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Kim JD, Lee AR, Moon DH, Chung YU, Hong SY, Cho HJ, Kang TH, Jang YH, Sohn MH, Seong BL, Seo SU. Efficacy of genotype-matched vaccine against re-emerging genotype V Japanese encephalitis virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2343910. [PMID: 38618740 PMCID: PMC11060017 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2343910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE), caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), is a highly threatening disease with no specific treatment. Fortunately, the development of vaccines has enabled effective defense against JE. However, re-emerging genotype V (GV) JEV poses a challenge as current vaccines are genotype III (GIII)-based and provide suboptimal protection. Given the isolation of GV JEVs from Malaysia, China, and the Republic of Korea, there is a concern about the potential for a broader outbreak. Under the hypothesis that a GV-based vaccine is necessary for effective defense against GV JEV, we developed a pentameric recombinant antigen using cholera toxin B as a scaffold and mucosal adjuvant, which was conjugated with the E protein domain III of GV by genetic fusion. This GV-based vaccine antigen induced a more effective immune response in mice against GV JEV isolates compared to GIII-based antigen and efficiently protected animals from lethal challenges. Furthermore, a bivalent vaccine approach, inoculating simultaneously with GIII- and GV-based antigens, showed protective efficacy against both GIII and GV JEVs. This strategy presents a promising avenue for comprehensive protection in regions facing the threat of diverse JEV genotypes, including both prevalent GIII and GI as well as emerging GV strains.
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MESH Headings
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/classification
- Animals
- Genotype
- Encephalitis, Japanese/prevention & control
- Encephalitis, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/virology
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/immunology
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/genetics
- Mice
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Humans
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Female
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Vaccine Efficacy
- Cholera Toxin/genetics
- Cholera Toxin/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Deog Kim
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Ra Lee
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dah-Hyun Moon
- The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Integrative Biotechnology & Translational Medicine, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Uk Chung
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Yeon Hong
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Je Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo Han Jang
- Department of Vaccine Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hyun Sohn
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Vaccine Innovative Technology ALliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Uk Seo
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Jeong YD, Lee K, Lee S, Park J, Kim HJ, Lee J, Kang J, Jacob L, Smith L, Rahmati M, López Sánchez GF, Dragioti E, Son Y, Kim S, Yeo SG, Lee H, Yon DK. Global and regional burden of vaccine-associated facial paralysis, 1967-2023: Findings from the WHO international pharmacovigilance database. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29682. [PMID: 38783823 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The scarce and conflicting data on vaccine-associated facial paralysis limit our understanding of vaccine safety on a global scale. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the global burden of vaccine-associated facial paralysis and to identify the extent of its association with individual vaccines, thereby contributing to the development of a more effective vaccination program. We used data on vaccine-associated facial paralysis from 1967 to 2023 (total reports, n = 131 255 418 418) from the World Health Organization International Pharmacovigilance Database. Global reporting counts, reported odds ratios (ROR), and information components (ICs) were computed to elucidate the association between the 16 vaccines and the occurrence of vaccine-associated facial paralysis across 156 countries. We identified 26 197 reports (men, n = 10 507 [40.11%]) of vaccine-associated facial paralysis from 49 537 reports of all-cause facial paralysis. Vaccine-associated facial paralysis has been consistently reported; however, a pronounced increase in reported incidence has emerged after the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which is attributable to the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. Most vaccines were associated with facial paralysis, with differing levels of association, except for tuberculosis vaccines. COVID-19 mRNA vaccines had the highest association with facial paralysis reports (ROR, 28.31 [95% confidence interval, 27.60-29.03]; IC, 3.37 [IC0.25, 3.35]), followed by encephalitis, influenza, hepatitis A, papillomavirus, hepatitis B, typhoid, varicella-zoster, meningococcal, Ad-5 vectored COVID-19, measles, mumps and rubella, diphtheria, tetanus toxoids, pertussis, polio, and Hemophilus influenza type b, pneumococcal, rotavirus diarrhea, and inactivated whole-virus COVID-19 vaccines. Concerning age- and sex-specific risks, vaccine-associated facial paralysis was more strongly associated with older age groups and males. The serious adverse outcome and death rate of vaccine-associated facial paralysis were extremely low (0.07% and 0.00%, respectively). An increase in vaccine-induced facial paralysis, primarily owing to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, was observed with most vaccines, except tuberculosis vaccines. Given the higher association observed in the older and male groups with vaccine-associated facial paralysis, close monitoring of these demographics when administering vaccines that are significantly associated with adverse reactions is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Deun Jeong
- Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyeongmin Lee
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sooji Lee
- Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaeyu Park
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Jin Kim
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinseok Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Jiseung Kang
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Louis Jacob
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, AP-HP, Université Paris Cité, Lariboisière-Fernand Widal Hospital, Paris, France
- Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative Diseases (EpiAgeing), Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1153, Paris, France
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lee Smith
- Centre for Health, Performance and Wellbeing, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Masoud Rahmati
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Vali-E-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Research Centre on Health Services and Quality of Life, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Guillermo F López Sánchez
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Dragioti
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, and Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Research Laboratory Psychology of Patients, Families, and Health Professionals, Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Yejun Son
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Precision Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soeun Kim
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Precision Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Geun Yeo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hayeon Lee
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Dong Keon Yon
- Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Precision Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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3
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Dong HL, Chen ZL, He MJ, Cui JZ, Cheng H, Wang QY, Xiong XH, Liu G, Chen HP. The Chimeric Chaoyang-Zika Vaccine Candidate Is Safe and Protective in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:215. [PMID: 38400198 PMCID: PMC10893063 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging flavivirus that causes congenital syndromes including microcephaly and fetal demise in pregnant women. No commercial vaccines against ZIKV are currently available. We previously generated a chimeric ZIKV (ChinZIKV) based on the Chaoyang virus (CYV) by replacing the prME protein of CYV with that of a contemporary ZIKV strain GZ01. Herein, we evaluated this vaccine candidate in a mouse model and showed that ChinZIKV was totally safe in both adult and suckling immunodeficient mice. No viral RNA was detected in the serum of mice inoculated with ChinZIKV. All of the mice inoculated with ChinZIKV survived, while mice inoculated with ZIKV succumbed to infection in 8 days. A single dose of ChinZIKV partially protected mice against lethal ZIKV challenge. In contrast, all the control PBS-immunized mice succumbed to infection after ZIKV challenge. Our results warrant further development of ChinZIKV as a vaccine candidate in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gang Liu
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hui-Peng Chen
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
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4
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Chen M, Kang L, Zhang T, Zheng J, Chen D, Shao D, Li Z, Li B, Wei J, Qiu Y, Feng X, Ma Z, Liu K. Circular RNA network plays a potential antiviral role in the early stage of JEV infection in mouse brain. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1165378. [PMID: 38249464 PMCID: PMC10797004 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1165378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis is one of the most important insect-borne infectious disease with public health concern. The virus can break the blood-brain barrier and cause death or long-term sequela in infected humans or animals. Viral encephalitis is an important clinical feature of JEV infection. In recent studies, CircRNAs and related ceRNAs data illustrated the regulative role in many aspects of biological process and disease duration. It is believed that CircRNA regulates JEV infection in a ceRNA-dependent mechanism. In this study, brain tissues of experimental mice were sequenced and analysised. 61 differentially expressed circRNAs, 172 differentially expressed miRNAs and 706 differentially expressed mRNAs were identified by RNA-Sequencing and statistical analysis. CX3CR1 was determined as a key host factor impact JEV infection by microRNA interference measurement. CX3CR1 interaction network indicated circStrbp/miR709/CX3CR1 as a functional regulation axis. Further sequencing in BV2 cell shown CX3CR1 is a special target of miR-709 only during JEV infection. In summary, our study presented a new ceRNA pathway that impact JEV infection in vivo and in vitro, which could be a therapeutic target to fight against JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostic and Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Kang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostic and Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayang Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Dishi Chen
- Sichuan Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongjie Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuli Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostic and Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
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5
