoples in the world’s poorest countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recorded seventeen NTDs in its portfolio, mainly caused by bacterial, protozoal, parasitic, and viral infections. Each of the NTDs has its unique challenges on human health such as interventions for control, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Research for the development of new drug molecules against NTDs has not been undertaken by pharmaceutical industries due to high investment and low-returns, which results in limited chemotherapeutics in the market. In addition, conventional chemotherapies for the treatment of NTDs are unsatisfactory due to its low efficacy, increased drug resistance, short half-life, potential or harmful fatal toxic side effects, and drug incompetence to reach the site of parasite infection. In this context, active chemotherapies are considered to be re-formulated by overcoming these toxic side effects via a tissue-specific targeted drug delivery system. This review mainly emphasizes the recent developments of nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems for the effective treatment of NTDs especially sleeping sickness, leishmaniasis, chagas disease, soil-transmitted helminthiasis, african trypanosomiasis and dengue. Nanomaterials based drug delivery systems offer enhanced and effective alternative therapy through the re-formulation approach of conventional drugs into site-specific targeted delivery of drugs.
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Kammona O, Tsanaktsidou E. Nanotechnology-aided diagnosis, treatment and prevention of leishmaniasis. Int J Pharm 2021; 605:120761. [PMID: 34081999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a prevalent parasitic infection belonging to neglected tropical diseases. It is caused by Leishmania protozoan parasites transmitted by sandflies and it is responsible for increased morbidity/mortality especially in low- and middle-income countries. The lack of cheap, portable, easy to use diagnostic tools exhibiting high efficiency and specificity impede the early diagnosis of the disease. Furthermore, the typical anti-leishmanial agents are cytotoxic, characterized by low patient compliance and require long-term regimen and usually hospitalization. In addition, due to the intracellular nature of the disease, the existing treatments exhibit low bioavailability resulting in low therapeutic efficacy. The above, combined with the common development of resistance against the anti-leishmanial agents, denote the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, the lack of effective prophylactic vaccines hinders the control of the disease. The development of nanoparticle-based biosensors and nanocarrier-aided treatment and vaccination strategies could advance the diagnosis, therapy and prevention of leishmaniasis. The present review intends to highlight the various nanotechnology-based approaches pursued until now to improve the detection of Leishmania species in biological samples, decrease the side effects and increase the efficacy of anti-leishmanial drugs, and induce enhanced immune responses, specifically focusing on the outcome of their preclinical and clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kammona
- Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, P.O. Box 60361, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Evgenia Tsanaktsidou
- Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, P.O. Box 60361, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Khan MA. Targeted Drug Delivery Using Tuftsin-bearing Liposomes: Implications in the Treatment of Infectious Diseases and Tumors. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:770-778. [PMID: 33243117 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121999201125200756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tuftsin, a tetrapeptide (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg), acts as an immunopotentiating molecule with its ability to bind and activate many immune cells, including macrophages or monocytes, neutrophils and dendritic cells. The specific targeting activity of tuftsin has been further increased by its palmitoylation followed by its incorporation into the lipid bilayer of liposomes. Tuftsin-bearing liposomes (Tuft-liposomes) possess several characteristics that enable them to act as a potential drug and vaccine carriers. Tuft-liposomes-loaded anti-microbial drugs have been shown to be highly effective against many infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, malaria, candidiasis and cryptococosis. Moreover, Tuft-liposomes also increased the activity of anticancer drug etoposide against fibrosarcoma in mice. Tuft-liposomes showed the immune-potentiating effect and rejuvenated the immune cells in the leukopenic mice. In addition, antigens encapsulated in Tuftsin-bearing liposomes demonstrated greater immunogenicity by increasing the T cell proliferation and antibody secretion. Keeping into consideration their specific targeting and immunopotentiating effects, Tuft-liposomes may potentially be used as promising drug and vaccine delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood Alam Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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Jamshaid H, Din FU, Khan GM. Nanotechnology based solutions for anti-leishmanial impediments: a detailed insight. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:106. [PMID: 33858436 PMCID: PMC8051083 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00853-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a neglected tropical disease, Leishmaniasis is significantly instigating morbidity and mortality across the globe. Its clinical spectrum varies from ulcerative cutaneous lesions to systemic immersion causing hyperthermic hepato-splenomegaly. Curbing leishmanial parasite is toughly attributable to the myriad obstacles in existing chemotherapy and immunization. Since the 1990s, extensive research has been conducted for ameliorating disease prognosis, by resolving certain obstacles of conventional therapeutics viz. poor efficacy, systemic toxicity, inadequate drug accumulation inside the macrophage, scarce antigenic presentation to body's immune cells, protracted length and cost of the treatment. Mentioned hurdles can be restricted by designing nano-drug delivery system (nano-DDS) of extant anti-leishmanials, phyto-nano-DDS, surface modified-mannosylated and thiolated nano-DDS. Likewise, antigen delivery with co-transportation of suitable adjuvants would be achievable through nano-vaccines. In the past decade, researchers have engineered nano-DDS to improve the safety profile of existing drugs by restricting their release parameters. Polymerically-derived nano-DDS were found as a suitable option for oral delivery as well as SLNs due to pharmacokinetic re-modeling of drugs. Mannosylated nano-DDS have upgraded macrophage internalizing of nanosystem and the entrapped drug, provided with minimal toxicity. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) was tackling by the utilization of nano-DDS designed for topical delivery including niosomes, liposomes, and transfersomes. Transfersomes, however, appears to be superior for this purpose. The nanotechnology-based solution to prevent parasitic resistance is the use of Thiolated drug-loaded and multiple drugs loaded nano-DDS. These surfaces amended nano-DDS possess augmented IC50 values in comparison to conventional drugs and un-modified nano-DDS. Phyto-nano-DDS, another obscure horizon, have also been evaluated for their anti-leishmanial response, however, more intense assessment is a prerequisite. Impoverished Cytotoxic T-cells response followed by Leishmanial antigen proteins delivery have also been vanquished using nano-adjuvants. The eminence of nano-DDS for curtailment of anti-leishmanial chemotherapy and immunization associated challenges are extensively summed up in this review. This expedited approach is ameliorating the Leishmaniasis management successfully. Alongside, total to partial eradication of this disease can be sought along with associated co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humzah Jamshaid
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Fakhar Ud Din
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Gul Majid Khan
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
- Islamia College University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
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Riezk A, Van Bocxlaer K, Yardley V, Murdan S, Croft SL. Activity of Amphotericin B-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles against Experimental Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Molecules 2020; 25:E4002. [PMID: 32887341 PMCID: PMC7504813 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25174002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan nanoparticles have gained attention as drug delivery systems (DDS) in the medical field as they are both biodegradable and biocompatible with reported antimicrobial and anti-leishmanial activities. We investigated the application of chitosan nanoparticles as a DDS for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) by preparing two types of chitosan nanoparticles: positively charged with tripolyphosphate sodium (TPP) and negatively charged with dextran sulphate. Amphotericin B (AmB) was incorporated into these nanoparticles. Both types of AmB-loaded nanoparticles demonstrated in vitro activity against Leishmania major intracellular amastigotes, with similar activity to unencapsulated AmB, but with a significant lower toxicity to KB-cells and red blood cells. In murine models of CL caused by L. major, intravenous administration of AmB-loaded chitosan-TPP nanoparticles (Size = 69 ± 8 nm, Zeta potential = 25.5 ± 1 mV, 5 mg/kg/for 10 days on alternate days) showed a significantly higher efficacy than AmBisome® (10 mg/kg/for 10 days on alternate days) in terms of reduction of lesion size and parasite load (measured by both bioluminescence and qPCR). Poor drug permeation into and through mouse skin, using Franz diffusion cells, showed that AmB-loaded chitosan nanoparticles are not appropriate candidates for topical treatment of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Riezk
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK or (A.R.); (K.V.B.); (V.Y.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK;
| | - Katrien Van Bocxlaer
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK or (A.R.); (K.V.B.); (V.Y.)
