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Porfiryeva NN, Zlotver I, Davidovich-Pinhas M, Sosnik A. Mucus-Mimicking Mucin-Based Hydrogels by Tandem Chemical and Physical Crosslinking. Macromol Biosci 2024; 24:e2400028. [PMID: 38511568 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202400028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Mucosal tissues represent a major interface between the body and the external environment and are covered by a highly hydrated mucins gel called mucus. Mucus lubricates, protects and modulates the moisture levels of the tissue and is capitalized in transmucosal drug delivery. Pharmaceutical researchers often use freshly excised animal mucosal membranes to assess mucoadhesion and muco-penetration of pharmaceutical formulations which may struggle with limited accessibility, reproducibility, and ethical questions. Aiming to develop a platform for the rationale study of the interaction of drugs and delivery systems with mucosal tissues, in this work mucus-mimicking mucin-based hydrogels are synthesized by the tandem chemical and physical crosslinking of mucin aqueous solutions. Chemical crosslinking is achieved with glutaraldehyde (0.3% and 0.75% w/v), while physical crosslinking by one or two freeze-thawing cycles. Hydrogels after one freeze-thawing cycle show water content of 97.6-98.1%, density of 0.0529-0.0648 g cm⁻3, and storage and loss moduli of ≈40-60 and ≈3-5 Pa, respectively, that resemble the properties of native gastrointestinal mucus. The mechanical stability of the hydrogels increases over the number of freeze-thawing cycles. Overall results highlight the potential of this simple, reproducible, and scalable method to produce artificial mucus-mimicking hydrogels for different applications in pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia N Porfiryeva
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Ivan Zlotver
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Maya Davidovich-Pinhas
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Alejandro Sosnik
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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2
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Stanforth KJ, Zakhour MI, Chater PI, Wilcox MD, Adamson B, Robson NA, Pearson JP. The MUC2 Gene Product: Polymerisation and Post-Secretory Organisation-Current Models. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1663. [PMID: 38932019 PMCID: PMC11207715 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
MUC2 mucin, the primary gel-forming component of intestinal mucus, is well researched and a model of polymerisation and post-secretory organisation has been published previously. Recently, several significant developments have been made which either introduce new ideas or challenge previous theories. New ideas include an overhaul of the MUC2 C-terminal globular structure which is proposed to harbour several previously unobserved domains, and include a site for an extra intermolecular disulphide bridge dimer between the cysteine 4379 of adjacent MUC2 C-termini. MUC2 polymers are also now thought to be secreted attached to the epithelial surface of goblet cells in the small intestine and removed following secretion via a metalloprotease meprin β-mediated cleavage of the von Willebrand D2 domain of the N-terminus. It remains unclear whether MUC2 forms intermolecular dimers, trimers, or both, at the N-termini during polymerisation, with several articles supporting either trimer or dimer formation. The presence of a firm inner mucus layer in the small intestine is similarly unclear. Considering this recent research, this review proposes an update to the previous model of MUC2 polymerisation and secretion, considers conflicting theories and data, and highlights the importance of this research to the understanding of MUC2 mucus layers in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Stanforth
- Aelius Biotech, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (P.I.C.); (M.D.W.); (B.A.); (N.A.R.)
| | - Maria I. Zakhour
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Catherine Cookson Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (M.I.Z.); (J.P.P.)
| | - Peter I. Chater
- Aelius Biotech, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (P.I.C.); (M.D.W.); (B.A.); (N.A.R.)
| | - Matthew D. Wilcox
- Aelius Biotech, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (P.I.C.); (M.D.W.); (B.A.); (N.A.R.)
| | - Beth Adamson
- Aelius Biotech, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (P.I.C.); (M.D.W.); (B.A.); (N.A.R.)
| | - Niamh A. Robson
- Aelius Biotech, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (P.I.C.); (M.D.W.); (B.A.); (N.A.R.)
| | - Jeffrey P. Pearson
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Catherine Cookson Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (M.I.Z.); (J.P.P.)
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3
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Al Kindi A, Courelli NS, Ogbonna K, Urueña JM, Chau AL, Pitenis AA. Bioinspired Lubricity from Surface Gel Layers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:9926-9933. [PMID: 38683632 PMCID: PMC11100014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Surface gel layers on commercially available contact lenses have been shown to reduce frictional shear stresses and mitigate damage during sliding contact with fragile epithelial cell layers in vitro. Spencer and co-workers recently demonstrated that surface gel layers could arise from oxygen-inhibited free-radical polymerization. In this study, polyacrylamide hydrogel shell probes (7.5 wt % acrylamide, 0.3 wt % N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide) were polymerized in three hemispherical molds listed in order of decreasing surface energy and increasing oxygen permeability: borosilicate glass, polyether ether ketone (PEEK), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Hydrogel probes polymerized in PEEK and PTFE molds exhibited 100× lower elastic moduli at the surface (E PEEK * = 80 ± 31 and E PTFE * = 106 ± 26 Pa, respectively) than those polymerized in glass molds (E glass * = 31,560 ± 1,570 Pa), in agreement with previous investigations by Spencer and co-workers. Biotribological experiments revealed that hydrogel probes with surface gel layers reduced frictional shear stresses against cells (τPEEK = 35 ± 15 and τPTFE = 22 ± 16 Pa) more than those without (τglass = 68 ± 15 Pa) and offered greater protection against cell damage when sliding against human telomerase-immortalized corneal epithelial (hTCEpi) cell monolayers. Our work demonstrates that the "mold effect" resulting in oxygen-inhibition polymerization creates hydrogels with surface gel layers that reduce shear stresses in sliding contact with cell monolayers, similar to the protection offered by gradient mucin gel networks across epithelial cell layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al Kindi
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Nemea S. Courelli
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kevin Ogbonna
- College
of Creative Studies, Biological Sciences, University of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Juan Manuel Urueña
- NSF
BioPACIFIC Materials Innovation Platform, University of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Allison L. Chau
- Materials
Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Angela A. Pitenis
- Materials
Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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4
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Atma Y, Murray BS, Sadeghpour A, Goycoolea FM. Encapsulation of short-chain bioactive peptides (BAPs) for gastrointestinal delivery: a review. Food Funct 2024; 15:3959-3979. [PMID: 38568171 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04195f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The majority of known peptides with high bioactivity (BAPs) such as antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial actions, are short-chain sequences of less than ten amino acids. These short-chain BAPs of varying natural and synthetic origin must be bioaccessible to be capable of being adsorbed systemically upon oral administration to show their full range of bioactivity. However, in general, in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that gastrointestinal digestion reduces BAPs bioactivity unless they are protected from degradation by encapsulation. This review gives a critical analysis of short-chain BAP encapsulation and performance with regard to the oral delivery route. In particular, it focuses on short-chain BAPs with antihypertensive and antidiabetic activity and encapsulation methods via nanoparticles and microparticles. Also addressed are the different wall materials used to form these particles and their associated payloads and release kinetics, along with the current challenges and a perspective of the future applications of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoni Atma
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Universitas Trilogi, Jakarta, 12760, Indonesia
| | - Brent S Murray
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
| | - Amin Sadeghpour
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
| | - Francisco M Goycoolea
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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5
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Purohit HS, Zhou D, Yu M, Zaroudi M, Oberoi H, López ADLR, Kelkar MS, He Y, Gates B, Nere N, Law D. Proof-of-Concept in Developing a 45% Drug Loaded Amorphous Nanoparticle Formulation. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1007-1019. [PMID: 37832919 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is an enabling approach utilized to deliver poorly soluble compounds. ASDs can spontaneously generate drug-rich amorphous nanoparticles upon dissolution, which can act as a reservoir for maintaining supersaturation during oral absorption. But, conventional ASDs are often limited in drug loadings to < 20 %. For indications where the dose is high, this can translate into a significant pill burden. The aim of this research was to develop a high drug loading (DL) amorphous nanoparticle (ANP) formulation that can release the drug-rich nanoparticles into solution upon contact with aqueous environment. Nanoparticles were directly engineered using solvent/anti-solvent precipitation. The obtained nanoparticle suspension was then concentrated followed by solidification to a re-dispersible amorphous dosage form using spray drying or lyophilization. The impact of process variables was studied using dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was observed that spray drying led to a non-re-dispersible formulation. Sucrose and trehalose containing lyocakes resulted in re-dispersible formulations. The trehalose containing lyocakes, in a dog study, gave comparable performance to the reference tablet in the fasted state but lower area under the curve (AUC) in fed state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh S Purohit
- Small molecule CMC development, Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Deliang Zhou
- Small Molecule Drug Product Development, BeiGene, Beijing, China
| | - Mengqi Yu
- Small molecule CMC development, Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Hardeep Oberoi
- Small molecule CMC development, Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Manish S Kelkar
- Small molecule CMC development, Process Engineering, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yan He
- Small molecule CMC development, Analytical Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bradley Gates
- Small molecule CMC development, Process Chemistry, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nandkishor Nere
- Small molecule CMC development, Process Engineering, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Devalina Law
- Small molecule CMC development, Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA.
