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Liu YF, Tian Y, Chen XF, Zhang C, Huang L. Role of osteokines in atherosclerosis. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4107. [PMID: 39154288 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Despite their diverse physiologies and roles, the heart, skeletal muscles, and smooth muscles all derive from a common embryonic source as bones. Moreover, bone tissue, skeletal and smooth muscles, and the heart share conserved signaling pathways. The maintenance of skeletal health is precisely regulated by osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts through coordinated secretion of bone-derived factors known as osteokines. Increasing evidence suggests the involvement of osteokines in regulating atherosclerotic vascular disease. Therefore, this review aims to examine the evidence for the role of osteokines in atherosclerosis development and progression comprehensively. Specifically discussed are extensively studied osteokines in atherosclerosis such as osteocalcin, osteopontin, osteoprotegerin, and fibroblast growth factor 23. Additionally, we highlighted the effects of exercise on modulating these key regulators derived from bone tissue metabolism. We believe that gaining an enhanced understanding of how osteocalcin contributes to the process of atherosclerosis will enable us to develop targeted and comprehensive therapeutic strategies against diseases associated with its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan province, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Fang Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan province, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Huang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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Martiniakova M, Biro R, Kovacova V, Babikova M, Zemanova N, Mondockova V, Omelka R. Current knowledge of bone-derived factor osteocalcin: its role in the management and treatment of diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, osteopetrosis and inflammatory joint diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:435-452. [PMID: 38363329 PMCID: PMC10963459 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-024-02418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Osteocalcin (OC) is the most abundant non-collagenous and osteoblast-secreted protein in bone. It consists of two forms such as carboxylated OC (cOC) and undercarboxylated OC (ucOC). While cOC promotes bone mineralization and increases bone strength, ucOC is regarded an endocrinologically active form that may have several functions in multiple end organs and tissues. Total OC (tOC) includes both of these forms (cOC and ucOC) and is considered a marker of bone turnover in clinical settings. Most of the data on OC is limited to preclinical studies and therefore may not accurately reflect the situation in clinical conditions. For the stated reason, the aim of this review was not only to summarize current knowledge of all forms of OC and characterize its role in diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, osteopetrosis, inflammatory joint diseases, but also to provide new interpretations of its involvement in the management and treatment of aforementioned diseases. In this context, special emphasis was placed on available clinical trials. Significantly lower levels of tOC and ucOC could be associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. On the contrary, tOC level does not seem to be a good indicator of high bone turnover status in postmenopausal osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. The associations between several pharmacological drugs used to treat all disorders mentioned above and OC levels have also been provided. From this perspective, OC may serve as a medium through which certain medications can influence glucose metabolism, body weight, adiponectin secretion, and synovial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Martiniakova
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 01, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Roman Biro
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 01, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Kovacova
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 01, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Martina Babikova
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 01, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Nina Zemanova
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 01, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Vladimira Mondockova
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 01, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Radoslav Omelka
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 01, Nitra, Slovakia.
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Gu P, Tao D, Xu Y, Yang Q, Bai T, Hu S, Yang X. Osteocalcin inhibits myocyte aging through promotion of starvation-induced autophagy via IL-6/STAT3 signaling. Exp Gerontol 2023; 173:112082. [PMID: 36621698 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of osteocalcin on autophagy in myoblasts, as well as its possible therapeutic effects in aging muscle. Starved murine myoblast C2C12 cells with or without interleukin (IL)-6 siRNA were treated with osteocalcin. Expression of the autophagy protein marker LC3, as well as IL-6 and phosphorylated STAT3 were detected by immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, or immunohistochemistry. Autophagosomes were observed with transmission electron microscopy. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by flow cytometry. Fasted young mice were injected intraperitoneally with osteocalcin, with or without the JAK inhibitor CP-690550 to inhibit IL-6 signaling. Older mice were treated with osteocalcin and muscle mass, grip strength and muscle structure were assessed. The results revealed that compared to control and serum-starved cells, osteocalcin treatment significantly increased the relative expression of LC3-II/LC3-I protein, the numbers of autophagosomes, and levels of intracellular ROS. Osteocalcin injection in mice also resulted in increased relative LC3-II/LC3-I protein expression and autophagosome numbers. Osteocalcin treatment significantly increased the secretion of IL-6 in muscle cells and tissue, and activated STAT3 signaling. Moreover, knockdown of IL-6 or blocking IL-6 signaling inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT3, and further inhibited autophagy in starved myoblasts and fasting-treated murine muscle tissue. In addition, osteocalcin treatment significantly increased muscle mass and grip strength in both aged mice and aged fasting mice. In conclusion, the inhibition of osteocalcin on muscle cell aging is accompanied by the induction of IL-6-STAT3-dependent autophagy, indicating osteocalcin might be a promising therapeutic candidate for aging-related myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengying Gu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, PR China
| | - Daidi Tao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Master of Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200000, PR China
| | - Tingting Bai
- Department of Geriatrics, Dongfeng General Hospital of Sinopharm, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, PR China
| | - Shilian Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, PR China.
| | - Xingyuan Yang
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, PR China.
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Guo X, Li Y, Zhou Y, Zhang C, Liang S, Zheng Y, Chen X, Cai G. Osteocalcin association with vascular function in chronic kidney disease. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2022; 24:928-936. [PMID: 35687487 PMCID: PMC9278578 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Osteocalcin (OCN) is a bone‐derived and vitamin K dependent hormone that affects energy metabolism and vascular calcification. The relationship between serum OCN and vascular function in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is uncertain. This study investigated the association between serum OCN and vascular function as expressed with reactive hyperemia index (RHI) and augmentation index (AIx) measured by Endo‐PAT 2000 device. This cross‐sectional analysis was based on 256 pre‐dialysis CKD patients who had completed the Endo‐PAT 2000 test and serum OCN at the First Center of Chinese PLA Hospital from November 2017 to December 2019. Based on whether the RHI was less than 1.67, the patients were divided into endothelial dysfunction and normal endothelial function groups. Multiple logistic and linear regression were used to analyze the association between OCN and vascular function. Subgroup analyses were performed to examine the effects of OCN on vascular function in different CKD populations. After multivariate adjustment, CKD with low OCN were more likely to have endothelial dysfunction (OR: 0.794; 95%CI: 0.674‐0.934; P = .006); on the contrary, patients with high OCN had a higher degree of arterial stiffness (standardized β: 0.174; P = .003). Subgroup analyses showed that higher OCN was associated with severe arterial stiffness but a better endothelial function in young (age < 65 years, PRHI/PAIx@75 = .027/.011), male (PRHI/PAIx@75 = .040/.016), patients with a history of hypertension (PRHI/PAIx@75 = .004/.009) or diabetes (PRHI/PAIx@75 = .005/.005), and in early CKD (PRHI/PAIx@75 = .014/.015). In conclusion, serum OCN correlates with vascular function in CKD patients: beneficial for endothelial function but detrimental to arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Guo
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yisha Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yena Zhou
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyan Cai
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
