1
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Sumathy B, Velayudhan S. Fabrication and evaluation of a bi-layered gelatin based scaffold with arrayed micro-pits for full-thickness skin construct. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126360. [PMID: 37591428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
There is an unmet need for a reliable and reproducible method for incorporating hair follicle derived stem cells in tissue engineered skin models to reconstitute hair follicles. This study discloses a novel method for introducing hair follicle derived stem cells in microneedle embossed micro-pits of a bilayer skin equivalent fabricated from a gelatin based scaffold. The microneedles are hard and strong enough to penetrate the upper layer of the bilayer gelatin based scaffold that corresponds to the epidermis and permeates down to lower layer that corresponds to dermal layer. This strategic location will mimic the natural niche of hair follicle stem cells for picking up signals from both the epidermis and dermis. Hair follicle stem cells are trapped in to these micro-pits by vacuum assisted cell seeding. The bilayer system consists of two distinct electrospun layers in a single processing step, representing outer epidermal layer and inner dermal layer with hair follicle stem cells in embedded pits, resulting in the formation of a closed representation of a complete skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babitha Sumathy
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Technologies, Department of Applied Biology, Biomedical Technology wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum 695 012, India.
| | - Shiny Velayudhan
- Division of Dental Products, Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Biomedical Technology wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum 695 012, India.
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2
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Pandamooz S, Jurek B, Dianatpour M, Haerteis S, Limm K, Oefner PJ, Dargahi L, Borhani-Haghighi A, Miyan JA, Salehi MS. The beneficial effects of chick embryo extract preconditioning on hair follicle stem cells: A promising strategy to generate Schwann cells. Cell Prolif 2023:e13397. [PMID: 36631409 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of hair follicle stem cells in different animal models of nervous system conditions have been extensively studied. While chick embryo extract (CEE) has been used as a growth medium supplement for these stem cells, this is the first study to show the effect of CEE on them. The rat hair follicle stem cells were isolated and supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum plus 10% CEE. The migration rate, proliferative capacity and multipotency were evaluated along with morphometric alteration and differentiation direction. The proteome analysis of CEE content identified effective factors of CEE that probably regulate fate and function of stem cells. The CEE enhances the migration rate of stem cells from explanted bulges as well as their proliferation, likely due to activation of AP-1 and translationally controlled tumour protein (TCTP) by thioredoxin found in CEE. The increased length of outgrowth may be the result of cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation triggered by active CamKII contained in CEE. Further, CEE supplementation upregulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. The elevated expression of target genes and proteins may be due to CREB, AP-1 and c-Myc activation in these stem cells. Given the increased transcript levels of neurotrophins, VEGF, and the expression of PDGFR-α, S100B, MBP and SOX-10 protein, it is possible that CEE promotes the fate of these stem cells towards Schwann cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Pandamooz
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Benjamin Jurek
- Research Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mehdi Dianatpour
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Silke Haerteis
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Limm
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter J Oefner
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Jaleel A Miyan
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mohammad Saied Salehi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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3
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Detection of De Novo Dividing Stem Cells In Situ through Double Nucleotide Analogue Labeling. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244001. [PMID: 36552766 PMCID: PMC9777310 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-specific somatic stem cells are characterized by their ability to reside in a state of prolonged reversible cell cycle arrest, referred to as quiescence. Maintenance of a balance between cell quiescence and division is critical for tissue homeostasis at the cellular level and is dynamically regulated by numerous extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Analysis of the activation of quiescent stem cells has been challenging because of a lack of methods for direct detection of de novo dividing cells. Here, we present and experimentally verify a novel method based on double labeling with thymidine analogues to detect de novo dividing stem cells in situ. In a proof of concept for the method, we show that memantine, a drug widely used for Alzheimer's disease therapy and a known strong inducer of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, increases the recruitment into the division cycle of quiescent radial glia-like stem cells-primary precursors of the adult-born neurons in the hippocampus. Our method could be applied to assess the effects of aging, pathology, or drug treatments on the quiescent stem cells in stem cell compartments in developing and adult tissues.
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4
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Leśniak W, Filipek A. S100A6 as a Constituent and Potential Marker of Adult and Cancer Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:2699-2708. [PMID: 35796891 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Adult or tissue stem cells are present in various tissues of the organism where they reside in a specific environment called the niche. Owing to their ability to generate a progeny that can proliferate and differentiate into specialized cell types, adult stem cells constitute a source of new cells necessary for tissue maintenance and/or regeneration. Under normal conditions they divide with a frequency matching the pace of tissue renewal but, following tissue damage, they can migrate to the site of injury and expand/divide intensively to facilitate tissue repair. For this reason much hope is being placed on the use of adult stem cells in regenerative therapies, including tissue engineering. Identification and characterization of tissue stem cells has been a laborious process due to their scarcity and lack of universal markers. Nonetheless, recent studies, employing various types of transcriptomic analyses, revealed some common trends in gene expression pattern among stem cells derived from different tissues, suggesting the importance of certain genes/proteins for the unique properties of these cells. S100A6, a small calcium binding protein, has been recognized as an important factor influencing cell proliferation and differentiation. Accumulating results show that S100A6 is a constituent of adult stem cells and, in some cases, may even be considered as their marker. Thus, in this review we summarize literature data concerning the presence of S100A6 in adult and cancer stem cells and speculate on its potential role and usefulness as a marker of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiesława Leśniak
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02- 093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Filipek
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02- 093, Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Lorenzo-Martín LF, Menacho-Márquez M, Fernández-Parejo N, Rodríguez-Fdez S, Pascual G, Abad A, Crespo P, Dosil M, Benitah SA, Bustelo XR. The Rho guanosine nucleotide exchange factors Vav2 and Vav3 modulate epidermal stem cell function. Oncogene 2022; 41:3341-3354. [PMID: 35534539 PMCID: PMC9187518 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is known that Rho GTPases control different aspects of the biology of skin stem cells (SSCs). However, little information is available on the role of their upstream regulators under normal and tumorigenic conditions in this process. To address this issue, we have used here mouse models in which the activity of guanosine nucleotide exchange factors of the Vav subfamily has been manipulated using both gain- and loss-of-function strategies. These experiments indicate that Vav2 and Vav3 regulate the number, functional status, and responsiveness of hair follicle bulge stem cells. This is linked to gene expression programs related to the reinforcement of the identity and the quiescent state of normal SSCs. By contrast, in the case of cancer stem cells, they promote transcriptomal programs associated with the identity, activation state, and cytoskeletal remodeling. These results underscore the role of these Rho exchange factors in the regulation of normal and tumor epidermal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Francisco Lorenzo-Martín
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mauricio Menacho-Márquez
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Natalia Fernández-Parejo
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sonia Rodríguez-Fdez
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Abad
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Piero Crespo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, CSIC-University of Cantabria, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Mercedes Dosil
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Xosé R Bustelo
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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6
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Moazeny M, Salari A, Hojati Z, Esmaeili F. Comparative analysis of protein-protein interaction networks in neural differentiation mechanisms. Differentiation 2022; 126:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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Olszewski C, Maassen J, Guenther R, Skazik-Voogt C, Gutermuth A. Mechanotransductive Differentiation of Hair Follicle Stem Cells Derived from Aged Eyelid Skin into Corneal Endothelial-Like Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 18:1668-1685. [PMID: 34515937 PMCID: PMC9209348 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10249-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Corneal endothelial insufficiency is one of the leading causes of blindness. The main contemporary treatment for corneal blindness is endothelial keratoplasty, which, however, is unsatisfactory as a medical therapy due to the lack of donor corneas and graft rejection. Therefore, autologous stem cell-based corneal endothelial tissue substitutes may be a promising alternative to conventional grafts in the future. To address the age of most patients suffering from corneal endothelial deficiencies, we investigated the presence and potential of hair-derived stem cells from older tissue donors. Our studies revealed the presence of pluripotency- and neural crest-associated markers in tissue sections from blepharoplasty patients aged 50 to 80 years. In vitro outgrowths from eyelid hair follicles on collagen-coated tissue culture plates revealed a weak decrease in stem-cell potency. In contrast, cells within the spheres that spontaneously formed from the adherent cell layer retained full stem-cell potency and could be differentiated into cells of the ecto- meso and endodermal lineages. Although these highly potent hair follicle derived stem cells (HFSC) were only very slightly expandable, they were able to recognize the biomimicry of the Descemet’s-like topography and differentiate into corneal endothelial-like cells. In conclusion, HFSCs derived from epidermal skin of eyelid biopsies are a promising cell source to provide autologous corneal endothelial replacement for any age group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Olszewski
- Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology, Steinbachstraße 17, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jessika Maassen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology, Steinbachstraße 17, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Guenther
- Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology, Steinbachstraße 17, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Claudia Skazik-Voogt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology, Steinbachstraße 17, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Angela Gutermuth
- Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology, Steinbachstraße 17, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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8
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Saha D, Thannimangalath S, Budamakuntla L, Loganathan E, Jamora C. Hair Follicle Grafting Therapy Promotes Re-Emergence of Critical Skin Components in Chronic Nonhealing Wounds. JID INNOVATIONS 2021; 1:100041. [PMID: 34909736 PMCID: PMC8659399 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
An exploding public health crisis is the exponential growth in the incidence of chronic nonhealing ulcers associated with diseases such as diabetes. Various modalities have been developed to stimulate wound closure that is otherwise recalcitrant to standard clinical treatments. However, these approaches primarily focus on the process of re-epithelialization and are often deficient in regenerating the full spectrum of structures necessary for normal skin function. Autologous hair follicle grafting is a recent therapy to stimulate the closure of such nonhealing wounds, and we observed effects beyond the epidermis to other important components of the dermis. We found that hair follicle grafting facilitated the reappearance of various undifferentiated and differentiated layers of the epidermis with the restoration of epidermal junctions. In addition, other important structures that are critical for cutaneous health and function such as the blood and lymph vasculature, nerve fibers, and sweat gland structures were restored in postgrafted wounds. Interestingly, both immune cells and inflammatory signals were substantially decreased, indicating a reduction in the chronic inflammation that is a hallmark of nonhealing wounds. Our observation that punch wounds created on the postgrafted area likewise healed suggests that this is a self-sustaining long-term therapy for patients with chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyuti Saha
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
- Department of Biology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sujaya Thannimangalath
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Leelavathy Budamakuntla
- Department of Dermatology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Eswari Loganathan
- Department of Dermatology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Colin Jamora
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
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9
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Peterson A, Nair L. Hair Follicle Stem Cells for Tissue Regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:695-706. [PMID: 34238037 PMCID: PMC9419938 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With the positive outcomes of various cell therapies currently under pre-clinical and clinical studies, there is a significant interest in novel stem cell sources with unique therapeutic properties. Studies over the past two decades or so demonstrated the feasibility to isolate multipotent/pluripotent stem cells from hair follicles. The easy accessibility, high proliferation and differentiation ability as well as lack of ethical concerns associated with this stem cell source make hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) attractive candidate for cell therapy and tissue engineering. This review discusses the various stem cell types identified in rodent and human hair follicles and ongoing studies on the potential use of HFSCs for skin, bone, cardio-vascular, and nerve tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Peterson
- University of Connecticut, 7712, Storrs, Connecticut, United States;
| | - Lakshmi Nair
- University of Connecticut Health Center, 21654, Orthopaedic Surgery, Farmington, Connecticut, United States;
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10
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Square TA, Sundaram S, Mackey EJ, Miller CT. Distinct tooth regeneration systems deploy a conserved battery of genes. EvoDevo 2021; 12:4. [PMID: 33766133 PMCID: PMC7995769 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-021-00172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vertebrate teeth exhibit a wide range of regenerative systems. Many species, including most mammals, reptiles, and amphibians, form replacement teeth at a histologically distinct location called the successional dental lamina, while other species do not employ such a system. Notably, a ‘lamina-less’ tooth replacement condition is found in a paraphyletic array of ray-finned fishes, such as stickleback, trout, cod, medaka, and bichir. Furthermore, the position, renewal potential, and latency times appear to vary drastically across different vertebrate tooth regeneration systems. The progenitor cells underlying tooth regeneration thus present highly divergent arrangements and potentials. Given the spectrum of regeneration systems present in vertebrates, it is unclear if morphologically divergent tooth regeneration systems deploy an overlapping battery of genes in their naïve dental tissues. Results In the present work, we aimed to determine whether or not tooth progenitor epithelia could be composed of a conserved cell type between vertebrate dentitions with divergent regeneration systems. To address this question, we compared the pharyngeal tooth regeneration processes in two ray-finned fishes: zebrafish (Danio rerio) and threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). These two teleost species diverged approximately 250 million years ago and demonstrate some stark differences in dental morphology and regeneration. Here, we find that the naïve successional dental lamina in zebrafish expresses a battery of nine genes (bmpr1aa, bmp6, cd34, gli1, igfbp5a, lgr4, lgr6, nfatc1, and pitx2), while active Wnt signaling and Lef1 expression occur during early morphogenesis stages of tooth development. We also find that, despite the absence of a histologically distinct successional dental lamina in stickleback tooth fields, the same battery of nine genes (Bmpr1a, Bmp6, CD34, Gli1, Igfbp5a, Lgr4, Lgr6, Nfatc1, and Pitx2) are expressed in the basalmost endodermal cell layer, which is the region most closely associated with replacement tooth germs. Like zebrafish, stickleback replacement tooth germs additionally express Lef1 and exhibit active Wnt signaling. Thus, two fish systems that either have an organized successional dental lamina (zebrafish) or lack a morphologically distinct successional dental lamina (sticklebacks) deploy similar genetic programs during tooth regeneration. Conclusions We propose that the expression domains described here delineate a highly conserved “successional dental epithelium” (SDE). Furthermore, a set of orthologous genes is known to mark hair follicle epithelial stem cells in mice, suggesting that regenerative systems in other epithelial appendages may utilize a related epithelial progenitor cell type, despite the highly derived nature of the resulting functional organs.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A Square
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
| | - Shivani Sundaram
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Emma J Mackey
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Craig T Miller
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
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11
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Yamakawa M, Santosa SM, Chawla N, Ivakhnitskaia E, Del Pino M, Giakas S, Nadel A, Bontu S, Tambe A, Guo K, Han KY, Cortina MS, Yu C, Rosenblatt MI, Chang JH, Azar DT. Transgenic models for investigating the nervous system: Currently available neurofluorescent reporters and potential neuronal markers. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129595. [PMID: 32173376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant DNA technologies have enabled the development of transgenic animal models for use in studying a myriad of diseases and biological states. By placing fluorescent reporters under the direct regulation of the promoter region of specific marker proteins, these models can localize and characterize very specific cell types. One important application of transgenic species is the study of the cytoarchitecture of the nervous system. Neurofluorescent reporters can be used to study the structural patterns of nerves in the central or peripheral nervous system in vivo, as well as phenomena involving embryologic or adult neurogenesis, injury, degeneration, and recovery. Furthermore, crucial molecular factors can also be screened via the transgenic approach, which may eventually play a major role in the development of therapeutic strategies against diseases like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. This review describes currently available reporters and their uses in the literature as well as potential neural markers that can be leveraged to create additional, robust transgenic models for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Yamakawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Samuel M Santosa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Neeraj Chawla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Evguenia Ivakhnitskaia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Matthew Del Pino
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Giakas
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Arnold Nadel
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Sneha Bontu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Arjun Tambe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Kyu-Yeon Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Maria Soledad Cortina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Charles Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Mark I Rosenblatt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Jin-Hong Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America.
| | - Dimitri T Azar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America.