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6
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Wang J, Viola M, Migliorini C, Paoletti L, Arpicco S, Di Meo C, Matricardi P. Polysaccharide-Based Nanogels to Overcome Mucus, Skin, Cornea, and Blood-Brain Barriers: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2508. [PMID: 37896268 PMCID: PMC10610445 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanocarriers have been extensively developed in the biomedical field to enhance the treatment of various diseases. However, to effectively deliver therapeutic agents to desired target tissues and enhance their pharmacological activity, these nanocarriers must overcome biological barriers, such as mucus gel, skin, cornea, and blood-brain barriers. Polysaccharides possess qualities such as excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, unique biological properties, and good accessibility, making them ideal materials for constructing drug delivery carriers. Nanogels, as a novel drug delivery platform, consist of three-dimensional polymer networks at the nanoscale, offering a promising strategy for encapsulating different pharmaceutical agents, prolonging retention time, and enhancing penetration. These attractive properties offer great potential for the utilization of polysaccharide-based nanogels as drug delivery systems to overcome biological barriers. Hence, this review discusses the properties of various barriers and the associated constraints, followed by summarizing the most recent development of polysaccharide-based nanogels in drug delivery to overcome biological barriers. It is expected to provide inspiration and motivation for better design and development of polysaccharide-based drug delivery systems to enhance bioavailability and efficacy while minimizing side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Wang
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy; (J.W.); (M.V.); (C.M.); (L.P.); (C.D.M.)
| | - Marco Viola
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy; (J.W.); (M.V.); (C.M.); (L.P.); (C.D.M.)
| | - Claudia Migliorini
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy; (J.W.); (M.V.); (C.M.); (L.P.); (C.D.M.)
| | - Luca Paoletti
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy; (J.W.); (M.V.); (C.M.); (L.P.); (C.D.M.)
| | - Silvia Arpicco
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy;
| | - Chiara Di Meo
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy; (J.W.); (M.V.); (C.M.); (L.P.); (C.D.M.)
| | - Pietro Matricardi
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy; (J.W.); (M.V.); (C.M.); (L.P.); (C.D.M.)
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7
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Sedaghat MH, Behnia M, Abouali O. Nanoparticle Diffusion in Respiratory Mucus Influenced by Mucociliary Clearance: A Review of Mathematical Modeling. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2023. [PMID: 37184652 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2022.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Inhalation and deposition of particles in human airways have attracted considerable attention due to importance of particulate pollutants, transmission of infectious diseases, and therapeutic delivery of drugs at targeted areas. We summarize current state-of-the art research in particle deposition on airway surface liquid (ASL) influenced by mucociliary clearance (MCC) by identifying areas that need further investigation. Methodology: We aim to review focus on governing and constitutive equations describing MCC geometry followed by description of mathematical modeling of ciliary forces, mucus rheology properties, and numerical approaches to solve modified time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations. We also review mathematical modeling of particle deposition in ASL influenced by MCC, particle transport in ASL in terms of Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches, and discuss the corresponding mass transport issues in this layer. Whenever required, numerical predictions are contrasted with the pertinent experimental data. Results: Results indicate that mean mucus and periciliary liquid velocities are strongly influenced by mucus rheological characteristics as well as ciliary abnormalities. However, most of the currently available literature on mucus fiber spacing, ciliary beat frequency, and particle surface chemistry is based on particle deposition on ASL by considering a fixed value of ASL velocity. The effects of real ASL flow regimes on particle deposition in this layer are limited. In addition, no other study is available on modeling nonhomogeneous and viscoelastic characteristics of mucus layer on ASL drug delivery. Conclusion: Simplification of assumptions on governing equations of drug delivery in ASL influenced by MCC leads to imposing some limitations on numerical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hadi Sedaghat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Behnia
- University of Central Florida School of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Omid Abouali
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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8
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Afzal O, Rizwanullah M, Altamimi AS, Alossaimi MA, Kamal M, Ahmad J. Harnessing natural polysaccharides-based nanoparticles for oral delivery of phytochemicals: Knocking down the barriers. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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9
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Advances in Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Challenges and Opportunities. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020484. [PMID: 36839807 PMCID: PMC9960885 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral route is the most preferred route for systemic and local drug delivery. However, the oral drug delivery system faces the harsh physiological and physicochemical environment of the gastrointestinal tract, which limits the bioavailability and targeted design of oral drug delivery system. Innovative pharmaceutical approaches including nanoparticulate formulations, biomimetic drug formulations, and microfabricated devices have been explored to optimize drug targeting and bioavailability. In this review, the anatomical factors, biochemical factors, and physiology factors that influence delivering drug via oral route are discussed and recent advance in conventional and novel oral drug delivery approaches for improving drug bioavailability and targeting ability are highlighted. We also address the challenges and opportunities of oral drug delivery systems in future.
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10
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Oral docetaxel delivery with cationic polymeric core-shell nanocapsules: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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11
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Grassiri B, Cesari A, Balzano F, Migone C, Kali G, Bernkop-Schnürch A, Uccello-Barretta G, Zambito Y, Piras AM. Thiolated 2-Methyl-β-Cyclodextrin as a Mucoadhesive Excipient for Poorly Soluble Drugs: Synthesis and Characterization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153170. [PMID: 35956685 PMCID: PMC9370929 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiolated cyclodextrins are structurally simple mucoadhesive macromolecules, which are able to host drugs and increase their apparent water solubility, as well as interact with the mucus layer prolonging drug residence time on the site of absorption. The aim of this study was to synthesize through green microwave-assisted process a freely soluble thiolated 2-methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD-SH). Its inclusion complex properties with dexamethasone (Dex), a poor water soluble drug, and mucoadhesive characteristics were also determined. The product was deeply characterized through NMR spectroscopy (2D COSY, 2D HSQC, 1D/2D TOCSY, and 1D ROESY), showing a thiolation degree of 67%, a selective thiolation on the C6 residues and a monomeric structure. The association constant of MβCD and MβCD-SH with Dex resulted in 2514.3 ± 32.3 M−1 and 2147.0 ± 69.3 M−1, respectively, indicating that both CDs were able to host the drug. Microrheological analysis of mucin in the presence of MBCD-SH showed an increase of complex viscosity, G′ and G″, due to disulphide bond formation. The cytotoxicity screening on fibroblast BALB/3T3 clone A31 cells indicated an IC50 of 27.7 mg/mL and 30.0 mg/mL, for MβCD and MβCD-SH, respectively. Finally, MβCD-SH was able to self-assemble in water into nanometric structures, both in the presence and absence of the complexed drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunella Grassiri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.G.); (C.M.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Andrea Cesari
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Federica Balzano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (G.U.-B.)
| | - Chiara Migone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.G.); (C.M.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Gergely Kali
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (G.K.); (A.B.-S.)
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (G.K.); (A.B.-S.)
| | - Gloria Uccello-Barretta
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (G.U.-B.)
| | - Ylenia Zambito
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.G.); (C.M.); (Y.Z.)