- Department of Biology, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Vanessa Yardley
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK or (A.R.); (K.V.B.); (V.Y.)
| | - Sudaxshina Murdan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK;
| | - Simon L. Croft
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK or (A.R.); (K.V.B.); (V.Y.)
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Glucantime-loaded electrospun core-shell nanofibers composed of poly(ethylene oxide)/gelatin-poly(vinyl alcohol)/chitosan as dressing for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:288-297. [PMID: 32610052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, one of the main concerns of the World Health Organization, is a parasitic disease caused by Leishmania species. The main objective of this study was to prepare a topical drug delivery system that can deliver glucantime to the site of cutaneous Leishmania wounds. Using the electrospinning method, a core-shell nanofibrous mat composed of macromolecules including polyethylene oxide, gelatin, poly (vinyl alcohol) and chitosan was prepared. The prepared nanofibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), tensile test and in vitro drug release test. The anti-Leishmania activities of drug-loaded nanofibers against Leishmania promastigotes and its cytotoxicity on fibroblasts were determined respectively by flow-cytometry and indirect MTT methods. Results of morphological studies showed that uniform nanofibers were prepared without any bead with average diameter of 404 nm. The TEM investigation confirmed the core-shell structure of the fibers. The in-vitro drug release assay was executed using Franz diffusion cell, which indicted 84% of glucantime was released during the first 9 h. The results indicated that 4 and 6 cm2 of nanofibers mat were significantly killed promatigotes up to 78%. Moreover, the MTT assay also showed that the fabricated nanofibers do not possess any cytotoxicity towards fibroblast cells.
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Sani A, Hassan D, Khalil AT, Mughal A, El-Mallul A, Ayaz M, Yessimbekov Z, Shinwari ZK, Maaza M. Floral extracts-mediated green synthesis of NiO nanoparticles and their diverse pharmacological evaluations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:4133-4147. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1775120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Sani
- National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Dilawar Hassan
- National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa chair in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ali Talha Khalil
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa chair in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology, Qarshi University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Affifa Mughal
- College of Pharmacy, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences (LUMHS), Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed El-Mallul
- Department of Food Engineering, Warsaw Medical University, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Muhammad Ayaz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
| | - Zhanibek Yessimbekov
- Department of Food Engineering, Shakarim State University of Semey, Semey City, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Malik Maaza
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa chair in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town, South Africa
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Thakur S, Joshi J, Kaur S. Leishmaniasis diagnosis: an update on the use of parasitological, immunological and molecular methods. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:253-272. [PMID: 32419743 PMCID: PMC7223249 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01212-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of leishmaniasis has always been a major challenge as its clinical features resemble some other commonly occurring diseases such as tuberculosis, typhoid, and malaria. Reliable laboratory methods become important for differential diagnosis. Demonstration of the parasites in stained preparations of bone marrow and splenic aspirates being risky and invasive is still the gold standard for diagnosis. Serological tests utilizing rapid immunochromatographic formats or rK39 in enzyme linked immune sorbent assay, immunoblotting, direct agglutination test have complications related to high proportions of positive asymptomatic individuals and the inability to diagnose a relapse. Among the molecular techniques, polymerase chain reaction is the most commonly used technique that is successfully implied for diagnosis. This review provides updated information on the recent developments in the field of diagnosis in leishmaniasis, various methods utilized with their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Thakur
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014 India
| | - Jyoti Joshi
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014 India
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014 India
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Islam A, Ain Q, Munawar A, Corrêa Junior JD, Khan A, Ahmad F, Demicheli C, Shams DF, Ullah I, Sohail MF, Yasinzai M, Frézard F, Nadhman A. Reactive oxygen species generating photosynthesized ferromagnetic iron oxide nanorods as promising antileishmanial agent. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:755-771. [PMID: 32193975 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2019-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the photodynamic therapeutic potential of ferromagnetic iron oxide nanorods (FIONs), using Trigonella foenum-graecum as a reducing agent, against Leishmania tropica. Materials & methods: FIONs were characterized using ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Results: FIONs showed excellent activity against L. tropica promastigotes and amastigotes (IC50 0.036 ± 0.003 and 0.072 ± 0.001 μg/ml, respectively) upon 15 min pre-incubation light-emitting diode light (84 lm/W) exposure, resulting in reactive oxygen species generation and induction of cell death via apoptosis. FIONs were found to be highly biocompatible with human erythrocytes (LD50 779 ± 21 μg/ml) and significantly selective (selectivity index >1000) against murine peritoneal macrophages (CC50 102.7 ± 2.9 μg/ml). Conclusion: Due to their noteworthy in vitro antileishmanial properties, FIONs should be further investigated in an in vivo model of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Islam
- Sulaiman Bin Abdullah Aba Al Khail Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.,Postgraduate Program in Physiology & Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Quratul Ain
- Sulaiman Bin Abdullah Aba Al Khail Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Amna Munawar
- Sulaiman Bin Abdullah Aba Al Khail Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - José Dias Corrêa Junior
- Departamento of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Cynthia Demicheli
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Dilawar Farhan Shams
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ullah
- Sulaiman Bin Abdullah Aba Al Khail Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farhan Sohail
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Masoom Yasinzai
- Sulaiman Bin Abdullah Aba Al Khail Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Frédéric Frézard
- Postgraduate Program in Physiology & Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Akhtar Nadhman
- Institute of Integrative Biosciences, CECOS University of IT & Emerging Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan
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Borsari C, Jiménez-Antón MD, Eick J, Bifeld E, Torrado JJ, Olías-Molero AI, Corral MJ, Santarem N, Baptista C, Severi L, Gul S, Wolf M, Kuzikov M, Ellinger B, Reinshagen J, Witt G, Linciano P, Tait A, Costantino L, Luciani R, Tejera Nevado P, Zander-Dinse D, Franco CH, Ferrari S, Moraes CB, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Ponterini G, Clos J, Alunda JM, Costi MP. Discovery of a benzothiophene-flavonol halting miltefosine and antimonial drug resistance in Leishmania parasites through the application of medicinal chemistry, screening and genomics. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 183:111676. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Esfandiari F, Motazedian M, Asgari Q, Morowvat M, Molaei M, Heli H. Paromomycin-loaded mannosylated chitosan nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization and targeted drug delivery against leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2019; 197:105045. [PMID: 31158341 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form of leishmaniasis caused by different species of Leishmania parasites. The emergence of resistance, toxicity, long term treatment, high cost of the current drugs, and intracellular nature of the parasite are the major difficulties for the treatment of leishmaniasis. Although the therapeutic effect of paromomycin (PM) on leishmaniasisLeishmania parasite). PM-loaded into mannosylated CS (MCS) nanoparticles using dextran (PM-MCS-dex-NPs) was prepared by ionic gelation and then characterized. The particle size and Zeta potential of PM-MCS-dex-NPs were obtained as 246 nm and + 31 mV, respectively. Mannosylation of CS was qualitatively evaluated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and quantitatively measured by CHNO elemental analysis; also, a mannosylation level of 17% (w) was attained. Encapsulation efficiency (EE), drug release profile, and THP-1 cell uptake potential were determined. A value of 83.5% for EE and a higher release rate in acidic media were achieved. THP-1 cell uptake level of PM-MCS-dex-NPs after 6 h was ˜2.8 and ˜3.9 times of non-mannosylated CS nanoparticles (PM-CS-dexIn vitroGlucantim, PM-CS-dex-NPs, and PM-MCS-dex-NPs after 48 h were obtained as 1846 ± 158, 1234 ± 93, 784 ± 52 and 2714 ± 126 μg mL-1Glucantim, PM-CS-dex-NPs, and PM-MCS-dex-NPs after 48 h were obtained as 105.0 ± 14.0, 169.5 ± 9.8, 65.8 ± 7.3 and 17.8 ± 1.0 μg mL-1Glucantim, PM-CS-dex-NPs and PM-MCS-dexGlucantim, PM-CS-dex-NPs, and PM-MCS-dex-NPs at a typical concentration of 20 μg mL-1 were 71.78, 69.94, 83.14 and 33.41%, respectively. While the effect of PM-CS-dex-NPs was more salient on amastigotes, PM-MCS-dex-NPs effectively affected both stages of the parasite, especially the amastigote one. This indicated that the mannosylated formulation acts as a targeted delivery system. The findings of this study revealed that this novel targeted formulation represented a strong anti-leishmanial activity.