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12
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Sumathy B, Nair PD. Keratinocytes-hair follicle bulge stem cells-fibroblasts co-cultures on a tri-layer skin equivalent derived from gelatin/PEG methacrylate nanofibers. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2020; 31:869-894. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2020.1725861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Babitha Sumathy
- Division of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Technologies, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Prabha D Nair
- Division of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Technologies, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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13
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Kosykh A, Beilin A, Sukhinich K, Vorotelyak E. Postnatal neural crest stem cells from hair follicle interact with nerve tissue in vitro and in vivo. Tissue Cell 2018; 54:94-104. [PMID: 30309515 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Neural crest stem cells that located in the postnatal hair follicle (HF-NCSC) are considered a promising tool for treatment of nervous system diseases and injuries. It is well known that HF-NCSC can be used in the spinal cord and sciatic nerve reparation but their ability to restore brain structures is poorly studied. In this article we are investigating the interaction between HF-NCSC and a nerve tissue (embryonic and adult). We have found out that HF-NCSC isolated from adult mice grow and differentiate in accordance with the mouse embryo developmental stage when co-cultured with the embryonic nerve tissue. The HF-NCSC migration is slower in the late embryonic tissue co-culture system compared to the early one. This phenomenon is related to the motor function of the cells but not to their proliferation level. We have demonstrated that the embryonic nerve tissue maintains HF-NCSC an undifferentiated status, while an adult brain tissue inhibits the cell proliferation and activates the differentiation processes. Besides, HF-NCSC pre-differentiated into the neuronal direction shows a higher survival and migration rate after the transplantation into the adult brain tissue compared to the undifferentiated HF-NCSC. Thus, we have investigated the postnatal HF-NCSC response to the nerve tissue microenvironment to analyze their possible application to the brain repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Kosykh
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 26, 119334, Moscow, Russian Federation; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianova 1, 117997, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Arkadii Beilin
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 26, 119334, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kirill Sukhinich
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 26, 119334, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Vorotelyak
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 26, 119334, Moscow, Russian Federation; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianova 1, 117997, Moscow, Russian Federation; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow, Russian Federation
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14
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Leśniak W, Wilanowski T, Filipek A. S100A6 - focus on recent developments. Biol Chem 2017; 398:1087-1094. [PMID: 28343163 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Ca2+-binding protein, S100A6, belongs to the S100 family. Binding of Ca2+ induces a conformational change, which causes an increase in the overall S100A6 hydrophobicity and allows it to interact with many targets. S100A6 is expressed in different normal tissues and in many tumors. Up to now it has been shown that S100A6 is involved in cell proliferation, cytoskeletal dynamics and tumorigenesis, and that it might have some extracellular functions. In this review, we summarize novel discoveries concerning S100A6 targets, its involvement in cellular signaling pathways, and presence in stem/progenitor cells, extracellular matrix and body fluids of diseased patients.
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15
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Abstract
Various types of stem cells reside in the skin, including keratinocyte progenitor cells, melanocyte progenitor cells, skin-derived precursors (SKPs), and nestin-expressing hair follicle-associated-pluripotent (HAP) stem cells. HAP stem cells, located in the bulge area of the hair follicle, have been shown to differentiate to nerve cells, glial cells, keratinocytes, smooth muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells, and melanocytes. HAP stem cells are positive for the stem-cell marker CD34, as well as K15-negative, suggesting their relatively undifferentiated state. Therefore, HAP stem cells may be the most primitive stem cells in the skin. Moreover, HAP stem cells can regenerate the epidermis and at least parts of the hair follicle. These results suggest that HAP stem cells may be the origin of other stem cells in the skin. Transplanted HAP stem cells promote the recovery of peripheral-nerve and spinal-cord injuries and have the potential for heart regeneration as well. HAP stem cells are readily accessible from everyone, do not form tumors, and can be cryopreserved without loss of differentiation potential. These results suggest that HAP stem cells may have greater potential than iPS or ES cells for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Amoh
- a Department of Dermatology , Kitasato University School of Medicine , Minami Ward , Sagamihara , Japan
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- b AntiCancer, Inc. , San Diego , CA , USA.,c Department of Surgery , University of California San Diego , San Diego , CA , USA
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16
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Kulkarni S, Micci MA, Leser J, Shin C, Tang SC, Fu YY, Liu L, Li Q, Saha M, Li C, Enikolopov G, Becker L, Rakhilin N, Anderson M, Shen X, Dong X, Butte MJ, Song H, Southard-Smith EM, Kapur RP, Bogunovic M, Pasricha PJ. Adult enteric nervous system in health is maintained by a dynamic balance between neuronal apoptosis and neurogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E3709-E3718. [PMID: 28420791 PMCID: PMC5422809 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619406114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
According to current dogma, there is little or no ongoing neurogenesis in the fully developed adult enteric nervous system. This lack of neurogenesis leaves unanswered the question of how enteric neuronal populations are maintained in adult guts, given previous reports of ongoing neuronal death. Here, we confirm that despite ongoing neuronal cell loss because of apoptosis in the myenteric ganglia of the adult small intestine, total myenteric neuronal numbers remain constant. This observed neuronal homeostasis is maintained by new neurons formed in vivo from dividing precursor cells that are located within myenteric ganglia and express both Nestin and p75NTR, but not the pan-glial marker Sox10. Mutation of the phosphatase and tensin homolog gene in this pool of adult precursors leads to an increase in enteric neuronal number, resulting in ganglioneuromatosis, modeling the corresponding disorder in humans. Taken together, our results show significant turnover and neurogenesis of adult enteric neurons and provide a paradigm for understanding the enteric nervous system in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Kulkarni
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Maria-Adelaide Micci
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Jenna Leser
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Changsik Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033
| | | | - Ya-Yuan Fu
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Liansheng Liu
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Qian Li
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Monalee Saha
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Cuiping Li
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Grigori Enikolopov
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Laren Becker
- Division of Gastroenterology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Nikolai Rakhilin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Michael Anderson
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Sensory Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Xiling Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Xinzhong Dong
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Sensory Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Manish J Butte
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Hongjun Song
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Institute for Cellular Engineering, Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | | | - Raj P Kapur
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Milena Bogunovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Pankaj J Pasricha
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205;
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17
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Joulai Veijouyeh S, Mashayekhi F, Yari A, Heidari F, Sajedi N, Moghani Ghoroghi F, Nobakht M. In vitro induction effect of 1,25(OH) 2D 3 on differentiation of hair follicle stem cell into keratinocyte. Biomed J 2017; 40:31-38. [PMID: 28411880 PMCID: PMC6138590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stem cells are characterized by self-renewal and differentiation capabilities. The bulge hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) are able to convert to epithelial components. The active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D3, plays important roles in this differentiation process. In the present study has found that 1,25(OH)2D3 induces the HFSCs differentiation into keratinocyte. Methods HFSCs are isolated from rat whiskers and cultivated in DMEM medium. To isolate bulge stem cell population, flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry using K15, CD34 and nestin biomarkers were performed. In order to accelerate the HFSCs differentiation into keratinocyte, HFSCs were treated with 10−12 M, 1,25(OH)2D3 every 48 h for a week. Results Immunocytochemistry results showed that bulge stem cells are nestin and CD34 positive but K15 negative before differentiation. Subsequently flow cytometry results, showed that the expression of nestin, CD34 and K15 were 70.96%, 93.03% and 6.88% respectively. After differentiation, the immunocytochemical and flow cytometry results indicated that differentiated cells have positive reaction to K15 with 68.94% expression level. Conclusion It was concluded that 10−12 M, 1,25(OH)2D3 could induce the HFSCs differentiation into keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Joulai Veijouyeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biology, University Campus 2, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Farhad Mashayekhi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Abazar Yari
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Heidari
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Science, Qom, Iran
| | - Nayereh Sajedi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Maliheh Nobakht
