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Nayak G, Bhuyan SK, Bhuyan R, Sahu A, Kar D, Kuanar A. Global emergence of Enterovirus 71: a systematic review. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022; 11:78. [PMID: 35730010 PMCID: PMC9188855 DOI: 10.1186/s43088-022-00258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a viral infection caused by a virus from the enterovirus genus of picornavirus family that majorly affects children. Though most cases of HFMD do not cause major problems, the outbreaks of Enterovirus 71 (EV71) can produce a high risk of neurological sequelae, including meningoencephalitis, lung difficulties, and mortality. In Asia, HFMD caused by EV71 has emerged as an acutely infectious disease of highly pathogenic potential, which demands the attention of the international medical community.
Main body of the abstract Some online databases including NCBI, PubMed, Google Scholar, ProQuest, Scopus, and EBSCO were also accessed using keywords relating to the topic for data mining. The paid articles were accessed through the Centre Library facility of Siksha O Anusandhan University. This work describes the structure, outbreak, molecular epidemiology of Enterovirus 71 along with different EV71 vaccines. Many vaccines have been developed such as inactivated whole-virus live attenuated, subviral particles, and DNA vaccines to cure the patients. In Asia–Pacific nations, inactivated EV71 vaccination still confronts considerable obstacles in terms of vaccine standardization, registration, price, and harmonization of pathogen surveillance and measurements. Short conclusion HFMD has emerged as a severe health hazard in Asia–Pacific countries in recent decades. In Mainland China and other countries with high HFMD prevalence, the inactivated EV71 vaccination will be a vital tool in safeguarding children's health. When creating inactivated EV71 vaccines, Mainland China ensured maintaining high standards of vaccine quality. The Phase III clinical studies were used to confirm the safety and effectiveness of vaccinations. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatree Nayak
- Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to Be) University, Kalinga Nagar, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003 India
| | - Sanat Kumar Bhuyan
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to Be) University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003 India
| | - Ruchi Bhuyan
- Department of Medical Research, Health Science, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to Be) University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003 India
| | - Akankshya Sahu
- Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to Be) University, Kalinga Nagar, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003 India
| | - Dattatreya Kar
- Department of Medical Research, Health Science, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to Be) University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003 India
| | - Ananya Kuanar
- Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to Be) University, Kalinga Nagar, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003 India
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Swain SK, Gadnayak A, Mohanty JN, Sarangi R, Das J. Does enterovirus 71 urge for effective vaccine control strategies? Challenges and current opinion. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2322. [PMID: 34997684 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is an infectious virus affecting all age groups of people around the world. It is one of the major aetiologic agents for HFMD (hand, foot and mouth disease) identified globally. It has led to many outbreaks and epidemics in Asian countries. Infection caused by this virus that can lead to serious psychological problems, heart diseases and respiratory issues in children younger than 10 years of age. Many studies are being carried out on the pathogenesis of the virus, but little is known. The host immune response and other molecular responses against the virus are also not clearly determined. This review deals with the interaction between the host and the EV71 virus. We discuss how the virus makes use of its proteins to affect the host's immunity and how the viral proteins help their replication. Additionally, we describe other useful resources that enable the virus to evade the host's immune responses. The knowledge of the viral structure and its interactions with host cells has led to the discovery of various drug targets for the treatment of the virus. Additionally, this review focusses on the antiviral drugs and vaccines developed by targeting various viral surface molecules during their infectious period. Furthermore, it is asserted that the improvement of prevailing vaccines will be the simplest method to manage EV71 infection swiftly. Therefore, we summarise numerous vaccines candidate for the EV71, such as the use of an inactivated complete virus, recombinant VP1 protein, artificial peptides, VLPs (viral-like particles) and live attenuated vaccines for combating the viral outbreaks promptly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrat Kumar Swain
- Centre for Genomics and Biomedical Informatics, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ayushman Gadnayak
- Centre for Genomics and Biomedical Informatics, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Jatindra Nath Mohanty
- Centre for Genomics and Biomedical Informatics, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Rachita Sarangi
- Department of Pediatrics, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Jayashankar Das
- Centre for Genomics and Biomedical Informatics, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
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3
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Liu Z, Yang Y, Meng C, Fan M, Guo J, Li J, Jing Z, Wang PP, Li R, Feng Z, Ren F, Wang M, Zhao T. A novel polypeptide vaccine and Adjuvant Formulation of EV71. Pathog Dis 2021; 79:6470639. [PMID: 34928326 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is an infectious disease mainly caused by enterovirus 71 (EV 71). However, the effective treatment is limited currently. The aim of this study was to investigate the activity of the vaccine including the EV71 polypeptides mixed with a novel adjuvant containing CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs). After collecting mouse sera, we determined the antibody concentration in serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Then CD19+ CD27+ B cells in the spleen were analyzed by flow cytometry. The assay revealed that a substantial increase in antibody titers was achieved. This indicates a high level of immunogenicity for peptide vaccine and the good stability of adjuvant, also suggests that the combination of vaccine and adjuvant can stimulate the production of high-level antibodies and CD19+ CD27+ B lymphocytes in mice. Furthermore, the antibody could effectively identify EV71 inactivated virus. The results demonstrated that the autonomous construction of EV71 polypeptide vaccine had a good immunogenicity. Moreover, the peptide vaccine injection with a novel adjuvant, which is easy to prepare, could cause a high antibody level of EV71, and shown a good application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiang Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - Yunfan Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - ChenChen Meng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - Meihua Fan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - Zepeng Jing
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - Ping Ping Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - Ruipeng Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - Zhiwei Feng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - Feng Ren
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Immunity and Targeted Therapy for liver-intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - Mingyong Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
| | - Tiesuo Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Immunity and Targeted Therapy for liver-intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R.China
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Zou X, Wu J, Gu J, Shen L, Mao L. DNA aptamer against EV-A71 VP1 protein: selection and application. Virol J 2021; 18:164. [PMID: 34384436 PMCID: PMC8359077 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01631-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is a highly infectious pathogen associated with hand, foot and mouth disease, herpangina, and various neurological complications, so it is important for the early detection and treatment of EV-A71. An aptamer is a nucleotide sequence that screened in vitro by the technology named systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment technology (SELEX). Similar to antibodies, aptamers can bind to the targets with high specificity and affinity. Besides, emerging aptamers have many advantages comparing with antibodies, such as ease of synthesis and modification, having a wide variety of target materials, low manufacturing cost and easy flexibility in amending. Therefore, aptamers are promising in virus detection and anti-virus therapy. METHODS Aptamers were selected by SELEX. Specificity, affinity and second structure were used to characterize the selected aptamers. Chemiluminescence was adopted to build an aptamer-based detection method for EV-A71. Cytopathogenic effects trial, the level of intracellular EV-A71 RNA and protein expression were used to evaluate the antiviral effect of the selected aptamers. RESULTS Three DNA aptamers with high specificity and affinity for EV-A71structual protein VP1 were screened out. A rapid chemiluminutesescence aptamer biosensor for EV-A71 detection was designed out. The selected aptamers could inhibit the RNA replication and protein expression of EV-A71 in RD cells and ameliorate the cytopathogenic effects. CONCLUSIONS The aptamers against EV-A71 have the potentiality to be applied as attractive candidates used for EV-A71 detection and treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Zou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou City, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiaqi Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Laboratory, Zhenjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lingxiang Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Li ML, Shih SR, Tolbert BS, Brewer G. Enterovirus A71 Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030199. [PMID: 33673595 PMCID: PMC7997495 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a major causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina. Moreover, EV-A71 infection can lead to neurological complications and death. Vaccination is the most efficient way to control virus infection. There are currently three inactivated, whole EV-A71 vaccines licensed by the China NMPA (National Medical Products Administration). Several other types of vaccines, such as virus-like particles and recombinant VP1 (capsid protein), are also under development. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the development of EV-A71 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Blanton S. Tolbert
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Gary Brewer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
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Lei L, Li Q, Xu S, Tian M, Zheng X, Bi Y, Huang B. Transplantation of Enterovirus 71 Virion Protein Particle Vaccine Protects Against Enterovirus 71 Infection in a Neonatal Mouse Model. Ann Transplant 2021; 26:e924461. [PMID: 33397838 PMCID: PMC7796071 DOI: 10.12659/aot.924461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the pathogen most likely to cause HFMD in young children (1–5 years old). A small number of virion protein (VP) vaccine candidates are considered as the protective molecules in EV71 models. This study aimed to observe comprehensive immunogenicity for a promising EV71 vaccine depending on VP1 in neonatal mouse EV71 models. Material/Methods VP1 was isolated from patients and associated peptides were synthesized. EV71 particles were inactivated and mixed with Freund’s complete adjuvant to prepare peptide vaccines. An EV71 vaccine was administered to establish the mouse model and the mice were infected with EV71. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to examine inflammatory response in EV71-infected neonatal mice. A semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay was performed to evaluate the levels of EV71 virus in skeletal muscle, small intestines, and brain tissues. Results Three peptides were selected from 20 VP1 peptides due to their exhibition of the highest immunogenicity. The peptide injection improved inflammation and decreased EV71 particle levels in muscle, small intestines, and brain tissues. The injection also decreased lesions in the small intestines of EV71-infected mice and protected brain tissues from the EV71 infection. Conclusions The present study confirmed the immuno-protective effects of VP1 vaccine transplantation in mice infected with EV71 virus. Our results provide valuable information that can be used in further studies investigating the specific mechanism of the anti-EV71 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lei
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University/The First People's Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi, Guizhou, China (mainland).,Graduate School of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China (mainland)
| | - Qing Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University/The First People's Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi, Guizhou, China (mainland)
| | - Shuhong Xu
- Graduate School of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China (mainland)
| | - Mingyang Tian
- Graduate School of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China (mainland)
| | - Xinghui Zheng
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University/The First People's Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi, Guizhou, China (mainland)
| | - Yunxia Bi
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University/The First People's Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi, Guizhou, China (mainland)
| | - Bo Huang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University/The First People's Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi, Guizhou, China (mainland)
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Sefidi-Heris Y, Jahangiri A, Mokhtarzadeh A, Shahbazi MA, Khalili S, Baradaran B, Mosafer J, Baghbanzadeh A, Hejazi M, Hashemzaei M, Hamblin MR, Santos HA. Recent progress in the design of DNA vaccines against tuberculosis. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:S1359-6446(20)30345-7. [PMID: 32927065 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current tuberculosis (TB) vaccines have some disadvantages and many efforts have been undertaken to produce effective TB vaccines. As a result of their advantages, DNA vaccines are promising future vaccine candidates. This review focuses on the design and delivery of novel DNA-based vaccines against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssof Sefidi-Heris
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, 7146713565, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Jahangiri
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, 193955487, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166614731, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland; Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, 45139-56184 Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Saeed Khalili
- Department of Biology Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, 1678815811, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166614731, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Mosafer
- Research Center of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, 9516915169, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 9196773117, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166614731, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Hejazi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166614731, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hashemzaei
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, 9861615881, Zabol, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa.