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Esfandiari F, Motazedian M, Asgari Q, Morowvat M, Molaei M, Heli H. Paromomycin-loaded mannosylated chitosan nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization and targeted drug delivery against leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2019; 197:105072. [PMID: 31300160 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form of leishmaniasis caused by different species of Leishmania parasites. The emergence of resistance, toxicity, long term treatment, high cost of the current drugs, and intracellular nature of the parasite are the major difficulties for the treatment of leishmaniasis. Although the therapeutic effect of paromomycin (PM) on leishmaniasis has been investigated in different studies, it has a low oral absorption and short half-life, leading to a decreased drug efficacy. Therefore, new and targeted carriers with no such problems are needed. In the present study, PM was loaded into chitosan (CS) nanoparticles accompanied by targeting to macrophages (as the host of Leishmania parasite). PM-loaded into mannosylated CS (MCS) nanoparticles using dextran (PM-MCS-dex-NPs) was prepared by ionic gelation and then characterized. The particle size and zeta potential of PM-MCS-dex-NPs were obtained as 246 nm and +31 mV, respectively. Mannosylation of CS was qualitatively evaluated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and quantitatively measured by CHNO elemental analysis; also, a mannosylation level of 17% (w) was attained. Encapsulation efficiency (EE), drug release profile, and THP-1 cell uptake potential were determined. A value of 83.5% for EE and a higher release rate in acidic media were achieved. THP-1 cell uptake level of PM-MCS-dex-NPs after 6 h was ˜2.8 and ˜3.9 times of non-mannosylated CS nanoparticles (PM-CS-dex-NPs) and PM aqueous solution, respectively. In vitro cell cytotoxicity and promastigote and amastigote viabilities were evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Half-maximal inhibitory concentration values toward the THP-1 cells for PM aqueous solution, Glucantim, PM-CS-dex-NPs, and PM-MCS-dex-NPs after 48 h were obtained as 1846 ± 158, 1234 ± 93, 784 ± 52 and 2714 ± 126 μg mL-1, respectively. Half-maximal inhibitory concentration values toward the promastigotes for PM aqueous solution, Glucantim, PM-CS-dex-NPs, and PM-MCS-dex-NPs after 48 h were obtained as 105.0 ± 14.0, 169.5 ± 9.8, 65.8 ± 7.3 and 17.8 ± 1.0 μg mL-1, respectively. Selectivity (therapeutic) indices for PM aqueous solution, Glucantim, PM-CS-dex-NPs and PM-MCS-dex-NPs after 48 h were obtained as 24.6, 17.5, 3.7 and 214, respectively. The parasite burden in THP-1 cells after 48 h treatment with PM aqueous solution, Glucantim, PM-CS-dex-NPs, and PM-MCS-dex-NPs at a typical concentration of 20 μg mL-1 were 71.78, 69.94, 83.14 and 33.41%, respectively. While the effect of PM-CS-dex-NPs was more salient on amastigotes, PM-MCS-dex-NPs effectively affected both stages of the parasite, especially the amastigote one. This indicated that the mannosylated formulation acts as a targeted delivery system. The findings of this study revealed that this novel targeted formulation represented a strong anti-leishmanial activity.
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Parizi MH, Farajzadeh S, Sharifi I, Pardakhty A, Parizi MHD, Sharifi H, Salarkia E, Hassanzadeh S. Antileishmanial Activity of Niosomal Combination Forms of Tioxolone along with Benzoxonium Chloride against Leishmania tropica. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 57:359-368. [PMID: 31533402 PMCID: PMC6753291 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we carried out extensive in vitro studies on various concentrations of tioxolone along with benzoxonium chloride and their niosomal forms against Leishmania tropica. Niosomes were prepared by the hydration method and were evaluated for morphology, size, release study, and encapsulation efficiency. This study measured leishmanicidal activity against promastigote and amastigote, apoptosis and gene expression levels of free solution and niosomal-encapsulated tioxolone along with benzoxonium chloride. Span/Tween 60 niosome had good physical stability and high encapsulation efficiency (more than 97%). The release profile of the entrapped compound showed that a gradual release rate. The combination of niosomal forms on promastigote and amastigote were more effective than glucantime. Also, the niosomal form of this compound was significantly less toxic than glucantime (P≤0.05). The flowcytometric analysis on niosomal form of drugs showed that higher number of early apoptotic event as the principal mode of action (89.13% in 200 μg/ml). Also, the niosomal compound increased the expression level of IL-12 and metacaspase genes and decreased the expression level of the IL-10 gene, which further confirming the immunomodulatory role as the mechanism of action. We observed the synergistic effects of these 2 drugs that induced the apoptotic pathways and also up regulation of an immunomodulatory role against as the main mode of action. Also, niosomal form of this combination was safe and demonstrated strong anti-leishmaniasis effects highlights further therapeutic approaches against anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in future planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hakimi Parizi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Farajzadeh
- Department of Pediatric dermatology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abbas Pardakhty
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Sharifi
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ehsan Salarkia
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeid Hassanzadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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Khan M, Ali M, Shah W, Shah A, Yasinzai MM. Curcumin-loaded self-emulsifying drug delivery system (cu-SEDDS): a promising approach for the control of primary pathogen and secondary bacterial infections in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:7481-7490. [PMID: 31300853 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09990-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis being a neglected tropical disease (NTD) faces several challenges in chemotherapy. If infected with secondary bacterial infections, the treatment regime of cutaneous ulcers in cutaneous leishmaniasis is further complicated which usually require two or more than two chemotherapeutic agents for healing. In the current study, seven curcumin-loaded self-emulsifying drug delivery system (cu-SEDDS) formulations (namely F1-F7) were prepared by mixing different excipients (oils, surfactants, and co-solvents) through stirring (vortex) and sonication. The formulations were characterized regarding their droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential by zeta sizer. The cu-SEDDS formulations displayed different sizes ranging from 32.4 up to 80.0 nm. The zeta potential of the formulations ranged from - 1.56 up to - 4.8. The antileishmanial activities of the cu-SEDDS formulations in terms of IC50 against Leishmania tropica ranged from 0.19 up to 0.37 μg/ml. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of these formulations against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were in the range of 48-62 μg/ml. The hemolysis caused by formulations was 1-2%. The spreading potential of the formulations (F1 and F5) over damaged skin model was remarkable. These results suggest that cu-SEDDS further enhanced the broad spectrum antileishmanial and antibacterial profile of curcumin and could be used for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and its associated secondary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momin Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (IBMS), Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Walayat Shah
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (IBMS), Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Akram Shah
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Masoom Yasinzai
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. .,Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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26
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Ahmad B, Islam A, Khan A, Khan MA, ul Haq I, Jafri L, Ahmad M, Mehwish S, Khan A, Ullah N. Comprehensive investigations on anti-leishmanial potentials of Euphorbia wallichii root extract and its effects on membrane permeability and apoptosis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 64:138-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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27