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Anti-Microbial Resistance Research Center, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Steenblock C, Rubin de Celis MF, Androutsellis-Theotokis A, Sue M, Delgadillo Silva LF, Eisenhofer G, Andoniadou CL, Bornstein SR. Adrenal cortical and chromaffin stem cells: Is there a common progeny related to stress adaptation? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 441:156-163. [PMID: 27637345 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The adrenal gland is a highly plastic organ with the capacity to adapt the body homeostasis to different physiological needs. The existence of stem-like cells in the adrenal cortex has been revealed in many studies. Recently, we identified and characterized in mice a pool of glia-like multipotent Nestin-expressing progenitor cells, which contributes to the plasticity of the adrenal medulla. In addition, we found that these Nestin progenitors are actively involved in the stress response by giving rise to chromaffin cells. Interestingly, we also observed a Nestin-GFP-positive cell population located under the adrenal capsule and scattered through the cortex. In this article, we discuss the possibility of a common progenitor giving rise to subpopulations of cells both in the adrenal cortex and medulla, the isolation and characterization of this progenitor as well as its clinical potential in transplantation therapies and in pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Steenblock
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | | | - Andreas Androutsellis-Theotokis
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mariko Sue
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cynthia L Andoniadou
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, King's College London, London, UK
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19
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Cao W, Li L, Kajiura S, Amoh Y, Tan Y, Liu F, Hoffman RM. Aging hair follicles rejuvenated by transplantation to a young subcutaneous environment. Cell Cycle 2017; 15:1093-8. [PMID: 26940664 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1156269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate in the present study that young host mice rejuvenate aged hair follicles after transplantation. Young mice promote the hair shaft growth of transplanted old hair follicles, as well as young follicles, in contrast to old host mice, which did not support hair-shaft growth from transplanted old or young follicles. Nestin-expressing hair follicle-associated pluripotent (HAP) stem cells of transplanted old and young hair follicles remained active in young host nude mice. In contrast, the nestin-expressing HAP stem cells in young and old hair follicles transplanted to old nude mice were not as active as in young nude host mice. The present study shows that transplanted old hair follicles were rejuvenated by young host mice, suggesting that aging may be reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenluo Cao
- a AntiCancer Inc. , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA.,c Department of Anatomy , Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Lingna Li
- a AntiCancer Inc. , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Satoshi Kajiura
- a AntiCancer Inc. , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA.,d Department of Dermatology , Kitasato University , Sagimahara , Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Amoh
- d Department of Dermatology , Kitasato University , Sagimahara , Japan
| | - Yuying Tan
- a AntiCancer Inc. , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Fang Liu
- c Department of Anatomy , Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- a AntiCancer Inc. , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Department of Surgery , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA
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20
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Berninger B, Jessberger S. Engineering of Adult Neurogenesis and Gliogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:cshperspect.a018861. [PMID: 27091941 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) retain their ability to generate newborn neurons throughout life in the mammalian brain. Here, we describe how recently developed virus- and transgenesis-based techniques will help us (1) to understand the functional effects of neurogenesis in health and disease, (2) to design novel approaches to harness the potential for NSPC-associated endogenous repair, and (3) to induce the generation of neurons outside the main neurogenic niches in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Berninger
- Adult Neurogenesis and Cellular Reprogramming, Institute of Physiological Chemistry & Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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21
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Abstract
Nestin-expressing stem cells of the hair follicle, discovered by our laboratory, have been shown to be able to form outer-root sheaths of the follicle as well as neurons and many other non-follicle cell types. We have termed the nestin-expressing stem cells of the hair follicle as hair-follicle-associated pluripotent (HAP) stem cells. We have shown that the HAP stem cells from the hair follicle can effect the repair of peripheral nerve and spinal cord injury. The hair follicle stem cells differentiate into neuronal and glial cells after transplantation to the injured peripheral nerve and spinal cord, and enhance injury repair and locomotor recovery. When the excised hair follicle with its nerve stump was placed in Gelfoam(®) 3D histoculture, HAP stem cells grew and extended the hair follicle nerve which consisted of βIII-tubulin-positive fibers with F-actin expression at the tip. These findings indicate that βIII-tubulin-positive fibers elongating from the whisker follicle sensory nerve stump were growing axons. The growing whisker sensory nerve was highly enriched in HAP stem cells, which appeared to play a major role in its elongation and interaction with other nerves in 3D Gelfoam(®) histoculture, including the sciatic nerve, the trigeminal nerve, and the trigeminal nerve ganglion. These results suggest that a major function of the HAP stem cells in the hair follicle is for growth of the follicle sensory nerve. Recently, we have shown that HAP stem cells can differentiate into beating cardiac muscle cells. HAP stem cells have critical advantages for regenerative medicine over embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells in that they are highly accessible from each patient, thereby eliminating immunological issues since they are autologous, require no genetic manipulation, are non-tumorigenic, and do not present ethical issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., 7917 Ostrow Street, San Diego, CA, 92111, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Nestin expression marks stem and progenitor cells of the neural lineage. Transgenic mouse lines, originally generated to identify neural stem cells, can also help to identify, track, and isolate stem and progenitor cells in a range of tissues of the ectodermal, endodermal, and mesodermal origin. Here, we describe the generation of transgenic mouse lines expressing fluorescent proteins (FP) under the control of critical regulatory elements of the nestin gene and their use for identifying and analyzing adult stem and progenitor cells in various tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Mignone
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Natalia Peunova
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
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23
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Omidi A, Ragerdi Kashani I, Akbari M, Mortezaee K, Ghasemi S, Beyer C, Zendedel A. Homing of allogeneic nestin-positive hair follicle-associated pluripotent stem cells after maternal transplantation in experimental model of cortical dysplasia. Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 93:619-25. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2015-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An embryo has the capability to accept allo- or xeno-geneic cells, which probably makes it an ideal candidate for stem cell transplantation of various cerebral cortex abnormalities, such as cortical dysplasia. The aim of this study was to determine hair follicle-associated pluripotent (HAP) stem cells homing into various organs of mother and fetus. Cells were obtained, analyzed for immunophenotypic features, and then labelled with CM-Dil; nestin+HAP stem cells or media phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were intravenously delivered on day 16 of gestation in BALB/c mice, which intraperitoneally received methylazoxymethanol (MAM) one day in advance, and homing was assessed at 24 h after cell injection. Flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry manifested positive expression of nestin in HAP stem cells. For both mother and fetus, brain, lungs, liver, and spleen were the host organs for cell implants. For the brain, the figure was considerably higher in fetus, 4.05 ± 0.5% (p ≤ 0.05 vs. mother). MAM-injected mice had a downward trend for SDF-1α and CXCR4 (p ≤ 0.05 vs. control), but HAP stem cells group showed an upward trend for CXCR4 (p ≤ 0.05 vs. MAM). We conclude the HAP stem cells show homing potential in experimental cortical dysplasia, which may permit these cells to be a target in future work on prenatal therapy of neural disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameneh Omidi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 16 Azar Street, Pour Sina Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Ragerdi Kashani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 16 Azar Street, Pour Sina Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Akbari
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 16 Azar Street, Pour Sina Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 16 Azar Street, Pour Sina Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudabeh Ghasemi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 16 Azar Street, Pour Sina Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, School of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Adib Zendedel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, School of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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24
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Ojeh N, Pastar I, Tomic-Canic M, Stojadinovic O. Stem Cells in Skin Regeneration, Wound Healing, and Their Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:25476-501. [PMID: 26512657 PMCID: PMC4632811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161025476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the body and has an array of functions. Skin compartments, epidermis, and hair follicles house stem cells that are indispensable for skin homeostasis and regeneration. These stem cells also contribute to wound repair, resulting in restoration of tissue integrity and function of damaged tissue. Unsuccessful wound healing processes often lead to non-healing wounds. Chronic wounds are caused by depletion of stem cells and a variety of other cellular and molecular mechanisms, many of which are still poorly understood. Current chronic wound therapies are limited, so the search to develop better therapeutic strategies is ongoing. Adult stem cells are gaining recognition as potential candidates for numerous skin pathologies. In this review, we will discuss epidermal and other stem cells present in the skin, and highlight some of the therapeutic applications of epidermal stem cells and other adult stem cells as tools for cell/scaffold-based therapies for non-healing wounds and other skin disorders. We will also discuss emerging concepts and offer some perspectives on how skin tissue-engineered products can be optimized to provide efficacious therapy in cutaneous repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nkemcho Ojeh
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, the University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, P.O. Box 64, Bridgetown BB 11000, St. Michael, Barbados; E-Mail:
| | - Irena Pastar
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller Medical School, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, RMSB, Room 2023-A, Miami, FL 33136, USA; E-Mails: (I.P.); (M.T.-C.)