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
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8
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He S, Huang Y, Zhao Y, Pang B, Wang L, Sun L, Yu H, Wang J, Li J, Song X, Li H. A Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Spiral Reaction (RT-PSR)-Based Rapid Coxsackievirus A16 Detection Method and Its Application in the Clinical Diagnosis of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:734. [PMID: 32477283 PMCID: PMC7236501 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common viral illness affecting infants and children that is usually caused by Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA-16). To diagnose HFMD, we developed a method for rapid detection of CVA-16 based on reverse transcription-polymerase spiral reaction (RT-PSR). We used two pairs of primers that specifically recognize the conserved sequences of VP1 coding region of CVA-16, and template RNA was reverse transcribed and amplified in a single tube under isothermal conditions, total reaction time could be reduced to less than 40 min. The detection limit of this method was between 2.4 × 102 and 2.4 × 101 copies/μl with excellent specificity. To test the clinical applicability of the method, 40 clinical stool samples were analyzed using RT-PSR and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and comparison showed that the coincidence rate was 100%. Compared with other similar detection methods, RT-PSR requires less time, simpler operation, and lower cost. These results prove that our novel, simple, and reliable isothermal nucleic acid testing assay has potential application for clinical detection of CVA-16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu He
- Department of Hygienic Inspection, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanzhi Huang
- Research Laboratory, Changchun Children's Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Research Laboratory, Changchun Children's Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Pang
- Department of Hygienic Inspection, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lixue Wang
- Research Laboratory, Changchun Children's Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Laboratory, Changchun Children's Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Haoyan Yu
- Department of Hygienic Inspection, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Hygienic Inspection, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Hygienic Inspection, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiuling Song
- Department of Hygienic Inspection, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Hygienic Inspection, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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9
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Wu XX, Chen KD, Chen DZ, Xiao LL, Huang KZ, Zhang YJ, Li LJ. Process optimization for the rapid production of Enterovirus 71. Cytotechnology 2019; 71:1053-1061. [PMID: 31559514 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-019-00340-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection can cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD). Inactivated EV71 vaccine was effective to prevent EV71 derived HFMD. A highly efficient and economical process for producing EV71 is needed. In our study, the epidemic strain of EV71 (EV71-2013ZJHFMD) was obtained and purified. The Vero cells were cultured for production of EV71. The mini-bioreactor vessel (Amprotein Inc., China) packed with a 0.6 g polymer fiber carrier was used to determine the best seeding cell density, multiplicity of infection (MOI) and temperature. Then the optimized procedure was further applied in a 10 L disposable perfusion bioreactor ACPB (AmProtein Current Perfusion Bioreactor). The Vero cell culture and viral titer were monitored. The seeding density of 1.5 × 107 cells per 0.6 g disk was considered to be the most appropriate for the culture. The best MOI was 0.1 and the temperature was 32 °C. The total cell number increased from 1.5 × 109 to 3.0 × 1010. The maximum viral titers reached 1.0 × 108/mL 3 days post-infection in our optimized special culture procedure (serum-free during the harvest period, supplemented with 0.25% Lactalbumin Hydrolysate). The total volume of the harvested supernatant was 25 L and the total virus yield was 1.93 × 1012. The procedure using Vero cells grown on polymer fiber paper carriers was effective for the large-scale production of EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovative Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Ke-Da Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovative Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Da-Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovative Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Lan-Lan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovative Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Kai-Zhou Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovative Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yan-Jun Zhang
- Department of Virus Inspection, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China.
| | - Lan-Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovative Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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10
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A comparative study of the effect of UV and formalin inactivation on the stability and immunogenicity of a Coxsackievirus B1 vaccine. Vaccine 2019; 37:5962-5971. [PMID: 31471148 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Type B Coxsackieviruses (CVBs) belong to the enterovirus genus, and they cause both acute and chronic diseases in humans. CVB infections usually lead to flu-like symptoms but can also result in more serious diseases such as myocarditis, aseptic meningitis and life-threatening multi-organ infections in young infants. Thus, CVBs have long been considered as important targets of future vaccines. We have previously observed CVB1 capsid disintegration and virus concentration decrease with 12-day long formalin inactivation protocol. Here a scalable ion exchange chromatography purification method was developed, and purified CVB1 was inactivated with UV-C or formalin. Virus morphology and concentration remained unchanged, when the UV (2 min) or formalin (5 days) inactivation were performed in the presence of tween80 detergent. The concentration of the native and UV inactivated CVB1 remained constant at 4 °C during a six months stability study, whereas the concentration of the formalin inactivated vaccine decreased 29% during this time. UV treatment decreased, whereas formalin treatment increased the thermal stability of the capsid. The formalin inactivated CVB1 vaccine was more immunogenic than the UV inactivated vaccine; the protective neutralizing antibody levels were higher in mice immunized with formalin inactivated vaccine. High levels of CVB1 neutralizing antibodies as well as IgG1 antibodies were detected in mice that were protected against viremia induced by experimental CVB1 infection. In conclusion, this study describes a scalable ion exchange chromatography purification method and optimized 5-day long formalin inactivation method that preserves CVB1 capsid structure and immunogenicity. Formalin treatment stabilizes the virus particle at elevated temperatures, and the formalin inactivated vaccine induces high levels of serum IgG1 antibodies (Th2 type response) and protective levels of neutralizing antibodies. Formalin inactivated CVB vaccines are promising candidates for human clinical trials.