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Park D, Kim DY, Byun MR, Hwang H, Ko SH, Baek JH, Baek K. Undercarboxylated, but not Carboxylated, Osteocalcin suppresses TNF-α induced inflammatory signaling pathway in Myoblast. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac084. [PMID: 35702666 PMCID: PMC9188654 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOCN) has been considered to be an important endocrine factor, especially to regulate bone and energy metabolism. Even with the mounting evidence showing the consistent inverse correlation of ucOCN levels in chronic inflammatory diseases, however, the mechanism underlying the involvement of ucOCN in the muscular inflammation has not been fully understood. In the present study, we explored 1) the endocrine role of ucOCN in the regulation of inflammation in C2C12 myoblasts and primary myoblasts and the underlying intracellular signaling mechanisms, and 2) whether G protein–coupled receptor family C group 6 member A (GPRC6A) is the ucOCN-sensing receptor associated with the ucOCN-mediated anti-inflammatory signaling pathway in myoblasts. ucOCN suppressed the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)–induced expressions of major inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and inhibited the TNF-α–stimulated activities of transcription factors, including NF-κB, in C2C12 and primary myoblasts. Both knockdown and knockout of GPRC6A, by using siRNA or a CRISPR/CAS9 system, respectively, did not reverse the effect of ucOCN on IL-1β expression in myoblasts. Interestingly, TNF-α–induced IL-1β expression was inhibited by knockdown or deletion of GPRC6A itself, regardless of the ucOCN treatment. ucOCN was rapidly internalized into the cytoplasmic region via caveolae-mediated endocytosis, suggesting the presence of new target proteins in the cell membrane and/or in the cytoplasm for interaction with ucOCN in myoblasts. Taken together, these findings indicate that ucOCN suppresses the TNF-α–induced inflammatory signaling pathway in myoblasts. GPRC6A is not a sensing receptor associated with the ucOCN-mediated anti-inflammatory signaling pathway in myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danbi Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Dentistry and Research Institute of Oral Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University , Gangwondo 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Yeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ran Byun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyorin Hwang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Dentistry and Research Institute of Oral Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University , Gangwondo 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hee Ko
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Dentistry and Research Institute of Oral Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University , Gangwondo 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwa Baek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghwa Baek
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Dentistry and Research Institute of Oral Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University , Gangwondo 25457, Republic of Korea
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Winberg J, Rentz J, Sugamori K, Swardfager W, Mitchell J. Sex Differences in Metabolic and Behavioral Responses to Exercise but Not Exogenous Osteocalcin Treatment in Mice Fed a High Fat Diet. Front Physiol 2022; 13:831056. [PMID: 35309065 PMCID: PMC8924498 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.831056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise helps improve glucose handling in diabetes and has been shown to improve mood and cognition in other conditions. Osteocalcin, a protein produced by bone osteoblasts, was reported to have endocrine actions to improve both metabolism and also improve age-related cognitive deficits in mice. Methods This study was designed to compare the effects of daily treadmill running exercise with injection of osteocalcin in high fat diet (HFD) induced diabetes in male and female C57BL/6J mice. Following established glucose intolerance and treatment for 8 weeks, mice were assessed for anxiety on an elevated plus maze, motivation by tail suspension test and cognition and memory in a puzzle box. Endogenous osteocalcin was measured by ELISA. Results Mice on HFD had high weight gain, glucose intolerance and increased white fat. Exercise increased circulating osteocalcin levels in female mice but decreased them in male mice. Exercise also decreased weight gain and improved glucose tolerance in female but not male mice; however, treatment with osteocalcin made no metabolic improvements in either males or females. HFD induced anxiety only in female mice and this was not improved by osteocalcin. Exercise induced anxiety only in male mice. HFD also increased depressive-like behavior in both sexes, and this was improved by either exercise or osteocalcin treatment. Cognitive deficits were seen in both male and female mice on HFD. Exercise improved cognitive performance in female but not male mice, while osteocalcin treatment improved cognitive performance in both sexes. Conclusion There were sex differences in the effects of exercise on endogenous osteocalcin regulation that correlated with improvements in cognitive but not metabolic outcomes. Exogenous osteocalcin did not improve metabolism but was effective in improving HFD-induced cognitive deficits. Sex is an important variable in hormonal and cognitive responses to exercise in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Winberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jesse Rentz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kim Sugamori
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Walter Swardfager
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Walter Swardfager,
| | - Jane Mitchell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Berger JM, Karsenty G. Osteocalcin and the Physiology of Danger. FEBS Lett 2021; 596:665-680. [PMID: 34913486 PMCID: PMC9020278 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Bone biology has long been driven by the question as to what molecules affect cell differentiation or the functions of bone. Exploring this issue has been an extraordinarily powerful way to improve our knowledge of bone development and physiology. More recently, a second question has emerged: does bone have other functions besides making bone? Addressing this conundrum revealed that the bone-derived hormone osteocalcin affects a surprisingly large number of organs and physiological processes, including acute stress response. This review will focus on this emerging aspect of bone biology taking osteocalcin as a case study and will show how classical and endocrine functions of bone help to define a new functional identity for this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Meyer Berger
- Department of Genetics and Development, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Gerard Karsenty
- Department of Genetics and Development, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, NY, 10032, USA
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Pi M, Nishimoto SK, Darryl Quarles L. Explaining Divergent Observations Regarding Osteocalcin/GPRC6A Endocrine Signaling. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6104945. [PMID: 33474566 PMCID: PMC7880225 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new schema proposes that the bone-derived osteocalcin (Ocn) peptide hormone activates the G-protein-coupled receptor GPRC6A to directly regulate glucose and fat metabolism in liver, muscle, and fat, and to stimulate the release of metabolism-regulating hormones, including insulin, fibroblast growth factor 21, glucagon-like peptide 1, testosterone, and interleukin 6. Ocn/GPRC6A activation has also been implicated in cancer progression. GPRC6A is activated by cations, amino acids, and testosterone. The multiligand specificity, the regulation of energy metabolism in diverse tissues, and the coordinated release of metabolically active hormones make the GPRC6A endocrine networks unique. Recently, the significance of Ocn/GPRCA has been questioned. There is a lack of metabolic abnormalities in newly created genetically engineered Ocn- and Gprc6a-deficient mouse models. There are also paradoxical observations that GPRC6A may function as a tumor suppressor. In addition, discordant published studies have cast doubt on the function of the most prevalent uniquely human GPRC6A-KGKY polymorphism. Explanations for these divergent findings are elusive. We provide evidence that the metabolic susceptibility of genetically engineered Ocn- and Gprc6a-deficient mice is influenced by environmental challenges and genetic differences in mouse strains. In addition, the GPRC6A-KGKY polymorphism appears to be a gain-of-function variant. Finally, alternatively spliced isoforms of GPRC6A may alter ligand specificity and signaling that modulate oncogenic effects. Thus, genetic, post-translational and environmental factors likely account for the variable results regarding the functions of GPRC6A in animal models. Pending additional information, GPRC6A should remain a potential therapeutic target for regulating energy and fat metabolism, hormone production, and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Pi
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Satoru Kenneth Nishimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - L Darryl Quarles
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Correspondence: L. Darryl Quarles, MD, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, USA. . Current Affiliation: 965 Court Ave, Suite B226, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Mohammad Rahimi GR, Niyazi A, Alaee S. The effect of exercise training on osteocalcin, adipocytokines, and insulin resistance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Osteoporos Int 2021; 32:213-224. [PMID: 32803318 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05592-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, it has been reported that osteocalcin (OC), in particular its undercarboxylated (ucOC) form, is not only a bone remodeling marker but also an active hormone that intercedes glucose metabolism in humans. This study aimed to determine the impact of an exercise intervention on ucOC, adiponectin, leptin, and insulin resistance (measured by HOMA-IR). PubMed, CINAHL, Medline, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases and reference lists of included studies were searched. Twenty-two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of exercise training impact in adults were included in the analysis. Results showed an overall significant increase in serum ucOC (MD: 0.15 ng/ml; 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.25) and adiponectin (MD: 2.83 mg/ml; 95% CI: 1.67 to 3.98), a significant decline in leptin (MD: - 4.89 pg/ml; 95% CI: - 6.94 to - 2.84), fasting glucose (MD: - 2.29 mg/dl; 95% CI: - 4.04 to - 0.54), fasting insulin (MD, - 8.90 μIU/ml; 95% CI: - 13.81 to - 3.98), and HOMA-IR (MD: - 1.96; 95% CI: - 3.11 to - 0.80). However, after removal of studies that had prescribed a balanced diet along with exercise intervention, total OC (TOC) levels also increased in the exercise group compared with the control group (MD: 0.36 ng/ml; 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.65). Our findings demonstrate that exercise-induced increases in ucOC are the probable cause of increased adiponectin. Additionally, increases in ucOC itself are probably due to changes in leptin levels and other factors, rather than its direct impact on bone and its osteoblastic activity. Further studies are required to clarify the mechanisms underlying the impact of exercise training on ucOC, adipocytokines, and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gh R Mohammad Rahimi
- Department of Sports Sciences, Vahdat Institute of Higher Education, Torbat-e-Jam, Iran.