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller Medical School, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, RMSB, Room 2023-A, Miami, FL 33136, USA; E-Mails: (I.P.); (M.T.-C.)
| | - Olivera Stojadinovic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller Medical School, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, RMSB, Room 2023-A, Miami, FL 33136, USA; E-Mails: (I.P.); (M.T.-C.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-305-243-7295; Fax: +1-305-243-6191
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25
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Enikolopov G, Overstreet-Wadiche L, Ge S. Viral and transgenic reporters and genetic analysis of adult neurogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:a018804. [PMID: 26238354 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stem and progenitor cells of the developing and adult brain can be effectively identified and manipulated using reporter genes, introduced into transgenic reporter mouse lines or recombinant viruses. Such reporters rely on an ever-increasing variety of fluorescent proteins and a continuously expanding list of regulatory elements and of mouse lines engineered for cell- or time-specific recombination. An important extension of stem-cell-based genetic strategies is an opportunity to explore the properties of newly generated neurons and their contribution to synaptic plasticity. Here, we review available strategies for marking and quantifying various classes of stem and progenitor cells in the adult brain, genetically tracing their progeny, and studying the properties of stem cells and new neurons. We compare various experimental approaches to labeling and investigating stem cells and their progeny and discuss caveats and limitations inherent to each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shaoyu Ge
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
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26
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Savkovic V, Flämig F, Schneider M, Sülflow K, Loth T, Lohrenz A, Hacker MC, Schulz-Siegmund M, Simon JC. Polycaprolactone fiber meshes provide a 3D environment suitable for cultivation and differentiation of melanocytes from the outer root sheath of hair follicle. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 104:26-36. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vuk Savkovic
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Franziska Flämig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology; Faculty of Biology, Pharmacy, and Psychology, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Marie Schneider
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Katharina Sülflow
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Tina Loth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology; Faculty of Biology, Pharmacy, and Psychology, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Andrea Lohrenz
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Michael Christian Hacker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology; Faculty of Biology, Pharmacy, and Psychology, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Michaela Schulz-Siegmund
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology; Faculty of Biology, Pharmacy, and Psychology, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Jan-Christoph Simon
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Leipzig University Clinic; Leipzig Germany
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Najafzadeh N, Esmaeilzade B, Dastan Imcheh M. Hair follicle stem cells: In vitro and in vivo neural differentiation. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:866-872. [PMID: 26131317 PMCID: PMC4478633 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i5.866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) normally give rise to keratinocytes, sebocytes, and transient amplifying progenitor cells. Along with the capacity to proliferate rapidly, HFSCs provide the basis for establishing a putative source of stem cells for cell therapy. HFSCs are multipotent stem cells originating from the bulge area. The importance of these cells arises from two important characteristics, distinguishing them from all other adult stem cells. First, they are accessible and proliferate for long periods. Second, they are multipotent, possessing the ability to differentiate into mesodermal and ectodermal cell types. In addition to a developmental capacity in vitro, HFSCs display an ability to form differentiated cells in vivo. During the last two decades, numerous studies have led to the development of an appropriate culture condition for producing various cell lineages from HFSCs. Therefore, these stem cells are considered as a novel source for cell therapy of a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders. This review presents the current status of human, rat, and mouse HFSCs from both the cellular and molecular biology and cell therapy perspectives. The first section of this review highlights the importance of HFSCs and in vitro differentiation, while the final section emphasizes the significance of cell differentiation in vivo.