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Silva AC, Moreira JN, Lobo JMS, Almeida H. Advances in Vaccines. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 171:155-188. [PMID: 31446443 PMCID: PMC7120466 DOI: 10.1007/10_2019_107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines represent one of the most important advances in science and medicine, helping people around the world in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. However, there are still gaps in vaccination programs in many countries. Out of 11.2 million children born in EU region, more than 500,000 infants did not receive the complete three-dose series of diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus vaccine before the first birthday. Data shows that there were more than 30,000 measles cases in the European region in recent years, and measles cases are rising in the USA. There are about 20 million children in the world still not getting adequate coverage of basic vaccines. Emerging infectious diseases such as malaria, Ebola virus disease, and Zika virus disease also threaten public health around the world. This chapter provides an overview of recent advances in vaccine development and technologies, manufacturing, characterization of various vaccines, challenges, and strategies in vaccine clinical development. It also provides an overview of recently approved major vaccines for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Silva
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Nuno Moreira
- grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC) and Faculty of Pharmacy (FFUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Sousa Lobo
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Almeida
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Yang Z, Gao F, Wang X, Shi L, Zhou Z, Jiang Y, Ma X, Zhang C, Zhou C, Zeng X, Liu G, Fan J, Mao Q, Shi L. Development and characterization of an enterovirus 71 (EV71) virus-like particles (VLPs) vaccine produced in Pichia pastoris. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 16:1602-1610. [PMID: 31403352 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1649554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major causative agents for hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in children. Although there are three inactivated virus-based HFMD vaccines licensed in China, alternative approaches have been taken to produce an effective and safer vaccine that is easier to manufacture in large scale. Among these, a virus-like particles (VLPs) based EV71 vaccine is under active development. For this purpose, an efficient methodology for the production of EV71-VLPs by recombinant technology is needed. We here report the construction and expression of the P1 and 3C genes of EV71 in Pichia pastoris for producing VLP-based EV71 vaccine antigen with a high yield and simple manufacturing process. Based on codon-optimized P1 and 3C genes, EV71-VLPs were efficiently expressed in Pichia pastoris system, and the expression level reached 270 mg/L. Biochemical and biophysical analyses showed that the produced EV71-VLPs consisted of processed VP0, VP1, and VP3 present as ~35nm spherical particles. The immune response as a function of EV71-VLPs and adjuvant dose ratio was investigated for vaccine development. Immunization with EV71-VLPs of 1-5 µg/dose and adjuvant of 225 µg/dose induced robust neutralizing antibody responses in mice and provided effective protection against lethal challenge in both maternally transferred antibody and passive transfer protection mouse models. Therefore, the yeast produced EV71-VLPs antigen is a promising candidate for the development of a vaccine against HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Yang
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Fan Gao
- Division of Hepatitis Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) , Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Likang Shi
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | | | - Xinxing Ma
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chenliang Zhou
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xianfang Zeng
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ge Liu
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jiang Fan
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qunying Mao
- Division of Hepatitis Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) , Beijing, PR China
| | - Li Shi
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shanghai, PR China
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Tambyah PA, Oon J, Asli R, Kristanto W, Hwa SH, Vang F, Karwal L, Fuchs J, Santangelo JD, Gordon GS, Thomson C, Rao R, Dean H, Das SC, Stinchcomb DT. An inactivated enterovirus 71 vaccine is safe and immunogenic in healthy adults: A phase I, double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, study of two dosages. Vaccine 2019; 37:4344-4353. [PMID: 31230881 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), especially that caused by enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection, is a public health concern in the Asia-Pacific region. We report a phase I clinical trial of an EV71 candidate vaccine (INV21) based on a binary ethylenimine inactivated B2 sub-genotype formulated with aluminum hydroxide. METHODS In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, dose escalation study adult volunteers received two vaccinations 28 days apart of low or high dose formulations of the candidate vaccine and were then monitored for safety and reactogenicity for four weeks after each dose, and for their immune responses up to 28 weeks. RESULTS Of 36 adults enrolled, 35 completed the study as planned. Either no or mild adverse events were observed, mainly injection site pain and tiredness. Seroconversion was 100% after two vaccinations. High geometric mean neutralizing antibody titers (GMT) were observed 14 days post first dose, peaking 14 days post second dose (at Day 42) in both high and low dose groups; GMTs on days 14, 28, 42, and 56 were 128, 81, 323, 203 and 144, 100, 451, 351 in low- and high-dose groups, respectively. Titers for both doses declined gradually to Day 196 but remained higher than baseline and the placebo groups, which had low GMTs throughout the duration of the study. Cross-neutralizing antibody activity against heterologous sub-genotypes was demonstrated. CONCLUSION These data show that the EV71 candidate vaccine is safe and immunogenic in adults and supports further clinical development as a potential pediatric vaccine by initiating a dose-escalation study for determining the dose-dependent safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine in young naïve children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Tambyah
- Department of Medicine, NUH Investigational Medicine Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E, Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 10, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Jolene Oon
- Department of Medicine, NUH Investigational Medicine Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E, Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 10, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Rosmonaliza Asli
- Department of Medicine, NUH Investigational Medicine Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E, Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 10, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - William Kristanto
- Department of Medicine, NUH Investigational Medicine Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E, Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 10, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Shi-Hsia Hwa
- Vaccine Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals Asia Pacific Pte Ltd, 21 Biopolis Road, Nucleos South Tower Level 4, Singapore 138567, Singapore
| | - Fue Vang
- Vaccine Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals USA, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lovkesh Karwal
- Vaccine Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals USA, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeremy Fuchs
- Vaccine Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals USA, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joseph D Santangelo
- Vaccine Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals USA, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gilad S Gordon
- Takeda Vaccines, Inc., Takeda Pharmaceuticals USA, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Cynthia Thomson
- Vaccine Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals Asia Pacific Pte Ltd, 21 Biopolis Road, Nucleos South Tower Level 4, Singapore 138567, Singapore
| | - Raman Rao
- Vaccine Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals Asia Pacific Pte Ltd, 21 Biopolis Road, Nucleos South Tower Level 4, Singapore 138567, Singapore
| | - Hansi Dean
- Vaccine Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals USA, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Subash C Das
- Vaccine Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals USA, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Dan T Stinchcomb
- Takeda Vaccines, Inc., Takeda Pharmaceuticals USA, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Gao E, Wu S, Xu Q, Zeng Y, Tan N, He S, Yang Y, Wei J. Enterovirus type 71-immunized chicken egg yolk immunoglobulin has cross antiviral activity against coxsackievirus A16 in vitro. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:332-341. [PMID: 31258670 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To exploit a cross passive immunotherapy for enterovirus-induced hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), the cross antiviral activity of a neutralizing antibody against enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) was investigated in vitro. White Leghorn specific-pathogen-free chickens were immunized with EV71 antigens and a specific isolated immunoglobulin (IgY) was prepared from the chicken egg yolk. IgY was further purified and characterized by SDS-PAGE, ELISA, western blotting and bidirectional immune agar diffusion testing. The antiviral activity and dose-response of the IgY were determined by assessing the cytopathic effect in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells in vitro. It was indicated that the levels of IgY were increased at day 7, peaked at week 7 and were maintained at a higher level for 4 weeks following immunization when compared with the negative control. The results of western blotting and bidirectional immune agar diffusion testing revealed that the IgY had cross-binding properties in EV71 and CVA16 strains through targeting the envelope proteins (VP0, VP1 and VP3) of EV71 and CVA16. Neutralization assay results indicated that the infectivity of EV71 and CVA16 strains in RD cells was cross-blocked by IgY in a dose-dependent manner. To conclude, these findings indicate that IgY has cross antiviral activity against EV71 and CVA16 in vitro, and could potentially be developed as a passive immunotherapy for EV71- and CVA16-induced HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyi Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541000, P.R. China
| | - Shuwen Wu
- Department of State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541000, P.R. China
| | - Yonglian Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541000, P.R. China
| | - Ning Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541000, P.R. China
| | - Songqing He
- Department of Pharmacology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541000, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541000, P.R. China
| | - Jingchen Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541000, P.R. China
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Kim HJ, Son HS, Lee SW, Yoon Y, Hyeon JY, Chung GT, Lee JW, Yoo JS. Efficient expression of enterovirus 71 based on virus-like particles vaccine. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210477. [PMID: 30845175 PMCID: PMC6405078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus (EV) 71 is the main pathogen associated with hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) and can lead to the disease with severe mortality in children. Since 2009, in the Republic of Korea, an outbreak of EV71 C4a infection with neurologic involvement emerged, where in HFMD involvement was identified and central nervous system complications were reported. In this study, EV71 C4a virus-like particles (VLPs) produced by recombinant technology were generated in a baculovirus expression system. To improve the production yield, EV71 VLP was constructed using the dual promoter system baculovirus P1 and 3CD (baculo-P1-3CD), which harbored both the structural protein-encoding P1 region under the control of the polyhedron promoter and the 3CD protease gene under the regulation of the CMV-IE, lef3, gp41, or chitinase promoters to augment the level of gene transcription. Efficient VLP expression was demonstrated through optimization of incubation time and insect cell type. In addition, to evaluate the potential of VLP as a vaccine candidate, we tested the neutralizing antibodies and total anti-EV71 IgG from the purified EV71 C4a VLP serum. The recombinant EV71 VLP exhibited the morphology of self-assembled VLP, as determined by electron microscopy. Use of baculo-P1-3CD-gp41 led to a high yield (11.3mg/L < 40kDa) of VLPs in High-FiveTM cells at 3 days post-infection. Furthermore, the potential of VLP as a vaccine was evaluated through the neutralizing ability elicited by the purified EV71 VLP after immunization of BALB/c mice, which was shown to induce potent and long-lasting humoral immune responses as evidenced by the cross-neutralization titer. Our results could be used to expedite the developmental process for vaccines under clinical trials and to ensure manufacturing consistency for licensing requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Kim
- Division of Vaccine Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institutes of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong-eup, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Sun Son
- Division of Vaccine Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institutes of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong-eup, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Lee
- Division of Strategic Planning for Emerging Infectious Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Youngsil Yoon
- Division of Viral Disease, Center for Laboratory control of Infectious Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Hyeon
- Division of Vaccine Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institutes of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong-eup, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Tae Chung
- Division of Strategic Planning for Emerging Infectious Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - June-Woo Lee
- Division of Vaccine Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institutes of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong-eup, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JSY); (JWL)
| | - Jung Sik Yoo
- Division of Vaccine Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institutes of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong-eup, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JSY); (JWL)
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Chia MY, Chung WY, Wang CH, Chang WH, Lee MS. Development of a high-growth enterovirus 71 vaccine candidate inducing cross-reactive neutralizing antibody responses. Vaccine 2018; 36:1167-1173. [PMID: 29398272 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has only one serotype based on serum neutralization tests using hyperimmune animal antisera, three major genogroups (A, B and C) including eleven genotypes (A, B1-B2, and C1-C5) can be well classified based on phylogenetic analysis. Since 1997, large-scale EV71 epidemics occurred cyclically with different genotypes in the Asia-Pacific region. Therefore, development of EV71 vaccines is a national priority in several Asian countries. Currently, five vaccine candidates have been evaluated in clinical trials in China (three C4 candidates), Singapore (one B2 candidate), and Taiwan (one B4 candidate). Overall, the peak viral titers of these 5 vaccine candidates could only reach about 107 TCID50/mL. Moreover, genotypes of these 5 candidates are different from the current predominant genotype B5 in Taiwan and South-Eastern Asia. We adapted a high-growth EV71 genotype B5 (HG-B5) virus after multiple passages and plaque selections in Vero cells and the HG-B5 virus could reach high titers (>108 TCID50/mL) in a microcarrier-based cell culture system. The viral particles were further purified and formulated with alum adjuvant. After two doses of intramuscular immunization in rabbits, the HG-B5 vaccine candidate could induce cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies against the three major EV71 genogroups. In conclusion, a high-growth EV71 virus was successfully adapted in Vero cells and could induce broad spectrum neutralizing antibody titers against three (A, B5, and C4) genotypes in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yuan Chia
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yu Chung
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | | | - Wei-Hau Chang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Shi Lee
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.