| | | | - S Alaee
- Department of Physical Education, Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur Branch, Neyshabur, Iran
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Liu J, Yang R, Meng H, Zhou T, He Q. In vitro treatment of 3 T3-L1 adipocytes with recombinant Calcium/calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase IV (CaMKIV) limits ER stress and improves insulin sensitivity through inhibition of autophagy via the mTOR/CREB signaling pathway. BMC Endocr Disord 2020; 20:104. [PMID: 32660483 PMCID: PMC7359471 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-020-00589-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, CaMKIV has been identified as a potential regulator of skeletal muscle glucose metabolism, it can also affect insulin gene expression in pancreas. However, its effects on adipose insulin resistance have yet to be explored. Autophagy has been shown as a potential therapeutic target for ER (endoplasmic reticulum) stress and insulin resistance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of CaMKIV on ER stress, autophagic function and insulin signaling in tunicamycin-treated adipocytes. METHODS In this study, mature 3 T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with tunicamycin to induce ER stress. Tunicamycin-treated 3 T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with recombinant CaMKIV in the presence or absence of targeted-siRNA mediated down-regulation of CREB and mTOR. The ER stress markers, autophagy activation, mTOR/CREB signaling and insulin sensitivity were analyzed by western blotting or electron microscopy. RESULTS Treatment with CaMKIV significantly reversed tunicamycin-induced expression of p-PERK, cleaved-ATF6, Atg7 and LC3II. It also reduced p62 expression. In addition, levels of p-Akt and p-IRS-1 were increased. Moreover, CaMKIV inhibited activated ER stress and insulin resistance in Atg7 siRNA transfected adipocytes. However, the protective effects of CaMKIV on ER stress, insulin signaling, and autophagy function were nullified by suppression of mTOR or CREB in tunicamycin-treated adipocytes. CONCLUSION This study proves recombinant CaMKIV inhibits tunicamycin-induced ER stress and insulin resistance by regulating autophagy. The protective effect of CaMKIV in adipocytes is affected at least partly through mTOR/CREB signaling. Our finding may offer novel opportunities for treating obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, 157 West 5 Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Ruihua Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, 157 West 5 Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hao Meng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, 157 West 5 Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, 157 West 5 Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, 157 West 5 Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China.
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11
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Karsenty G. The facts of the matter: What is a hormone? PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008938. [PMID: 32589668 PMCID: PMC7319275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Karsenty
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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12
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Lin X, Onda DA, Yang CH, Lewis JR, Levinger I, Loh K. Roles of bone-derived hormones in type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular pathophysiology. Mol Metab 2020; 40:101040. [PMID: 32544571 PMCID: PMC7348059 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging evidence demonstrates that bone is an endocrine organ capable of influencing multiple physiological and pathological processes through the secretion of hormones. Recent research suggests complex crosstalk between the bone and other metabolic and cardiovascular tissues. It was uncovered that three of these bone-derived hormones—osteocalcin, lipocalin 2, and sclerostin—are involved in the endocrine regulations of cardiometabolic health and play vital roles in the pathophysiological process of developing cardiometabolic syndromes such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Chronic low-grade inflammation is one of the hallmarks of cardiometabolic diseases and a major contributor to disease progression. Novel evidence also implicates important roles of bone-derived hormones in the regulation of chronic inflammation. Scope of review In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the physiological and pathological roles of osteocalcin, lipocalin 2, and sclerostin in cardiometabolic health regulation and disease development, with a focus on the modulation of chronic inflammation. Major conclusions Evidence supports that osteocalcin has a protective role in cardiometabolic health, and an increase of lipocalin 2 contributes to the development of cardiometabolic diseases partly via pro-inflammatory effects. The roles of sclerostin appear to be complicated: It exerts pro-adiposity and pro-insulin resistance effects in type 2 diabetes and has an anti-calcification effect during cardiovascular disease. A better understanding of the actions of these bone-derived hormones in the pathophysiology of cardiometabolic diseases will provide crucial insights to help further research develop new therapeutic strategies to treat these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhu Lin
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.
| | - Danise-Ann Onda
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Chieh-Hsin Yang
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia; Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Kim Loh
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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13
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Park D, Gu H, Baek JH, Baek K. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin downregulates pancreatic lipase expression in an ATF4-dependent manner in pancreatic acinar cells. Bone 2019; 127:220-227. [PMID: 31216497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteocalcin is an osteoblast-specific secreted protein that has been associated with endocrine roles in multiple aspects of energy metabolism. We examined whether undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) downregulates pancreatic lipase (PNLIP) expression in pancreatic acinar cells and then identified the downstream signaling pathway involved. We previously demonstrated that β adrenergic blockade attenuates body weight/fat mass gain in high-fat diet-fed mice and that this effect is associated with decreased PNLIP expression in pancreatic acinar cells. In the present study, we first confirmed that the serum ucOC level is inversely correlated with PNLIP expression, i.e., mice exhibiting high serum levels of ucOC showed low PNLIP levels in the pancreas. In in vitro experiments using primary pancreatic acinar and 266-6 cells, ucOC downregulated PNLIP expression. cAMP/PKA signaling inhibitors significantly reversed ucOC-induced downregulation of PNLIP expression. ucOC promoted the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein 2 (ATF4). Overexpression of ATF4 significantly suppressed PNLIP expression. Knockdown of ATF4 by siRNA reversed the ucOC-induced downregulation of PNLIP expression. A luciferase reporter assay showed that ucOC suppressed PNLIP promoter transactivation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and a luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that ATF4 directly bound to the CRE on the mouse PNLIP promoter and suppressed PNLIP transactivation. Knockdown of G-protein coupled receptor 6A (Gprc6a), a candidate receptor for mediating the response to ucOC in the bone-pancreas endocrine loop, by siRNA reversed the downregulating effect of ucOC on PNLIP expression. Taken together, ucOC downregulates pancreatic lipase expression in a cAMP/protein kinase A/ATF4-dependent manner. Gprc6a is a potential osteocalcin-sensing receptor that regulates PNLIP expression in pancreatic acinar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danbi Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Dentistry and Research Institute of Oral Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwondo 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanna Gu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwa Baek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyunghwa Baek
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Dentistry and Research Institute of Oral Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwondo 25457, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Ji T, Han Y, Yang W, Xu B, Sun M, Jiang S, Yu Y, Jin Z, Ma Z, Yang Y, Hu W. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and NLRP3 inflammasome: Crosstalk in cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:14773-14782. [PMID: 30746697 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
When endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis is disrupted, known as ER stress (ERS), the ER generates an adaptive signaling pathway called the unfolded protein response to maintain the homeostasis of this organelle. However, if homeostasis is not restored, the ER initiates death signaling pathways, which contribute to the pathogenesis of various disorders. The activation of inflammatory mechanisms is also emerging as a crucial component of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Furthermore, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has attracted more attention than others and is the best-characterized member of the NLR family of inflammasomes to date. ERS intersects with many different inflammatory pathways, particularly the NLRP3 inflammasome. In this review, we focus on the interactions between ERS and the NLRP3 inflammasome. The pharmacologic and nonpharmaceutical manipulation of these two processes may offer novel opportunities for the treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ji
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuehu Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenwen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Baoping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenxiao Jin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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15
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Millar SA, Anderson SI, O'Sullivan SE. Osteokines and the vasculature: a review of the in vitro effects of osteocalcin, fibroblast growth factor-23 and lipocalin-2. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7139. [PMID: 31372314 PMCID: PMC6660824 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone-derived factors that demonstrate extra-skeletal functions, also termed osteokines, are fast becoming a highly interesting and focused area of cross-disciplinary endocrine research. Osteocalcin (OCN), fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) and lipocalin-2 (LCN-2), produced in bone, comprise an important endocrine system that is finely tuned with other organs to ensure homeostatic balance and health. This review aims to evaluate in vitro evidence of the direct involvement of these proteins in vascular cells and whether any causal roles in cardiovascular disease or inflammation can be supported. PubMed, Medline, Embase and Google Scholar were searched for relevant research articles investigating the exogenous addition of OCN, FGF23 or LCN-2 to vascular smooth muscle or endothelial cells. Overall, these osteokines are directly vasoactive across a range of human and animal vascular cells. Both OCN and FGF23 have anti-apoptotic properties and increase eNOS phosphorylation and nitric oxide production through Akt signalling in human endothelial cells. OCN improves intracellular insulin signalling and demonstrates protective effects against endoplasmic reticulum stress in murine and human endothelial cells. OCN may be involved in calcification but further research is warranted, while there is no evidence for a pro-calcific effect of FGF23 in vitro. FGF23 and LCN-2 increase proliferation in some cell types and increase and decrease reactive oxygen species generation, respectively. LCN-2 also has anti-apoptotic effects but may increase endoplasmic reticulum stress as well as have pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic properties in human vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. There is no strong evidence to support a pathological role of OCN or FGF23 in the vasculature based on these findings. In contrast, they may in fact support normal endothelial functioning, vascular homeostasis and vasodilation. No studies examined whether OCN or FGF23 may have a role in vascular inflammation. Limited studies with LCN-2 indicate a pro-inflammatory and possible pathological role in the vasculature but further mechanistic data is required. Overall, these osteokines pose intriguing functions which should be investigated comprehensively to assess their relevance to cardiovascular disease and health in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Millar