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Rubin de Celis MF, Garcia-Martin R, Wittig D, Valencia GD, Enikolopov G, Funk RH, Chavakis T, Bornstein SR, Androutsellis-Theotokis A, Ehrhart-Bornstein M. Multipotent Glia-Like Stem Cells Mediate Stress Adaptation. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2037-51. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria F. Rubin de Celis
- Division of Molecular Endocrinology; Medical Clinic III, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Ruben Garcia-Martin
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine; Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Dierk Wittig
- Institute of Anatomy; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Gabriela D. Valencia
- Division of Molecular Endocrinology; Medical Clinic III, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | | | - Richard H. Funk
- Institute of Anatomy; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine; Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
- Medical Clinic III, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Stefan R. Bornstein
- Medical Clinic III, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Andreas Androutsellis-Theotokis
- Division of Stem Cell Biology; Medical Clinic III, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Monika Ehrhart-Bornstein
- Division of Molecular Endocrinology; Medical Clinic III, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
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Hoffman RM. Nestin-Expressing Hair Follicle-Accessible Pluripotent Stem Cells for Nerve and Spinal Cord Repair. Cells Tissues Organs 2015; 200:42-47. [DOI: 10.1159/000366098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Enikolopov G, Guillermier C, Wang M, Trakimas L, Steinhauser M, Lechene C. Brain stem cell division and maintenance studied using multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry (MIMS). SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2014; 46:140-143. [PMID: 26379335 PMCID: PMC4566142 DOI: 10.1002/sia.5675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
New neurons are continuously produced from neural stem cells in specific regions of the adult brain of animals and humans. In the hippocampus, a region crucial for cognitive function, neurogenesis responds to a multitude of extrinsic stimuli; emerging evidence indicates that it may be important for behavior, pathophysiology, brain repair, and response to drugs. We have developed an approach to identify and quantify the cellular targets of pro- and anti-neurogenic stimuli, based on reporter transgenic mouse lines in which neural stem and progenitor cells or their progeny are marked by fluorescent proteins. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of using MIMS for studying adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Enikolopov
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY USA
| | - C Guillermier
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ; National Resource for Imaging Mass Spectrometry (NRIMS), Cambridge, MA USA
| | - M Wang
- National Resource for Imaging Mass Spectrometry (NRIMS), Cambridge, MA USA
| | - L Trakimas
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - M Steinhauser
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - C Lechene
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ; National Resource for Imaging Mass Spectrometry (NRIMS), Cambridge, MA USA
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31
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Najafzadeh N, Sagha M, Heydari Tajaddod S, Golmohammadi MG, Massahi Oskoui N, Deldadeh Moghaddam M. In vitro neural differentiation of CD34 (+) stem cell populations in hair follicles by three different neural induction protocols. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2014; 51:192-203. [PMID: 25294494 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-014-9818-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) into neurons and glial cells represents a promising cell-based therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. The hair follicle bulge area is reported as a putative source of new stem cell population for many years. In vitro studies have implicated neural differentiation of HFSCs. Here, we report the identification and purification of CD34 (+) cells from hair follicle by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS). We next determined the cytotoxic effects of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) by using cell viability assays. Moreover, the neural differentiation potential of CD34 (+) cells was evaluated in the presence of RA, serum-free condition, and neural differentiation medium (NDM) treatments by using immunocytochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Our results showed that the isolated CD34 (+) stem cells were 12% of the total cells in the bulge area, and the neural cells derived from the stem cells expressed nestin, microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Interestingly, all the neural induction media supported neuronal differentiation most effectively, but treatment with serum-free medium significantly increased the number of GFAP-positive glial cells. Moreover, increasing RA concentration (≥10 μM) leads to increased cell death in the cells, but a lower concentration of RA (1 μM) treatment results in a decrease in CD34-expressing stem cells. These findings show an instructive neuronal effect of three neural induction media in HFSCs, indicating the important role of this induction media in the specification of the stem cells toward a neural phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nowruz Najafzadeh
- Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences and Pathology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran,
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Schneider M, Dieckmann C, Rabe K, Simon JC, Savkovic V. Differentiating the stem cell pool of human hair follicle outer root sheath into functional melanocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1210:203-227. [PMID: 25173171 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1435-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bench-to-Bedside concepts for regenerative therapy place significant weight on noninvasive approaches, with harvesting of the starting material as a header. This is particularly important in autologous treatments, which use one's bodily constituents for therapy. Precisely the stretch between obtaining therapeutic elements invasively and noninvasively places non-intrusive "sampling" rather than "biopsy" in the center of the road map of developing an autologous regenerative therapy. We focus on such a noninvasively available source of adult stem cells that we carry with us throughout our life, available at our fingertips-or shall we say hair roots, by a simple plucking of hair: the human hair follicle. This chapter describes an explant procedure for cultivating melanocytes differentiated from the stem cell pool of the hair follicle Outer Root Sheath (ORS). In vivo, the most abundant derivatives of the heterogeneous ORS stem cell pool are epidermal cells-melanocytes and keratinocytes which complete their differentiation-either spontaneously or upon picking up regenerative cues from damaged skin-and migrate from the ORS towards the adjacent regenerating area of the epidermis. We have taken advantage of the ORS developmental potential by optimizing explant primary culture, expansion and melanogenic differentiation of resident ORS stem cells towards end-stage melanocytes in order to obtain functional melanocytes noninvasively for the purposes of transplantation and use them for the treatment of depigmentation disorders. Our protocol specifies sampling of hair with their ORS, follicle medium-air interface primary culture, stimulation of cell outgrowth, adherent culture and differentiation of ORS stem cells and precursors towards fully functional melanocytes. Along with cultivation, we describe selection techniques for establishing and maintaining a pure melanocyte population and methods suitable for determining melanocyte identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Schneider
- Translationszentrum für Regenerative Medizin, Universität Leipzig, Phillip-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103, Leipzig, BR, Germany
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Park JH, Glass Z, Sayed K, Michurina TV, Lazutkin A, Mineyeva O, Velmeshev D, Ward WF, Richardson A, Enikolopov G. Calorie restriction alleviates the age-related decrease in neural progenitor cell division in the aging brain. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 37:1987-93. [PMID: 23773068 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Production of new neurons from stem cells is important for cognitive function, and the reduction of neurogenesis in the aging brain may contribute to the accumulation of age-related cognitive deficits. Restriction of calorie intake and prolonged treatment with rapamycin have been shown to extend the lifespan of animals and delay the onset of the age-related decline in tissue and organ function. Using a reporter line in which neural stem and progenitor cells are marked by the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP), we examined the effect of prolonged exposure to calorie restriction (CR) or rapamycin on hippocampal neural stem and progenitor cell proliferation in aging mice. We showed that CR increased the number of dividing cells in the dentate gyrus of female mice. The majority of these cells corresponded to nestin-GFP-expressing neural stem or progenitor cells; however, this increased proliferative activity of stem and progenitor cells did not result in a significant increase in the number of doublecortin-positive newborn neurons. Our results suggest that restricted calorie intake may increase the number of divisions that neural stem and progenitor cells undergo in the aging brain of females.
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Affiliation(s)
- June-Hee Park
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
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Huang HI, Chen SK, Wang RYL, Shen CR, Cheng YC. Human foreskin fibroblast-like stromal cells can differentiate into functional hepatocytic cells. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:1308-19. [PMID: 23956153 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Foreskin fibroblast-like stromal cells (FDSCs) are progenitors isolated from human tissue that can differentiate into diverse cell types. Many types of stem cells can differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells, which could be used for drug testing or in liver regeneration therapy, but whether FDSCs can be converted into functional hepatocytes is unknown. FDSCs show divergent properties when cultured in distinct media, forming spheres in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing F12, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF), but have fibroblast-like morphology when cultured in DMEM-based growth medium. Both cell populations express the typical mesenchymal stem cell markers CD90, CD105, and CD73, but the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) was detected only in FDSC spheres. Both types of FDSCs can differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells, which express typical liver markers, including albumin and hepatocyte paraffin 1 (Hep Par1), along with liver-specific biological activities. When plasmids containing the human hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome were transfected transiently into FDSCs, differentiated hepatocyte-like cells secrete large amounts of HBe and HBs antigens. FDSCs could be used for clinical hepatic therapy and/or serve as a model of HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-I Huang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Ghoroghi FM, Hejazian LB, Esmaielzade B, Dodel M, Roudbari M, Nobakht M. Evaluation of the Effect of NT-3 and Biodegradable Poly-L-lactic Acid Nanofiber Scaffolds on Differentiation of Rat Hair Follicle Stem Cells into Neural Cells In Vitro. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 51:318-327. [PMID: 23959422 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent improvement in neuroscience has led to new strategies in neural repair. Hair follicle stem cells are high promising source of accessible, active, and pluripotent adult stem cells. They have high affinity to differentiate to neurons. Aside from using cell-scaffold combinations for implantation, scaffolds can provide a suitable microenvironment for cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. NT-3 is the most interesting neurotrophic factors being an important regulator of neural survival and differentiation. Since treatment duration in neural repair is very important, this study aims to evaluate the effect of NT-3 and poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) on differentiation time of bulge stem cells of rat hair follicle to neural-like cells. HFSCs of rat whisker was isolated and cultured on PLLA and differentiated with 10 ng/mL NT-3. Biological features of cultured cells were evaluated with immunocytochemistry and flowcytometry methods by using CD34, nestin, and βІІІ-tubulin markers. For cell viability and morphological assessment, MTT assay and SEM were performed. Our results showed that bulge stem cells of hair follicle can express CD34 and Nestin before differentiation. By using NT-3 during differentiation process, the cells showed positive reaction to βІІІ-tubulin antibody. MTT results demonstrated that PLLA significantly increased cell viability. Finally, HFSCs adhesion was confirmed by SEM results. The results indicate that 10 ng/mL NT-3 and PLLA have significant effect on differentiation time of rat HFSCs to neural cells even in 10 days.