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Skorokhod O, Vostokova E, Gilardi G. The role of P450 enzymes in malaria and other vector-borne infectious diseases. Biofactors 2024; 50:16-32. [PMID: 37555735 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne infectious diseases are still an important global health problem. Malaria is the most important among them, mainly pediatric, life-threatening disease. Malaria and other vector-borne disorders caused by parasites, bacteria, and viruses have a strong impact on public health and significant economic costs. Most vector-borne diseases could be prevented by vector control, with attention to the ecological and biodiversity conservation aspects. Chemical control with pesticides and insecticides is widely used as a measure of prevention although increasing resistance to insecticides is a serious issue in vector control. Metabolic resistance is the most common mechanism and poses a big challenge. Insect enzyme systems, including monooxygenase CYP P450 enzymes, are employed by vectors mainly to metabolize insecticides thus causing resistance. The discovery and application of natural specific inhibitors/blockers of vector P450 enzymes as synergists for commonly used pesticides will contribute to the "greening" of insecticides. Besides vector CYPs, host CYP enzymes could also be exploited to fight against vector-borne diseases: using mostly their detoxifying properties and involvement in the immune response. Here, we review published research data on P450 enzymes from all players in vector-borne infections, that is, pathogens, vectors, and hosts, regarding the potential role of CYPs in disease. We discuss strategies on how to exploit cytochromes P450 in vector-borne disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksii Skorokhod
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ekaterina Vostokova
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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6
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Zina SM, Hoarau G, Labetoulle M, Khairallah M, Rousseau A. Ocular Manifestations of Flavivirus Infections. Pathogens 2023; 12:1457. [PMID: 38133340 PMCID: PMC10747099 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are a group of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses predominantly transmitted by arthropods (mainly mosquitoes) that cause severe endemic infections and epidemics on a global scale. They represent a major cause of systemic morbidity and death and are expanding worldwide. Among this group, dengue fever, the West Nile virus, yellow fever, Japanese Encephalitis, and, recently, the Zika virus have been linked to a spectrum of ocular manifestations. These manifestations encompass subconjunctival hemorrhages and conjunctivitis, anterior and posterior uveitis (inclusive of vitritis, chorioretinitis, and retinal vasculitis), maculopathy, retinal hemorrhages, and optic neuritis. Clinical diagnosis of these infectious diseases is primarily based on epidemiological data, history, systemic symptoms and signs, and the pattern of ocular involvement. Diagnosis confirmation relies on laboratory testing, including RT-PCR and serological testing. Ocular involvement typically follows a self-limited course but can result in irreversible visual impairment. Effective treatments of flavivirus infections are currently unavailable. Prevention remains the mainstay for arthropod vector and zoonotic disease control. Effective vaccines are available only for the yellow fever virus, dengue virus, and Japanese Encephalitis virus. This review comprehensively summarizes the current knowledge regarding the ophthalmic manifestations of the foremost flavivirus-associated human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourour Meziou Zina
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bicêtre Hospital, Public Assistance, Hospitals of Paris, Reference Network for Rare Diseases in Ophthalmology (OPHTARA), 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (S.M.Z.); (G.H.); (M.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir 5019, Tunisia;
| | - Gautier Hoarau
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bicêtre Hospital, Public Assistance, Hospitals of Paris, Reference Network for Rare Diseases in Ophthalmology (OPHTARA), 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (S.M.Z.); (G.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Marc Labetoulle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bicêtre Hospital, Public Assistance, Hospitals of Paris, Reference Network for Rare Diseases in Ophthalmology (OPHTARA), 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (S.M.Z.); (G.H.); (M.L.)
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB), Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies (IDMIT), French Alternative Energies and Atomic Commission (CEA), 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Moncef Khairallah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir 5019, Tunisia;
| | - Antoine Rousseau
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bicêtre Hospital, Public Assistance, Hospitals of Paris, Reference Network for Rare Diseases in Ophthalmology (OPHTARA), 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (S.M.Z.); (G.H.); (M.L.)
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB), Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies (IDMIT), French Alternative Energies and Atomic Commission (CEA), 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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7
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Wang X, Zhang AM. Functional features of a novel interferon-stimulated gene SHFL: a comprehensive review. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1323231. [PMID: 38149274 PMCID: PMC10750386 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1323231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Various interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs), expressed via Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway-stimulated IFNs to increase antiviral effects or regulate immune response, perform different roles in virus-infected cells. In recent years, a novel ISG, SHFL, which is located in the genomic region 19p13.2 and comprises two isoforms, has been studied as a virus-inhibiting agent. Studies have shown that SHFL suppressive effects on human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV), Zika virus (ZIKV), dengue virus (DENV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), Human enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV). SHFL interacts with various viral and host molecules to inhibit viral life circle and activities, such as replication, translation, and ribosomal frameshifting, or regulates host pathways to degrade viral proteins. In this review, we summarized the functional features of SHFL to provide insights to underlying mechanisms of the antiviral effects of SHFL and explored its potential function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A-Mei Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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8
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Hu Y, He B, Cao Q, Li Y, Tang Y, Cao T, Peng B, Zhou X, Liu S. Crosstalk of ferroptosis and oxidative stress in infectious diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1315935. [PMID: 38131014 PMCID: PMC10733455 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1315935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a type of programmed cell death that pathogens can leverage to enhance their replication, transmission, and pathogenicity. Hosts typically combat pathogenic infections by utilizing oxidative stress as a defense mechanism. Nonetheless, some pathogens can trigger considerable oxidative stress while infecting, inducing an intense inflammatory response in the host's immune system and activating cell death. The process of ferroptosis is closely linked to oxidative stress, with their interaction exerting a substantial impact on the outcome of infectious diseases. This article presents an overview of the interrelated mechanisms of both Ferroptosis and oxidative stress in infectious diseases, identifying potential targets for treating such diseases in the context of their interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shuangquan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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9
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Hong JM, Munna AN, Moon JH, Kim JH, Seol JW, Eo SK, Park SY. Antiviral activity of prion protein against Japanese encephalitis virus infection in vitro and in vivo. Virus Res 2023; 338:199249. [PMID: 37858731 PMCID: PMC10598702 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are a major cause of viral diseases worldwide, for which effective treatments have yet to be discovered. The prion protein (PrPc) is abundantly expressed in brain cells and has been shown to play a variety of roles, including neuroprotection, cell homeostasis, and regulation of cellular signaling. However, it is still unclear whether PrPc can protect against flaviviruses. In this study, we investigated the role of PrPc in regulating autophagy flux and its potential antiviral activity during Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. Our in vivo experiment showed that JEV was more lethal to the PrPc knocked out mice which was further supported by histological analysis, western blot and rtPCR results from infected mice brain samples. Role of PrPc against viral propagation in vitro was verified through cell survival study, protein expression and RNA replication analysis, and adenoviral vector assay by overexpressing PrPc. Further analysis indicated that after virus entry, PrPc inhibited autophagic flux that prevented JEV replication inside the host cell. Our results from in vivo and in vitro investigations demonstrate that prion protein effectively inhibited JEV propagation by regulating autophagy flux which is used by JEV to release its genetic material and replication after entering the host cell, suggesting that prion protein may be a promising therapeutic target for flavivirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Min Hong
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79, Gobong-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea
| | - Ali Newaz Munna
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79, Gobong-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hong Moon
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79, Gobong-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79, Gobong-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea
| | - Jae-Won Seol
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79, Gobong-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea
| | - Seong-Kug Eo
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79, Gobong-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea
| | - Sang-Youel Park
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79, Gobong-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea.
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10
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Singh A, Ghosh R, Guchhait P. CXCR3 antagonist rescues ER stress and reduces inflammation and JEV infection in mice brain. Cytokine 2023; 172:156380. [PMID: 37812996 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis, and synthesis and folding of proteins and lipids. The ER is sensitive to stresses including viral infection that perturb the intracellular energy level and redox state, and accumulating unfolded/misfolded proteins. Viruses including Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) activates unfolded protein response (UPR) causing ER stress in host immune cells and promotes inflammation and apoptotic cell death. The chemokine receptor CXCR3 has been reported to play important role in the accumulation of inflammatory immune cells and neuronal cell death in several disease conditions. Recently we described the involvement of CXCR3 in regulating inflammation and JEV infection in mice brain. Supplementation with a CXCR3 antagonist AMG487 significantly reduced JEV infection in the mice brain in conjunction with the downregulation of UPR pathway via PERK:eIF2α:CHOP, and decreased mitochondrial ROS generation, inflammation and apoptotic cell death. Alongside, AMG487 treatment improved interferon (IFN)-α/β synthesis in JEV-infected mice brain. Thus, suggesting a potential therapeutic role of CXCR3 antagonist against JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Singh
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Riya Ghosh
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Prasenjit Guchhait
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.