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Susan I Anderson
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Saoirse E O'Sullivan
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
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16
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Grootaert MOJ, Moulis M, Roth L, Martinet W, Vindis C, Bennett MR, De Meyer GRY. Vascular smooth muscle cell death, autophagy and senescence in atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:622-634. [PMID: 29360955 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present review, we describe the causes and consequences of loss of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) or their function in advanced atherosclerotic plaques and discuss possible mechanisms such as cell death or senescence, and induction of autophagy to promote cell survival. We also highlight the potential use of pharmacological modulators of these processes to limit plaque progression and/or improve plaque stability. VSMCs play a pivotal role in atherogenesis. Loss of VSMCs via initiation of cell death leads to fibrous cap thinning and promotes necrotic core formation and calcification. VSMC apoptosis is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidized low density lipoprotein, high levels of nitric oxide and mechanical injury. Apoptotic VSMCs are characterized by a thickened basal lamina surrounding the cytoplasmic remnants of the VSMC. Inefficient clearance of apoptotic VSMCs results in secondary necrosis and subsequent inflammation. A critical determinant in the VSMC stress response and phenotypic switching is autophagy, which is activated by various stimuli, including reactive oxygen and lipid species, cytokines, growth factors and metabolic stress. Successful autophagy stimulates VSMC survival, whereas reduced autophagy promotes age-related changes in the vasculature. Recently, an interesting link between autophagy and VSMC senescence has been uncovered. Defective VSMC autophagy accelerates not only the development of stress-induced premature senescence but also atherogenesis, albeit without worsening plaque stability. VSMC senescence in atherosclerosis is likely a result of replicative senescence and/or stress-induced premature senescence in response to DNA damaging and/or oxidative stress-inducing stimuli. The finding that VSMC senescence can promote atherosclerosis further illustrates that normal, adequate VSMC function is crucial in protecting the vessel wall against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy O J Grootaert
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Manon Moulis
- INSERM, UMR-1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases and University Paul Sabatier, F-31342 Toulouse, France
| | - Lynn Roth
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Martinet
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cécile Vindis
- INSERM, UMR-1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases and University Paul Sabatier, F-31342 Toulouse, France
| | - Martin R Bennett
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Guido R Y De Meyer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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17
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Kanazawa I, Tanaka S, Sugimoto T. The Association Between Osteocalcin and Chronic Inflammation in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Calcif Tissue Int 2018; 103:599-605. [PMID: 30051143 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-018-0460-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteocalcin acts as an endocrine hormone to regulate energy homeostasis. Although several in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that osteocalcin is involved in chronic inflammation, the association between osteocalcin and chronic inflammation in humans is unknown. In this cross-sectional study, 246 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were recruited to investigate the association of bone turnover markers with chronic inflammation parameters such as high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), ferritin, and leukocyte subtype counts. Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), total osteocalcin (OC), undercarboxylated OC (ucOC), and urinary N-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type-I collagen (uNTX) were measured. Multiple regression analysis adjusted for age, duration of diabetes, body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and hemoglobin A1c showed that serum OC levels were significantly and negatively associated with hsCRP, ferritin, basophil count, and monocyte count (β = - 0.18, p = 0.013; β = - 0.22, p = 0.031; β = - 0.14, p = 0.038; and β = - 0.17, p = 0.012, respectively). Moreover, serum ucOC levels were significantly and negatively associated with hsCRP, ferritin, total leukocyte count, neutrophil count, and monocyte count (β = - 0.24, p = 0.007; β =- 0.37, p = 0.003; β = - 0.21, p = 0.007; β = - 0.24, p = 0.002; and β = - 0.20, p = 0.011, respectively). The ratio of ucOC to OC was significantly and negatively associated with ferritin (β = - 0.31, p = 0.014). However, neither BAP nor uNTX was associated with any chronic inflammation parameters. This is the first study to show that serum OC and ucOC levels were negatively associated with chronic inflammation parameters such as hsCRP, ferritin, and leukocyte subtypes in patients with T2DM. Therefore, OC could be a therapeutic target for protecting against chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ippei Kanazawa
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Sayuri Tanaka
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Toshitsugu Sugimoto
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
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18
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Tacey A, Qaradakhi T, Brennan-Speranza T, Hayes A, Zulli A, Levinger I. Potential Role for Osteocalcin in the Development of Atherosclerosis and Blood Vessel Disease. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101426. [PMID: 30287742 PMCID: PMC6213520 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for the involvement of the skeleton in the regulation of atherosclerotic vascular disease. Osteocalcin, an osteoblast derived protein, exists in two forms, carboxylated and undercarboxylated osteocalcin. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin has been linked to the regulation of metabolic functions, including glucose and lipid metabolism. Features of atherosclerosis have been associated with circulating osteocalcin; however, this association is often conflicting and unclear. Therefore, the aim of this review is to examine the evidence for a role of osteocalcin in atherosclerosis development and progression, and in particular endothelial dysfunction and vascular calcification. The current literature suggests that undercarboxylated osteocalcin stimulates the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway to upregulate nitric oxide and nuclear factor kappa β (NF-кβ) in vascular cells, possibly protecting endothelial function and preventing atherogenesis. However, this effect may be mediated by metabolic factors, such as improvements in insulin signaling, rather than through a direct effect on the vasculature. Total osteocalcin is frequently associated with vascular calcification, an association that may occur as a result of vascular cells eliciting an osteogenic phenotype. Whether osteocalcin acts as a mediator or a marker of vascular calcification is currently unclear. As such, further studies that examine each form of osteocalcin are required to elucidate if it is a mediator of atherogenesis, and whether it functions independently of metabolic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tacey
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia.
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Department of Medicine, Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia.
| | - Tawar Qaradakhi
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia.
| | - Tara Brennan-Speranza
- Department of Physiology and Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Alan Hayes
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia.
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Department of Medicine, Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia.
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia.
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia.
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Department of Medicine, Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia.
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19
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Qiu X, Liu K, Xiao L, Jin S, Dong J, Teng X, Guo Q, Chen Y, Wu Y. Alpha-lipoic acid regulates the autophagy of vascular smooth muscle cells in diabetes by elevating hydrogen sulfide level. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3723-3738. [PMID: 30251691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional vascular smooth muscle (VSM) plays a vital role in the process of atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) can prevent the altered VSM induced by diabetes. However, the precise mechanism underlying the beneficial effect of ALA is not well understood. This study aimed to determine whether ALA ameliorates VSM function by elevating hydrogen sulfide (H2S) level in diabetes and whether this effect is associated with regulation of autophagy of VSM cells (VSMCs). We found decreased serum H2S levels in Chinese patients and rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). ALA treatment could increase H2S level, which reduced the autophagy-related index and activation of the 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, thereby protecting vascular function in rats with T2DM. Propargylglycine (PPG), a cystathionine-γ-lyase inhibitor, could weaken the ALA effect. In cultured VSMCs, high glucose level also reduced H2S level, upregulated the autophagy-related index and activated the AMPK/mTOR pathway, which were reversed by concomitant application of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, an H2S donor) or ALA. The protective effect of NaHS or ALA was attenuated by rapamycin (an autophagy activator), 5-amino-1-β-d-ribofuranosyl-imidazole-4-carboxamide (an AMPK activator) or PPG. In contrast, Compound C (an AMPK inhibitor) enhanced the effect of ALA or NaHS. ALA may have a protective effect on VSMCs in T2DM by elevating H2S level and downregulating autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR pathway. This study provides a new target for addressing diabetic macroangiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Qiu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China; Department of Endocrinology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, China
| | - Kuanzhi Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Sheng Jin
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Jinghui Dong
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Xu Teng
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China; Intensive Care Unit, Forth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, China
| | - Yuming Wu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China; Key Laboratory of Vascular Medicine of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China.