- Interdepartmental Research Centre “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Piras
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.G.); (C.M.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-3392221213
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12
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Lv Y, Wu W, Corpstein CD, Li T, Lu Y. Biological and Intracellular Fates of Drug Nanocrystals through Different Delivery Routes: Recent Development Enabled by Bioimaging and PK Modeling. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114466. [PMID: 35905948 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanocrystals have contributed to exciting improvements in the delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. The biological and intracellular fates of nanocrystals are currently under debate. Due to the remarkable commercial success in enhancing oral bioavailability, nanocrystals have originally been regarded as a simple formulation approach to enhance dissolution. However, the latest findings from novel bioimaging tools lead to an expanded view. Intact nanocrystals may offer long-term durability in the body and offer drug delivery capabilities like those of other nano-carriers. This review renews the understanding of the biological fates of nanocrystals administered via oral, intravenous, and parenteral (e.g., dermal, ocular, and pulmonary) routes. The intracellular pathways and dissolution kinetics of nanocrystals are explored. Additionally, the future trends for in vitro and in vivo quantification of nanocrystals, as well as factors impacting the biological and intracellular fates of nanocrystals are discussed. In conclusion, nanocrystals present a promising and underexplored therapeutic opportunity with immense potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjiu Lv
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; Fudan Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Clairissa D Corpstein
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Tonglei Li
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; Fudan Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai 201203, China.
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13
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Lung Models to Evaluate Silver Nanoparticles’ Toxicity and Their Impact on Human Health. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132316. [PMID: 35808152 PMCID: PMC9268743 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NMs) solve specific problems with remarkable results in several industrial and scientific areas. Among NMs, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been extensively employed as drug carriers, medical diagnostics, energy harvesting devices, sensors, lubricants, and bioremediation. Notably, they have shown excellent antimicrobial, anticancer, and antiviral properties in the biomedical field. The literature analysis shows a selective cytotoxic effect on cancer cells compared to healthy cells, making its potential application in cancer treatment evident, increasing the need to study the potential risk of their use to environmental and human health. A large battery of toxicity models, both in vitro and in vivo, have been established to predict the harmful effects of incorporating AgNPs in these numerous areas or those produced due to involuntary exposure. However, these models often report contradictory results due to their lack of standardization, generating controversy and slowing the advances in nanotoxicology research, fundamentally by generalizing the biological response produced by the AgNP formulations. This review summarizes the last ten years’ reports concerning AgNPs’ toxicity in cellular respiratory system models (e.g., mono-culture models, co-cultures, 3D cultures, ex vivo and in vivo). In turn, more complex cellular models represent in a better way the physical and chemical barriers of the body; however, results should be used carefully so as not to be misleading. The main objective of this work is to highlight current models with the highest physiological relevance, identifying the opportunity areas of lung nanotoxicology and contributing to the establishment and strengthening of specific regulations regarding health and the environment.
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14
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Pednekar DD, Liguori MA, Marques CNH, Zhang T, Zhang N, Zhou Z, Amoako K, Gu H. From Static to Dynamic: A Review on the Role of Mucus Heterogeneity in Particle and Microbial Transport. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:2825-2848. [PMID: 35696291 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mucus layers (McLs) are on the front line of the human defense system that protect us from foreign abiotic/biotic particles (e.g., airborne virus SARS-CoV-2) and lubricates our organs. Recently, the impact of McLs on human health (e.g., nutrient absorption and drug delivery) and diseases (e.g., infections and cancers) has been studied extensively, yet their mechanisms are still not fully understood due to their high variety among organs and individuals. We characterize these variances as the heterogeneity of McLs, which lies in the thickness, composition, and physiology, making the systematic research on the roles of McLs in human health and diseases very challenging. To advance mucosal organoids and develop effective drug delivery systems, a comprehensive understanding of McLs' heterogeneity and how it impacts mucus physiology is urgently needed. When the role of airway mucus in the penetration and transmission of coronavirus (CoV) is considered, this understanding may also enable a better explanation and prediction of the CoV's behavior. Hence, in this Review, we summarize the variances of McLs among organs, health conditions, and experimental settings as well as recent advances in experimental measurements, data analysis, and model development for simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipesh Dinanath Pednekar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Madison A Liguori
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | | | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States.,BioInspired Syracuse, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Zejian Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Computer Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Kagya Amoako
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Huan Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
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15
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Zaiter T, Cornu R, Millot N, Herbst M, Pellequer Y, Moarbess G, Martin H, Diab-Assaf M, Béduneau A. Size effect and mucus role on the intestinal toxicity of the E551 food additive and engineered silica nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 2022; 16:165-182. [PMID: 35579945 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2022.2063084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The E551 food additive is composed of synthetic amorphous silica particles. The current regulation does not mention any specifications regarding their size and granulometric distribution, thus allowing the presence of silica nanoparticles despite their potential toxicity. The digestion process could modify their physicochemical properties and then influence their toxicological profile. After physicochemical characterization, subacute toxicity of engineered silica nanoparticles from 20 to 200 nm, native and digested E551 additives were evaluated from in vitro models of the intestinal barrier. Single cultures and a co-culture of enterocytes and mucus-secreting cells were established to investigate the mucus role. Toxicological endpoints including cytotoxicity, ROS production, intestinal permeability increase, and actin filament disruption were addressed after a 7-day exposure. The results showed a size-dependent effect of silica nanoparticles on cytotoxicity and intestinal permeability. A time-dependent disruption of actin filaments was observed in Caco-2 cells. The mucus layer spread on the HT29-MTX single culture acted as an efficient protective barrier while in the co-culture, small nanoparticles were able to cross it to reach the cells. From a hydrodynamic diameter of 70 nm, nanoparticles were not internalized in the intestinal cells, even in mucus-free models. Digestion did not affect the physicochemical properties of the additive. Due to a mean hydrodynamic diameter close to 200 nm, both native and digested E551 additives did not induce any toxic effect in intestinal barrier models. This study emphasized a cutoff size of 70 nm from which the interactions of the E551 additive with intestinal cells would be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taghrid Zaiter
- PEPITE EA4267, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Raphaël Cornu
- PEPITE EA4267, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Nadine Millot
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303, CNRS/Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Michaële Herbst
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303, CNRS/Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Yann Pellequer
- PEPITE EA4267, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Georges Moarbess
- EDST, Pharmacology and Cancerology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hélène Martin
- PEPITE EA4267, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Mona Diab-Assaf
- EDST, Pharmacology and Cancerology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Arnaud Béduneau
- PEPITE EA4267, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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16
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Bhattacharjee S. On Harvesting and Handling of Porcine Jejunal Mucus: A Few Tricks of the Trade. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:1851-1855. [PMID: 34706284 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As a heterogeneous hydrogel, mucus has evolved into a formidable physiological barrier protecting the human body from external pathogens and toxic molecules. With mucin as its primary solid component, the viscoelasticity of mucus remains dynamic and dependent upon a plethora of factors, including pathological state, food intake, and infection. Current nanomedicine research strives toward developing nanoformulations that can permeate through the mucus barrier and release the encapsulated cargo of drug molecules at the vicinity of epithelial lining or be directly absorbed into the bloodstream. However, it is difficult to mimic mucus in vitro while the ex vivo models remain inadequate or incompatible with many established microscopic platforms. The UCD School of Veterinary Medicine has a rich legacy of working with porcine gut mucus as an experimental model, while some interesting and innovative ideas were developed by researchers here to address these challenges. This article presents a snapshot of those ideas and life hacks that the author wishes to share with the nanomedicine research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Bhattacharjee
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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17
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Liu L, Yao W, Xie X, Gao J, Lu X. pH-sensitive dual drug loaded janus nanoparticles by oral delivery for multimodal analgesia. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:235. [PMID: 34362394 PMCID: PMC8348996 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00974-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Based on the concept of “multimodal analgesia”, a novel dual drug delivery system was designed to achieve synergistic analgesia between najanajaatra venom protein (αCT) and resveratrol (Res). In order to meet the joint loading of two drugs with different physicochemical properties without affecting each other, an oral Janus nanoparticle (JNP) with a unique cavity structure and synergistic drug delivery was constructed using an improved double emulsion solvent evaporation method, and combined with low-molecular-weight chitosan/sodium alginate and PLGA to achieve its pH-responsive. Results The synthesized αCT/Res-JNPs are homogeneous in shape, with a two-compartment structure, approximately 230 nm in size, and zeta potential of 23.6 mV. Drug release assayed in vitro show that JNP was stable in simulated gastric juice (pH = 1.2) but was released in phosphate buffer saline (pH = 7.4). After intragastric administration in rats, PK evaluation showed that αCT/Res-JNPs could significantly improve the oral bioavailability, and the simultaneous encapsulation of the two drugs had no significant interaction on PK parameters. An obvious synergistic analgesic effects of αCT/Res-JNPs was confirmed in a spinal cord injury and acute pain model. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and single-pass intestinal perfusion model provided strong evidence that αCT/Res-JNPs could pass through intestinal epithelial cells, and the endocytosis pathway was mainly involved in the mediation and pinocytosis of reticulin. The concentrations of αCT and Res from αCT/Res-JNP in lymphatic transport were only about 8.72% and 6.08% of their blood concentrations at 1 h, respectively, which indicated that lymphatic transport in the form of JNP has limited advantages in improving the oral bioavailability of Res and αCT. Cellular uptake efficiency at 4 h was about 10–15% in Caco-2 cell lines for αCT/Res-JNP, but was reduced to 7% in Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-culture models due to the hindrance by the mucus layers. Approximately 12–17% of αCT/Res-JNP were transported across Caco-2/HT29-MTX/Raji monolayers. The cumulative absorption of JNP in three cell models was higher than that of free drug. Conclusions This study investigated the contribution of Janus nanoparticles in oral absorption, and provide a new perspective for oral administration and analgesic treatment of dual drug delivery system containing peptide drugs. Graphic Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-021-00974-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China.,Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Wendong Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310018, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Xie
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianqing Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyang Lu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China.