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Periferakis A, Periferakis AT, Troumpata L, Periferakis K, Scheau AE, Savulescu-Fiedler I, Caruntu A, Badarau IA, Caruntu C, Scheau C. Kaempferol: A Review of Current Evidence of Its Antiviral Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16299. [PMID: 38003488 PMCID: PMC10671393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaempferol and its derivatives are flavonoids found in various plants, and a considerable number of these have been used in various medical applications worldwide. Kaempferol and its compounds have well-known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties among other health benefits. However, the antiviral properties of kaempferol are notable, and there is a significant number of experimental studies on this topic. Kaempferol compounds were effective against DNA viruses such as hepatitis B virus, viruses of the alphaherpesvirinae family, African swine fever virus, and pseudorabies virus; they were also effective against RNA viruses, namely feline SARS coronavirus, dengue fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, influenza virus, enterovirus 71, poliovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, calicivirus, and chikungunya virus. On the other hand, no effectiveness against murine norovirus and hepatitis A virus could be determined. The antiviral action mechanisms of kaempferol compounds are various, such as the inhibition of viral polymerases and of viral attachment and entry into host cells. Future research should be focused on further elucidating the antiviral properties of kaempferol compounds from different plants and assessing their potential use to complement the action of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyrios Periferakis
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Akadimia of Ancient Greek and Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16675 Athens, Greece
- Elkyda, Research & Education Centre of Charismatheia, 17675 Athens, Greece
| | - Aristodemos-Theodoros Periferakis
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Elkyda, Research & Education Centre of Charismatheia, 17675 Athens, Greece
| | - Lamprini Troumpata
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Konstantinos Periferakis
- Akadimia of Ancient Greek and Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16675 Athens, Greece
- Pan-Hellenic Organization of Educational Programs (P.O.E.P), 17236 Athens, Greece
| | - Andreea-Elena Scheau
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ilinca Savulescu-Fiedler
- Department of Internal Medicine, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Coltea Clinical Hospital, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Caruntu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, “Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Titu Maiorescu” University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Anca Badarau
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Dermatology, “Prof. N.C. Paulescu” National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 011233 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Scheau
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, “Foisor” Clinical Hospital of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Osteoarticular TB, 021382 Bucharest, Romania
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12
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Asawapaithulsert P, Ngamprasertchai T, Kitro A. Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine Acceptance and Strategies for Travelers: Insights from a Scoping Review and Practitioners in Endemic Countries. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1683. [PMID: 38006016 PMCID: PMC10674921 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) remains the cause of vaccine-preventable encephalitis in individuals living in endemic areas and international travelers. Although rare, the disease's high fatality rate emphasizes the need for effective immunization. This review aims to provide updated data on the JE burden between 2017 and 2023, vaccine acceptance, and vaccine strategies for travelers. We prospectively identified studies, using MEDLINE and PubMed, published through 2023. JE incidence has decreased in local populations and remains low among travelers from non-endemic countries. The local JE risk cannot be utilized to determine traveler risk. Adult travelers naïve to JEV infection or immunization may be at potentially higher risk. The JE vaccine acceptance rates among international travelers visiting JE endemic areas range from 0.2% to 28.5%. The cost of the vaccine and low risk perception could be barriers to JE vaccination. For travelers, an accelerated two-dose regimen of inactivated Vero cell JE vaccine (JE-VC) or a single dosage of live attenuated JE vaccine (JE-LV) may be an option. In conclusion, the JE burden among residents and travelers is lower, but the risk is not negligible. Practitioners should prioritize sharing knowledge, increasing awareness, and promoting vaccinations and preventive measures to reduce tourists' risk of JE along their journey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punyisa Asawapaithulsert
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Thundon Ngamprasertchai
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Amornphat Kitro
- Department of Community Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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13
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Hu X, Feng S, Shi K, Shi Y, Yin Y, Long F, Wei X, Li Z. Development of a quadruplex real-time quantitative RT-PCR for detection and differentiation of PHEV, PRV, CSFV, and JEV. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1276505. [PMID: 38026635 PMCID: PMC10643766 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1276505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) cause similar neurological symptoms in the infected pigs, and their differential diagnosis depends on laboratory testing. Four pairs of specific primers and probes were designed targeting the PHEV N gene, PRV gB gene, CSFV 5' untranslated region (5'UTR), and JEV NS1 gene, respectively, and a quadruplex real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was developed to detect and differentiate PHEV, PRV, CSFV, and JEV. The assay showed high sensitivity, with the limit of detection (LOD) of 1.5 × 101 copies/μL for each pathogen. The assay specifically detected only PHEV, PRV, CSFV, and JEV, without cross-reaction with other swine viruses. The coefficients of variation (CVs) of the intra-assay and the inter-assay were less than 1.84%, with great repeatability. A total of 1,977 clinical samples, including tissue samples, and whole blood samples collected from Guangxi province in China, were tested by the developed quadruplex qRT-PCR, and the positivity rates of PHEV, PRV, CSFV, and JEV were 1.57% (31/1,977), 0.35% (7/1,977), 1.06% (21/1,977), and 0.10% (2/1,977), respectively. These 1,977 samples were also tested by the previously reported qRT-PCR assays, and the coincidence rates of these methods were more than 99.90%. The developed assay is demonstrated to be rapid, sensitive, and accurate for detection and differentiation of PHEV, PRV, CSFV, and JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Shuping Feng
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Kaichuang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Yuwen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yanwen Yin
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Feng Long
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Xiankai Wei
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Zongqiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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14
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Wang X, He Y, Guo J, Wu Z, Merits A, Wang M, Jia R, Zhu D, Liu M, Zhao X, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Huang J, Ou X, Gao Q, Sun D, Cheng A, Chen S. Comparative study of the pathogenicity of the mosquito origin strain and duck origin strain of Tembusu virus in ducklings and three-week-old mice. Virol Sin 2023; 38:827-831. [PMID: 37544649 PMCID: PMC10590687 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
•TMUV can infect Kunming mice by i.c., and the pathogenicity of mosquito TMUV is higher than that of duck TMUV. •TMUV can infect SPF ducklings by i.m., and the pathogenicity of duck TMUV is higher than that of mosquito TMUV. •SPF ducklings infected with mosquito TMUV did not produce viremia at 3, 5 and 7 dpi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yu He
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 999148, Estonia
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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15
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Mohapatra S, Chakraborty T, Basu A. Japanese Encephalitis virus infection in astrocytes modulate microglial function: Correlation with inflammation and oxidative stress. Cytokine 2023; 170:156328. [PMID: 37567102 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) is a neurotropic virus which has the propensity to infect neuronal and glial cells of the brain. Astrocyte-microglia crosstalk leading to the secretion of various factors plays a major role in controlling encephalitis in brain. This study focused on understanding the role of astrocytic mediators that further shaped the microglial response towards JEV infection. METHODS After establishing JEV infection in C8D1A (mouse astrocyte cell line) and primary astrocyte enriched cultures (PAEC), astrocyte supernatant was used for preparation of conditioned media. Astrocyte supernatant was treated with UV to inactivate JEV and the supernatant was added to N9 culture media in ratio 1:1 for preparation of conditioned media. N9 microglial cells post treatment with astrocyte conditioned media and JEV infection were checked for expression of various inflammatory genes by qRT-PCR, levels of secreted cytokines in N9 cell supernatant were checked by cytometric bead array. N9 cell lysates were checked for expression of proteins - pNF-κβ, IBA-1, NS3 and RIG-I by western blotting. Viral titers were measured in N9 supernatant by plaque assays. Immunocytochemistry experiments were done to quantify the number of infected microglial cells after astrocyte conditioned medium treatment. Expression of different antioxidant enzymes was checked in N9 cells by western blotting, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected by fluorimetry using DCFDA dye. RESULTS N9 microglial cells post treatment with JEV-infected astrocyte conditioned media and JEV infection were activated, showed an upsurge in expression of inflammatory genes and cytokines both at the transcript and protein levels. These N9 cells showed a decrease in quantity of viral titers and associated viral proteins in comparison to control cells (not treated with conditioned media but infected with JEV). Also, N9 cells upon conditioned media treatment and JEV infection were more prone to undergo oxidative stress as observed by the decreased expression of antioxidant enzymes SOD-1, TRX-1 and increased secretion of reactive oxygen species (ROS). CONCLUSION Astrocytic mediators like TNF-α, MCP-1 and IL-6 influence microglial response towards JEV infection by promoting inflammation and oxidative stress in them. As a result of increased microglial inflammation and secretion of ROS, viral replication is lessened in conditioned media treated and JEV infected microglial cells as compared to control cells with no conditioned media treatment but only JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuti Mohapatra
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana 122052, India
| | | | - Anirban Basu
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana 122052, India.