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Bandeira P, Souza JPA, Scariot DB, Garcia FP, Nakamura CV, de Oliveira ARM, Piovan L. Diacetal Ditellurides as Highly Active and Selective Antiparasitic Agents toward Leishmania amazonensis. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:806-810. [PMID: 31098003 PMCID: PMC6511953 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease and a public health concern in at least 98 countries, affecting mainly the poorest populations. Pharmaceuticals and chemotherapies available for leishmaniasis treatment have several limitations, which clearly justify the efforts to find new potential antileishmanial drugs. In this context, antiprotozoal activities toward different Leishmania species have been reported for hypervalent tellurium compounds, which motivated us to investigate, for the first time, the leishmanicidal properties of some nonhypervalent diaryl ditellurides. Thus, this work describes in vitro activity against Leishmania amazonensis and the cytotoxicities of diaryl ditellurides. Ditelluride LQ7 revealed a strong leishmanicidal activity on promastigotes and amastigotes at submicromolar levels (IC50 = 0.9 ± 0.1 and 0.5 ± 0.1 μmol L-1, respectively) and presented selectivity indexes greater than those of reference drug miltefosine. This preliminary study suggests that diaryl ditellurides may be promising scaffolds for the development of new agents for leishmaniasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela
T. Bandeira
- Department
of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba 4106902, Brazil
| | - João Pedro A. Souza
- Department
of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba 4106902, Brazil
| | - Débora B. Scariot
- Health
Sciences Center, Universidade Estadual de
Maringá, Maringá 4115200, Brazil
| | - Francielle P. Garcia
- Health
Sciences Center, Universidade Estadual de
Maringá, Maringá 4115200, Brazil
| | - Celso V. Nakamura
- Health
Sciences Center, Universidade Estadual de
Maringá, Maringá 4115200, Brazil
| | | | - Leandro Piovan
- Department
of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba 4106902, Brazil
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28
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Khan M, Nadhman A, Shah W, Khan I, Yasinzai M. Formulation and characterisation of a self‐nanoemulsifying drug delivery system of amphotericin B for the treatment of leishmaniasis. IET Nanobiotechnol 2019. [PMCID: PMC8676240 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2018.5281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to develop a self‐nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for amphotericin B (AmB) potential use in leishmaniasis through topical and oral routes. Two formulations, formulation A and formulation B (FA and FB) of AmB loaded SNEDDS were developed by mixing their excipients through vortex and sonication. The SNEDDS formulation FA and FB displayed a mean droplet size of 27.70 ± 0.5 and 30.17 ± 0.7 nm and zeta potential −11.4 ± 3.25 and −13.6 ± 2.75 mV, respectively. The mucus permeation study showed that formulation FA and FB diffused 1.45 and 1.37%, respectively in up to 8 mm of mucus. The cell permeation across Caco‐2 cells monolayer was 10 and 11%, respectively. Viability of Caco‐2 cells was 89% for FA and 86.9% for FB. The anti‐leishmanial activities of FA in terms of IC50 were 0.017 µg/ml against promastigotes and 0.025 µg/ml against amastigotes, while IC50 values of FB were 0.031 and 0.056 µg/ml, respectively. FA and FB killed macrophage harboured Leishmania parasites in a dose‐dependent manner and a concentration of 0.1 µg/ml killed 100% of the parasites. These formulations have the potential to provide a promising tool for AmB use through oral and topical routes in leishmaniasis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momin Khan
- Department of BiotechnologyQuaid‐I‐Azam UniversityIslamabadPakistan
- Department of Pharmaceutical TechnologyInstitute of PharmacyCentre for Chemistry and Biomedicine (CCB) University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical UniversityPeshawarPakistan
| | - Akhtar Nadhman
- Institute of Integrative Biosciences, CECOS University of Science and Information TechnologyPeshawarPakistan
| | - Walayat Shah
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical UniversityPeshawarPakistan
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of BiotechnologyQuaid‐I‐Azam UniversityIslamabadPakistan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and ManagementNational Cancer Center‐809 Madu‐dongIlsan‐gu, Goyang‐siGyeonggi‐do0‐769Republic of Korea
| | - Masoom Yasinzai
- Department of BiotechnologyQuaid‐I‐Azam UniversityIslamabadPakistan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, International Islamic University IslamabadIslamabadPakistan
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29
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Hakimi Parizi M, Pardakhty A, sharifi I, Farajzadeh S, Daie Parizi MH, Sharifi H, Keyhani AR, Mostafavi M, Bamorovat M, Ghaffari D. Antileishmanial activity and immune modulatory effects of benzoxonium chloride and its entrapped forms in niosome on Leishmania tropica. J Parasit Dis 2019; 43:406-415. [PMID: 31406406 PMCID: PMC6667517 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-019-01105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzoxonium chloride is an anti-infective agent that is used as anti-septic drugs for disinfection of the mucus membrane, skin surface and anti-bacterial, and it is also found to be effective against cutaneous leishmaniasis. The present study aims to evaluate the leishmanicidal activity of benzoxonium chloride and niosomal forms against Leishmania tropica stages. Benzoxonium chloride niosomes were prepared by the thin film hydration method and evaluated for morphology, particle size and release study and encapsulation efficiency. This study measured the cytotoxicity, leishmanicidal activity against promastigote and intra macrophage amastigote, apoptosis, and mRNA transcripts by quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) of free solution and niosomal-encapsulated benzoxonium chloride. Span/Tween 60 niosomal formulation of benzoxonium chloride showed superior physical stability and high encapsulation efficiency (96%) than the other forms. Release from the formulations showed that the Span/Tween 60 containing drug had a milder gradient so that 10% of the drug was not released after 4 h. The benzoxonium chloride and niosomal forms inhibited the in vitro growth of promastigote and amastigote forms of L. tropica after 48 h of incubation and represented IC50 values of 90.7 ± 2.7 and 25.4 ± 0.6 μg/ mL, respectively. The rate of apoptosis in niosomal formulations was approximately equal to the positive control (meglumine antimoniate) at the same concentration. Also, an increase in the concentration of this drug reduced the expression of IL-10, but increased the expression of IL-12. The niosomal formulations provided improved anti-leishmanial activities of benzoxonium chloride and played an immunomodulatory role as the mode of action in the treatment of anthroponotic CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hakimi Parizi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abbas Pardakhty
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 76175-493, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Farajzadeh
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Sharifi
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Keyhani
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahshid Mostafavi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Daryoush Ghaffari
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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30
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Antileishmanial Evaluation of the Leaf Latex of Aloe macrocarpa, Aloin A/B, and Its Semisynthetic Derivatives against Two Leishmania Species. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:4736181. [PMID: 30915146 PMCID: PMC6409032 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4736181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The currently available antileishmanial drugs are either toxic or too expensive for routine use in developing countries where the disease is most common. Local people in the Somalia region of Ethiopia use the leaves of Aloe macrocarpa Todaro for the treatment of malaria, jaundice, and skin diseases. In our ongoing search for new, efficient, and safe antileishmanial drugs, we investigated the leaf latex of Aloe macrocarpa and its acid-hydrolyzed product aloin A/B (1), as well as the semisynthesized derivatives of aloin A/B, namely, aloe-emodin (2) and rhein (3) against promastigotes and axenically cultured amastigotes of Leishmania aethiopica and L. donovani clinical isolates. Activity study was carried out based on the fluorescence characteristic of resazurin added to drug-treated cultures. Oxidative hydrolysis of aloin A/B by ferric chloride and concentrated hydrochloric acid afforded aloe-emodin (2), which was further oxidized using sodium nitrite and concentrated sulfuric acid to furnish rhein (3). Cytotoxicity study of test substances was performed against human monocytic cell line THP-1 using Alamar Blue and cell viability was measured fluorometrically. The test compounds showed lower activity (IC50 = 6.7 to 12.1 μM for promastigotes and IC50 = 3.6 to 10.2 μM for axenic amastigotes) than the reference drug amphotericin B (IC50 = 1.3 to 2.7 μM). However, amphotericin B (LC50 = 11.1 μM) was much more toxic than the test compounds (LC50 = 369.2 – 611.6 μM) towards human monocytic cell line (THP-1) despite its efficiency. As demonstrated in the current study, high selectivity indices (SIs) of the test compounds represent a remarkable advantage over the reference drug and highlight their potential use as templates for further development of safe leishmanicidal drugs.