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18
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Polyphenols Epigallocatechin Gallate and Resveratrol, and Polyphenol-Functionalized Nanoparticles Prevent Enterovirus Infection through Clustering and Stabilization of the Viruses. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081182. [PMID: 34452144 PMCID: PMC8398301 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To efficiently lower virus infectivity and combat virus epidemics or pandemics, it is important to discover broadly acting antivirals. Here, we investigated two naturally occurring polyphenols, Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and Resveratrol (RES), and polyphenol-functionalized nanoparticles for their antiviral efficacy. Concentrations in the low micromolar range permanently inhibited the infectivity of high doses of enteroviruses (107 PFU/mL). Sucrose gradient separation of radiolabeled viruses, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopic imaging and an in-house developed real-time fluorescence assay revealed that polyphenols prevented infection mainly through clustering of the virions into very stable assemblies. Clustering and stabilization were not compromised even in dilute virus solutions or after diluting the polyphenols-clustered virions by 50-fold. In addition, the polyphenols lowered virus binding on cells. In silico docking experiments of these molecules against 2- and 3-fold symmetry axes of the capsid, using an algorithm developed for this study, discovered five binding sites for polyphenols, out of which three were novel binding sites. Our results altogether suggest that polyphenols exert their antiviral effect through binding to multiple sites on the virion surface, leading to aggregation of the virions and preventing RNA release and reducing cell surface binding.
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19
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Dave RS, Goostrey TC, Ziolkowska M, Czerny-Holownia S, Hoare T, Sheardown H. Ocular drug delivery to the anterior segment using nanocarriers: A mucoadhesive/mucopenetrative perspective. J Control Release 2021; 336:71-88. [PMID: 34119558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing demand for effective treatments for ocular conditions that improve patient compliance and reduce side-effects. While methods such as implants and injections have proven effective, topical administration remains the method of choice for the delivery of therapeutics to the anterior segment of the eye. However, topical administration suffers from multiple drawbacks including low bioavailability of the target therapeutic, systemic toxicity, and the requirement for high therapeutic doses due to the effective clearance mechanisms that exist in the eye. Nanoparticles that have tunable mucoadhesion and/or mucopenetration offer outstanding potential to overcome the anatomical and physiological barriers present to improve ocular bioavailability, reduce toxicity, and increase ocular retention, among other benefits. The current review highlights recent advances in the field of developing nanocarriers with tunable mucoadhesion and mucopenetration for drug delivery to the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridhdhi S Dave
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Taylor C Goostrey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Maya Ziolkowska
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Engineering & Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Sofia Czerny-Holownia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Todd Hoare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Heather Sheardown
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada.
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20
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F Nahhas A, F Nahhas A, J Webster T. Nanoscale pathogens treated with nanomaterial-like peptides: a platform technology appropriate for future pandemics. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:1237-1254. [PMID: 33988037 PMCID: PMC8120868 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are historically very difficult to treat. Although imperfect and time-consuming to develop, we do have some conventional vaccine and therapeutic approaches to stop viral spreading. Most importantly, all of this takes significant time while viruses continue to wreak havoc on our healthcare system. Furthermore, viral infections are accompanied by a weakened immune system which is often overlooked in antiviral drug strategies and requires additional drug development. In this review, for the first time, we touch on some promising alternative approaches to treat viral infections, specifically those focused on the use of platform nanomaterials with antiviral peptides. In doing so, this review presents a timely discussion of how we need to change our old way of treating viruses into one that can quickly meet the demands of COVID-19, as well as future pandemic-causing viruses, which will come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa F Nahhas
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, KSA
| | - Alrayan F Nahhas
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, KSA
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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21
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El Moukhtari SH, Rodríguez-Nogales C, Blanco-Prieto MJ. Oral lipid nanomedicines: Current status and future perspectives in cancer treatment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:238-251. [PMID: 33774117 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oral anticancer drugs have earned a seat at the table, as the need for homecare treatment in oncology has increased. Interest in this field is growing as a result of their proven efficacy, lower costs and positive patient uptake. However, the gastrointestinal barrier is still the main obstacle to surmount in chemotherapeutic oral delivery. Anticancer nanomedicines have been proposed to solve this quandary. Among these, lipid nanoparticles are described to be efficiently absorbed while protecting drugs from early degradation in hostile environments. Their intestinal lymphatic tropism or mucoadhesive/penetrative properties give them unique characteristics for oral administration. Considering that chronic cancer cases are increasing over time, it is important to be able to provide treatments with low toxicity and low prices. The challenges, opportunities and therapeutic perspectives of lipid nanoparticles in this area will be discussed in this review, taking into consideration the pre-clinical and clinical progress made in the last decade.
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22
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The Relationship between Mucins and Ulcerative Colitis: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10091935. [PMID: 33946184 PMCID: PMC8125602 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10091935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucins are a family of glycosylated proteins which are the primary constituents of mucus and play a dynamic role in the regulation of the protective mucosal barriers throughout the human body. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) characterised by continuous inflammation of the inner layer of the large intestine, and in this systematic review we analyse currently available data to determine whether alterations exist in mucin activity in the colonic mucosa of UC patients. Database searches were conducted to identify studies published between 1990 and 2020 that assess the role of mucins in cohorts of UC patients, where biopsy specimens were resected for analysis and control groups were included for comparison. 5497 articles were initially identified and of these 14 studies were systematically selected for analysis, a further 2 articles were identified through citation chaining. Therefore, 16 studies were critically reviewed. 13 of these studies assessed the role of MUC2 in UC and the majority of articles indicated that alterations in MUC2 structure or synthesis had an impact on the colonic mucosa, although conflicting results were presented regarding MUC2 expression. This review highlights the importance of further research to enhance our understanding of mucin regulation in UC and summarises data that may inform future studies.