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20
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Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin: Experimental and Human Evidence for a Role in Glucose Homeostasis and Muscle Regulation of Insulin Sensitivity. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070847. [PMID: 29966260 PMCID: PMC6073619 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances have indicated that osteocalcin, and in particular its undercarboxylated form (ucOC), is not only a nutritional biomarker reflective of vitamin K status and an indicator of bone health but also an active hormone that mediates glucose metabolism in experimental studies. This work has been supported by the putative identification of G protein-coupled receptor, class C, group 6, member A (GPRC6A) as a cell surface receptor for ucOC. Of note, ucOC has been associated with diabetes and with cardiovascular risk in epidemiological studies, consistent with a pathophysiological role for ucOC in vivo. Limitations of existing knowledge include uncertainty regarding the underlying mechanisms by which ucOC interacts with GPRC6A to modulate metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes, technical issues with commonly used assays for ucOC in serum, and a paucity of clinical trials to prove causation and illuminate the scope for novel health interventions. A key emerging area of research is the role of ucOC in relation to expression of GPRC6A in muscle, and whether exercise interventions may modulate metabolic outcomes favorably in part via ucOC. Further research is warranted to clarify potential direct and indirect roles for ucOC in human health and cardiometabolic diseases.
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21
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Mera P, Ferron M, Mosialou I. Regulation of Energy Metabolism by Bone-Derived Hormones. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a031666. [PMID: 28778968 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Like many other organs, bone can act as an endocrine organ through the secretion of bone-specific hormones or "osteokines." At least two osteokines are implicated in the control of glucose and energy metabolism: osteocalcin (OCN) and lipocalin-2 (LCN2). OCN stimulates the production and secretion of insulin by the pancreatic β-cells, but also favors adaptation to exercise by stimulating glucose and fatty acid (FA) utilization by the muscle. Both of these OCN functions are mediated by the G-protein-coupled receptor GPRC6A. In contrast, LCN2 influences energy metabolism by activating appetite-suppressing signaling in the brain. This action of LCN2 occurs through its binding to the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and ventromedial neurons of the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mera
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Mathieu Ferron
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Ioanna Mosialou
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
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22
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Miyake H, Kanazawa I, Sugimoto T. Association of Bone Mineral Density, Bone Turnover Markers, and Vertebral Fractures with All-Cause Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Calcif Tissue Int 2018; 102:1-13. [PMID: 28965188 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-017-0324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have an increased risk of fragility fracture. However, the association between diabetes-related osteoporosis and mortality in T2DM remains unknown. This historical cohort study assessed the endpoint of all-cause mortality in patients with T2DM. According to our hospital record, bone parameters were examined in 797 patients from 1997 to 2009. We excluded 78 because of diseases affecting bone metabolism and could not follow-up 308 patients. Finally, in 411 patients, the associations of bone turnover markers, bone mineral density (BMD), and the prevalence of vertebral fractures with mortality were investigated by Cox regression analyses adjusted for confounding factors. Of 411 patients, 56 died during the follow-up period of almost 7 years. Cox regression analyses showed that reduced BMD at the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) (T-score ≤ -2.5) and severe vertebral fractures were associated with higher mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 3.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.48-7.16, p = 0.003 for LS-T score ≤ -2.5; HR 5.19, 95% CI 1.83-14.75, p = 0.002 for FN-T score ≤ -2.5; HR 2.93, 95% CI 1.42-6.02, p = 0.004 for multiple vertebral fractures; HR 7.64, 95% CI 2.13-27.42, p = 0.002 for grade 3 vertebral fracture). Separate analysis in men and women showed that decreased serum osteocalcin was associated with mortality in women (HR 3.82, 95% CI 1.01-14.46 per SD decrease, p = 0.048). The present study is the first to show the association of reduced BMD and severe vertebral fractures with increased all-cause mortality in patients with T2DM. Moreover, higher serum osteocalcin was significantly associated with decreased mortality in women with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Miyake
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Ippei Kanazawa
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Toshitsugu Sugimoto
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan
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Guo Q, Li H, Xu L, Wu S, Sun H, Zhou B. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin reverts insulin resistance induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46. [PMID: 28246389 PMCID: PMC5427815 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteocalcin has been considered to be an important regulator of energy metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the mechanism underlying the involvement of uncarboxylated osteocalcin in the vascular complications of T2DM is not fully understood. In the present study, we analyzed the potential correlations between uncarboxylated osteocalcin and macro- or microangiopathic complications in subjects with T2DM and tested the impact of uncarboxylated osteocalcin on insulin resistance in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The results showed that the serum levels of uncarboxylated osteocalcin were lower in subjects with vascular complications of T2DM. Univariate correlation analyses revealed negative correlations between uncarboxylated osteocalcin and waist-to-hip ratio, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR. In in vitro experiments, insulin resistance was induced by applying tunicamycin to HUVECs. Uncarboxylated osteocalcin not only markedly reduced the phosphorylations of PERK and eIF2α, but also elevated the phosphorylations of IRS-1 and Akt, resulting in improvement of insulin signal transduction via PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling in HUVECs. Therefore, there is a possible relationship between uncarboxylated osteocalcin and the vascular complications of T2DM. Uncarboxylated osteocalcin partially improves insulin signal transduction via PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling in tunicamycin-induced HUVECs, suggesting osteocalcin as a potential treatment for the vascular complications of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyue Guo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Huixia Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Guangren Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Shufang Wu
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Hongzhi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
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Shanahan CM, Furmanik M. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells: A Novel Regulator of Vascular Disease. Curr Cardiol Rev 2017; 13:94-105. [PMID: 27758694 PMCID: PMC5440785 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x12666161014094738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease continues to be the leading cause of death in industrialised societies. The idea that the arterial smooth muscle cell (ASMC) plays a key role in regulating many vascular pathologies has been gaining importance, as has the realisation that not enough is known about the pathological cellular mechanisms regulating ASMC function in vascular remodelling. In the past decade endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) have been recognised as a stress response underlying many physiological and pathological processes in various vascular cell types. Here we summarise what is known about how ER stress signalling regulates phenotypic switching, trans/dedifferentiation and apoptosis of ASMCs and contributes to atherosclerosis, hypertension, aneurysms and vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Shanahan
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, James Black Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Malgorzata Furmanik
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, James Black Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