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31
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Iqbal G, Faisal S, Khan S, Shams DF, Nadhman A. Photo-inactivation and efflux pump inhibition of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus using thiolated cobalt doped ZnO nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 192:141-146. [PMID: 30735955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) in bacteria is a major concern these days. One of the reasons is the mutation in efflux pump that prevents the retention of antibiotics and drugs in the bacterial cell. The current work is a step to overcome MDR in bacteria via inhibition of efflux pump and further photoinhibition by thiolated chitosan coated cobalt doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (Co-ZnO) in visible light. Co-ZnO were synthesized in a size range of 40-60 nm. Antibacterial activity of the Co-ZnO against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was found 100% at a concentration of 10 μg/ml upon activation in sunlight for 15 min. Interestingly, it was found that cobalt as a dopant was able to increase the photodynamic and photothermal activity of Co-ZnO, as in dark conditions, there was only 3-5% of inhibition at 10 μg/ml of nanoparticle concentration. Upon excitation in light, these nanoparticles were able to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) with a quantum yield of 0.23 ± 0.034. The nanoparticles were also generating heat, Because of the magnetic nature, thus helping in more killing. Thiolated chitosan further helped in blocking the efflux pump of MRSA. The current nanoparticles were also found biocompatible on human red blood cells (LD50 = 214 μg/ml). These data suggest that the MRSA killing ability was facilitated through efflux inhibition and oxidative stress upon excitation in visible light hence, were in accordance with previous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulrukh Iqbal
- Institute of Integrative Biosciences, CECOS University of IT and emerging sciences, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Sulaiman Faisal
- Institute of Integrative Biosciences, CECOS University of IT and emerging sciences, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Sara Khan
- Institute of Integrative Biosciences, CECOS University of IT and emerging sciences, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Dilawar Farhan Shams
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Akhtar Nadhman
- Institute of Integrative Biosciences, CECOS University of IT and emerging sciences, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan.
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32
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Afzal I, Sarwar HS, Sohail MF, Varikuti S, Jahan S, Akhtar S, Yasinzai M, Satoskar AR, Shahnaz G. Mannosylated thiolated paromomycin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for the oral therapy of visceral leishmaniasis. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:387-406. [PMID: 30688557 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The present study evaluates the efficacy of paromomycin (PM)-loaded mannosylated thiomeric nanoparticles for the targeted delivery to pathological organs for the oral therapy of visceral leishmaniasis. MATERIALS & METHODS Mannosylated thiolated chitosan (MTC)-coated PM-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (MTC-PLGA-PM) were synthesized and evaluated for morphology, drug release, permeation enhancing and antileishmanial potential. RESULTS MTC-PLGA-PM were spherical in shape with a size of 391.24 ± 6.91 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of 67.16 ± 14%. Ex vivo permeation indicated 12.73-fold higher permeation of PM with MTC-PLGA-PM against the free PM. Flow cytometry indicated enhanced macrophage uptake and parasite killing in Leishmania donovani infected macrophage model. In vitro antileishmanial activity indicated 36-fold lower IC50 for MTC-PLGA-PM as compared with PM. The in vivo studies indicated 3.6-fold reduced parasitic burden in the L. donovani infected BALB/c mice model. CONCLUSION The results encouraged the concept of MTC-PLGA-PM nanoparticles as promising strategy for visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Afzal
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Shoaib Sarwar
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.,Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farhan Sohail
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.,Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sanjay Varikuti
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43201, USA
| | - Sarwat Jahan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Akhtar
- Department of Entomology, University College of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Masoom Yasinzai
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abhay R Satoskar
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43201, USA
| | - Gul Shahnaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.,Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43201, USA
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33
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Varikuti S, Jha BK, Volpedo G, Ryan NM, Halsey G, Hamza OM, McGwire BS, Satoskar AR. Host-Directed Drug Therapies for Neglected Tropical Diseases Caused by Protozoan Parasites. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2655. [PMID: 30555425 PMCID: PMC6284052 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) caused by protozoan parasites are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current treatments using anti-parasitic drugs are toxic and prolonged with poor patient compliance. In addition, emergence of drug-resistant parasites is increasing worldwide. Hence, there is a need for safer and better therapeutics for these infections. Host-directed therapy using drugs that target host pathways required for pathogen survival or its clearance is a promising approach for treating infections. This review will give a summary of the current status and advances of host-targeted therapies for treating NTDs caused by protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Varikuti
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Bijay Kumar Jha
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Greta Volpedo
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Nathan M Ryan
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Gregory Halsey
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Omar M Hamza
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Bradford S McGwire
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Abhay R Satoskar
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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34
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Farajzadeh S, Ahmadi R, Mohammadi S, Pardakhty A, Khalili M, Aflatoonian M. Evaluation of the efficacy of intralesional Glucantime plus niosomal zinc sulphate in comparison with intralesional Glucantime plus cryotherapy in the treatment of acute cutaneous leishmaniasis, a randomized clinical trial. J Parasit Dis 2018; 42:616-620. [PMID: 30538362 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-018-1044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatment modalities in cutaneous leishmaniasis have low efficacy and high toxicity as well as high rate of resistance to treatment. In this study, for the first time we decided to evaluate efficacy of intralesional Glucantime plus niosomal zinc sulphate in comparison with intralesional Glucantime plus cryotherapy in the treatment of acute cutaneous leishmaniasis. This is a case-control study on 64 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kerman-Iran. Patients were categorized in 2 groups A and B whom were treated with weekly intralesional meglumine antimonite plus twice daily niosomal topical zinc sulphate versus weekly intralesional Glucantime plus every other week cryotherapy, respectively. We assessed the efficacy of treatment modalities (as partial and complete response) and their adverse effects by measuring size of the lesions every 2 weeks up to maximum of 12 weeks and 3 months after the end of the treatment. Partial response rate was 16.6% and 12.9% in group A and B, respectively (P = 0.784). Complete response rate was 73.3% and 80.6% in group A and B, respectively (P = 0.784). Complete response rate was achieved in 4.73 ± 0.29 weeks and 4.69 ± 0.28 weeks in group A and B, respectively (P = 0.925). Partial response rate was achieved in 2.92 ± 0.23 weeks and 2.65 ± 0.18 weeks, respectively (P = 0.365). Combination of niosomal zinc sulphate with intralesional Glucantime has equal efficacy versus combination of cryotherapy plus intralesional Glucantime in the treatment of acute cutaneous leishmaniasis. So, it can be used in cases that have resistance to first-line treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Farajzadeh
- 1Leishmaniasis Research Center, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Rahim Ahmadi
- 2Dermatology Department, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saman Mohammadi
- 1Leishmaniasis Research Center, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abbas Pardakhty
- 3Pharmaceutics Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Khalili
- 1Leishmaniasis Research Center, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahin Aflatoonian
- 1Leishmaniasis Research Center, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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35
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Potent in vitro antileishmanial activity of a nanoformulation of cisplatin with carbon nanotubes against Leishmania major. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2018; 16:11-16. [PMID: 30244039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity and antileishmanial activity of cisplatin-bonded carbon nanotubes both against promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania major in vitro. METHODS Cisplatin-bonded single-walled carbon nanotubes (CP-SWCNT) and cisplatin-bonded multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CP-MWCNT) were considered as test compounds. In addition, SWCNT, MWCNT, free cisplatin and meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime®) were considered as controls. The effect of each compound was evaluated both on promastigote and amastigote stages of L. major and the results were compared. RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference between the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of CP-SWCNT and each of the controls, including SWCNT, cisplatin and Glucantime® (P<0.05). In addition, IC50 values of CP-MWCNT and each of the controls, including MWCNT, cisplatin and Glucantime®, were significantly different both for promastigotes and amastigotes (P<0.05). However, the selectivity index (SI) of CP-SWCNT was <10 (5.23), indicating that this compound is not completely safe. Moreover, the SI values of CP-MWCNT (12.54) and Glucantime® (16.28) were >10, indicating the selective effect of these two compounds on the parasite. Moreover, the IC50 of CP-MWCNT (0.11±0.09μM) for amastigotes was 41-fold lower than that of Glucantime® (4.52±1.31μM), suggesting that a lower dose of CP-MWCNT in comparison with Glucantime® is required to kill 50% of amastigotes. CONCLUSIONS According to the potent in vitro antileishmanial activity of CP-MWCNT at low concentration against L. major, we suggest that they are evaluated in an animal model.