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16
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Nogueira CO, Rocha T, Messor DF, Souza INO, Clarke JR. Fundamental neurochemistry review: Glutamatergic dysfunction as a central mechanism underlying flavivirus-induced neurological damage. J Neurochem 2023; 166:915-927. [PMID: 37603368 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The Flaviviridae family comprises positive-sense single-strand RNA viruses mainly transmitted by arthropods. Many of these pathogens are especially deleterious to the nervous system, and a myriad of neurological symptoms have been associated with infections by Zika virus (ZIKV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in humans. Studies suggest that viral replication in neural cells and the massive release of pro-inflammatory mediators lead to morphological alterations of synaptic spine structure and changes in the balance of excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmitters and receptors. Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, and studies propose that either enhanced release or impaired uptake of this amino acid contributes to brain damage in several conditions. Here, we review existing evidence suggesting that glutamatergic dysfunction-induced by flaviviruses is a central mechanism for neurological damage and clinical outcomes of infection. We also discuss current data suggesting that pharmacological approaches that counteract glutamatergic dysfunction show benefits in animal models of such viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara O Nogueira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tamires Rocha
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel F Messor
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isis N O Souza
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julia R Clarke
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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17
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Guterres A. Viral load: We need a new look at an old problem? J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29061. [PMID: 37638475 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The concept of viral load was introduced in the 1980s to measure the amount of viral genetic material in a person's blood, primarily for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It has since become crucial for monitoring HIV infection progression and assessing the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy. However, during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, the term "viral load" became widely popularized, not only for the scientific community but for the general population. Viral load plays a critical role in both clinical patient management and research, providing valuable insights for antiviral treatment strategies, vaccination efforts, and epidemiological control measures. As measuring viral load is so important, why don't researchers discuss the best way to do it? Is it simply acceptable to use raw Ct values? Relying solely on Ct values for viral load estimation can be problematic due to several reasons. First, Ct values can vary between different quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays, platforms, and laboratories, making it difficult to compare data across studies. Second, Ct values do not directly measure the quantity of viral particles in a sample and they can be influenced by various factors such as initial viral load, sample quality, and assay sensitivity. Moreover, variations in viral RNA extraction and reverse-transcription steps can further impact the accuracy of viral load estimation, emphasizing the need for careful interpretation of Ct values in viral load assessment. Interestingly, we did not observe scientific articles addressing different strategies to quantify viral load. The absence of standardized and validated methods impedes the implementation of viral load monitoring in clinical management. The variability in cell quantities within samples and the variation in viral particle numbers within infected cells further challenge accurate viral load measurement and interpretation. To advance the field and improve patient outcomes, there is an urgent need for the development and validation of tailored, standardized methods for precise viral load quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandro Guterres
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Imunológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Vice-Diretoria de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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18
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Kwak N, Park BJ, Song YJ. A CRISPR-Cas12a-Based Diagnostic Method for Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotypes I, III, and V. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:769. [PMID: 37622855 PMCID: PMC10452572 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is prevalent in Asian countries, including Korea, Japan, China, Vietnam, and India. JEV is transmitted to humans by Culex mosquitoes. Despite extensive research efforts, no approved antiviral agents are currently available, although JE can be prevented by vaccination. DNA endonuclease-targeted CRISPR trans reporter (DETECTR) is a newly emerging CRISPR-Cas12a-based molecular diagnostic method combined with isothermal nucleic acid amplification. In this study, DETECTR with reverse transcription-recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) was effectively utilized for JEV diagnosis and detected down to 10 RNA copies for JEV genotype I (GI) and 1 × 102 copies for both GIII and GV, achieving similar sensitivity to RT-PCR while displaying no cross-reaction with other viruses. A one-tube, one-temperature format of DETECTR was further developed, and its efficiency compared with that of conventional DETECTR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yoon-Jae Song
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, 1342, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea; (N.K.); (B.J.P.)
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Zhu S, Tao M, Li Y, Wang X, Zhao Z, Liu Y, Li Q, Li Q, Lu Y, Si Y, Cao S, Ye J. H3K27me3 of Rnf19a promotes neuroinflammatory response during Japanese encephalitis virus infection. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:168. [PMID: 37480121 PMCID: PMC10362728 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02852-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone methylation is an important epigenetic modification that affects various biological processes, including the inflammatory response. In this study, we found that infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) leads to an increase in H3K27me3 in BV2 microglial cell line, primary mouse microglia and mouse brain. Inhibition of H3K27me3 modification through EZH2 knockdown and treatment with EZH2 inhibitor significantly reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines during JEV infection, which suggests that H3K27me3 modification plays a crucial role in the neuroinflammatory response caused by JEV infection. The chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-sequencing) assay revealed an increase in H3K27me3 modification of E3 ubiquitin ligases Rnf19a following JEV infection, which leads to downregulation of Rnf19a expression. Furthermore, the results showed that Rnf19a negatively regulates the neuroinflammatory response induced by JEV. This is achieved through the degradation of RIG-I by mediating its ubiquitination. In conclusion, our findings reveal a novel mechanism by which JEV triggers extensive neuroinflammation from an epigenetic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mengying Tao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yunchuan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xugang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zikai Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yixin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qi Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiuyan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanbo Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Youhui Si
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shengbo Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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20
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Jung JW, Park PG, Lee WK, Shin JH, Jang MH, Seo EH, An T, Kim YB, Moon MH, Choi SK, Yun JS, Hong KJ, Kim SR. Production of Plant-Derived Japanese Encephalitis Virus Multi-Epitope Peptide in Nicotiana benthamiana and Immunological Response in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11643. [PMID: 37511402 PMCID: PMC10380836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The current production of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) vaccine is based on animal cells, where various risk factors for human health should be resolved. This study used a transient expression system to express the chimeric protein composed of antigenic epitopes from the JEV envelope (E) protein in Nicotiana benthamiana. JEV multi-epitope peptide (MEP) sequences fused with FLAG-tag or 6× His-tag at the C- or N-terminus for the purification were introduced into plant expression vectors and used for transient expression. Among the constructs, vector pSK480, which expresses MEP fused with a FLAG-tag at the C-terminus, showed the highest level of expression and yield in purification. Optimization of transient expression procedures further improved the target protein yield. The purified MEP protein was applied to an ICR mouse and successfully induced an antibody against JEV, which demonstrates the potential of the plant-produced JEV MEP as an alternative vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Wan Jung
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
- PhytoMab Co., Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil-Gu Park
- Department of Microbiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyung Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hye Shin
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
- PhytoMab Co., Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hwa Jang
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
- PhytoMab Co., Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Seo
- Department of Microbiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Timothy An
- Department of Microbiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Beom Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Hee Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jee Sun Yun
- Eubiologics Co., Seoul 06026, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Jong Hong
- Department of Microbiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ryong Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
- PhytoMab Co., Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
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21
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Wang X, He A, Zhang C, Wang Y, An J, Zhang Y, Hu W. Japanese encephalitis transmission trends in Gansu, China: A time series predictive model based on spatial dispersion. One Health 2023; 16:100554. [PMID: 37363262 PMCID: PMC10288096 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study serves to ascertain trends of space and time for Japanese encephalitis (JE) transmission at the township-level and develop an innovative time series predictive model to predict the geographical spread of JE in Gansu Province, China. Methods We collected weekly data on JE from 2005 to 2019 at the township-level. Kriging interpolation maps were used to visualize the trend of the epidemic spread of JE, and linear regression models were used to calculate the monthly changes in minimum longitude and maximum latitude of emerging towns with JE to assess the speed of the epidemic's spread to the northwest. Additionally, we utilized a time series Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model to dynamically predict the ongoing weekly number of JE emerging townships. Results The Kriging difference map revealed a significant trend of JE spread towards the northwest. Our regression model indicated that the rate of decrease in minimum longitude was approximately 0.64 km per month, while the rate of increase in maximum latitude was approximately 1.00 km per month. Furthermore, the SARIMA pattern (2,0,0)(2,0,1)52 exhibited a better goodness-of-fit for predicting JE transmission, with an overall agreement of 93.27% to 94.23%. Conclusion Our study highlights the expansion of JE cases towards the northwest of Gansu, indicating the need for ongoing surveillance and control efforts. The use of the SARIMA model provides a valuable tool for predicting the trend of JE spatial dispersion, thereby improving early warning systems. Our findings suggest that the number of emerging townships can be used to predict the trend of JE spatial dispersion, providing crucial insights for future research on JE incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuxia Wang