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The influence of cerebrospinal fluid on epidermal neural crest stem cells may pave the path for cell-based therapy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:84. [PMID: 23867009 PMCID: PMC3854676 DOI: 10.1186/scrt235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Epidermal neural crest stem cells (EPI-NCSCs) in the bulge of hair follicles are a promising source for cell-replacement therapies in neurodegenerative diseases. A prominent factor in cell-based therapy is the practicalities of different routes of administration. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), owing to its adaptive library of secreted growth factors, can provide a trophic environment for transplanted cells. Thus, the effect of CSF on the behavior of EPI-NCSC was studied here. Methods In this study, the highly pure population of EPI-NCSCs was obtained from the bulge of mouse hair follicle. Migrated cells were characterized with real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunocytochemistry. Subsequently isolated stem cells were cultured in CSF, which was collected from the cisterna magna of the adult rat. The expression of pertinent markers was assessed at the gene and protein levels with RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry, respectively. Colorimetric immunoassay was used to quantify the rate of proliferation of EPI-NCSCs after cultivation in CSF. Results Isolated EPI-NCSCs could survive in the CSF, and they maintained the expression of nestin, β–tubulin ІІІ (early neuronal marker), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, glia marker) in this environment. In addition, CSF decreased the proliferation rate of EPI-NCSCs significantly in comparison to primary and expansion culture medium. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that CSF as a cocktail of growth factors helps EPI-NCSCs to acquire some desirable traits, and because of its circulatory system that is in close contact with different parts of the central nervous system (CNS), can be a practical route of administration for delivery of injected stem cells.
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Clonal precursor of bone, cartilage, and hematopoietic niche stromal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:12643-8. [PMID: 23858471 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1310212110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Organs are composites of tissue types with diverse developmental origins, and they rely on distinct stem and progenitor cells to meet physiological demands for cellular production and homeostasis. How diverse stem cell activity is coordinated within organs is not well understood. Here we describe a lineage-restricted, self-renewing common skeletal progenitor (bone, cartilage, stromal progenitor; BCSP) isolated from limb bones and bone marrow tissue of fetal, neonatal, and adult mice. The BCSP clonally produces chondrocytes (cartilage-forming) and osteogenic (bone-forming) cells and at least three subsets of stromal cells that exhibit differential expression of cell surface markers, including CD105 (or endoglin), Thy1 [or CD90 (cluster of differentiation 90)], and 6C3 [ENPEP glutamyl aminopeptidase (aminopeptidase A)]. These three stromal subsets exhibit differential capacities to support hematopoietic (blood-forming) stem and progenitor cells. Although the 6C3-expressing subset demonstrates functional stem cell niche activity by maintaining primitive hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) renewal in vitro, the other stromal populations promote HSC differentiation to more committed lines of hematopoiesis, such as the B-cell lineage. Gene expression analysis and microscopic studies further reveal a microenvironment in which CD105-, Thy1-, and 6C3-expressing marrow stroma collaborate to provide cytokine signaling to HSCs and more committed hematopoietic progenitors. As a result, within the context of bone as a blood-forming organ, the BCSP plays a critical role in supporting hematopoiesis through its generation of diverse osteogenic and hematopoietic-promoting stroma, including HSC supportive 6C3(+) niche cells.
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El-Helou V, Chabot A, Gosselin H, Villeneuve L, Clavet-Lanthier ME, Tanguay JF, Enikolopov G, Fernandes KJ, Jasmin JF, Calderone A. Cardiac resident nestin+cells participate in reparative vascularisation. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1844-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Savkovic V, Dieckmann C, Milkova L, Simon JC. Improved method of differentiation, selection and amplification of human melanocytes from the hair follicle cell pool. Exp Dermatol 2013; 21:948-50. [PMID: 23171457 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hair root harbours a complex cell pool with an immense developmental potential. Several lineages, including skin, can be differentiated from the multipotent to pluripotent cells of outer root sheath (ORS) of hair follicle. Outer root sheath presents the most opulent non-invasively gained adult stem cell source known. For the purposes of cultivating melanocytes designated for graft-based treatments of depigmentation disorders, we have established an ex vivo/in vitro cultivation method by introducing several methodological improvements to the ORS explant method of Dieckmann. As a result, we gained a higher, purer yield of differentiated melanocytes in half the time (at least 10(6) of 95% pure cells in 4 weeks). This reliable cultivation procedure begins with the epilation of 60 hairs and yields high numbers of ORS melanocytes that could be used for grafting applications. The procedure not only utilises the developmental potential of hair root cell pool and favors differentiation into melanocytes, but also contributes to the general trend of minimal-to-non-invasive strategies for regenerative medicine.
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Zhang X, Guo BR, Cai LQ, Jiang T, Sun LD, Cui Y, Hu JC, Zhu J, Chen G, Tang XF, Sun GQ, Tang HY, Liu Y, Li M, Li QB, Cheng H, Gao M, Li P, Yang X, Zuo XB, Zheng XD, Wang PG, Wang J, Wang J, Liu JJ, Yang S, Li YR, Zhang XJ. Exome sequencing identified a missense mutation of EPS8L3 in Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis. J Med Genet 2012; 49:727-30. [PMID: 23099647 PMCID: PMC3512347 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-101134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis (MUHH) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterised by coarse, wiry, twisted hair developed in early childhood and subsequent progressive hair loss. MUHH is a genetically heterogeneous disorder. No gene in 1p21.1-1q21.3 region responsible for MUHH has been identified. METHODS Exome sequencing was performed on two affected subjects, who had normal vertex hair and modest alopecia, and one unaffected individual from a four-generation MUHH family of which our previous linkage study mapped the MUHH locus on chromosome 1p21.1-1q21.3. RESULTS We identified a missense mutation in EPS8L3 (NM_024526.3: exon2: c.22G->A:p.Ala8Thr) within 1p21.1-1q21.3. Sanger sequencing confirmed the cosegregation of this mutation with the disease phenotype in the family by demonstrating the presence of the heterozygous mutation in all the eight affected and absence in all the seven unaffected individuals. This mutation was found to be absent in 676 unrelated healthy controls and 781 patients of other disease from another unpublished project of our group. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggest that EPS8L3 is a causative gene for MUHH, which was helpful for advancing us on understanding of the pathogenesis of MUHH. Our study also has further demonstrated the effectiveness of combining exome sequencing with linkage information for identifying Mendelian disease genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, 69 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
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Amoh Y, Mii S, Aki R, Hamada Y, Kawahara K, Hoffman RM, Katsuoka K. Multipotent nestin-expressing stem cells capable of forming neurons are located in the upper, middle and lower part of the vibrissa hair follicle. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:3513-7. [PMID: 22918245 DOI: 10.4161/cc.21803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that the neural stem-cell marker nestin is expressed in hair follicle stem cells. Nestin-expressing cells were initially identified in the hair follicle bulge area (BA) using a transgenic mouse model in which the nestin promoter drives the green fluorescent protein (ND-GFP). The hair-follicle ND-GFP-expressing cells are keratin 15-negative and CD34-positive and could differentiate to neurons, glia, keratinocytes, smooth muscle cells and melanocytes in vitro. Subsequently, we showed that the nestin-expressing stem cells could affect nerve and spinal cord regeneration after injection in mouse models. In the present study, we separated the mouse vibrissa hair follicle into three parts (upper, middle and lower). Each part of the follicle was cultured separately in DMEM-F12 containing B-27 and 1% methylcellulose supplemented with basic FGF. After 2 mo, the nestin-expressing cells from each of the separated parts of the hair follicle proliferated and formed spheres. Upon transfer of the spheres to RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% FBS, the nestin-expressing cells in the spheres differentiated to neurons, as well as glia, keratinocytes, smooth muscle cells and melanocytes. The differentiated cells were produced by spheres which formed from nestin-expressing cells from all segments of the hair follicle. However, the differentiation potential is greatest in the upper part of the follicle. This result is consistent with trafficking of nestin-expressing cells throughout the hair follicle from the bulge area to the dermal papilla that we previously observed. The nestin-expressing cells from the upper part of the follicle produced spheres in very large amounts, which in turn differentiated to neurons and other cell types. The results of the present study demonstrate that multipotent, nestin-expressing stem cells are present throughout the hair follicle and that the upper part of the follicle can produce the stem cells in large amounts that could be used for nerve and spinal cord repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Amoh