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23
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Wang Y, Tan X, Fan X, Zhao L, Wang S, He H, Yin T, Zhang Y, Tang X, Jian L, Jin J, Gou J. Current strategies for oral delivery of BCS IV drug nanocrystals: challenges, solutions and future trends. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1211-1228. [PMID: 33719798 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1903428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral absorption of BCS IV drug benefits little from improved dissolution. Therefore, the absorption of BCS IV drug nanocrystals 'as a whole' strategy is preferred, and structural modification of nanocrystals is required. Surface modification helps the nanocrystals maintain particle structure before drug dissolution is needed, thus enhancing the oral absorption of BCS IV drugs and promoting therapeutic effect. Here, the main challenges and solutions of oral BCS IV drug nanocrystals delivery are discussed. Moreover, strategies for nanocrystal surface modification that facilitates oral bioavailability of BCS IV drugs are highlighted, and provide insights for the innovation in oral drug delivery. AREAS COVERED Promising size, shape, and surface modification of nanocrystals have gained interests for application in oral BCS IV drugs. EXPERT OPINION Nanocrystal surface modification is a feasible method to maintain the structural integrity of nanocrystals, and the introduced materials can also be modified to integrate additional functions to further facilitate the absorption of nanocrystals. It is expected that the absorption 'as a whole' strategy of nanocrystals will provide different choices for the oral BCS IV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinyi Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinyu Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Linxuan Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuhang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haibing He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tian Yin
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xing Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lingyan Jian
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Jingxin Gou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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24
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das Neves J, Sverdlov Arzi R, Sosnik A. Molecular and cellular cues governing nanomaterial-mucosae interactions: from nanomedicine to nanotoxicology. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 49:5058-5100. [PMID: 32538405 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00948a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal tissues constitute the largest interface between the body and the surrounding environment and they regulate the access of molecules, supramolecular structures, particulate matter, and pathogens into it. All mucosae are characterized by an outer mucus layer that protects the underlying cells from physicochemical, biological and mechanical insults, a mono-layered or stratified epithelium that forms tight junctions and controls the selective transport of solutes across it and associated lymphoid tissues that play a sentinel role. Mucus is a gel-like material comprised mainly of the glycoprotein mucin and water and it displays both hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains, a net negative charge, and high porosity and pore interconnectivity, providing an efficient barrier for the absorption of therapeutic agents. To prolong the residence time, absorption and bioavailability of a broad spectrum of active compounds upon mucosal administration, mucus-penetrating and mucoadhesive particles have been designed by tuning the chemical composition, the size, the density, and the surface properties. The benefits of utilizing nanomaterials that interact intimately with mucosae by different mechanisms in the nanomedicine field have been extensively reported. To ensure the safety of these nanosystems, their compatibility is evaluated in vitro and in vivo in preclinical and clinical trials. Conversely, there is a growing concern about the toxicity of nanomaterials dispersed in air and water effluents that unintentionally come into contact with the airways and the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, deep understanding of the key nanomaterial properties that govern the interplay with mucus and tissues is crucial for the rational design of more efficient drug delivery nanosystems (nanomedicine) and to anticipate the fate and side-effects of nanoparticulate matter upon acute or chronic exposure (nanotoxicology). This review initially overviews the complex structural features of mucosal tissues, including the structure of mucus, the epithelial barrier, the mucosal-associated lymphatic tissues and microbiota. Then, the most relevant investigations attempting to identify and validate the key particle features that govern nanomaterial-mucosa interactions and that are relevant in both nanomedicine and nanotoxicology are discussed in a holistic manner. Finally, the most popular experimental techniques and the incipient use of mathematical and computational models to characterize these interactions are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- José das Neves
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde & INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Roni Sverdlov Arzi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, De-Jur Building, Office 607, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
| | - Alejandro Sosnik
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, De-Jur Building, Office 607, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
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25
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Cheng H, Guo S, Cui Z, Zhang X, Huo Y, Guan J, Mao S. Design of folic acid decorated virus-mimicking nanoparticles for enhanced oral insulin delivery. Int J Pharm 2021; 596:120297. [PMID: 33508345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mucus penetration and intestinal cells targeting are two main strategies to improve insulin oral delivery efficiency. However, few studies are available regarding the effectiveness of combining these two strategies into one nano-delivery system. For this objective, the folic acid (FA) decorated virus-mimicking nanoparticles were designed and influence of FA graft ratio on the in vitro and in vivo properties of insulin loaded nanoparticles was studied systemically. Firstly, using folic acid as active ligand, different folic acid grafted chitosan copolymers (FA-CS) were synthesized and characterized. Thereafter, using insulin-loaded poly(n-butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles as the core, virus-mimicking nanoparticles were fabricated by coating of positively charged FA-CS copolymer and negatively charged hyaluronic acid. Irrespective of the FA graft ratio, all the nanoparticles showed good stability, similar insulin release in the gastrointestinal fluid, excellent and similar penetration in mucus. The nanoparticles permeability in intestine was FA graft ratio and segment dependent, with FA graft ratio at/over 12.51% presenting better effect in the order of duodenum > jejunum ≈ ileum. Both mechanism studies and confocal microscopy observation demonstrated FA-mediated process was involved in the transport of FA decorated nanoparticles. In vivo studies revealed hypoglycemic effect of the nanoparticles was FA graft ratio dependent, a saturation phenomenon was observed when FA graft ratio was at/over 12.51%. In conclusion, folic acid decorated virus-mimicking nanoparticles presented improved insulin absorption, implying combining mucus penetration and active transcellular transport is an effective way to promote oral insulin absorption, while the modification ratio of active ligand needs optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shuang Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhixiang Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yingnan Huo
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jian Guan
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shirui Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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26
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Tan Y, McClements DJ. Improving the bioavailability of oil-soluble vitamins by optimizing food matrix effects: A review. Food Chem 2021; 348:129148. [PMID: 33515946 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The potency of oil-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E and K) in fortified foods can be improved by understanding how food matrices impact their bioavailability. In this review, the major food matrix effects influencing the bioavailability of oil-soluble vitamins are highlighted: oil content, oil composition, particle size, interfacial properties, and food additives. Droplet size and aggregation state in the human gut impact vitamin bioavailability by modulating lipid digestion, vitamin release, and vitamin solubilization. Vitamins in small isolated oil droplets typically have a higher bioavailability than those in large or aggregated ones. Emulsifiers, stabilizers, or texture modifiers can therefore affect bioavailability by influencing droplet size or aggregation. The dimensions of the hydrophobic domains in mixed micelles depends on lipid type: if the domains are too small, vitamin bioavailability is low. Overall, this review highlights the importance of carefully designing food matrices to improve vitamin bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbing Tan
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - David Julian McClements
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Food Science & Bioengineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 18 Xuezheng Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China.
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Kaur R, Dennison SR, Burrow AJ, Rudramurthy SM, Swami R, Gorki V, Katare OP, Kaushik A, Singh B, Singh KK. Nebulised surface-active hybrid nanoparticles of voriconazole for pulmonary Aspergillosis demonstrate clathrin-mediated cellular uptake, improved antifungal efficacy and lung retention. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:19. [PMID: 33430888 PMCID: PMC7798018 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00731-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incidence of pulmonary aspergillosis is rising worldwide, owing to an increased population of immunocompromised patients. Notable potential of the pulmonary route has been witnessed in antifungal delivery due to distinct advantages of direct lung targeting and first-pass evasion. The current research reports biomimetic surface-active lipid-polymer hybrid (LPH) nanoparticles (NPs) of voriconazole, employing lung-specific lipid, i.e., dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and natural biodegradable polymer, i.e., chitosan, to augment its pulmonary deposition and retention, following nebulization. RESULTS The developed nanosystem exhibited a particle size in the range of 228-255 nm and drug entrapment of 45-54.8%. Nebulized microdroplet characterization of NPs dispersion revealed a mean diameter of ≤ 5 μm, corroborating its deep lung deposition potential as determined by next-generation impactor studies. Biophysical interaction of LPH NPs with lipid-monolayers indicated their surface-active potential and ease of intercalation into the pulmonary surfactant membrane at the air-lung interface. Cellular viability and uptake studies demonstrated their cytocompatibility and time-and concentration-dependent uptake in lung-epithelial A549 and Calu-3 cells with clathrin-mediated internalization. Transepithelial electrical resistance experiments established their ability to penetrate tight airway Calu-3 monolayers. Antifungal studies on laboratory strains and clinical isolates depicted their superior efficacy against Aspergillus species. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed nearly 5-, 4- and threefolds enhancement in lung AUC, Tmax, and MRT values, construing significant drug access and retention in lungs. CONCLUSIONS Nebulized LPH NPs were observed as a promising solution to provide effective and safe therapy for the management of pulmonary aspergillosis infection with improved patient compliance and avoidance of systemic side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjot Kaur
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Sarah R Dennison
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Andrea J Burrow
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | | | - Rajan Swami
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Varun Gorki
- Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, 160 014
| | - O P Katare
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Anupama Kaushik
- Dr SSB University Institute Chem Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, 160 014
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India.