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Enhanced neutralizing antibody response induced by inactivated enterovirus 71 in cynomolgus monkeys. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202552. [PMID: 30278051 PMCID: PMC6168120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major etiological agent of various public health issues, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region. EV71 causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) and is associated with serious neurological disorders in young children. A formalin-inactivated EV71 candidate vaccine (KCDC-HFMDV1-EV71) based on the C4 subgenotype was previously developed and confirmed to be a potential candidate vaccine for prevention of EV71 infection in mice. In this study, an inactivated EV71 vaccine was used for analysis of long-term immunogenicity and efficacy in cynomolgus monkeys, a common nonhuman primate model. The vaccine was immunized three times at 0, 4, and 8 weeks with either 20-μg doses of EV71 candidate vaccine formulated with aluminum hydroxide gel adjuvant or phosphate-buffered saline as a control. The group immunized with the inactivated EV71 showed significantly increased EV71-specific antibody and serum neutralizing antibody titers at 3 weeks after vaccination and maintained these elevated titers until the end of the experiment (54 weeks after vaccination). The sera from vaccinated cynomolgus monkeys showed a crossreactive neutralizing antibody response to the heterologous subtype of EV71 (B1–4, C1, and C2). These findings suggest that the inactivated EV71 candidate vaccine may be a potential vaccine candidate and valuable tool for the control of HFMD.
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Lukashev AN, Vakulenko YA, Turbabina NA, Deviatkin AA, Drexler JF. Molecular epidemiology and phylogenetics of human enteroviruses: Is there a forest behind the trees? Rev Med Virol 2018; 28:e2002. [PMID: 30069956 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses are among the best studied small non-enveloped enteric RNA viruses. Most enteroviruses are easy to isolate in cell culture, and many non-polio enterovirus strains were archived worldwide as a byproduct of the WHO poliovirus surveillance system. Common outbreaks and epidemics, most prominently the epidemic of hand-foot-and-mouth disease with severe neurological complications in East and South-East Asia, justify practical interest of non-polio enteroviruses. As a result, there are over 50 000 enterovirus nucleotide sequences available in GenBank. Technical possibilities have been also improving, as Bayesian phylogenetic methods with an integrated molecular clock were introduced a decade ago and provided unprecedented opportunities for phylogenetic analysis. As a result, hundreds of papers were published on the molecular epidemiology of enteroviruses. This review covers the modern methodology, structure, and biases of the sequence dataset available in GenBank. The relevance of the subtype classification, findings of co-circulation of multiple genetic variants, previously unappreciated complexity of viral populations, and global evolutionary patterns are addressed. The most relevant conclusions and prospects for further studies on outbreak emergence mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Lukashev
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Preparations, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia A Vakulenko
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,Virology Department, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia A Turbabina
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
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Rajčáni J, Szathmary S. Peptide Vaccines: New Trends for Avoiding the Autoimmune Response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/1874279301810010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background:Several marketed antiviral vaccines (such as that against hepatitis virus A and/or B, influenza virus, human papillomavirus, yellow fever virus, measles, rubella and mumps viruses) may elicit various autoimmune reactions.Results:The cause of autoimmune response due to vaccination may be: 1. the adjuvant which is regularly added to the vaccine (especially in the case of various oil substrates), 2. the specific viral component itself (a protein or glycoprotein potentially possessing cross-reactive epitopes) and/or 3. contamination of the vaccine with traces of non-viral proteins mostly cellular in origin. Believing that peptide vaccines might represent an optimal solution for avoiding the above-mentioned problems, we discuss the principles of rational design of a typical peptide vaccine which should contain oligopeptides coming either from the selected structural virion components (i.e.capsid proteins and/or envelop glycoproteins or both) or from the virus-coded non-structural polypeptides. The latter should be equally immunogenic as the structural virus proteins. Describing the feasibility of identification and design of immunogenic epitopes, our paper also deals with possible problems of peptide vaccine manufacturing. The presented data are in part based on the experience of our own, in part, they are coming from the results published by others.Conclusion:Any peptide vaccine should be able to elicit relevant and specific antibody formation, as well as an efficient cell-mediated immune response. Consequently, the properly designed peptide vaccine is expected to consist of carefully selected viral peptides, which should stimulate the receptors of helper T/CD4 cells as well as of cytotoxic (T/CD8) lymphocytes.
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Li X, Huang Y, Sun M, Ji H, Dou H, Hu J, Yan Y, Wang X, Chen L. Honeysuckle-encoded microRNA2911 inhibits Enterovirus 71 replication via targeting VP1 gene. Antiviral Res 2018; 152:117-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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21
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Production and purification of virus-like particles of different enterovirus subtypes as vaccines. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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22
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Zhang C, Wang Y, Ma S, Li L, Chen L, Yan H, Peng T. Human Enterovirus 71 Protein Displayed on the Surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an Oral Vaccine. Viral Immunol 2017; 29:288-95. [PMID: 27259043 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (EV-A71), a major agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease, has become an important public health issue in recent years. No effective antiviral or vaccines against EV-A71 infection are currently available. EV-A71 infection intrudes bodies through the gastric mucosal surface and it is necessary to enhance mucosal immune response to protect children from these pathogens. Recently, the majority of EV-A71 vaccine candidates have been developed for parenteral immunization. However, parenteral vaccine candidates often induce poor mucosal responses. On the other hand, oral vaccines could induce effective mucosal and systemic immunity, and could be easily and safely administered. Thus, proper oral vaccines have attached more interest compared with parenteral vaccine. In this study, the major immunogenic capsid protein of EV-A71 was displayed on the surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Oral immunization of mice with surface-displayed VP1 S. cerevisiae induced systemic humoral and mucosal immune responses, including virus-neutralizing titers, VP1-specific antibody, and the induction of Th1 immune responses in the spleen. Furthermore, oral immunization of mother mice with surface-displayed VP1 S. cerevisiae conferred protection to neonatal mice against the lethal EV-A71 infection. Furthermore, we observed that multiple boost immunization as well as higher immunization dosage could induce higher EV-A71-specific immune response. Our results demonstrated that surface-displayed VP1 S. cerevisiae could be used as potential oral vaccine against EV-A71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congdang Zhang
- 1 School of Life Sciences, Anhui University , Hefei, China .,2 Southern China United Vaccine Institute , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- 2 Southern China United Vaccine Institute , Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuzhi Ma
- 2 Southern China United Vaccine Institute , Guangzhou, China
| | - Leike Li
- 3 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyun Chen
- 2 Southern China United Vaccine Institute , Guangzhou, China
| | - Huimin Yan
- 4 The State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Peng
- 2 Southern China United Vaccine Institute , Guangzhou, China .,3 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou, China
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimi Azad
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India;,
| | - Manidipa Banerjee
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India;,
| | - John E. Johnson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
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24
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Zhang Y, Han H, Sun L, Qiu H, Lin H, Yu L, Zhu W, Qi J, Yang R, Pang Y, Wang X, Lu G, Yang Y. Antiviral activity of shikonin ester derivative PMM-034 against enterovirus 71 in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 50:e6586. [PMID: 28832767 PMCID: PMC5561812 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20176586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the major causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), particularly in infants and children below 4 years of age. Shikonin is a bioactive compound with anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antibacterial activities derived from the roots of the Chinese medicinal herb Lithospermum erythrorhizon. This study aimed to examine the antiviral activity of PMM-034, a shikonin ester derivative, against EV71 in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. Cytotoxicity of PMM-034 on RD cells was determined using WST-1 assay. Dose- and time-dependent effects of PMM-034 on EV71 replication in RD cells were determined using plaque reduction assay. mRNA expression levels of EV71/VP1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) were determined by real-time RT-PCR, and EV71/VP1 and phospho-p65 protein expressions were determined by western blot analysis. PMM-034 exhibited only weak cytotoxicity against RD cells. However, PMM-034 exhibited significant antiviral activity against EV71 in RD cells with 50% inhibitory concentration of 2.31 μg/mL. The VP1 mRNA and protein levels were significantly reduced in cells treated with PMM-034. Furthermore, relative mRNA expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α significantly decreased in the cells treated with PMM-034, while the phospho-p65 protein expression was also significantly lower in the treated cells. These results indicated that PMM-034 suppressed the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines in RD cells, exhibiting antiviral activity against EV71, as evidenced by the reduced VP1 mRNA and protein levels in PMM-034-treated cells. Thus, PMM-034 is a promising candidate for further development as an EV71 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Suzhou Industrial Park Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, China