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Hu HJ, Jiang ZS, Qiu J, Zhou SH, Liu QM. Protective effects of hydrogen sulfide against angiotensin II-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in HUVECs. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2213-2222. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Guo Q, Xu L, Li H, Sun H, Liu J, Wu S, Zhou B. Progranulin causes adipose insulin resistance via increased autophagy resulting from activated oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:25. [PMID: 28143512 PMCID: PMC5282713 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0425-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progranulin (PGRN) has recently emerged as an important regulator for insulin resistance. However, the direct effect of progranulin in adipose insulin resistance associated with the autophagy mechanism is not fully understood. METHODS In the present study, progranulin was administered to 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C57BL/6 J mice with/without specific inhibitors of oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and metabolic parameters, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy markers were assessed. RESULTS Progranulin treatment increased iNOS expression, NO synthesis and ROS generation, and elevated protein expressions of CHOP, GRP78 and the phosphorylation of PERK, and caused a significant increase in Atg7 and LC3-II protein expression and a decreased p62 expression, and decreased insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 and glucose uptake, demonstrating that progranulin activated oxidative stress and ER stress, elevated autophagy and induced insulin insensitivity in adipocytes and adipose tissue of mice. Interestingly, inhibition of iNOS and ER stress both reversed progranulin-induced stress response and increased autophagy, protecting against insulin resistance in adipocytes. Furthermore, the administration of the ER stress inhibitor 4-phenyl butyric acid reversed the negative effect of progranulin in vivo. CONCLUSION Our findings showed the clinical potential of the novel adipokine progranulin in the regulation of insulin resistance, suggesting that progranulin might mediate adipose insulin resistance, at least in part, by inducing autophagy via activated oxidative stress and ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyue Guo
- grid.452438.cDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Lin Xu
- 0000 0001 0599 1243grid.43169.39Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Guangren Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710004 China
| | - Huixia Li
- 0000 0001 0599 1243grid.43169.39Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Medical School of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Hongzhi Sun
- 0000 0001 0599 1243grid.43169.39Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Medical School of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Jiali Liu
- grid.452672.0Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Shufang Wu
- grid.452438.cCenter for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Bo Zhou
- grid.452438.cDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061 China
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4-PBA reverses autophagic dysfunction and improves insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue of obese mice via Akt/mTOR signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 484:529-535. [PMID: 28153729 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA) has been considered as a key regulator of insulin resistance in obesity. However the mechanism of 4-PBA involved in insulin resistance remains elusive. METHODS We evaluated the effect of 4-PBA on abnormal autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in obese mice. 4-PBA was administered in obese mice and adipocyte models, and metabolic parameters, autophagy markers, ER stress indicators, Akt/mTOR signaling and insulin signaling molecular were assessed. RESULTS 4-PBA treatment not only reversed autophagic dysfunction and ER stress, but also improved impaired insulin signaling in tunicamycin-induced adipocytes, and 4-PBA also inhibited activated ER stress and elevated insulin sensitivity in adipocytes with Atg7 siRNA. Additionally, administration of 4-PBA improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in obese mice via regulating abnormal autophagy and ER stress in adipose tissue. The protective effects of 4-PBA were nullified by suppression of Akt and mTOR in adipocytes, suggesting that 4-PBA inhibits autophagy and restores insulin sensitivity via Akt/mTOR signaling partially. CONCLUSIONS 4-PBA reverses autophagic dysfunction and improves insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue of obese mice via Akt/mTOR signaling partly, which could be regarded as novel opportunities for treatment of insulin resistance.
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28
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Guo Q, Li H, Liu J, Xu L, Yang L, Sun Z, Zhou B. Tunicamycin aggravates endoplasmic reticulum stress and airway inflammation via PERK-ATF4-CHOP signaling in a murine model of neutrophilic asthma. J Asthma 2016; 54:125-133. [PMID: 27383524 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2016.1205085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been considered to be an important regulator of airway inflammation in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma, but the mechanism of ER stress involved in neutrophilic asthma remain not fully understood. METHODS Tunicamycin is a mixture of homologous nucleoside antibiotics, which is used to induce ER stress. In the present study, Tunicamycin was administered to mouse bronchial epithelial cells and a neutrophilic asthma model (OVALPS-OVA mice), and ER stress indicators and inflammatory cytokines were measured by Western blotting and Elisa. RESULTS Tunicamycin not only induced ER stress in mouse bronchial epithelial cells, but also increased expression of inflammation indicators such as IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α via PERK-ATF4-CHOP signaling. Additionally, the phosphorylation of PERK and the expression levels of ATF4 and CHOP proteins and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α) were elevated in the lung tissue of OVALPS-OVA mice. Administering tunicamycin further increased protein expression levels of ER stress indicators and inflammatory cytokines, and resulted in more severe asthma phenotypes in OVALPS-OVA mice, suggesting that PERK-ATF4-CHOP signaling is associated with airway inflammation in neutrophil-dominant asthma. CONCLUSIONS These data support the emerging notion that regulation of ER stress could be strongly associated with the development of neutrophilic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyue Guo
- a Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Huixia Li
- b Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Jiali Liu
- b Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Lin Xu
- c Department of Endocrinology , the Affiliated Guangren Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Lan Yang
- d Department of Respiratory , The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Zhongmin Sun
- d Department of Respiratory , The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Bo Zhou
- d Department of Respiratory , The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
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Li J, Zhang H, Yang C, Li Y, Dai Z. An overview of osteocalcin progress. J Bone Miner Metab 2016; 34:367-79. [PMID: 26747614 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-015-0734-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An increasing amount of data indicate that osteocalcin is an endocrine hormone which regulates energy metabolism, male fertility and brain development. However, the detailed functions and mechanism of osteocalcin are not well understood and conflicting results have been obtained from researchers worldwide. In the present review, we summarize the progress of osteocalcin studies over the past 40 years, focusing on the structure of carboxylated and undercarboxylated osteocalcin, new functions and putative receptors, the role of osteocalcin in bone remodeling, specific expression and regulation in osteoblasts, and new indices for clinical studies. The complexity of osteocalcin in completely, uncompletely and non-carboxylated forms may account for the discrepancies in its tertiary structure and clinical results. Moreover, the extensive expression of osteocalcin and its putative receptor GPRC6A imply that there are new physiological functions and mechanisms of action of osteocalcin to be explored. New discoveries related to osteocalcin function will assist its potential clinical application and physiological theory, but comprehensive investigations are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiao Li
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, P.O.Box 1053-23#, No. 26, Beijing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, P.O.Box 1053-23#, No. 26, Beijing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Chao Yang
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, P.O.Box 1053-23#, No. 26, Beijing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, P.O.Box 1053-23#, No. 26, Beijing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Zhongquan Dai
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, P.O.Box 1053-23#, No. 26, Beijing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, China.