- UGC Centre for Excellence in Nano-Biomedical Applications, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India.
| | - Kamalinder K Singh
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
- UCLan Research Centre for Smarts Materials, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
- UCLan Research Centre for Drug Design and Development, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
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28
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Comparison of the effects of the intestinal permeation enhancers, SNAC and sodium caprate (C 10): Isolated rat intestinal mucosae and sacs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 158:105685. [PMID: 33359131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SNAC and C10 are intestinal permeation enhancers (PEs) used in formulations of peptides for oral delivery in clinical trials. Our aims were to compare their: (i) mechanism of action in isolated rat intestinal mucosae mounted in Ussing chambers and in non-everted gut sacs, (ii) effects on mucosa integrity in those models and also in in situ intra-jejunal instillations and (iii) interactions with intestinal mucus. SNAC increased the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of the paracellular marker, FITC-dextran 4000 (FD4), across isolated rat gastric mucosae in concentration-dependent fashion, whereas C10 did not, while both reduced the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). In isolated jejunal and colonic mucosae, both agents increased the Papp of [14C]-mannitol and FD4 whereas C10 but not SNAC reduced TEER. 20 mM SNAC was required to achieve the efficacy of 10 mM C10 in jejunal and colonic mucosae. In isolated non-everted jejunal and colonics sacs, FD4 flux increases were observed in the presence of both PEs. Histology of mucosae revealed that both PEs induced minor epithelial damage to the mucosa at concentrations that increased fluxes. Jejunal tissue withstood epithelial damage in the following order: intra jejunal in situ instillations > jejunal sacs > isolated jejunal mucosae. Both PEs modulated viscoelastic properties of porcine jejunal mucus without altering rheological properties. In conclusion, SNAC and C10 are reasonably efficacious PEs in rat intestinal tissue with common overall mechanistic features. Their potency and toxic potential are low, in agreement with clinical trial data.
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He H, Wang L, Ma Y, Yang Y, Lv Y, Zhang Z, Qi J, Dong X, Zhao W, Lu Y, Wu W. The biological fate of orally administered mPEG-PDLLA polymeric micelles. J Control Release 2020; 327:725-736. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Paul MB, Stock V, Cara-Carmona J, Lisicki E, Shopova S, Fessard V, Braeuning A, Sieg H, Böhmert L. Micro- and nanoplastics - current state of knowledge with the focus on oral uptake and toxicity. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:4350-4367. [PMID: 36132901 PMCID: PMC9417819 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00539h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The production and use of plastics has constantly increased over the last 30 years. Over one third of the plastics is used in disposables, which are discarded within three years of their production. Despite efforts towards recycling, a substantial volume of debris has accumulated in the environment and is slowly degraded to micro- and nanoplastics by weathering and aging. It has recently been discovered that these small particles can enter the food chain, as for example demonstrated by the detection of microplastic particles in honey, beer, salt, sea food and recently in mineral water. Human exposure has further been documented by the detection of plastic microparticles in human feces. Potential toxic consequences of oral exposure to small plastic particles are discussed. Due to lacking data concerning exposure, biodistribution and related effects, the risk assessment of micro- and nanoplastics is still not possible. This review focuses on the oral uptake of plastic and polymer micro- and nanoparticles. Oral exposure, particle fate, changes of particle properties during ingestion and gastrointestinal digestion, and uptake and transport at the intestinal epithelium are reviewed in detail. Moreover, the interaction with intestinal and liver cells and possibly resulting toxicity are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxi B Paul
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10 10589 Berlin Germany +49 30 18412-3718
| | - Valerie Stock
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10 10589 Berlin Germany +49 30 18412-3718
| | - Julia Cara-Carmona
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10 10589 Berlin Germany +49 30 18412-3718
| | - Elisa Lisicki
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10 10589 Berlin Germany +49 30 18412-3718
| | - Sofiya Shopova
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10 10589 Berlin Germany +49 30 18412-3718
| | - Valérie Fessard
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety 10B rue Claude Bourgelat 35306 Fougères France
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10 10589 Berlin Germany +49 30 18412-3718
| | - Holger Sieg
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10 10589 Berlin Germany +49 30 18412-3718
| | - Linda Böhmert
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10 10589 Berlin Germany +49 30 18412-3718
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31
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Fasquelle F, Carpentier R, Demouveaux B, Desseyn JL, Betbeder D. Importance of the Phospholipid Core for Mucin Hydrogel Penetration and Mucosal Cell Uptake of Maltodextrin Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:5741-5749. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- François Fasquelle
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286—INFINITE—Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France
- Vaxinano, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Rodolphe Carpentier
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286—INFINITE—Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bastien Demouveaux
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286—INFINITE—Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Desseyn
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286—INFINITE—Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Didier Betbeder
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286—INFINITE—Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France
- Vaxinano, 59000 Lille, France
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Brayden D, Hill T, Fairlie D, Maher S, Mrsny R. Systemic delivery of peptides by the oral route: Formulation and medicinal chemistry approaches. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 157:2-36. [PMID: 32479930 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In its 33 years, ADDR has published regularly on the po5tential of oral delivery of biologics especially peptides and proteins. In the intervening period, analysis of the preclinical and clinical trial failures of many purported platform technologies has led to reflection on the true status of the field and reigning in of expectations. Oral formulations of semaglutide, octreotide, and salmon calcitonin have completed Phase III trials, with oral semaglutide being approved by the FDA in 2019. The progress made with oral peptide formulations based on traditional permeation enhancers is against a background of low and variable oral bioavailability values of ~1%, leading to a current perception that only potent peptides with a viable cost of synthesis can be realistically considered. Desirable features of candidates should include a large therapeutic index, some stability in the GI tract, a long elimination half-life, and a relatively low clearance rate. Administration in nanoparticle formats have largely disappointed, with few prototypes reaching clinical trials: insufficient particle loading, lack of controlled release, low epithelial particle uptake, and lack of scalable synthesis being the main reasons for discontinuation. Disruptive technologies based on engineered devices promise improvements, but scale-up and toxicology aspects are issues to address. In parallel, medicinal chemists are synthesizing stable hydrophobic macrocyclic candidate peptides of lower molecular weight and with potential for greater oral bioavailability than linear peptides, but perhaps without the same requirement for elaborate drug delivery systems. In summary, while there have been advances in understanding the limitations of peptides for oral delivery, low membrane permeability, metabolism, and high clearance rates continue to hamper progress.