| | - H Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - L Sun
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - H Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - H Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - L Yu
- Suzhou Industrial Park Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, China
| | - W Zhu
- Suzhou Industrial Park Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, China
| | - J Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - R Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Y Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - X Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - G Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Y Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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25
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In HJ, Lim H, Lee JA, Kim HJ, Kim JW, Hyeon JY, Yeo SG, Lee JW, Yoo JS, Choi YK, Lee SW. An inactivated hand-foot-and-mouth disease vaccine using the enterovirus 71 (C4a) strain isolated from a Korean patient induces a strong immunogenic response in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178259. [PMID: 28542556 PMCID: PMC5443535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major causative agent of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) frequently occurring in children. HFMD induced by EV71 can cause serious health problems and has been reported worldwide, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region. In this study, we assessed the immunogenicity of a formalin-inactivated HFMD vaccine using an EV71 strain (FI-EV71 C4a) isolated from a Korean patient. The vaccine candidate was evaluated in mice to determine the vaccination doses and vaccine schedules. BALB/c mice were intramuscularly administered 5, 10, or 20 μg FI-EV71 vaccine, followed by a booster 2 weeks later. EV71-specific antibodies and neutralizing antibodies were induced and maintained until the end of the experimental period in all vaccinated groups. To determine the effectiveness of adjuvant for the EV71 vaccine, three adjuvants, i.e., aluminium hydroxide gel, monophosphoryl lipid A, and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, were administered separately with the FI-EV71 vaccine to mice via the intramuscular route. Mice administered the FI-EV71 vaccine formulated with all three adjuvants induced a significantly increased antibody response compared with that of the single adjuvant groups. The vaccinated group with triple adjuvants exhibited more rapid induction of EV71-specific and neutralizing antibodies than the other groups. These results suggested that the role of adjuvant in inactivated vaccine was important for eliciting effective immune responses against EV71. In conclusion, our results showed that FI-EV71 was a potential candidate vaccine for prevention of EV71 infection.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Enterovirus A, Human/immunology
- Enterovirus A, Human/isolation & purification
- Female
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/immunology
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/prevention & control
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/virology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunization Schedule
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Models, Animal
- Republic of Korea
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/pharmacology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ju In
- Division of Vaccine Research, Korea National Research Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeji Lim
- Division of Vaccine Research, Korea National Research Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ah Lee
- Division of Vaccine Research, Korea National Research Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Division of Vaccine Research, Korea National Research Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Won Kim
- Division of Vaccine Research, Korea National Research Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Hyeon
- Division of Vaccine Research, Korea National Research Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gu Yeo
- Division of Vaccine Research, Korea National Research Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Woo Lee
- Division of Vaccine Research, Korea National Research Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Sik Yoo
- Division of Vaccine Research, Korea National Research Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Division of Vaccine Research, Korea National Research Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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26
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Yee PTI, Laa Poh C. Impact of genetic changes, pathogenicity and antigenicity on Enterovirus- A71 vaccine development. Virology 2017; 506:121-129. [PMID: 28384566 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus-A71 (EV-A71) is an etiological agent of the hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). EV-A71 infection produces high fever and ulcers in children. Some EV-A71 strains produce severe infections leading to pulmonary edema and death. Although the protective efficacy of the inactivated vaccine (IV) was ≥90% against mild HFMD, there was approximately 80% protection against severe HFMD. The monovalent EV-A71 IV elicits humoral immunity but lacks long-term immunogenicity. Spontaneous mutations of the EV-A71 genome could lead to antigenicity changes and the virus may not be neutralized by antibodies elicited by the IV. A better alternative would be the live attenuated vaccine (LAV) that elicits cellular and humoral immunity. The LAV induces excellent antigenicity and chances of reversion is reduced by presence of multiple mutations which could reduce pathogenicity. Besides CV-A16, outbreaks have been caused by CV-A6 and CV-A10, hence the development of bivalent and trivalent vaccines is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinn Tsin Isabel Yee
- Research Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Research Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk P Dittmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA.
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28
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Zhu Z, Ye X, Ku Z, Liu Q, Shen C, Luo H, Luan H, Zhang C, Tian S, Lim C, Huang Z, Wang H. Transcutaneous immunization via rapidly dissolvable microneedles protects against hand-foot-and-mouth disease caused by enterovirus 71. J Control Release 2016; 243:291-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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29
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Chang PC, Chen SC, Chen KT. The Current Status of the Disease Caused by Enterovirus 71 Infections: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Molecular Epidemiology, and Vaccine Development. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E890. [PMID: 27618078 PMCID: PMC5036723 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13090890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infections have a major public health impact in the Asia-Pacific region. We reviewed the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and molecular epidemiology of EV71 infection as well as EV71 vaccine development. Previous studies were found using the search terms "enterovirus 71" and "epidemiology" or "pathogenesis" or "molecular epidemiology" or "vaccine" in Medline and PubMed. Articles that were not published in the English language, manuscripts without an abstract, and opinion articles were excluded from the review. The reported epidemiology of cases caused by EV71 infection varied from country to country; seasonal variations in incidence were observed. Most cases of EV71 infection that resulted in hospitalization for complications occurred in children less than five years old. The brainstem was the most likely major target of EV71 infection. The emergence of the EV71 epidemic in the Asia-Pacific region has been associated with the circulation of different genetic lineages (genotypes B3, B4, C1, C2, and C4) that appear to be undergoing rapid evolutionary changes. The relationship between the gene structure of the EV71 virus and the factors that ensure its survival, circulation, and evasion of immunity is still unknown. EV71 infection has emerged as an important global public health problem. Vaccine development, including the development of inactivated whole-virus live attenuated, subviral particles, and DNA vaccines, has been progressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Chin Chang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan 736, Taiwan.
| | - Shou-Chien Chen
- Department of Family Medicine, Da-Chien General Hospital, Miaoli 237, Taiwan.
- General Education Center, Ta Tung University, Taipei 104, Taiwan.
| | - Kow-Tong Chen
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Tainan Municipal Hospital, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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30
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Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Escherichia coli Heat-Labile Toxin B Subunit (LTB) with Enterovirus 71 (EV71) Subunit VP1. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091419. [PMID: 27618897 PMCID: PMC5037698 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The nontoxic heat-labile toxin (LT) B subunit (LTB) was used as mucosal adjuvant experimentally. However, the mechanism of LTB adjuvant was still unclear. The LTB and enterovirus 71 (EV71) VP1 subunit (EVP1) were constructed in pET32 and expressed in E. coli BL21, respectively. The immunogenicity of purified EVP1 and the adjuvanticity of LTB were evaluated via intranasal immunization EVP1 plus LTB in Balb/c mice. In order to elucidate the proteome change triggered by the adjuvant of LTB, the proteomic profiles of LTB, EVP1, and LTB plus EVP1 were quantitatively analyzed by iTRAQ-LC-MS/MS (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation; liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) in murine macrophage RAW264.7. The proteomic data were analyzed by bioinformatics and validated by western blot analysis. The predicted protein interactions were confirmed using LTB pull-down and the LTB processing pathway was validated by confocal microscopy. The results showed that LTB significantly boosted EVP1 specific systematic and mucosal antibodies. A total of 3666 differential proteins were identified in the three groups. Pathway enrichment of proteomic data predicted that LTB upregulated the specific and dominant MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathway and the protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum (PPER) pathway, whereas LTB or EVP1 did not significantly upregulate these two signaling pathways. Confocal microscopy and LTB pull-down assays confirmed that the LTB adjuvant was endocytosed and processed through endocytosis (ENS)-lysosomal-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) system.