- Gansu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Aiwei He
- Gansu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Chunfang Zhang
- Gansu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- Evidence-Based Social Science Research Center/Health Technology Assessment Center, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jing An
- Gansu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Gansu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbiao Hu
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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22
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Ziaullah M S, Azhar Kamal M, Khan Warsi M, Alghamdi S, Al Qahtani MY, Al Rumaihi AM, Akber AH, Al Qahtani MA, M Rafeeq M. Potential biomarkers in Japanese encephalitis from different hosts and geographical locations. Bioinformation 2023; 19:611-622. [PMID: 37886150 PMCID: PMC10599671 DOI: 10.6026/97320630019611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a single-stranded, mosquito-borne, positive-sense RNA flavivirus that causes one of the most severe encephalitides. There are treatments available for those who contact this illness; however, there are no known cures. This disease has a 30% fatality rate, and of the people who survive, 30-50% develops neurologic and psychiatric sequelae. The JE virus genome size is 10.98 kb and contains two coding DNA sequences (CDS), two genes, and 15 mature peptides; the CDS polyprotein is 10.3 kb. In this study, we used 29 genomics sequences of the JE virus reported from different countries and infecting different animals and analysed vast dimensions of the genomic annotation of JE comparatively to understand its evolutionary aspects. The extensive SNPs analysis revealed that KF907505.1, reported from Taiwan, has only three SNPs, similar to sequences reported from India. Repeat and polymorphism analyses revealed that the genome tends to be similar in most JE sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sain Ziaullah M
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine,
Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah KSA 21589
| | - Mohammad Azhar Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy,
Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohiuddin Khan Warsi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science,
University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23890, Saudi Arabia
- University of Jeddah Centre for Scientific and Medical
Research (UJ-CSMR), University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alghamdi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied
Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Yahya Al Qahtani
- Central Military Laboratory and Blood Bank Department -
Virology Division, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 12233, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Ahmed Muhammed Al Rumaihi
- Central Military Laboratory and Blood Bank Department -
Virology Division, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 12233, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Asif Hussain Akber
- Central Military Laboratory and Blood Bank Department -
Virology Division, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 12233, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ali Al Qahtani
- Central Military Laboratory and Blood Bank Department -
Microbiology Division, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 12233, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Misbahuddin M Rafeeq
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine,
Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, 21589, KSA
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23
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Frank JC, Song BH, Lee YM. Mice as an Animal Model for Japanese Encephalitis Virus Research: Mouse Susceptibility, Infection Route, and Viral Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050715. [PMID: 37242385 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a zoonotic flavivirus, is principally transmitted by hematophagous mosquitoes, continually between susceptible animals and incidentally from those animals to humans. For almost a century since its discovery, JEV was geographically confined to the Asia-Pacific region with recurrent sizable outbreaks involving wildlife, livestock, and people. However, over the past decade, it has been detected for the first time in Europe (Italy) and Africa (Angola) but has yet to cause any recognizable outbreaks in humans. JEV infection leads to a broad spectrum of clinical outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic conditions to self-limiting febrile illnesses to life-threatening neurological complications, particularly Japanese encephalitis (JE). No clinically proven antiviral drugs are available to treat the development and progression of JE. There are, however, several live and killed vaccines that have been commercialized to prevent the infection and transmission of JEV, yet this virus remains the main cause of acute encephalitis syndrome with high morbidity and mortality among children in the endemic regions. Therefore, significant research efforts have been directed toward understanding the neuropathogenesis of JE to facilitate the development of effective treatments for the disease. Thus far, multiple laboratory animal models have been established for the study of JEV infection. In this review, we focus on mice, the most extensively used animal model for JEV research, and summarize the major findings on mouse susceptibility, infection route, and viral pathogenesis reported in the past and present, and discuss some unanswered key questions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan C Frank
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Byung-Hak Song
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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24
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Roberts A, Dhanze H, Sharma GT, Gandhi S. Point-of-care detection of Japanese encephalitis virus biomarker in clinical samples using a portable smartphone-enabled electrochemical "Sensit" device. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10506. [PMID: 37206199 PMCID: PMC10189466 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE), a neglected tropical zoonotic disease prevalent in south-east Asian and western pacific countries, caused by the flavivirus JE virus (JEV), has a dearth of electrochemical point-of-care (PoC) diagnostic tools available to manage endemic breakouts. To overcome this, we have developed a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) immunosensor for rapid PoC detection of JEV nonstructural 1 (NS1) antigen (Ag), found circulating in serum of infected individuals using a smartphone based portable "Sensit" device. The modification of SPCE surface with JEV NS1 antibody (Ab) was confirmed via observation of globular protein structures via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), increase in electrode surface hydrophilicity via contact angle measurement and decrease in current via differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The fabrication and testing parameters were optimized based on highest current output obtained using DPV. The SPCE was tested for detection limit of target JEV NS1 Ag ranging from 1 fM to 1 μM, which was determined as 0.45 fM in spiked serum. The disposable immunosensor was also found to be highly specific in detecting JEV NS1 Ag over other flaviviral NS1 Ag. Finally, the modified SPCE was clinically validated by testing 62 clinical JEV samples using both a portable miniaturized electrochemical "Sensit" device coupled with a smartphone and a laboratory-based potentiostat. The results were corroborated with gold-standard RT-PCR and showed 96.77% accuracy, 96.15% sensitivity, and 97.22% specificity. Hence, this technique may further be developed into a one-step rapid diagnostic tool for JEV, especially in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Roberts
- DBT‐National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB)HyderabadTelanganaIndia
- DBT‐Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB)FaridabadHaryanaIndia
| | - Himani Dhanze
- ICAR‐Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI)IzatnagarUttar PradeshIndia
| | - G. Taru Sharma
- DBT‐National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB)HyderabadTelanganaIndia
- DBT‐Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB)FaridabadHaryanaIndia
| | - Sonu Gandhi
- DBT‐National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB)HyderabadTelanganaIndia
- DBT‐Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB)FaridabadHaryanaIndia
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25
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Bhattacharjee S, Ghosh D, Saha R, Sarkar R, Kumar S, Khokhar M, Pandey RK. Mechanism of Immune Evasion in Mosquito-Borne Diseases. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050635. [PMID: 37242305 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, mosquito-borne illnesses have emerged as a major health burden in many tropical regions. These diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, chikungunya, yellow fever, Zika virus infection, Rift Valley fever, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile virus infection, are transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes. These pathogens have been shown to interfere with the host's immune system through adaptive and innate immune mechanisms, as well as the human circulatory system. Crucial immune checkpoints such as antigen presentation, T cell activation, differentiation, and proinflammatory response play a vital role in the host cell's response to pathogenic infection. Furthermore, these immune evasions have the potential to stimulate the human immune system, resulting in other associated non-communicable diseases. This review aims to advance our understanding of mosquito-borne diseases and the immune evasion mechanisms by associated pathogens. Moreover, it highlights the adverse outcomes of mosquito-borne disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debanjan Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Rounak Saha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Rima Sarkar
- DBT Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
| | - Saurav Kumar
- DBT Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
| | - Manoj Khokhar
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS, Jodhpur 342005, India
| | - Rajan Kumar Pandey
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
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26