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Molecular Cloning and Biochemical Characterization of Iron Superoxide Dismutase from Leishmania braziliensis. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 60:595-600. [PMID: 29951736 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-018-0095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases, with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. Among the clinical manifestations of the disease, cutaneous leishmaniasis, caused by species of Leishmania braziliensis, presents wide distribution in Brazil. In this work, we performed the cloning, expression, and purification of the enzyme superoxide dismutase of Leishmania braziliensis (LbSOD-B2) considered a promising target for the search of new compounds against leishmaniasis. In vitro assays based on pyrogallol oxidation showed that LbSOD-B2 is most active around pH 8 and hydrogen peroxide is a LbSOD-B2 inhibitor at low millimolar range (IC50 = 1 mM).
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Tavares GDSV, Mendonça DVC, Lage DP, Granato JDT, Ottoni FM, Ludolf F, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Duarte MC, Tavares CAP, Alves RJ, Coimbra ES, Coelho EAF. Antileishmanial Activity, Cytotoxicity and Mechanism of Action of Clioquinol Against Leishmania infantum and Leishmania amazonensis Species. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 123:236-246. [PMID: 29481714 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a quinoline derivate, clioquinol (5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol), was evaluated against Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania infantum promastigotes and amastigotes. The cytotoxicity in murine macrophages and human red blood cells, as well as the efficacy in treating infected macrophages and the inhibition of infection using pre-treated parasites were also evaluated. Results showed that clioquinol inhibited L. amazonensis and L. infantum promastigotes with effective concentration 50% (EC50 ) values of 2.55 ± 0.25 and 1.44 ± 0.35 μg/mL, respectively, and of 1.88 ± 0.13 and 0.98 ± 0.17 μg/mL against axenic amastigotes, respectively. The cytotoxic EC50 concentrations of clioquinol in murine macrophages and human red blood cells were, respectively, 255 ± 23 and 489 ± 20 μg/mL. With these results, the selectivity index was calculated, showing values of 99.9 and 177.1 against promastigotes, respectively, and of 135.6 and 260.1 against axenic amastigotes, respectively. Significant reductions in the percentage of infected macrophages after treatment using clioquinol were also observed, as well as when parasites were pre-treated with clioquinol and used to infect murine macrophages. The mechanism of action of clioquinol was investigated in L. amazonensis, and results revealed morphological and biochemical alterations in the clioquinol-treated parasites, including reduction in cell volume, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, increase in the ROS production and rupture of the plasma membrane. The externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS) at the cell surface was evaluated in treated parasites that had been doubly labelled with annexin and propidium iodide (PI). The results showed no significant difference for PS exposure when compared to the untreated control, although a significant increase in the PI/annexin V-labelled cell population was found in the treated parasites. Results suggest that clioquinol induces a discontinuity of the parasite membrane, possibly related to a characteristic event of cell death caused by necrosis. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the antileishmanial activity of clioquinol against two relevant Leishmania species and suggests that the mitochondria of the parasites may be a possible biological target leading to parasite necrosis. Our findings suggest that clioquinol may have a potential application in treatment of leishmaniasis and further studies should be performed in infected mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grasiele de Sousa Vieira Tavares
- Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medicine School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Débora Vasconcelos Costa Mendonça
- Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medicine School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela Pagliara Lage
- Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medicine School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana da Trindade Granato
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flaviano Melo Ottoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Pharmacy School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ludolf
- Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medicine School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli
- Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medicine School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana Costa Duarte
- Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medicine School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Pereira Tavares
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo José Alves
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Pharmacy School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elaine Soares Coimbra
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Antonio Ferraz Coelho
- Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medicine School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Viana SM, Celes FS, Ramirez L, Kolli B, Ng DKP, Chang KP, de Oliveira CI. Photodynamic Vaccination of BALB/c Mice for Prophylaxis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania amazonensis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:165. [PMID: 29467751 PMCID: PMC5808246 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Photosensitizers (PS), like porphyrins and phthalocyanines (PC) are excitable by light to generate cytotoxic singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species in the presence of atmospheric O2. Photodynamic inactivation of Leishmania by this means renders them non-viable, but preserves their effective use as vaccines. Leishmania can be photo-inactivated after PS-sensitization by loading via their endocytic uptake of PC or endogenous induction of transgenic mutants with delta-aminolevulinate (ALA) to accumulate cytosolic uroporphyrin I (URO). Here, PS-sensitization and photo-inactivation of Leishmaniaamazonensis was further examined in vitro and in vivo for vaccination against cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Methods and Results:Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes were photodynamically inactivated in vitro by PC-loading followed by exposure to red light (1–2 J/cm2) or ALA-induction of uroporphyrinogenic transfectants to accumulate cytosolic URO followed by longwave UV exposure. When applied individually, both strategies of photodynamic inactivation were found to significantly, albeit incompletely abolish the MTT reduction activities of the promastigotes, their uptake by mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages in vitro and their infectivity to mouse ear dermis in vivo. Inactivation of Leishmania to completion by using a combination of both strategies was thus used for the sake of safety as whole-cell vaccines for immunization of BALB/c mice. Different cutaneous sites were assessed for the efficacy of such photodynamic vaccination in vivo. Each site was inoculated first with in vitro doubly PS-sensitized promastigotes and then spot-illuminated with white light (50 J/cm2) for their photo-inactivation in situ. Only in ear dermis parasites were photo-inactivated beyond detection. Mice were thus immunized once in the ear and challenged 3 weeks later at the tail base with virulent L. amazonensis. Prophylaxis was noted in mice photodynamically vaccinated with doubly photo-inactivated parasites, as indicated by a significant delay in the onset of lesion development and a substantial decrease in the parasite loads. Conclusion: Leishmania doubly PS-sensitized and in situ photo-inactivated as described proved to be safe and effective when used for one-time immunization of ear dermis, as indicated by its significant protection of the inherently very susceptible BALB/c mice against CL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Ramirez
- Instituto Gonçalo Muniz (IGM), FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Bala Kolli
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dennis K P Ng
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kwang P Chang
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Camila I de Oliveira
- Instituto Gonçalo Muniz (IGM), FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (iii-INCT) - Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
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de Lucio H, Gamo AM, Ruiz-Santaquiteria M, de Castro S, Sánchez-Murcia PA, Toro MA, Gutiérrez KJ, Gago F, Jiménez-Ruiz A, Camarasa MJ, Velázquez S. Improved proteolytic stability and potent activity against Leishmania infantum trypanothione reductase of α/β-peptide foldamers conjugated to cell-penetrating peptides. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 140:615-623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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In vitro selection of Phytomonas serpens cells resistant to the calpain inhibitor MDL28170: alterations in fitness and expression of the major peptidases and efflux pumps. Parasitology 2017; 145:355-370. [PMID: 29039273 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017001561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The species Phytomonas serpens is known to express some molecules displaying similarity to those described in trypanosomatids pathogenic to humans, such as peptidases from Trypanosoma cruzi (cruzipain) and Leishmania spp. (gp63). In this work, a population of P. serpens resistant to the calpain inhibitor MDL28170 at 70 µ m (MDLR population) was selected by culturing promastigotes in increasing concentrations of the drug. The only relevant ultrastructural difference between wild-type (WT) and MDLR promastigotes was the presence of microvesicles within the flagellar pocket of the latter. MDLR population also showed an increased reactivity to anti-cruzipain antibody as well as a higher papain-like proteolytic activity, while the expression of calpain-like molecules cross-reactive to anti-Dm-calpain (from Drosophila melanogaster) antibody and calcium-dependent cysteine peptidase activity were decreased. Gp63-like molecules also presented a diminished expression in MDLR population, which is probably correlated to the reduction in the parasite adhesion to the salivary glands of the insect vector Oncopeltus fasciatus. A lower accumulation of Rhodamine 123 was detected in MDLR cells when compared with the WT population, a phenotype that was reversed when MDLR cells were treated with cyclosporin A and verapamil. Collectively, our results may help in the understanding of the roles of calpain inhibitors in trypanosomatids.