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31
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Zhou Y, Li JX, Jin PF, Wang YX, Zhu FC. Enterovirus 71: a whole virion inactivated enterovirus 71 vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:803-13. [PMID: 27206811 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1191357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Enterovirus A71 (EV71) is the predominant causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which is often associated with severe cases and even deaths. EV71-associated epidemics have emerged as a serious threat to public health, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region. AREAS COVERED We searched PubMed using the terms 'enterovirus 71', 'hand, foot, and mouth disease', and 'vaccine', with no date or language restrictions for all publications before April 27, 2016. Among various vaccine candidates, the alum-adjuvant inactivated EV71 vaccines are most promising. Three alum-adjuvant inactivated EV71 vaccines developed by mainland China showed high efficacy, good immunogenicity persistence and acceptable safety profiles in clinical trials. Recently, two of these EV71 vaccines have been approved for marketing in China and the other one is undergoing the review process of licensure. In this manuscript, we summarized previous study results as well as discussed the regulatory affairs and post-market surveillances issues. Expert commentary: The marketing of EV71 vaccines is a milestone in the controlling of HFMD. International clinical trials are needed to further assess the efficacy and cross-immunogenicity. Establishing a sensitive pathogen monitoring system would be essential to monitor the variation of genotypes and control HFMD epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- a School of Public Health , Southeast University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Jing-Xin Li
- b Department of Vaccine Clinical Evaluation , Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nanjing , PR China.,c College of Pharmacy , Third Military Medical University & National Engineering Research Center for Immunological Products , Chongqing , PR China
| | - Peng-Fei Jin
- d School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Yu-Xiao Wang
- a School of Public Health , Southeast University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Feng-Cai Zhu
- b Department of Vaccine Clinical Evaluation , Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nanjing , PR China
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32
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Chang J, Li J, Wei W, Liu X, Liu G, Yang J, Zhang W, Yu XF. Determinants of EV71 immunogenicity and protection against lethal challenge in a mouse model. Immunol Res 2016; 62:306-15. [PMID: 26025091 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8661-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Circulating enterovirus 71 (EV71)-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a major public health problem in the Asian-Pacific region. An EV71 vaccine for HFMD prevention is currently being developed. However, viral determinants that could influence the vaccine's efficacy have not been well characterized. In this study, we isolated and characterized several EV71 strains that are currently circulating in northern and southern China. We determined that VP1 variation is a major determinant of EV71 immunogenicity. A single amino acid variation in VP1 can lead to significant differences in the breadth and potency of immune responses against primary EV71 isolates as well as the sensitivity of EV71 to heterologous neutralizing antibody responses. We also identified EV71 strains that could induce potent immunogenic and cross-neutralizing antibody responses against diverse EV71 strains. Furthermore, these neutralizing antibodies could protect neonatal mice from lethal dose challenge with various circulating EV71 viruses. Our study provides useful information for EV71 vaccine development and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junliang Chang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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33
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Drenichev MS, Oslovsky VE, Sun L, Tijsma A, Kurochkin NN, Tararov VI, Chizhov AO, Neyts J, Pannecouque C, Leyssen P, Mikhailov SN. Modification of the length and structure of the linker of N(6)-benzyladenosine modulates its selective antiviral activity against enterovirus 71. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 111:84-94. [PMID: 26854380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Very recently, we demonstrated that N(6)-isopentenyladenosine, a cytokinin nucleoside, exerts a potent and selective antiviral effect on the replication of human enterovirus 71. The present study is devoted to the structure optimization of another natural compound: N(6)-benzyladenosine. We mainly focused on the exploration of the size and nature of the linker between the adenine and the phenyl ring, as well as on the necessity of the D-ribose residue. More than 30 analogues of N(6)-benzyladenosine were prepared and their antiviral properties were evaluated. Two main methodologies were used for preparation: N(6)-acetyl-2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyladenosine can be regioselectively alkylated either by alkyl halides under base promoted conditions or by alcohols in Mitsunobu reactions. After deacylation with 4 M PrNH2 in MeOH at room temperature for one day, the desired products were obtained in overall high yields. Analysis of the structure-activity relationship clearly shows that the optimal size of the linker is limited to 2 or 3 atoms (compounds 4-7). 2'-Deoxyadenosine derivatives did not elicit any inhibitory or cytotoxic effect, while 5'-deoxynucleosides still induced some cell protective antiviral activity. Based on these observations, it can be hypothesized that there may be another mechanism that is at the base of the antiviral activity of these compounds against enterovirus 71 besides a possible 5'-triphosphorylation followed by a putative inhibitory effect on RNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail S Drenichev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir E Oslovsky
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Liang Sun
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aloys Tijsma
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nikolay N Kurochkin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Vitali I Tararov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander O Chizhov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Leninsky pr., 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sergey N Mikhailov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
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34
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Mao QY, Wang Y, Bian L, Xu M, Liang Z. EV71 vaccine, a new tool to control outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:599-606. [PMID: 26732723 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1138862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
On December 3rd 2015, the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) approved the first inactivated Enterovirus 71 (EV71) whole virus vaccine for preventing severe hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). As one of the few preventive vaccines for children's infectious diseases generated by the developing countries in recent years, EV71 vaccine is a blessing to children's health in China and worldwide. However, there are still a few challenges facing the worldwide use of EV71 vaccine, including the applicability against various EV71 pandemic strains in other countries, international requirements on vaccine production and quality control, standardization and harmonization on different pathogen monitoring and detecting methods, etc. In addition, the affordability of EV71 vaccine in other countries is a factor to be considered in HFMD prevention. Therefore, with EV71 vaccine commercially available, there is still a long way to go before reaching effective protection against severe HFMD after EV71 vaccines enter the market. In this paper, the bottlenecks and prospects for the wide use of EV71 vaccine after its approval are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun-ying Mao
- a Institute for Biological Products Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Yiping Wang
- a Institute for Biological Products Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Lianlian Bian
- a Institute for Biological Products Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Miao Xu
- a Institute for Biological Products Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- a Institute for Biological Products Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
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Yee PTI, Poh CL. Development of Novel Vaccines against Enterovirus-71. Viruses 2015; 8:v8010001. [PMID: 26729152 PMCID: PMC4728561 DOI: 10.3390/v8010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The hand, foot and mouth disease is caused by a group of Enteroviruses such as Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) and Coxsackievirus CV-A5, CV-A8, and CV-A16. Mild symptoms of EV-A71 infection in children range from high fever, vomiting, rashes and ulcers in mouth but can produce more severe symptoms such as brainstem and cerebellar encephalitis, leading up to cardiopulmonary failure and death. The lack of vaccines and antiviral drugs against EV-A71 highlights the urgency of developing preventive and treatment agents against EV-A71 to prevent further fatalities. Research groups have developed experimental inactivated vaccines, recombinant Viral Protein 1 (VP1) vaccine and virus-like particles (VLPs). The inactivated EV-A71 vaccine is considered the safest viral vaccine, as there will be no reversion to the infectious wild type strain. The recombinant VP1 vaccine is a cost-effective immunogen, while VLPs contain an arrangement of epitopes that can elicit neutralizing antibodies against the virus. As each type of vaccine has its advantages and disadvantages, increased studies are required in the development of such vaccines, whereby high efficacy, long-lasting immunity, minimal risk to those vaccinated, safe and easy production, low cost, dispensing the need for refrigeration and convenient delivery are the major goals in their design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinn Tsin Isabel Yee
- Virology Research Group, Vice Chancellor's Office, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Virology Research Group, Vice Chancellor's Office, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia.
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Lin SY, Chiu HY, Chiang BL, Hu YC. Development of EV71 virus-like particle purification processes. Vaccine 2015; 33:5966-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Jiang L, Fan R, Sun S, Fan P, Su W, Zhou Y, Gao F, Xu F, Kong W, Jiang C. A new EV71 VP3 epitope in norovirus P particle vector displays neutralizing activity and protection in vivo in mice. Vaccine 2015; 33:6596-603. [PMID: 26529072 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16), as the main agents causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), have become a serious public health concern in the Asia-Pacific region. Recently, various neutralizing B cell epitopes of EV71 were identified as targets for promising vaccine candidates. Structural studies of Picornaviridae indicated that potent immunodominant epitopes typically lie in the hypervariable loop of capsid surfaces. However, cross-neutralizing antibodies and cross-protection between EV71 and CVA16 have not been observed. Therefore, we speculated that divergent sequences of the two viruses are key epitopes for inducing protective neutralizing responses. In this study, we selected 10 divergent epitope candidates based on alignment of the EV71 and CVA16 P1 amino acid sequences using the Multalin interface page, and these epitopes are conserved among all subgenotypes of EV71. Simultaneously, by utilizing the norovirus P particle as a novel vaccine delivery carrier, we identified the 71-6 epitope (amino acid 176-190 of VP3) as a conformational neutralizing epitope against EV71 in an in vitro micro-neutralization assay as well as an in vivo protection assay in mice. Altogether, these results indicated that the incorporation of the 71-6 epitope into the norovirus P domain can provide a promising candidate for an effective synthetic peptide-based vaccine against EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Rongjun Fan
- Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150056, PR China
| | - Shiyang Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Peihu Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Weiheng Su
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Yan Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Fei Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Wei Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China.