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Guo J, Sang Y, Yin T, Wang B, Yang W, Li X, Li H, Kang Y. miR-1273g-3p participates in acute glucose fluctuation-induced autophagy, dysfunction, and proliferation attenuation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E734-43. [PMID: 26908504 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00444.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Acute glucose fluctuations (AGF) often cause high mortality among critically ill patients, but the mechanisms induced by AGF are not clear. Recent studies suggest that endothelial dysfunction is a key factor that leads to high mortality among critically ill patients. Our goal is to evaluate the phenomenon and mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction induced by AGF. In this study, the functions of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were compared after treatment with sustained high glucose (SHG), AGF in two groups (AGF1 fluctuations between 5 and 16 mM and AGF2 fluctuations between 5 and 25 mM), and normal glucose levels as a control group (CTR). The medium of the groups was changed every 4 h. The influence of AGF on wound healing was also tested on C57BL/6 mice. The results show that cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and migration functions were injured in the SHG and both AGF groups. AGF2 group shows the worse condition in vitro. In vivo, the wound healing was delayed after the AGF treatment. Furthermore, the markers of apoptosis and autophagy were analyzed. We observed that the autophagy changed in all treatment groups, but apoptosis showed no change. To get to know the mechanism of dysfunction and autophagy, we performed the microRNA chip assay and real-time PCR and found miR-1273g-3p remarkably changed in AGF2 group. After the mimic and inhibitor of miR-1273g-3p were transfected during the AGF2 treatment, we found that the dysfunction and autophagy were partially enhanced by miR-1273g-3p mimic and reversed by miR-1273g-3p inhibitor in AGF2 group. Thus, we conclude that AGF can induce more dysfunction and autophagy, and miR-1273g-3p is also an important factor that leads to the injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital
| | - Yaxiong Sang
- College of Life Science; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital
| | - Tao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital
| | | | - Xue Li
- West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine; and
| | - Huan Li
- Anesthesia Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Kang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital;
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Li H, Zhou B, Liu J, Li F, Li Y, Kang X, Sun H, Wu S. Administration of progranulin (PGRN) triggers ER stress and impairs insulin sensitivity via PERK-eIF2α-dependent manner. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1893-907. [PMID: 26039714 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1041686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) has recently emerged as an important regulator for glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. However, the direct effects of PGRN in vivo and the underlying mechanisms between PGRN and impaired insulin sensitivity are not fully understood. In this study, mice treated with PGRN for 21 d exhibited the impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, remarkable ER stress as well as attenuated insulin signaling in liver and adipose tissue but not in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, treatment of mice with phenyl butyric acid (PBA), a chemical chaperone alleviating ER stress, resulted in a significant restoration of systemic insulin sensitivity and recovery of insulin signaling induced by PGRN. Consistent with these findings in vivo, we also observed that PGRN treatment induced ER stress, impaired insulin signaling in cultured hepatocytes and adipocytes, with such effects being partially nullified by blockade of PERK. Whereas PGRN-deficient hepatocytes and adipocytes were more refractory to palmitate-induced insulin resistance, indicating the causative role of the PERK-eIF2α axis of the ER stress response in action of PGRN. Collectively, our findings supported the notion that PGRN is a key regulator of insulin resistance and that PGRN may mediate its effects, at least in part, by inducing ER stress via the PERK-eIF2α dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Li
- a First Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases; Ministry of Education; Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University ; Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
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Kim KM, Lim S, Moon JH, Jin H, Jung KY, Shin CS, Park KS, Jang HC, Choi SH. Lower uncarboxylated osteocalcin and higher sclerostin levels are significantly associated with coronary artery disease. Bone 2016; 83:178-183. [PMID: 26576474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Systemic roles for bone-derived proteins have emerged from recent studies. In particular, the serum concentration of osteocalcin (OCN) or sclerostin was found to be associated with altered glucose metabolism or atherosclerosis. The aims of this study were to evaluate OCN and sclerostin levels in subjects who underwent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery compared with those in normal controls and to analyze their relationships with atherosclerosis. This was an age- and sex-matched case-control study that included 61 male subjects who underwent CABG and 61 controls. Forty-six subjects (37.7%) with diabetes and 62 hypertensive subjects (50.8%) were included. Serum sclerostin, uncarboxylated OCN (ucOCN) and carboxylated OCN (cOCN) were measured. Coronary artery calcium (CAC) score was calculated according to Agatston's method, using a 64-slice multi-detector computed tomography scanner. The levels of serum ucOCN were significantly lower and sclerostin concentrations were higher in the CABG group than in the controls (p<0.05 for both), and these significances were maintained after adjusting for atherosclerotic risk factors in both diabetic and nondiabetic patients (p<0.05 in both groups). However, there was no difference in cOCN levels between CABG patients and controls. The group with abnormal CAC scores (CAC scores ≥100) had significantly higher levels of serum sclerostin (p<0.05). In multiple logistic regression analysis, both lower ucOCN and higher sclerostin levels were independently associated with CABG (odds ratio [OR] 0.43, 95% CI 0.22-0.84, p<0.05 for log(ucOCN); and OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.08-4.05, p<0.05 for log(sclerostin)). In subjects with CAD who underwent CABG, the serum ucOCN level was decreased and the sclerostin level was increased compared with those in the controls, regardless of diabetic status. Longitudinal studies are warranted to establish the precise roles of ucOCN and sclerostin in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Min Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Hyunjin Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Kyong Yeun Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Chan Soo Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyong Soo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hak Chul Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Hee Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Zoch ML, Clemens TL, Riddle RC. New insights into the biology of osteocalcin. Bone 2016; 82:42-9. [PMID: 26055108 PMCID: PMC4670816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteocalcin is among the most abundant proteins in bone and is produced exclusively by osteoblasts. Initially believed to be an inhibitor of bone mineralization, recent studies suggest a broader role for osteocalcin that extends to the regulation of whole body metabolism, reproduction, and cognition. Circulating undercarboxylated osteocalcin, which is regulated by insulin, acts in a feed-forward loop to increase β-cell proliferation as well as insulin production and secretion, while skeletal muscle and adipose tissue respond to osteocalcin by increasing their sensitivity to insulin. Osteocalcin also acts in the brain to increase neurotransmitter production and in the testes to stimulate testosterone production. At least one putative receptor for osteocalcin, Gprc6a, is expressed by adipose, skeletal muscle, and the Leydig cells of the testes and appears to mediate osteocalcin's effects in these tissues. In this review, we summarize these new discoveries, which suggest that the ability of osteocalcin to function both locally in bone and as a hormone depends on a novel post-translational mechanism that alters osteocalcin's affinity for the bone matrix and bioavailability. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Bone and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith L Zoch
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas L Clemens
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryan C Riddle
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Zhou B, Li H, Liu J, Xu L, Guo Q, Sun H, Wu S. Progranulin induces adipose insulin resistance and autophagic imbalance via TNFR1 in mice. J Mol Endocrinol 2015; 55:231-43. [PMID: 26373796 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) has recently emerged as an important regulator for insulin resistance. However, the direct effect of PGRN in vivo and the underlying role of progranulin in adipose insulin resistance involving the autophagy mechanism is not fully understood. In this study, mice treated with PGRN for 21 days exhibited the impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, remarkable adipose autophagy as well as attenuated insulin signaling via inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Furthermore, blockade of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) by TNFR1BP-Fc injection resulted in the restoration of impaired insulin sensitivity and insulin signaling induced by PGRN. Consistent with these findings in vivo, PGRN treatment induced defective insulin signaling, abnormal autophagic and mitochondrial activity in cultured adipocytes, while such effects were nullified by the blockade of TNFR1. In addition, PGRN-deficient adipocytes were more refractory to tunicamycin- or dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance, indicating the causative role of the TNFR1 pathway in the action of PGRN. Collectively, our findings support the notion that PGRN is a key regulator of insulin resistance and that PGRN may mediate its effects, at least in part, by inducing autophagy via the TNFR1-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China 710061
| | - Huixia Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China 710061
| | - Jiali Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China 710061
| | - Lin Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China 710061
| | - Qinyue Guo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China 710061
| | - Hongzhi Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China 710061
| | - Shufang Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China 710061
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Wei J, Flaherty S, Karsenty G. Searching for additional endocrine functions of the skeleton: genetic approaches and implications for therapeutics. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2015; 10:413-424. [PMID: 27588033 PMCID: PMC5004930 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2015.1058152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Our knowledge of whole organism physiology has greatly advanced in the past decades through mouse genetics. In particular, genetic studies have revealed that most organs interact with one another through hormones in order to maintain normal physiological functions and the homeostasis of the entire organism. Remarkably, through these studies many unexpected novel endocrine means to regulate physiological functions have been uncovered. The skeletal system is one example. In this article, we review a series of studies that over the years have identified bone as an endocrine organ. The mechanism of action, pathological relevance, and therapeutic implications of the functions of the bone-derived hormone osteocalcin are discussed. In the last part of this review we discuss the possibility that additional endocrine functions of the skeleton may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Wei