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Kitidee K, Samutpong A, Pakpian N, Wisitponchai T, Govitrapong P, Reiter RJ, Wongchitrat P. Antiviral effect of melatonin on Japanese encephalitis virus infection involves inhibition of neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation in SH-SY5Y cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6063. [PMID: 37055489 PMCID: PMC10099015 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33254-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, causes high mortality rates in humans and it is the most clinically important and common cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. To date, there is no specific treatment for JEV infection. Melatonin, a neurotropic hormone, is reported to be effective in combating various bacterial and viral infections. However, the effects of melatonin on JEV infection have not yet been studied. The investigation tested the antiviral effects of melatonin against JEV infection and elucidated the possible molecular mechanisms of inhibition. Melatonin inhibited the viral production in JEV-infected SH-SY5Y cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Time-of-addition assays demonstrated a potent inhibitory effect of melatonin at the post-entry stage of viral replication. Molecular docking analysis revealed that melatonin negatively affected viral replication by interfering with physiological function and/or enzymatic activity of both JEV nonstructural 3 (NS3) and NS5 protein, suggesting a possible underlying mechanism of JEV replication inhibition. Moreover, treatment with melatonin reduced neuronal apoptosis and inhibited neuroinflammation induced by JEV infection. The present findings reveal a new property of melatonin as a potential molecule for the further development of anti-JEV agents and treatment of JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntida Kitidee
- Center for Research Innovation and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Arisara Samutpong
- Center for Research Innovation and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Nattaporn Pakpian
- Center for Research Innovation and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Tanchanok Wisitponchai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Prapimpun Wongchitrat
- Center for Research Innovation and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
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27
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Feifei L, Hairong L, Linsheng Y, Li W, Lijuan G, Gemei Z, Lan Z. The spatial-temporal pattern of Japanese encephalitis and its influencing factors in Guangxi, China. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 111:105433. [PMID: 37037290 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a major global public health threat. Using Japanese encephalitis incidence data from 2004 to 2010 in Guangxi Province, China, this study comprehensively explored the driving forces and the interactive effects between environmental and social factors of Japanese encephalitis using the Geo-detector method. The results indicated that the incidence of Japanese encephalitis showed a fluctuating downward trend from 2004 to 2010. The onset of JE was seasonal, mainly concentrated in June-July, and highly aggregated in northwestern Guangxi. Among the factors associated with Japanese encephalitis, days with temperatures >30 °C, accumulated temperatures >25 °C, slope, the normalized difference vegetation index, the gross domestic product of tertiary industries, the gross domestic product of primary industries and the number of pigs slaughtered showed higher contributions to Japanese encephalitis incidence. An enhanced interactive effect was found between environmental and social factors, and the interaction between days with humidity levels >80% and the gross domestic product of tertiary industries had the greatest combined effect on JE. These findings enhanced the understanding of the combined effect of social and environmental factors on the incidence of Japanese encephalitis and could help improve Japanese encephalitis transmission control and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Feifei
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Li Hairong
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yang Linsheng
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wang Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Gu Lijuan
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Zhong Gemei
- Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Guangxi 530000, China
| | - Zhang Lan
- National Institute of Environmental Health, China CDC, Beijing 100021, China
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28
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Wu B, Qi Z, Qian X. Recent Advancements in Mosquito-Borne Flavivirus Vaccine Development. Viruses 2023; 15:813. [PMID: 37112794 PMCID: PMC10143207 DOI: 10.3390/v15040813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lately, the global incidence of flavivirus infection has been increasing dramatically and presents formidable challenges for public health systems around the world. Most clinically significant flaviviruses are mosquito-borne, such as the four serotypes of dengue virus, Zika virus, West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and yellow fever virus. Until now, no effective antiflaviviral drugs are available to fight flaviviral infection; thus, a highly immunogenic vaccine would be the most effective weapon to control the diseases. In recent years, flavivirus vaccine research has made major breakthroughs with several vaccine candidates showing encouraging results in preclinical and clinical trials. This review summarizes the current advancement, safety, efficacy, advantages and disadvantages of vaccines against mosquito-borne flaviviruses posing significant threats to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhongtian Qi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China;
| | - Xijing Qian
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China;
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29
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Marín-López A, Raduwan H, Chen TY, Utrilla-Trigo S, Wolfhard DP, Fikrig E. Mosquito Salivary Proteins and Arbovirus Infection: From Viral Enhancers to Potential Targets for Vaccines. Pathogens 2023; 12:371. [PMID: 36986293 PMCID: PMC10054260 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses present important public health challenges worldwide. Viruses such as DENV, ZIKV, and WNV are of current concern due to an increasing incidence and an expanding geographic range, generating explosive outbreaks even in non-endemic areas. The clinical signs associated with infection from these arboviruses are often inapparent, mild, or nonspecific, but occasionally develop into serious complications marked by rapid onset, tremors, paralysis, hemorrhagic fever, neurological alterations, or death. They are predominately transmitted to humans through mosquito bite, during which saliva is inoculated into the skin to facilitate blood feeding. A new approach to prevent arboviral diseases has been proposed by the observation that arthropod saliva facilitates transmission of pathogens. Viruses released within mosquito saliva may more easily initiate host invasion by taking advantage of the host's innate and adaptive immune responses to saliva. This provides a rationale for creating vaccines against mosquito salivary proteins, especially because of the lack of licensed vaccines against most of these viruses. This review aims to provide an overview of the effects on the host immune response by the mosquito salivary proteins and how these phenomena alter the infection outcome for different arboviruses, recent attempts to generate mosquito salivary-based vaccines against flavivirus including DENV, ZIKV, and WNV, and the potential benefits and pitfalls that this strategy involves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Marín-López
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Hamidah Raduwan
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Tse-Yu Chen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Sergio Utrilla-Trigo
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Center for Animal Health Research (CISA-INIA/CSIC), 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - David P. Wolfhard
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
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30
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Yao M, Ren X, Yin M, Chen H, Li X, Qian P. Nanoparticle vaccine based on the envelope protein domain III of Japanese encephalitis virus elicits robust protective immune responses in mice. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 18:5-18. [PMID: 36789970 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To develop a vaccine candidate for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), for which an effective and safe vaccine is urgently needed. Materials & methods: A vaccine candidate based on domain III of the JEV envelope protein and lumazine synthase (EDIII-LS) was prepared by coupling multivalent ED III to a self-assembling nanoparticle of LS through genetic fusion and self-assembly. Results: High enrichment of ED III was achieved based on the self-assembly of an EDIII-LS polymer. EDIII-LS strongly promoted dendritic cells' internalization and presentation compared with ED III monomer. The cellular and humoral immune responses provoked by EDIII-LS were remarkably higher than those caused by ED III in mice, and conferred complete protection against JEV challenge. Conclusion: The study of ED III-based nanoparticles suggests an effective approach against JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xujiao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Mengge Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever & Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever & Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Ping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever & Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
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Mote AB, Mehta D, Kumar MS, Gupta M, Hussain M, Patel SM, Gandham RK, Dhanze H. Genotypic characterization of Japanese encephalitis virus circulating in swine population of India: Genotype-III still in dominance. Virus Genes 2023; 59:67-78. [PMID: 36357764 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01953-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Swine is considered as a suitable sentinel to predict Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) outbreaks in humans. The present study was undertaken to determine the circulating genotypes of JEV in swine population of India. A total of 702 swine serum samples from four states of western, northern, northern-temperate, and north-eastern zones of India were screened by real-time RT-PCR targeting envelope gene of JEV, which showed positivity of 35.33%. The viral copy number ranged from 3 copies to 6.3 × 104 copies/reaction. Subsequently, the capsid/prM structural gene region of JEV positive samples was amplified by nested RT-PCR, sequenced, and genetically characterized. The phylogenetic analysis of the partial sequences of the capsid gene of 42 JEV positive samples showed that they all belonged to genotype-III (G-III) of JEV. Notably, JEV positive swine samples showed high nucleotide identity with human isolates from China and Nepal which explains the probable spillover of infection between neighboring countries probably by migratory birds. The novel mutations were observed in JEV positive sample B8 at C54 position (Phe → Ser), and JEV positive sample K50 at C62 (Thr → Ala) and C65 (Leu → Pro) positions which were absent from other JEV isolates reported till now. The mutation at the C66 position (Leu → Ser) observed in live attenuated vaccine SA14-14-2 strain was not found in JEV positive samples of our study. The detection of the G-III JE virus from climatically diverse states of India reinforces the need to continue the ongoing human vaccination program in India by extending vaccine coverage in temperate states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Balasaheb Mote
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Deepa Mehta
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - M Suman Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Megha Gupta
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Mir Hussain
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Sagar M Patel
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Gandham
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Himani Dhanze
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India.