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Wu CY, Lin YW, Kuo CH, Liu WH, Tai HF, Pan CH, Chen YT, Hsiao PW, Chan CH, Chang CC, Liu CC, Chow YH, Chen JR. Inactivated Enterovirus 71 Vaccine Produced by 200-L Scale Serum-Free Microcarrier Bioreactor System Provides Cross-Protective Efficacy in Human SCARB2 Transgenic Mouse. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136420. [PMID: 26287531 PMCID: PMC4543551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemics and outbreaks caused by infections of several subgenotypes of EV71 and other serotypes of coxsackie A viruses have raised serious public health concerns in the Asia-Pacific region. These concerns highlight the urgent need to develop a scalable manufacturing platform for producing an effective and sufficient quantity of vaccines against deadly enteroviruses. In this report, we present a platform for the large-scale production of a vaccine based on the inactivated EV71(E59-B4) virus. The viruses were produced in Vero cells in a 200 L bioreactor with serum-free medium, and the viral titer reached 10(7) TCID50/mL 10 days after infection when using an MOI of 10(-4). The EV71 virus particles were harvested and purified by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Fractions containing viral particles were pooled based on ELISA and SDS-PAGE. TEM was used to characterize the morphologies of the viral particles. To evaluate the cross-protective efficacy of the EV71 vaccine, the pooled antigens were combined with squalene-based adjuvant (AddaVAX) or aluminum phosphate (AlPO4) and tested in human SCARB2 transgenic (Tg) mice. The Tg mice immunized with either the AddaVAX- or AlPO4-adjuvanted EV71 vaccine were fully protected from challenges by the subgenotype C2 and C4 viruses, and surviving animals did not show any degree of neurological paralysis symptoms or muscle damage. Vaccine treatments significantly reduced virus antigen presented in the central nervous system of Tg mice and alleviated the virus-associated inflammatory response. These results strongly suggest that this preparation results in an efficacious vaccine and that the microcarrier/bioreactor platform offers a superior alternative to the previously described roller-bottle system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi-Wen Lin
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pei-Wen Hsiao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Chung-Cheng Liu
- Adimmune Corporation, Taichung, Taiwan
- Enimmune Corporation, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Chow
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Li J, Liu G, Liu X, Yang J, Chang J, Zhang W, Yu XF. Optimization and Characterization of Candidate Strain for Coxsackievirus A16 Inactivated Vaccine. Viruses 2015; 7:3891-909. [PMID: 26193302 PMCID: PMC4517132 DOI: 10.3390/v7072803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) and enterovirus 71 (EV71), both of which can cause hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), are responsible for large epidemics in Asian and Pacific areas. Although inactivated EV71 vaccines have completed testing in phase III clinical trials in Mainland China, CA16 vaccines are still under development. A Vero cell-based inactivated CA16 vaccine was developed by our group. Screening identified a CA16 vaccine strain (CC024) isolated from HFMD patients, which had broad cross-protective abilities and satisfied all requirements for vaccine production. Identification of the biological characteristics showed that the CA16CC024 strain had the highest titer (107.5 CCID50/mL) in Vero cells, which would benefit the development of an EV71/CA16 divalent vaccine. A potential vaccine manufacturing process was established, including the selection of optimal time for virus harvesting, membrane for diafiltration and concentration, gel-filtration chromatography for the down-stream virus purification and virus inactivation method. Altogether, the analyses suggested that the CC-16, a limiting dilution clone of the CC024 strain, with good genetic stability, high titer and broad-spectrum immunogenicity, would be the best candidate strain for a CA16 inactivated vaccine. Therefore, our study provides valuable information for the development of a Vero cell-based CA16 or EV71-CA16 divalent inactivated vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingliang Li
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, 130061 Changchun, China.
| | - Guanchen Liu
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, 130061 Changchun, China.
| | - Xin Liu
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, 130061 Changchun, China.
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, 130061 Changchun, China.
| | - Junliang Chang
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, 130061 Changchun, China.
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, 130061 Changchun, China.
| | - Xiao-Fang Yu
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, 130061 Changchun, China.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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40
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Chang J, Li J, Liu X, Liu G, Yang J, Wei W, Zhang W, Yu XF. Broad protection with an inactivated vaccine against primary-isolated lethal enterovirus 71 infection in newborn mice. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:139. [PMID: 26169371 PMCID: PMC4501189 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Circulating enterovirus 71 (EV-A71)-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease is on the rise in the Asian-Pacific region. Although animal models have been developed using mouse-adapted EV-A71 strains, mouse models using primary EV-A71 isolates are scarce. Lethal animal models with circulating EV-A71 infection would contribute to studies of pathogenesis as well as vaccine development and evaluation. Results In this study, we established a lethal mouse model using primary EV-A71 isolates from patients infected with serotypes that are currently circulating in humans. We also characterized the dose-dependent virulence and pathologic changes of circulating EV-A71 in this mouse model. Most importantly, we have established this mouse model as a suitable system for EV-A71 vaccine evaluation. An inactivated EV-A71 vaccine candidate offered complete protection from death induced by various circulating EV-A71 viruses to neonatal mice that were born to immunized female mice. The sera of the immunized dams and their pups showed higher neutralization titers against multiple circulating EV-A71 viruses. Conclusions Thus, our newly established animal model using primary EV-A71 isolates is helpful for future studies on viral pathogenesis and vaccine and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junliang Chang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, No 519, East Minzhu Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Jingliang Li
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, No 519, East Minzhu Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, No 519, East Minzhu Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Guanchen Liu
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, No 519, East Minzhu Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, No 519, East Minzhu Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, No 519, East Minzhu Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, No 519, East Minzhu Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China.
| | - Xiao-Fang Yu
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, No 519, East Minzhu Avenue, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China. .,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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41
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Klein M, Chong P. Is a multivalent hand, foot, and mouth disease vaccine feasible? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:2688-704. [PMID: 26009802 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1049780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A infections are the primary cause of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in infants and young children. Although enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) are the predominant causes of HFMD epidemics worldwide, EV-A71 has emerged as a major neurovirulent virus responsible for severe neurological complications and fatal outcomes. HFMD is a serious health threat and economic burden across the Asia-Pacific region. Inactivated EV-A71 vaccines have elicited protection against EV-A71 but not against CV-A16 infections in large efficacy trials. The current development of a bivalent inactivated EV-A71/CV-A16 vaccine is the next step toward that of multivalent HFMD vaccines. These vaccines should ultimately include other prevalent pathogenic coxsackieviruses A (CV-A6 and CV-A10), coxsackieviruses B (B3 and B5) and echovirus 30 that often co-circulate during HFMD epidemics and can cause severe HFMD, aseptic meningitis and acute viral myocarditis. The prospect and challenges for the development of such multivalent vaccines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pele Chong
- b Vaccine R&D Center; National Health Research Institutes ; Zhunan Town, Miaoli County , Taiwan.,c Graduate Institute of Immunology; China Medical University ; Taichung , Taiwan
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Cao L, Mao F, Pang Z, Yi Y, Qiu F, Tian R, Meng Q, Jia Z, Bi S. Protective effect of enterovirus‑71 (EV71) virus‑like particle vaccine against lethal EV71 infection in a neonatal mouse model. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:2473-80. [PMID: 25936344 PMCID: PMC4464482 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus-71 (EV71) is a viral pathogen that causes severe cases of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) among young children, with significant mortality. Effective vaccines against HFMD are urgently required. Several EV71 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine candidates were found to be protective in the neonatal mouse EV71 challenge model. However, to what extent the VLP vaccine protects susceptible organs against EV71 infection in vivo has remained elusive. In the present study, the comprehensive immunogenicity of a potential EV71 vaccine candidate based on VLPs was evaluated in a neonatal mouse model. Despite lower levels of neutralizing antibodies to EV71 in the sera of VLP-immunized mice compared with those in mice vaccinated with inactivated EV71, the VLP-based vaccine was shown to be able to induce immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA memory-associated cellular immune responses to EV71. Of note, the EV71 VLP vaccine candidate was capable of inhibiting viral proliferation in cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, lung and intestine of immunized mice and provided effective protection against the pathological damage caused by viral attack. In particular, the VLP vaccine was able to inhibit the transportation of EV71 from the central nervous system to the muscle tissue and greatly protected muscle tissue from infection, along with recovery from the viral infection. This led to nearly 100% immunoprotective efficacy, enabling neonatal mice delivered by VLP-immunized female adult mice to survive and grow with good health. The present study provided valuable additional knowledge of the specific protective efficacy of the EV71 VLP vaccine in vivo, which also indicated that it is a promising potential candidate for being developed into an EV71 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- Department of Viral Hepatitis, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Fengfeng Mao
- Laboratory Animal Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Pang
- Department of Viral Hepatitis, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Yao Yi
- Department of Viral Hepatitis, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Department of Viral Hepatitis, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Ruiguang Tian
- Department of Viral Hepatitis, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Qingling Meng
- Department of Viral Hepatitis, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Jia
- Department of Viral Hepatitis, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Shengli Bi
- Department of Viral Hepatitis, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
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Zhang C, Ku Z, Liu Q, Wang X, Chen T, Ye X, Li D, Jin X, Huang Z. High-yield production of recombinant virus-like particles of enterovirus 71 in Pichia pastoris and their protective efficacy against oral viral challenge in mice. Vaccine 2015; 33:2335-41. [PMID: 25820068 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major causative pathogens of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), which is highly prevalent in the Asia-Pacific regions. Severe HFMD cases with neurological complications and even death are often associated with EV71 infections. However, no licensed EV71 vaccine is currently available. Recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs) of EV71 have been produced and shown to be a promising vaccine candidate in preclinical studies. However, the performance of current recombinant expression systems for EV71 VLP production remains unsatisfactory with regard to VLP yield and manufacturing procedure, and thus hinders further product development. In this study, we evaluated the expression of EV71 VLPs in Pichia pastoris and determined their protective efficacy in mouse models of EV71 infections. We showed that EV71 VLPs could be produced at high levels up to 4.9% of total soluble protein in transgenic P. pastoris yeast co-expressing P1 and 3CD proteins of EV71. The resulting yeast-produced VLPs potently induced neutralizing antibodies against homologous and heterologous EV71 strains in mice. More importantly, maternal immunization with VLPs protected neonatal mice in both intraperitoneal and oral challenge experiments. Collectively, these results demonstrated the success of simple, high-yield production of EV71 VLPs in transgenic P. pastoris, thus lifting the major roadblock in commercial development of VLP-based EV71 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ku
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qingwei Liu
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Tan Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaohua Ye
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xia Jin
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhong Huang
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.