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Leishmania donovani serine protease encapsulated in liposome elicits protective immunity in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Microbes Infect 2017; 20:37-47. [PMID: 28970116 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study is aimed to evaluate the protective effect of L. donovani intracellular serine protease (SP-Ld) in combination with Freund's adjuvant and liposomal formulations against experimental visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The animals were immunized with SP-Ld in combination with adjuvant and evaluated for its immunogenicity and protective efficacy against Leishmania donovani. The infection was initially assessed by microscopic examination. Immunogenicity of SP-Ld was measured by detecting protease specific-IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a levels by ELISA. Cytokines levels were measured by ELISA and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). The vaccine efficacy of SP-Ld was also evaluated by measuring antibody response and survival potency in hamster model. SP-Ld vaccinated Balb/c mice resulted significant reduction of parasite burden with increased levels of IgG2a and decreased levels of IgG1. SP-Ld vaccination also induced Th1 type immune response with the rise of IL-12, IFN-γ and TNF-α with decreased levels of IL-10 and TGF-β. Importantly, liposomal incorporated SP-Ld exerted better protection rather than in combination with Freund's adjuvant. Additionally, liposome encapsulated SP-Ld vaccinated hamsters continued to survive beyond 8 months against virulent L. donovani post challenge. Overall, these findings demonstrated SP-Ld as an effective immunogen which opens a new perspective for the generation of potential vaccine candidate against leishmaniasis.
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Gomes MN, Muratov EN, Pereira M, Peixoto JC, Rosseto LP, Cravo PVL, Andrade CH, Neves BJ. Chalcone Derivatives: Promising Starting Points for Drug Design. Molecules 2017; 22:E1210. [PMID: 28757583 PMCID: PMC6152227 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal chemists continue to be fascinated by chalcone derivatives because of their simple chemistry, ease of hydrogen atom manipulation, straightforward synthesis, and a variety of promising biological activities. However, chalcones have still not garnered deserved attention, especially considering their high potential as chemical sources for designing and developing new effective drugs. In this review, we summarize current methodological developments towards the design and synthesis of new chalcone derivatives and state-of-the-art medicinal chemistry strategies (bioisosterism, molecular hybridization, and pro-drug design). We also highlight the applicability of computer-assisted drug design approaches to chalcones and address how this may contribute to optimizing research outputs and lead to more successful and cost-effective drug discovery endeavors. Lastly, we present successful examples of the use of chalcones and suggest possible solutions to existing limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo N Gomes
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia 74605-510, Brazil.
| | - Eugene N Muratov
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27955-7568, USA.
| | - Maristela Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74001-970, Brazil.
| | - Josana C Peixoto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociedade, Tecnologia e Meio Ambiente, Centro Universitário de Anápolis-UniEVANGÉLICA, Anápolis 75083-515, Brazil.
| | - Lucimar P Rosseto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociedade, Tecnologia e Meio Ambiente, Centro Universitário de Anápolis-UniEVANGÉLICA, Anápolis 75083-515, Brazil.
| | - Pedro V L Cravo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociedade, Tecnologia e Meio Ambiente, Centro Universitário de Anápolis-UniEVANGÉLICA, Anápolis 75083-515, Brazil.
- GHTM/Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Carolina H Andrade
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia 74605-510, Brazil.
| | - Bruno J Neves
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia 74605-510, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74001-970, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociedade, Tecnologia e Meio Ambiente, Centro Universitário de Anápolis-UniEVANGÉLICA, Anápolis 75083-515, Brazil.