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32
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Nag J, Patel J, Tripathi S. Ubiquitin-Mediated Regulation of Autophagy During Viral Infection. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 10:1-8. [PMID: 36685070 PMCID: PMC9839220 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-022-00186-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Virus infections skew the host autophagic response to meet their replication and transmission demands by tapping into the critical host regulatory mechanisms that control the autophagic flux. This review is a compendium of previous reports highlighting the mechanisms that viruses adapt to hijack the host ubiquitination machinery to repurpose autophagy for their sustenance. Recent Findings Emerging evidence suggests a critical role of host ubiquitin machinery in the manifestation of the antiviral or proviral functions of autophagy. Lately, more emphasis has been laid to identify specific host E3 ubiquitin ligases, their targets (viral or host), and characterizing corresponding ubiquitin linkages by biochemical or genome-wide genetic screening approaches. Summary Here, we highlight how viruses ingeniously engage and subvert the host ubiquitin-autophagy system to promote virus replication and antagonize intracellular innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeep Nag
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012 India ,Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012 India
| | - Janvi Patel
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012 India ,Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012 India
| | - Shashank Tripathi
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012 India ,Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012 India
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Virulence and Cross-Protection Conferred by an Attenuated Genotype I-Based Chimeric Japanese Encephalitis Virus Strain Harboring the E Protein of Genotype V in Mice. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0199022. [PMID: 36301111 PMCID: PMC9769820 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01990-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotype V (GV) emerged in China in 2009, then South Korea, and has since spread to other regions in Asia and beyond, raising concern about its pathogenicity and the cross-protection offered by JEV vaccines against different genotypes. In this study, we replaced the structural proteins (C-prM-E) of an attenuated genotype I (GI) SD12-F120 strain with those of a virulent GV XZ0934 strain to construct a recombinant chimeric GI-GV JEV (JEV-GI/V) strain to determine the role of the structural proteins in virulence and cross-protection. The recombinant chimeric virus was highly neurovirulent and neuroinvasive in mice. This demonstrated the determinant role of the structural proteins in the virulence of the GV strain. Intracerebral or intraperitoneal inoculation of mice with JEV-GI/V-E5 harboring a combination of substitutions (N47K, L107F, E138K, H123R, and I176R) in E protein, but not mutants containing single substitution of these residues, resulted in decreased or disappeared mortality, suggesting that these residues synergistically, but not individually, played a role in determining the neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness of the GV strain. Immunization of mice with attenuated strain JEV-GI/V-E5 provided complete protection and induced high neutralizing antibody titers against parental strain JEV-GI/V, but partial cross-protection and low cross-neutralizing antibodies titers against the heterologous GI and GIII strains in mice, suggesting the reduced cross-protection of JEV vaccines among different genotypes. Overall, these findings suggested the essential role of the structural proteins in determination of the virulence of GV strain, and highlighted the need for a novel vaccine against this newly emerged strain. IMPORTANCE The GV JEV showed an increase in epidemic areas, which exhibited higher pathogenicity in mice than the prevalent GI and GIII strains. We replaced a recombinant chimeric GI-GV JEV (JEV-GI/V) strain to determine the role of the structural proteins in virulence and cross-protection. It was found that the essential role of the structural proteins is to determinethe virulence of the GV strain. It is also suggested that there is reduced cross-protection of JEV vaccines among different genotypes, which provides basic data for subsequent JEV prevention, control, and new vaccine development.
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A Recombinant Genotype I Japanese Encephalitis Virus Expressing a Gaussia Luciferase Gene for Antiviral Drug Screening Assay and Neutralizing Antibodies Detection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415548. [PMID: 36555192 PMCID: PMC9778660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the major cause of viral encephalitis in humans throughout Asia. In the past twenty years, the emergence of the genotype I (GI) JEV as the dominant genotype in Asian countries has raised a significant threat to public health security. However, no clinically approved drug is available for the specific treatment of JEV infection, and the commercial vaccines derived from the genotype III JEV strains merely provided partial protection against the GI JEV. Thus, an easy-to-perform platform in high-throughput is urgently needed for the antiviral drug screening and assessment of neutralizing antibodies specific against the GI JEV. In this study, we established a reverse genetics system for the GI JEV strain (YZ-1) using a homologous recombination strategy. Using this reverse genetic system, a gaussia luciferase (Gluc) expression cassette was inserted into the JEV genome to generate a reporter virus (rGI-Gluc). The reporter virus exhibited similar growth kinetics to the parental virus and remained genetically stable for at least ten passages in vitro. Of note, the bioluminescence signal strength of Gluc in the culture supernatants was well correlated with the viral progenies determined by viral titration. Taking advantage of this reporter virus, we established Gluc readout-based assays for antiviral drug screening and neutralizing antibody detection against the GI JEV. These Gluc readout-based assays exhibited comparable performance to the assays using an actual virus and are less time consuming and are applicable for a high-throughput format. Taken together, we generated a GI JEV reporter virus expressing a Gluc gene that could be a valuable tool for an antiviral drug screening assay and neutralization assay.
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35
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Isolation and Genetic Characterization of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Two Decades after Its Elimination in Singapore. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122662. [PMID: 36560666 PMCID: PMC9786948 DOI: 10.3390/v14122662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an important arbovirus in Asia that can cause serious neurological disease. JEV is transmitted by mosquitoes in an enzootic cycle involving porcine and avian reservoirs, in which humans are accidental, dead-end hosts. JEV is currently not endemic in Singapore, after pig farming was abolished in 1992; the last known human case was reported in 2005. However, due to its location along the East-Asian Australasian Flyway (EAAF), Singapore is vulnerable to JEV re-introduction from the endemic regions. Serological and genetic evidence in the last decade suggests JEV's presence in the local fauna. In the present study, we report the genetic characterization and the first isolation of JEV from 3214 mosquito pools consisting of 41,843 Culex mosquitoes, which were trapped from April 2014 to May 2021. The findings demonstrated the presence of genotype I of JEV (n = 10), in contrast to the previous reports of the presence of genotype II of JEV in Singapore. The genetic analyses also suggested that JEV has entered Singapore on several occasions and has potentially established an enzootic cycle in the local fauna. These observations have important implications in the risk assessment and the control of Japanese encephalitis in non-endemic countries, such as Singapore, that are at risk for JEV transmission.
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36
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Xie L, Li Y. Advances in vaccinia virus-based vaccine vectors, with applications in flavivirus vaccine development. Vaccine 2022; 40:7022-7031. [PMID: 36319490 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Historically, virulent variola virus infection caused hundreds of millions of deaths. The smallpox pandemic in human beings has spread for centuries until the advent of the attenuated vaccinia virus (VV) vaccine, which played a crucial role in eradicating the deadly contagious disease. Decades of exploration and utilization have validated the attenuated VV as a promising vaccine vehicle against various lethal viruses. In this review, we focus on the advances in VV-based vaccine vector studies, including construction approaches of recombinant VV, the impact of VV-specific pre-existing immunity on subsequent VV-based vaccines, and antigen-specific immune responses. More specifically, the recombinant VV-based flaviviruses are intensively discussed. Based on the publication data, this review aims to provide valuable insights and guidance for future VV-based vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilan Xie
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, China; Hubei Engineering Research Center of Viral Vector, Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yaoming Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, China; Hubei Engineering Research Center of Viral Vector, Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Wuhan, China.