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44
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Klein MH. EV71 vaccines: a first step towards multivalent hand, foot and mouth disease vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 14:337-40. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.993385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michel H Klein
- VaxiBio Inc, 54 Strathgowan Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 1B9 Canada
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45
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Abstract
Inactivated vaccines have been used for over a century to induce protection against viral pathogens. This established approach of vaccine production is relatively straightforward to achieve and there is an augmented safety profile as compared to their live counterparts. Today, there are six viral pathogens for which licensed inactivated vaccines are available with many more in development. Here, we describe the principles of viral inactivation and the application of these principles to vaccine development. Specifically emphasized are the manufacturing procedure and the accompanying assays, of which assays used for monitoring the inactivation process and preservation of neutralizing epitopes, are pivotal. Novel inactivated vaccines in development and the hurdles they face for licensure are also discussed as well as the (dis)advantages of inactivation over the other vaccine production methodologies.
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46
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Liu CC, Chow YH, Chong P, Klein M. Prospect and challenges for the development of multivalent vaccines against hand, foot and mouth diseases. Vaccine 2014; 32:6177-82. [PMID: 25218294 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71), an emerging neurotropic virus and coxsackieviruses (CV) are the major causative agents of hand, foot and mouth diseases (HFMD). These viruses have become a serious public health threat in the Asia Pacific region. Formalin-inactivated EV71 (FI-EV71) vaccines have been developed, evaluated in human clinical trials and were found to elicit full protection against EV71. Their failure to prevent CVA16 infections could compromise the acceptability of monovalent EV71 vaccines. Bivalent FI-EV71/FI-CVA16 vaccines have been found to elicit strong neutralizing antibody responses against both viruses in animal models but did not protect against CVA6 and CVA10 viral infections in cell culture neutralization assay. In this review, we discuss the critical bottlenecks in the development of multivalent HFMD vaccines, including the selection of vaccine strains, animal models to assess vaccine potency, the definition of end-points for efficacy trials, and the need for improved manufacturing processes to produce affordable vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chyi Liu
- Vaccine R&D Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town 350, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Chow
- Vaccine R&D Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town 350, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Pele Chong
- Vaccine R&D Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town 350, Miaoli County, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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47
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Long-term immunogenicity studies of formalin-inactivated enterovirus 71 whole-virion vaccine in macaques. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106756. [PMID: 25197967 PMCID: PMC4157806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has caused epidemics of hand, foot and mouth diseases in Asia during the past decades and no vaccine is available. A formalin-inactivated EV71 candidate vaccine (EV71vac) based on B4 subgenotype has previously been developed and found to elicit strong neutralizing antibody responses in mice and humans. In this study, we evaluated the long-term immunogenicity and safety of this EV71vac in a non-human primate model. Juvenile macaques were immunized at 0, 3 and 6 weeks either with 10 or 5 µg doses of EV71vac formulated with AlPO4 adjuvant, or PBS as control. During the 56 weeks of studies, no fever nor local redness and swelling at sites of injections was observed in the immunized macaques. After single immunization, 100% seroconversion based on 4-fold increased in neutralization titer (Nt) was detected in EV71vac immunized monkeys but not PBS controls. A dose-dependent IgG antibody response was observed in monkeys receiving EV71vac immunization. The Nt of EV71vac immunized macaques had reached the peak after 3 vaccinations, then decreased gradually; however, the GMT of neutralizing antibody in the EV71vac immunized macaques were still above 100 at the end of the study. Correspondingly, both dose- and time-dependent interferon-γ and CD4+ T cell responses were detected in monkeys receiving EV71vac. Interestingly, similar to human responses, the dominant T cell epitopes of macaques were identified mainly in VP2 and VP3 regions. In addition, strong cross-neutralizing antibodies against most EV71 subgenotypes except some C2 and C4b strains, and Coxsackievirus A16 were observed. In summary, our results indicate that EV71vac elicits dose-dependent T-cell and antibody responses in macaques that could be a good animal model for evaluating the long-term immune responses elicited by EV71 vaccines.
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Tang F, Xia H, Wang P, Yang J, Zhao T, Zhang Q, Hu Y, Zhou X. The identification and characterization of nucleic acid chaperone activity of human enterovirus 71 nonstructural protein 3AB. Virology 2014; 464-465:353-364. [PMID: 25113906 PMCID: PMC7112070 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) belongs to the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae and has been recognized as one of the most important pathogens that cause emerging infectious disease. Despite of the importance of EV71, the nonstructural protein 3AB from this virus is little understood for its function during EV71 replication. Here we expressed EV71 3AB protein as recombinant protein in a eukaryotic expression system and uncovered that this protein possesses a nucleic acid helix-destabilizing and strand annealing acceleration activity in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that EV71 3AB is a nucleic acid chaperone protein. Moreover, we characterized the RNA chaperone activity of EV71 3AB, and revealed that divalent metal ions, such as Mg2+ and Zn2+, were able to inhibit the RNA helix-destabilizing activity of 3AB to different extents. Moreover, we determined that 3B plus the last 7 amino acids at the C-terminal of 3A (termed 3B+7) possess the RNA chaperone activity, and five amino acids, i.e. Lys-80, Phe-82, Phe-85, Tyr-89, and Arg-103, are critical and probably the active sites of 3AB for its RNA chaperone activity. This report reveals that EV71 3AB displays an RNA chaperone activity, adds a new member to the growing list of virus-encoded RNA chaperones, and provides novel knowledge about the virology of EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfen Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072 China
| | - Hongjie Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072 China
| | - Peipei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072 China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072 China
| | - Tianyong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072 China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072 China
| | - Yuanyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072 China.
| | - Xi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072 China.
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Immunogenicity studies of bivalent inactivated virions of EV71/CVA16 formulated with submicron emulsion systems. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:670506. [PMID: 25006583 PMCID: PMC4071850 DOI: 10.1155/2014/670506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We assessed two strategies for preparing candidate vaccines against hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) caused mainly by infections of enterovirus (EV) 71 and coxsackievirus (CV) A16. We firstly design and optimize the potency of adjuvant combinations of emulsion-based delivery systems, using EV71 candidate vaccine as a model. We then perform immunogenicity studies in mice of EV71/CVA16 antigen combinations formulated with PELC/CpG. A single dose of inactivated EV71 virion (0.2 μg) emulsified in submicron particles was found (i) to induce potent antigen-specific neutralizing antibody responses and (ii) consistently to elicit broad antibody responses against EV71 neutralization epitopes. A single dose immunogenicity study of bivalent activated EV71/CVA16 virion formulated with either Alum or PELC/CpG adjuvant showed that CVA16 antigen failed to elicit CVA16 neutralizing antibody responses and did not affect EV71-specific neutralizing antibody responses. A boosting dose of emulsified EV71/CVA16 bivalent vaccine candidate was found to be necessary to achieve high seroconversion of CVA16-specific neutralizing antibody responses. The current results are important for the design and development of prophylactic vaccines against HFMD and other emerging infectious diseases.
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Tan CW, Chan YF, Quah YW, Poh CL. Inhibition of enterovirus 71 infection by antisense octaguanidinium dendrimer-conjugated morpholino oligomers. Antiviral Res 2014; 107:35-41. [PMID: 24769243 PMCID: PMC7118997 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-71) infections are generally manifested as mild hand, foot and mouth disease, but have been reported to cause severe neurological complications with high mortality rates. Treatment options remain limited due to the lack of antivirals. Octaguanidinium-conjugated morpholino oligomers (vivo-MOs) are single-stranded DNA-like antisense agents that can readily penetrate cells and reduce gene expression by steric blocking of complementary RNA sequences. In this study, inhibitory effects of three vivo-MOs that are complementary to the EV-71 internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) were tested in RD cells. Vivo-MO-1 and vivo-MO-2 targeting the EV-71 IRES showed significant viral plaque reductions of 2.5 and 3.5 log10PFU/ml, respectively. Both vivo-MOs reduced viral RNA copies and viral capsid expression in RD cells in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, vivo-MO-3 targeting the EV-71 RdRP exhibited less antiviral activity. Both vivo-MO-1 and 2 remained active when administered either 4h before or within 6h after EV-71 infection. Vivo-MO-2 exhibited antiviral activities against poliovirus (PV) and coxsackievirus A16 but vivo-MO-1 showed no antiviral activities against PV. Both the IRES-targeting vivo-MO-1 and vivo-MO-2 inhibit EV-71 RNA translation. Resistant mutants arose after serial passages in the presence of vivo-MO-1, but none were isolated against vivo-MO-2. A single T to C substitution at nucleotide position 533 was sufficient to confer resistance to vivo-MO-1. Our findings suggest that IRES-targeting vivo-MOs are good antiviral candidates for treating early EV-71 infection, and vivo-MO-2 is a more favorable candidate with broader antiviral spectrum against enteroviruses and are refractory to antiviral resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Wah Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yi Wan Quah
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 46150 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 46150 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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