- Department of Dermatology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Japan
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Sellheyer K. Reply: Methodology matters as does knowledge of underlying basic science…. J Cutan Pathol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2011.01841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abbas O, Bhawan J. Methodology matters … but so does interpretation! J Cutan Pathol 2011; 39:80-2; author reply 83-7. [PMID: 22032771 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2011.01789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Oh JH, Mohebi P, Farkas DL, Tajbakhsh J. Towards expansion of human hair follicle stem cells in vitro. Cell Prolif 2011; 44:244-53. [PMID: 21535265 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2011.00754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Multipotential human hair follicle stem cells can differentiate into various cell lineages and thus are investigated here as potential autologous sources for regenerative medicine. Towards this end, we have attempted to expand these cells, directly isolated from minimal amounts of hair follicle explants, to numbers more suitable for stem-cell therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two types of human follicle stem cells, commercially available and directly isolated, were cultured using an in-house developed medium. The latter was obtained from bulge areas of hair follicles by mechanical and enzymatic dissociation, and was magnetically enriched for its CD200(+) fraction. Isolated cells were cultured for up to 4 weeks, on different supports: blank polystyrene, laminin- and Matrigel(TM) -coated surfaces. RESULTS Two-fold expansion was found, highlighting the slow-cycling nature of these cells. Flow cytometry characterization revealed: magnetic enrichment increased the proportion of CD200(+) cells from initially 43.3% (CD200+, CD34: 25.8%; CD200+, CD34+: 17.5%) to 78.2% (CD200+, CD34: 41.5%; CD200+, CD34+: 36.7%). Enriched cells seemed to have retained and passed on their morphological and molecular phenotypes to their progeny, as isolated CD200(+) presenting cells expanded in our medium to a population with 80% of cells being CD200(+): 51.5% (CD200(+), CD34(-)) and 29.6% (CD200(+), CD34(+)). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the possibility of culturing human hair follicle stem cells without causing any significant changes to phenotypes of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Oh
- Translational Cytomics Group, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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ΔNp63α is an oncogene that targets chromatin remodeler Lsh to drive skin stem cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. Cell Stem Cell 2011; 8:164-76. [PMID: 21295273 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The p53 homolog p63 is essential for development, yet its role in cancer is not clear. We discovered that p63 deficiency evokes the tumor-suppressive mechanism of cellular senescence, causing a striking absence of stratified epithelia such as the skin. Here we identify the predominant p63 isoform, ΔNp63α, as a protein that bypasses oncogene-induced senescence to drive tumorigenesis in vivo. Interestingly, bypass of senescence promotes stem-like proliferation and maintains survival of the keratin 15-positive stem cell population. Furthermore, we identify the chromatin-remodeling protein Lsh as a new target of ΔNp63α that is an essential mediator of senescence bypass. These findings indicate that ΔNp63α is an oncogene that cooperates with Ras to promote tumor-initiating stem-like proliferation and suggest that Lsh-mediated chromatin-remodeling events are critical to this process.
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Sellheyer K. Basal cell carcinoma: cell of origin, cancer stem cell hypothesis and stem cell markers. Br J Dermatol 2011; 164:696-711. [PMID: 21128907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells have recently been described in several high-grade neoplasms. It is still unclear if they also occur in cutaneous malignancies. Cancer stem cells are not identical with somatic stem cells. The presence of tumour stem cells in a neoplasm does not in itself equal that the tumour derives from a somatic stem cell. A cell originally lacking stem cell characteristics could also acquire those features during the course of carcinogenesis and then becomes the clonal founder cell of a tumour. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cutaneous malignancy. A plethora of various stem cell markers has been applied to study its cellular origin. Intriguingly, the anatomical origin of BCC is still uncertain. This review will discuss the various stem cell markers used in BCC and the cellular origin of this tumour, and touches briefly on the possibility of cancer stem cells in BCC. If BCC or other skin cancers harbour tumour stem cells, these cells could be specifically targeted, making use of specific cell surface molecules such as receptor proteins. Novel drugs directed against those receptor proteins could replace currently available shotgun approaches including imiquimod.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sellheyer
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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47
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Sellheyer K. Stem cell markers can help identify adnexal tumor differentiation when evaluated in the context of morphology: methodology matters. J Cutan Pathol 2011; 38:460-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2010.01671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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48
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Amoh Y, Katsuoka K, Hoffman RM. The advantages of hair follicle pluripotent stem cells over embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells for regenerative medicine. J Dermatol Sci 2010; 60:131-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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49
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Expression of Stem-Cell Markers (Cytokeratin 15 and Nestin) in Primary Adnexal Neoplasms-Clues to Etiopathogenesis. Am J Dermatopathol 2010; 32:774-9. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e3181dafd8c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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Méndez-Ferrer S, Michurina TV, Ferraro F, Mazloom AR, Macarthur BD, Lira SA, Scadden DT, Ma'ayan A, Enikolopov GN, Frenette PS. Mesenchymal and haematopoietic stem cells form a unique bone marrow niche. Nature 2010; 466:829-34. [PMID: 20703299 DOI: 10.1038/nature09262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2471] [Impact Index Per Article: 176.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cellular constituents forming the haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche in the bone marrow are unclear, with studies implicating osteoblasts, endothelial and perivascular cells. Here we demonstrate that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), identified using nestin expression, constitute an essential HSC niche component. Nestin(+) MSCs contain all the bone-marrow colony-forming-unit fibroblastic activity and can be propagated as non-adherent 'mesenspheres' that can self-renew and expand in serial transplantations. Nestin(+) MSCs are spatially associated with HSCs and adrenergic nerve fibres, and highly express HSC maintenance genes. These genes, and others triggering osteoblastic differentiation, are selectively downregulated during enforced HSC mobilization or beta3 adrenoreceptor activation. Whereas parathormone administration doubles the number of bone marrow nestin(+) cells and favours their osteoblastic differentiation, in vivo nestin(+) cell depletion rapidly reduces HSC content in the bone marrow. Purified HSCs home near nestin(+) MSCs in the bone marrow of lethally irradiated mice, whereas in vivo nestin(+) cell depletion significantly reduces bone marrow homing of haematopoietic progenitors. These results uncover an unprecedented partnership between two distinct somatic stem-cell types and are indicative of a unique niche in the bone marrow made of heterotypic stem-cell pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simón Méndez-Ferrer
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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