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Sarwar HS, Akhtar S, Sohail MF, Naveed Z, Rafay M, Nadhman A, Yasinzai M, Shahnaz G. Redox biology of Leishmania and macrophage targeted nanoparticles for therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramacrophage parasite ‘Leishmania’ has developed various mechanisms for proficient uptake into macrophages and phagosome regulation to avoid macrophage's oxidative burst induced by peroxide, hydroxyl radical, hypochlorous acid and peroxynitrite production. One major barrier for impairing the accession of old fashioned anti-Leishmanial drugs is intrinsic incapability to pass through cell membranes and limiting their abilities to ultimately destroy intracellular pathogens. Receptor-mediated targeted drug delivery to the macrophages by using nanoparticles emerges as promising strategy to improve therapeutic efficacy of old-fashioned drug. Receptor-mediated targeted nanoparticles can migrate across the cell membrane barriers and release enclosed drug cargo at sites of infection. This review is focusing on Leishmania-macrophage signaling alterations, its association with drug resistance and role of nanoparticles for receptor mediated macrophage targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sohail Akhtar
- Department of Entomology, University College of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farhan Sohail
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 0213, USA
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Zaeema Naveed
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Muhammad Rafay
- Department of Forestry, Range & Wild Life Management, University College of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Akhtar Nadhman
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Masoom Yasinzai
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Gul Shahnaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
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Maspi N, Ghaffarifar F, Sharifi Z, Dalimi A, Dayer MS. Immunogenicity and efficacy of a bivalent DNA vaccine containing LeIF and TSA genes against murine cutaneous leishmaniasis. APMIS 2017; 125:249-258. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Maspi
- Department of Medical Parasitology; Faculty of Medical Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghaffarifar
- Department of Medical Parasitology; Faculty of Medical Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Zohreh Sharifi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center; High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine; Tehran Iran
| | - Abdolhossein Dalimi
- Department of Medical Parasitology; Faculty of Medical Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Saaid Dayer
- Department of Medical Parasitology; Faculty of Medical Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
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Shahnaz G, Edagwa BJ, McMillan J, Akhtar S, Raza A, Qureshi NA, Yasinzai M, Gendelman HE. Development of mannose-anchored thiolated amphotericin B nanocarriers for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:99-115. [PMID: 27879160 PMCID: PMC5144491 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Our goal was to improve treatment outcomes for visceral leishmaniasis by designing nanocarriers that improve drug biodistribution and half-life. Thus, long-acting mannose-anchored thiolated chitosan amphotericin B nanocarrier complexes (MTC AmB) were developed and characterized. MATERIALS & METHODS A mannose-anchored thiolated chitosan nanocarrier was manufactured and characterized. MTC AmB was examined for cytotoxicity, biocompatibility, uptake and antimicrobial activities. RESULTS MTC AmB was rod shaped with a size of 362 nm. MTC AmB elicited 90% macrophage viability and 71-fold enhancement in drug uptake compared with native drug. The antileishmanial IC50 for MTC AmB was 0.02 μg/ml compared with 0.26 μg/ml for native drug. CONCLUSION These studies show that MTC can serve as a platform for clearance of Leishmania in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gul Shahnaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Benson J Edagwa
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - JoEllyn McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Sohail Akhtar
- Department of Entomology, University College of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Abida Raza
- Nuclear Medicine, Oncology & Radiotherapy Institute, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Naveeda A Qureshi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Masoom Yasinzai
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Ullah N, Nadhman A, Siddiq S, Mehwish S, Islam A, Jafri L, Hamayun M. Plants as Antileishmanial Agents: Current Scenario. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1905-1925. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazif Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences; Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan; Mardan Pakistan
| | - Akhtar Nadhman
- Sulaiman Bin Abdullah Aba Al Khail Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (SA-CIRBS); International Islamic University; Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Siddiq
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences; Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan; Mardan Pakistan
| | - Shaila Mehwish
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences; Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan; Mardan Pakistan
| | - Arshad Islam
- Laboratório de Immunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, (NUPEB), Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto; Ouro Preto Minas Gerais 35.400-000 Brazil
| | - Laila Jafri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences; Bahauddin Zakariya University; Multan Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hamayun
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences; Abdul Wali Khan University; Mardan Pakistan
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Garcia-Salcedo JA, Unciti-Broceta JD, Valverde-Pozo J, Soriano M. New Approaches to Overcome Transport Related Drug Resistance in Trypanosomatid Parasites. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:351. [PMID: 27733833 PMCID: PMC5039210 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania and Trypanosoma are members of the Trypanosomatidae family that cause severe human infections such as leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and sleeping sickness affecting millions of people worldwide. Despite efforts to eradicate them, migrations are expanding these infections to developing countries. There are no vaccines available and current treatments depend only on chemotherapy. Drug resistance is a major obstacle for the treatment of these diseases given that existing drugs are old and limited, with some having severe side effects. Most resistance mechanisms developed by these parasites are related with a decreased uptake or increased efflux of the drug due to mutations or altered expression of membrane transporters. Different new approaches have been elaborated that can overcome these mechanisms of resistance including the use of inhibitors of efflux pumps and drug carriers for both active and passive targeting. Here we review new formulations that have been successfully applied to circumvent resistance related to drug transporters, opening alternative ways to solve drug resistance in protozoan parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Garcia-Salcedo
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada - Universidad de Granada, GranadaSpain; Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica - Pfizer/Universidad de Granada/Junta de Andalucía, GranadaSpain
| | - Juan D Unciti-Broceta
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada - Universidad de Granada, Granada Spain
| | - Javier Valverde-Pozo
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada - Universidad de Granada, GranadaSpain; Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica - Pfizer/Universidad de Granada/Junta de Andalucía, GranadaSpain
| | - Miguel Soriano
- Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica - Pfizer/Universidad de Granada/Junta de Andalucía, GranadaSpain; Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad de Almería, AlmeríaSpain
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48
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Khan H, Nadhman A, Azam SS, Anees M, Khan I, Ullah I, Sohail MF, Shahnaz G, Yasinzai M. In-vitroantileishmanial potential of peptide drug hirudin. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 89:67-73. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanif Khan
- Department of Biochemistry; Quaid-i-Azam University; Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Akhtar Nadhman
- Sulaiman Bin Abdullah Aba Al-Khail - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (SA-CIRBS); International Islamic University; Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Syed Sikander Azam
- Computational Biology Lab; National Center for Bioinformatics; Quaid-i-Azam University; Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Mariam Anees
- Department of Biochemistry; Quaid-i-Azam University; Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Imran Khan
- Sulaiman Bin Abdullah Aba Al-Khail - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (SA-CIRBS); International Islamic University; Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ullah
- Sulaiman Bin Abdullah Aba Al-Khail - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (SA-CIRBS); International Islamic University; Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farhan Sohail
- Department of Pharmacy; Faculty of Biological Sciences; Quaid-i-Azam University; Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Gul Shahnaz
- Department of Pharmacy; Faculty of Biological Sciences; Quaid-i-Azam University; Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Masoom Yasinzai
- Sulaiman Bin Abdullah Aba Al-Khail - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (SA-CIRBS); International Islamic University; Islamabad Pakistan
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49
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Treatment with synthetic lipophilic tyrosyl ester controls Leishmania major infection by reducing parasite load in BALB/c mice. Parasitology 2016; 143:1615-21. [PMID: 27312247 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016001086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Synthesized lipophilic tyrosyl ester derivatives with increasing lipophilicity were effective against Leishmania (L.) major and Leishmania infantum species in vitro. These findings prompted us to test in vivo leishmanicidal properties of these molecules and their potential effect on the modulation of immune responses. The experimental BALB/c model of cutaneous leishmaniasis was used in this study. Mice were infected with L. major parasites and treated with three in vitro active tyrosyl esters derivatives. Among these tested tyrosylcaprate (TyC) compounds, only TyC10 exhibited an in vivo anti-leishmanial activity, when injected sub-cutaneously (s.c.). TyC10 treatment of L. major-infected BALB/c mice resulted in a decrease of lesion development and parasite load. TyC10 s.c. treatment of non-infected mice induced an imbalance in interferon γ/interleukin 4 (IFN-γ/IL-4) ratio cytokines towards a Th1 response. Our results indicate that TyC10 s.c. treatment improves lesions' healing and parasite clearance and may act on the cytokine balance towards a Th1 protective response by decreasing IL-4 and increasing IFN-γ transcripts. TyC10 is worthy of further investigation to uncover its mechanism of action that could lead to consider this molecule as a potential drug candidate.
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50
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Nadhman A, Sirajuddin M, Nazir S, Yasinzai M. Photo-induced Leishmania DNA degradation by silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticle: an in-vitro approach. IET Nanobiotechnol 2016; 10:129-133. [PMID: 27256892 PMCID: PMC8676311 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2015.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the authors reported newly synthesised polyethylene glycol (PEG)ylated silver (9%)-doped zinc oxide nanoparticle (doped semiconductor nanoparticle (DSN)) which has high potency for killing Leishmania tropica by producing reactive oxygen species on exposure to sunlight. The current report is focused on Leishmania DNA interaction and damage caused by the DSN. Here, we showed that the damage to Leishmania DNA was indirect, as the DSN was unable to interact with the DNA in intact Leishmania cell, indicating the incapability of PEGylated DSN to cross the nucleus barrier. The DNA damage was the result of high production of singlet oxygen on exposure to sunlight. The DNA damage was successfully prevented by singlet oxygen scavenger (sodium azide) confirming involvement of the highly energetic singlet oxygen in the DNA degradation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhtar Nadhman
- Nanosciences and Catalysis Division, National Centre for physics, Shahdra Valley Road, Quaid-i-Azam University campus, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Sirajuddin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology, Bannu, Pakistan
| | - Samina Nazir
- Nanosciences and Catalysis Division, National Centre for physics, Shahdra Valley Road, Quaid-i-Azam University campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Masoom Yasinzai
- Center of Interdisciplinary Research, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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