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Garcia-Mouton C, Hidalgo A, Cruz A, Pérez-Gil J. The Lord of the Lungs: The essential role of pulmonary surfactant upon inhalation of nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 144:230-243. [PMID: 31560956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of nanotechnology is opening a huge world of promising possibilities in healthcare, but this is also increasing the necessity to study the potential risk of nanoparticles on public health and the environment. Since the main route for airborne particles to enter into our organism is through the lungs, it has become essential to prove that the nanoparticles generated by human activities do not compromise the respiratory function. This review explains the key role of pulmonary surfactant to sustain the normal function of breathing, as well as the stability and immunity of lungs. Particular emphasis is made on the importance of analysing the features of nanoparticles, defining their interactions with surfactant and unravelling the mutual effects. The implication of the nanoparticle-surfactant interaction on the function and fate of both structures is described, as well as the main in vitro methodologies used to evaluate this interaction. Finally, the incorporation of pulmonary surfactant in appropriate in vitro models is used in order to obtain an extensive understanding of how nanoparticles may act in the context of the lung. The main goal of this review is to offer a general view on inhaled nanoparticles and their effects on the structure and function of lungs derived from their interaction with the pulmonary surfactant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Garcia-Mouton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, and Research Institute "Hospital 12 de Octubre", Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Hidalgo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, and Research Institute "Hospital 12 de Octubre", Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, and Research Institute "Hospital 12 de Octubre", Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Pérez-Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, and Research Institute "Hospital 12 de Octubre", Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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34
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Luo C, Cen S, Ding G, Wu W. Mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma: clinical pathology and treatment options. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2019; 39:13. [PMID: 30922401 PMCID: PMC6440160 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-019-0361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma is a distinct subtype of colorectal cancer (CRC) characterized by the presence of abundant extracellular mucin which accounts for at least 50% of the tumor volume. Mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma is found in 10%–20% of CRC patients and occurs more commonly in female and younger patients. Moreover, mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma is more frequently located in the proximal colon and diagnosed at an advanced stage. Based on its molecular context, mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma is associated with the overexpression of mucin 2 (MUC2) and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) proteins. At the same time, it shows higher mutation rates in the fundamental genes of the RAS/MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways. Mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma also shows higher rates of microsatellite instability (MSI) than non-mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma which might correlate it with Lynch syndrome and the CpG island methylator phenotype. The prognosis of mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma as to non-mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma is debatable. Further, the impaired responses of mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma to palliative or adjuvant chemotherapy warrant more studies to be performed for a specialized treatment for these patients. In this review, we discuss the molecular background and histopathology of mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma, and provide an update on its prognosis and therapeutics from recent literatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Luo
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Shuyi Cen
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Guojun Ding
- Department of Radiotherapy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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35
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Mahmood A, Bernkop-Schnürch A. SEDDS: A game changing approach for the oral administration of hydrophilic macromolecular drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 142:91-101. [PMID: 29981355 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the development of self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) in 1980's, they attract the attention of researchers in order to confront the challenge of poor water-solubility of orally given drugs. Within recent years, SEDDS were also discovered for oral administration of hydrophilic macromolecular drugs such as peptides, proteins, polysaccharides and pDNA. Due to hydrophobic ion pairing (HIP) with oppositely charged lipophilic auxiliary agents the resulting complexes can be incorporated in the lipophilic phase of SEDDS. Depending on the solubility of the complex in the SEDDS pre-concentrate and in the release medium drug release can be adjusted on purpose by choosing more or less lipophilic auxiliary agents in appropriate quantities for HIP. Within the oily droplets formed in the GI-tract drugs are protected towards degradation by proteases and nucleases and thiol-disulfide exchange reactions with dietary proteins. The oily droplets can be made mucoadhesive or highly mucus permeating depending on their target site. Furthermore, even their cellular uptake properties can be tuned by adjusting their zeta potential or decorating them with cell penetrating peptides. The potential of SEDDS for oral administration of hydrophilic macromolecular drugs could meanwhile be demonstrated via various in vivo studies showing a bioavailability at least in the single digit percentage range. Owing to these properties advanced SEDDS turned out to be a game changing approach for the oral administration of hydrophilic macromolecular drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Abbottabad, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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36
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Sardelli L, Pacheco DP, Ziccarelli A, Tunesi M, Caspani O, Fusari A, Briatico Vangosa F, Giordano C, Petrini P. Towards bioinspired in vitro models of intestinal mucus. RSC Adv 2019; 9:15887-15899. [PMID: 35521409 PMCID: PMC9064393 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02368b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal mucus is a biological structure that acts as a barrier between the external environment and the epithelium. It actively selects nutrient and drug intake, regulates the symbiosis with the intestinal microbiota and keeps the epithelium protected from the attack of pathogens. All these functions are closely connected to the chemical and structural complexity of this biological material, on which its viscoelastic and diffusive properties depend. Many models have been proposed to replicate these characteristics using glycoproteins in solution and possibly the addition of other mucus components, such as lipids and other proteins. In the field of mucus modelling, an overall view of the mucus as a material, having its own viscous, rheological and diffusive characteristics, has been undersized with respect to a pure biological-functional analysis. In this review, we propose a description of the mucus as a biomaterial, including a presentation of its chemical and structural complexity, and of its main viscoelastic-diffusive properties, in order to provide a synthesis of the characteristics necessary for the engineering of more advanced mucus models. Intestinal mucus is an anisotropic biological structure that acts as a barrier between the external environment and the epithelium.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Sardelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milan
- Italy
| | - Daniela Peneda Pacheco
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milan
- Italy
| | - Anna Ziccarelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milan
- Italy
| | - Marta Tunesi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milan
- Italy
| | - Omar Caspani
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milan
- Italy
| | - Andrea Fusari
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milan
- Italy
| | - Francesco Briatico Vangosa
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milan
- Italy
| | - Carmen Giordano
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milan
- Italy
| | - Paola Petrini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milan
- Italy
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37
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Bakshani CR, Morales-Garcia AL, Althaus M, Wilcox MD, Pearson JP, Bythell JC, Burgess JG. Evolutionary conservation of the antimicrobial function of mucus: a first defence against infection. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2018; 4:14. [PMID: 30002868 PMCID: PMC6031612 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-018-0057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucus layers often provide a unique and multi-functional hydrogel interface between the epithelial cells of organisms and their external environment. Mucus has exceptional properties including elasticity, changeable rheology and an ability to self-repair by re-annealing, and is therefore an ideal medium for trapping and immobilising pathogens and serving as a barrier to microbial infection. The ability to produce a functional surface mucosa was an important evolutionary step, which evolved first in the Cnidaria, which includes corals, and the Ctenophora. This allowed the exclusion of non-commensal microbes and the subsequent development of the mucus-lined digestive cavity seen in higher metazoans. The fundamental architecture of the constituent glycoprotein mucins is also evolutionarily conserved. Although an understanding of the biochemical interactions between bacteria and the mucus layer are important to the goal of developing new antimicrobial strategies, they remain relatively poorly understood. This review summarises the physicochemical properties and evolutionary importance of mucus, which make it so successful in the prevention of bacterial infection. In addition, the strategies developed by bacteria to counteract the mucus layer are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie R Bakshani
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ana L Morales-Garcia
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mike Althaus
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Matthew D Wilcox
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jeffrey P Pearson
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John C Bythell
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J Grant Burgess
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Chater PI, Wilcox MD, Pearson JP. Efficacy and safety concerns over the use of mucus modulating agents for drug delivery using nanoscale systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 124:184-192. [PMID: 29247764 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery to the mucus covered mucosae is fraught with difficulties and many different approaches have been developed to permeate the mucus barrier. Generally by modifying the delivery system to avoid interaction with the mucus. These modifications are reviewed here in terms of efficacy and safety. These are particular problems for oral delivery the pharmaceutical industry's favoured route for drug administration. For effective delivery through the gastrointestinal tract a drug must pass through three barriers in sufficient amounts to yield a biological effect. These barriers are the digestive barrier in the lumen, the mucus barrier, and the epithelial barrier. Other approaches involve mucolytic agents added with or prior to the delivery system or agents regulating mucus production and are reviewed here. In terms of safety, a key property of a mucus modulating delivery system is that it must not damage the protective function of the mucus layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter I Chater
- Institute of Cell & Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Matthew D Wilcox
- Institute of Cell & Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Jeffrey P Pearson
- Institute of Cell & Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK..