- Department of Genetics & Development, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Stephen Flaherty
- Department of Genetics & Development, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gerard Karsenty
- Department of Genetics & Development, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Bi X, He X, Xu M, Zhao M, Yu X, Lu X, Zang W. Acetylcholine ameliorates endoplasmic reticulum stress in endothelial cells after hypoxia/reoxygenation via M3 AChR-AMPK signaling. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:2461-72. [PMID: 26066647 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1060383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is associated with various cardiovascular diseases. However, its pathophysiological relevance and the underlying mechanisms in the context of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) in endothelial cells are not fully understood. Previous findings have suggested that acetylcholine (ACh), the major vagal nerve neurotransmitter, protected against cardiomyocyte injury by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). This study investigated the role of ER stress in endothelial cells during H/R and explored the beneficial effects of ACh. Our results showed that H/R triggered ER stress and apoptosis in endothelial cells, evidenced by the elevation of glucose-regulated protein 78, cleaved caspase-12 and C/EBP homologous protein expression. ACh significantly decreased ER stress and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling positive cells and restored ER ultrastructural changes induced by H/R, possibly via protein kinase-like ER kinase and inositol-requiring kinase 1 pathways. Additionally, 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide, a type-3 muscarinic ACh receptor (M3 AChR) inhibitor, abolished ACh-mediated increase in AMPK phosphorylation during H/R. Furthermore, M3 AChR or AMPK siRNA abrogated the ACh-elicited the attenuation of ER stress in endothelial cells, indicating that the salutary effects of ACh were likely mediated by M3 AChR-AMPK signaling. Overall, ACh activated AMPK through M3 AChR, thereby inhibited H/R-induced ER stress and apoptosis in endothelial cells. We have suggested for the first time that AMPK may function as an essential intermediate step between M3 AChR stimulation and inhibition of ER stress-associated apoptotic pathway during H/R, which may help to develop novel therapeutic approaches targeting ER stress to prevent or alleviate ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Key Words
- 4-DAMP, 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide
- 4-PBA, 4-phenyl butyric acid
- ACh, acetylcholine
- AMPK
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- ATF6, activating transcription factor 6
- CHOP, C/EBP homologous protein
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phospharte dehydrogenase
- GRP78, glucose-regulated protein 78
- H/R, hypoxia/reoxygenation
- I/R, ischemia/reperfusion
- IRE1, inositol-requiring kinase 1
- M3 AChR
- MAChR, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PERK, protein kinase-like ER kinase
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling
- acetylcholine
- apoptosis
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- endothelial cells
- ischemia/reperfusion injury
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Bi
- a Department of Pharmacology ; Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center , Xi'an , P.R. China
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Wang HL, Fan SS, Pang M, Liu YH, Guo M, Liang JB, Zhang JL, Yu BF, Guo R, Xie J, Zheng GP. The Ankyrin Repeat Domain 49 (ANKRD49) Augments Autophagy of Serum-Starved GC-1 Cells through the NF-κB Pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128551. [PMID: 26043108 PMCID: PMC4455995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ankyrin repeat domain 49 (ANKRD49) is an evolutionarily conserved protein highly expressed in testes. However, the function of ANKRD49 in spermatogenesis is unknown. In this study, we found that ANKRD49 resides primarily in nucleus of spermatogonia, spermatocytes and round spermatids. ANKRD49 overexpression augments starvation-induced autophagy in male germ GC-1 cells whereas shRNA knockdown of ANKRD49 attenuates the autophagy. Inhibition of NF-κB pathway by its inhibitors or p65 siRNA prevents the ANKRD49-dependent autophagy augmentation, demonstrating that ANKRD49 enhances autophagy via NF-κB pathway. Our findings suggest that ANKRD49 plays an important role in spermatogenesis via promotion of autophagy-dependent survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-long Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, PR China
| | - Sha-sha Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, PR China
| | - Min Pang
- Department of Respiratory, the First Affiliated Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, PR China
| | - Yi-heng Liu
- Class 041002, Department of Anestesioloy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, PR China
| | - Min Guo
- Center of Laboratory Animal, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, PR China
| | - Jun-bo Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jian-lin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, PR China
| | - Bao-feng Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, PR China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, PR China
- * E-mail: (RG); (JX); (GPZ)
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, PR China
- * E-mail: (RG); (JX); (GPZ)
| | - Guo-ping Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, PR China
- * E-mail: (RG); (JX); (GPZ)
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Guo Q, Shi Q, Li H, Liu J, Wu S, Sun H, Zhou B. Glycolipid Metabolism Disorder in the Liver of Obese Mice Is Improved by TUDCA via the Restoration of Defective Hepatic Autophagy. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:687938. [PMID: 26681941 PMCID: PMC4668323 DOI: 10.1155/2015/687938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) has been considered an important regulator of energy metabolism in obesity. However, the mechanism underlying how TUDCA is involved in insulin resistance is not fully understood. We tested the effects of TUDCA on autophagic dysfunction in obese mice. Material and Methods. 500 mg/kg of TUDCA was injected into obese mice, and metabolic parameters, autophagy markers, and insulin signaling molecular were assessed by Western blotting and real-time PCR. Results. The TUDCA injections in the obese mice resulted in a reduced body weight gain, lower blood glucose, and improved insulin sensitivity compared with obese mice that were injected with vehicle. Meanwhile, TUDCA treatment not only reversed autophagic dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress, but also improved the impaired insulin signaling in the liver of obese mice. Additionally, the same results obtained with TUDCA were evident in obese mice treated with the adenoviral Atg7. Conclusions. We found that TUDCA reversed abnormal autophagy, reduced ER stress, and restored insulin sensitivity in the liver of obese mice and that glycolipid metabolism disorder was also improved via the restoration of defective hepatic autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyue Guo
- Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Qindong Shi
- Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Huixia Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Shufang Wu
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Hongzhi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- *Hongzhi Sun: and
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- *Bo Zhou:
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Gupte AA, Sabek OM, Fraga D, Minze LJ, Nishimoto SK, Liu JZ, Afshar S, Gaber L, Lyon CJ, Gaber AO, Hsueh WA. Osteocalcin protects against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4697-705. [PMID: 25279794 PMCID: PMC5393336 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, particularly its more aggressive form, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is associated with hepatic insulin resistance. Osteocalcin, a protein secreted by osteoblast cells in bone, has recently emerged as an important metabolic regulator with insulin-sensitizing properties. In humans, osteocalcin levels are inversely associated with liver disease. We thus hypothesized that osteocalcin may attenuate NASH and examined the effects of osteocalcin treatment in middle-aged (12-mo-old) male Ldlr(-/-) mice, which were fed a Western-style high-fat, high-cholesterol diet for 12 weeks to induce metabolic syndrome and NASH. Mice were treated with osteocalcin (4.5 ng/h) or vehicle for the diet duration. Osteocalcin treatment not only protected against Western-style high-fat, high-cholesterol diet-induced insulin resistance but substantially reduced multiple NASH components, including steatosis, ballooning degeneration, and fibrosis, with an overall reduction in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity scores. Further, osteocalcin robustly reduced expression of proinflammatory and profibrotic genes (Cd68, Mcp1, Spp1, and Col1a2) in liver and suppressed inflammatory gene expression in white adipose tissue. In conclusion, these results suggest osteocalcin inhibits NASH development by targeting inflammatory and fibrotic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha A Gupte
- Bioenergetics Program (A.A.G.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas; Department of Surgery (O.M.S., D.F., S.A., A.O.G.), Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030; Immunobiology Research Center (L.J.M.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry (S.K.N.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163; Houston Methodist Research Institute (J.Z.L., C.J.L., W.A.H.), Methodist Diabetes and Metabolism Institute, Houston, Texas 77030; Department of Pathology (L.G.), Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030; and Department of Medicine (J.Z.L., W.A.H.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Ferron M, Lacombe J. Regulation of energy metabolism by the skeleton: Osteocalcin and beyond. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 561:137-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Li H, Zhou B, Xu L, Liu J, Zang W, Wu S, Sun H. The reciprocal interaction between autophagic dysfunction and ER stress in adipose insulin resistance. Cell Cycle 2013; 13:565-79. [DOI: 10.4161/cc.27406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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42
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Salabei JK, Hill BG. Implications of autophagy for vascular smooth muscle cell function and plasticity. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:693-703. [PMID: 23938401 PMCID: PMC3859773 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are fundamental in regulating blood pressure and distributing oxygen and nutrients to peripheral tissues. They also possess remarkable plasticity, with the capacity to switch to synthetic, macrophage-like, or osteochondrogenic phenotypes when cued by external stimuli. In arterial diseases such as atherosclerosis and restenosis, this plasticity seems to be critical and, depending on the disease context, can be deleterious or beneficial. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms regulating VSMC phenotype and survival is essential for developing new therapies for vascular disease as well as understanding how secondary complications due to surgical interventions develop. In this regard, the cellular process of autophagy is increasingly being recognized as a major player in vascular biology and a critical determinant of VSMC phenotype and survival. Although autophagy was identified in lesional VSMCs in the 1960s, our understanding of the implications of autophagy in arterial diseases and the stimuli promoting its activation in VSMCs is only now being elucidated. In this review, we highlight the evidence for autophagy occurring in VSMCs in vivo, elaborate on the stimuli and processes regulating autophagy, and discuss the current understanding of the role of autophagy in vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K Salabei
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Bradford G Hill
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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