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Menzel C, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Enzyme decorated drug carriers: Targeted swords to cleave and overcome the mucus barrier. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 124:164-174. [PMID: 29079537 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of mucus permeating drug carrier systems being able to overcome the mucus barrier can lead to a remarkable enhancement in bioavailability. One promising approach is the design of mucolytic enzyme decorated carrier systems (MECS). These systems include micro- and nanoparticles as well as self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) decorated with mucin cleaving enzymes such as papain (PAP) or bromelain (BRO). MECS are able to cross the mucus barrier in a comparatively efficient manner by cleaving mucus substructures in front of them on their way to the epithelium. Thereby these enzymes hydrolyze peptide bonds of mucus glycoproteins forming tiny holes or passages through the mucus. In various in vitro and in vivo studies MECS proved to be superior in their mucus permeating properties over nanocarriers without enzyme decoration. PAP decorated nanoparticles, for instance, remained 3h after oral administration to an even 2.5-fold higher extend in rat small intestine than the corresponding undecorated nanoparticles permeating the intestinal mucus gel layer to a much lower degree. As MECS break up the mucus network only locally without destroying its overall protective barrier function, even long term treatments with such systems seem feasible. Within this review article we address different drug carrier systems decorated with various types of enzymes, their particular pros and cons and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Menzel
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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40
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García-Díaz M, Birch D, Wan F, Nielsen HM. The role of mucus as an invisible cloak to transepithelial drug delivery by nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 124:107-124. [PMID: 29117511 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal administration of drugs and drug delivery systems has gained increasing interest. However, nanoparticles intended to protect and deliver drugs to epithelial surfaces require transport through the surface-lining mucus. Translation from bench to bedside is particularly challenging for mucosal administration since a variety of parameters will influence the specific barrier properties of the mucus including the luminal fluids, the microbiota, the mucus composition and clearance rate, and the condition of the underlying epithelia. Besides, after administration, nanoparticles interact with the mucosal components, forming a biomolecular corona that modulates their behavior and fate after mucosal administration. These interactions are greatly influenced by the nanoparticle properties, and therefore different designs and surface-engineering strategies have been proposed. Overall, it is essential to evaluate these biomolecule-nanoparticle interactions by complementary techniques using complex and relevant mucus barrier matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Díaz
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ditlev Birch
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Feng Wan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Mørck Nielsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Araújo F, Martins C, Azevedo C, Sarmento B. Chemical modification of drug molecules as strategy to reduce interactions with mucus. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 124:98-106. [PMID: 28964880 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Many drug molecules possess inadequate physical-chemical characteristics that prevent to surpass the viscous mucus layer present in the surface of mucosal tissues. Due to mucus protective role and its fast turnover, these drug molecules end up being removed from the body before being absorbed and, thus, before exerting any physiologic affect. Envisaging a better pharmacokinetics profile, chemical modifications, to render drug a more mucopenetrating character, have been introduced to drug molecules backbone towards more effective therapies. Mucus penetration increases when drug molecules are provided with net-neutral charge, when they are conjugated with mucolytic agents and through modifications that makes them resistant to enzymes present in mucus, with the overall increase of their hydrophilicity and the decrease of their molecular weight. All of these characteristics act as a whole and influence each other so they must be well thought when drug molecules are being designed for mucosal delivery.
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42
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Mall AS, Habte H, Mthembu Y, Peacocke J, de Beer C. Mucus and Mucins: do they have a role in the inhibition of the human immunodeficiency virus? Virol J 2017; 14:192. [PMID: 28985745 PMCID: PMC5639604 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0855-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucins are large O-linked glycosylated proteins which give mucus their gel-forming properties. There are indications that mucus and mucins in saliva, breast milk and in the cervical plug inhibit the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) in an in vitro assay. Crude mucus gels form continuous layers on the epithelial surfaces of the major internal tracts of the body and protect these epithelial surfaces against aggressive luminal factors such as hydrochloric acid and pepsin proteolysis in the stomach lumen, the movement of hard faecal pellets in the colon at high pressure, the effects of shear against the vaginal epithelium during intercourse and the presence of foreign substances in the respiratory airways. Tumour-associated epitopes on mucins make them suitable as immune-targets on malignant epithelial cells, rendering mucins important as diagnostic and prognostic markers for various diseases, even influencing the design of mucin-based vaccines. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest prevalence of HIV-AIDS in the world. The main points of viral transmission are via the vaginal epithelium during sexual intercourse and mother-to-child transmission during breast-feeding. There have been many studies showing that several body fluids have components that prevent the transmission of HIV-1 from infected to non-infected persons through various forms of contact. Crude saliva and its purified mucins, MUC5B and MUC7, and the purified mucins from breast milk, MUC1 and MUC4 and pregnancy plug cervical mucus (MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC5B and MUC6), inhibit HIV-1 in an in vitro assay. There are conflicting reports of whether crude breast-milk inhibits HIV-1 in an in vitro assay. However studies with a humanised BLT mouse show that breast-milk does inhibit HIV and that breast-feeding is still advisable even amongst HIV-positive women in under-resourced areas, preferably in conjunction with anti-retroviral treatment. CONCLUSION These findings raise questions of how such a naturally occurring biological substance such as mucus, with remarkable protective properties of epithelial surfaces against aggressive luminal factors in delicate locations, could be used as a tool in the fight against HIV-AIDS, which has reached epidemic proportions in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Suleman Mall
- Division of General Surgery, University of Cape Town and Immune Modulation and Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer- Ingelheim, Danbury, USA
| | - Habtom Habte
- Discipline of Medical Virology, University of Stellenbosch & Tygerberg Hospital, Parow, South Africa
| | - Yolanda Mthembu
- Division of General Surgery, University of Cape Town and Immune Modulation and Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer- Ingelheim, Danbury, USA
| | - Julia Peacocke
- Division of General Surgery, University of Cape Town and Immune Modulation and Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer- Ingelheim, Danbury, USA
| | - Corena de Beer
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, University of Cape Town, Observatory Cape, 7925 South Africa
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43
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Mahmood A, Laffleur F, Leonaviciute G, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Protease-functionalized mucus penetrating microparticles: In-vivo evidence for their potential. Int J Pharm 2017; 532:177-184. [PMID: 28864390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.08.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The focus of the current study was to explore whether immobilization of proteases to microparticles could result in their enhanced penetration into mucus. The proteases papain (PAP) and bromelain (BROM) were covalently attached to a polyacrylate (PAA; Carbopol 971P) via amide bond formation based on carbodiimide reaction. Microparticles containing these conjugates were generated via ionic gelation with calcium chloride and were characterized regarding size, surface charge, enzymatic activity and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) loading efficiency. Furthermore, mucus penetration potential of these microparticles was evaluated in-vitro on freshly collected porcine intestinal mucus, on intact intestinal mucosa and in-vivo in Sprague-Dawley rats. Results showed mean diameter of microparticles ranging between 2-3μm and surface charge between -8 to -18mV. The addition of PAA-microparticles to porcine intestinal mucus led to a 1.39-fold increase in dynamic viscosity whereas a 3.10- and 2.12-fold decrease was observed in case of PAA-PAP and PAA-BROM microparticles, respectively. Mucus penetration studies showed a 4.27- and 2.21- fold higher permeation of FDA loaded PAA-PAP and PAA-BROM microparticles as compared to PAA microparticles, respectively. Extent of mucus diffusion determined via silicon tube assay illustrated 3.96- fold higher penetration for PAA-PAP microparticles and 1.99- fold for PAA-BROM microparticles. An in-vitro analysis on porcine intestinal mucosa described up to 16- and 7.35-fold higher degree of retention and furthermore, during in-vivo evaluation in Sprague-Dawley rats a 3.35- and 2.07-fold higher penetration behavior was observed in small intestine for PAA-PAP and PAA-BROM microparticles as compared to PAA microparticles, respectively. According to these results, evidence for microparticles decorated with proteases in order to overcome the mucus barrier and to reach the absorption lining has been provided that offers wide ranging applications in mucosal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Abbottabad, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Flavia Laffleur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gintare Leonaviciute
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Bernocchi B, Carpentier R, Betbeder D. Nasal nanovaccines. Int J Pharm 2017; 530:128-138. [PMID: 28698066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nasal administration of vaccines is convenient for the potential stimulation of mucosal and systemic immune protection. Moreover the easy accessibility of the intranasal route renders it optimal for pandemic vaccination. Nanoparticles have been identified as ideal delivery systems and adjuvants for vaccine application. Heterogeneous protocols have been used for animal studies. This complicates the understanding of the formulation influence on the immune response and the comparison of the different nanoparticles approaches developed. Moreover anatomical and immunological differences between rodents and humans provide an additional hurdle in the rational development of nasal nanovaccines. This review will give a comprehensive expertise of the state of the art in nasal nanovaccines in animals and humans focusing on the nanomaterial used.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bernocchi
- Inserm, LIRIC-UMR 995, F-59000 Lille, France; Université de Lille, LIRIC-UMR 995, F-59000 Lille, France; CHRU de Lille, LIRIC-UMR 995, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - R Carpentier
- Inserm, LIRIC-UMR 995, F-59000 Lille, France; Université de Lille, LIRIC-UMR 995, F-59000 Lille, France; CHRU de Lille, LIRIC-UMR 995, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - D Betbeder
- Inserm, LIRIC-UMR 995, F-59000 Lille, France; Université de Lille, LIRIC-UMR 995, F-59000 Lille, France; CHRU de Lille, LIRIC-UMR 995, F-59000 Lille, France; University of Artois, 62000 Arras, France
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