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37
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Evaluation of dogs (Canis familiaris) as an indicator of Japanese encephalitis (JE) outbreaks: A retrospective serological study in the Seoul metropolitan area around the 2010 resurgence of JE in the Republic of Korea. One Health 2022; 15:100459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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38
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Siddqui G, Yadav N, Vishwakarma P, Thomas J, Khatri R, Kumar A, Tripathi A, Pramod RK, Vrati S, Samal S. Japanese encephalitis virus induces vasodilation and severe lethality in adult and aged AG129 mice lacking alpha, beta and gamma interferon receptors. Virus Res 2022; 319:198884. [PMID: 35931226 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. The JEV is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in children and the elderly which is spread by mosquitoes. JEV infection has been established in different animal models such as mouse, hamster, guinea pig, swine, rat, monkey, rabbit by using the different routes of inoculations. Here, we have shown that the alpha/beta and gamma -receptor deficient AG129 mouse induces fatal encephalitis in both young and aged old mice, when challenged with high titer JEV Indian clinical isolate by both intraperitoneal and intradermal route. The JEV infected AG129 mouse have shown neurological symptoms, JEV-induced pathological features and supported high level viral replication. Additionally, administration of JEV in AG129 mice resulted in the induction of severe peripheral vascular permeability, which is a major hall mark of Dengue infection but not shown in JEV. Taken together, our results demonstrate interferon α/β and γ receptors knock out AG129 mouse does not need adaptation of JEV clinical isolates and could be is a promising JEV challenge mouse model by mimicking the natural intradermal route of administration for rapid screening of novel antivirals and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gazala Siddqui
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Naveen Yadav
- Laboratory of Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, South Lake Union, 850 Republican St., Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Preeti Vishwakarma
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Jolly Thomas
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Ritika Khatri
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Aarti Tripathi
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Ravindran Kumar Pramod
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | | | - Sweety Samal
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India.
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Mao ZQ, Minakawa N, Moi ML. Novel Antiviral Efficacy of Hedyotis diffusa and Artemisia capillaris Extracts against Dengue Virus, Japanese Encephalitis Virus, and Zika Virus Infection and Immunoregulatory Cytokine Signatures. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11192589. [PMID: 36235456 PMCID: PMC9571899 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there are no specific therapeutics for flavivirus infections, including dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV). In this study, we evaluated extracts from the plants Hedyotis diffusa (HD) and Artemisia capillaris (AC) to determine the antiviral activity against DENV, ZIKV, and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). HD and AC demonstrated inhibitory activity against JEV, ZIKV, and DENV replication and reduced viral RNA levels in a dose-responsive manner, with non-cytotoxic concentration ranging from 0.1 to 10 mg/mL. HD and AC had low cytotoxicity to Vero cells, with CC50 values of 33.7 ± 1.6 and 30.3 ± 1.7 mg/mL (mean ± SD), respectively. The anti-flavivirus activity of HD and AC was also consistent in human cell lines, including human glioblastoma (T98G), human chronic myeloid leukemia (K562), and human embryonic kidney (HEK-293T) cells. Viral-infected, HD-treated cells demonstrated downregulation of cytokines including CCR1, CCL26, CCL15, CCL5, IL21, and IL17C. In contrast, CCR1, CCL26, and AIMP1 were elevated following AC treatment in viral-infected cells. Overall, HD and AC plant extracts demonstrated flavivirus replication inhibitory activity, and together with immunoregulatory cytokine signatures, these results suggest that HD and AC possess bioactive compounds that may further be refined as promising candidates for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Qiu Mao
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Noboru Minakawa
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Meng Ling Moi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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40
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Devillers J, Sartor V, Devillers H. Predicting mosquito repellents for clothing application from molecular fingerprint-based artificial neural network SAR models. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 33:729-751. [PMID: 36106833 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2022.2124014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spraying repellents on clothing limits toxicity and allergy problems that can occur when the repellents are directly applied to skin. This also allows the use of higher doses to ensure longer lasting effects. As the number of repellents available on the market is limited, it is necessary to propose new ones, especially by using in silico methods that reduce costs and time. In this context SAR models were built from a dataset of 2027 chemicals for which repellent activity on clothing was measured against Aedes aegypti. The interest of using either the ECFP or MACCS fingerprints as input neurons of a three-layer perceptron was evaluated. Transformation of MACCS bit strings into disjunctive tables led to interesting results. Models obtained with both types of fingerprints were compared to a model including physicochemical and topological descriptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V Sartor
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - H Devillers
- SPO, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
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41
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Involvement of host microRNAs in flavivirus-induced neuropathology: An update. J Biosci 2022. [PMID: 36222134 PMCID: PMC9425815 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-022-00288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are a spectrum of vector-borne RNA viruses that cause potentially severe diseases in humans including encephalitis, acute-flaccid paralysis, cognitive disorders and foetal abnormalities. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Zika virus (ZIKV), West Nile virus (WNV) and Dengue virus (DENV) are globally emerging pathogens that lead to epidemics and outbreaks with continued transmission to newer geographical areas over time. In the past decade, studies have focussed on understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of these viruses in a bid to alleviate their disease burden. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short single-stranded RNAs that have emerged as master-regulators of cellular gene expression. The dynamics of miRNAs within a cell have the capacity to modulate hundreds of genes and, consequently, their physiological manifestation. Increasing evidence suggests their role in host response to disease and infection including cell survival, intracellular viral replication and immune activation. In this review, we aim to comprehensively update published evidence on the role of miRNAs in host cells infected with the common neurotropic flaviviruses, with an increased focus on neuropathogenic mechanisms. In addition, we briefly cover therapeutic advancements made in the context of miRNA-based antiviral strategies.
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42
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Japanese Encephalitis DNA Vaccines with Epitope Modification Reduce the Induction of Cross-Reactive Antibodies against Dengue Virus and Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Virus Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091411. [PMID: 36146489 PMCID: PMC9506301 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with viruses belonging to the genus Flavivirus, such as Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and dengue virus (DENV), is a worldwide health problem. Vaccines against JEV and DENV are currently available. However, the dengue vaccine possibly increases the risk of severe dengue due to antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Moreover, the Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine reportedly induces cross-reactive ADE-prone antibodies against DENV, potentially leading to symptomatic dengue. Therefore, it is necessary to eliminate the risk of ADE through vaccination. In this study, we attempted to develop a JE vaccine that does not induce ADE of DENV infection using an epitope modification strategy. We found that an ADE-prone monoclonal antibody cross-reactive to DENV and JEV recognizes the 106th amino acid residue of the E protein of JEV (E-106). The JE DNA vaccine with a mutation at E-106 (E-106 vaccine) induced comparable neutralizing antibody titers against JEV to those induced by the wild-type JE DNA vaccine. Meanwhile, the E-106 vaccine induced 64-fold less cross-reactive ADE-prone antibodies against DENV. The mutation did not compromise the protective efficacy of the vaccine in the lethal JEV challenge experiment. Altogether, the modification of a single amino acid residue identified in this study helped in the development of an ADE-free JE vaccine.
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Xiao Y, Yang J, Zou L, Wu P, Li W, Yan Y, Li Y, Li S, Song H, Zhong W, Qin Y. Synthesis of 10,10′-bis(trifluoromethyl) marinopyrrole A derivatives and evaluation of their antiviral activities in vitro. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114436. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chapagain S, Pal Singh P, Le K, Safronetz D, Wood H, Karniychuk U. Japanese encephalitis virus persists in the human reproductive epithelium and porcine reproductive tissues. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010656. [PMID: 35905074 PMCID: PMC9337681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the emerging and geographically expanding flavivirus and the major causative agent of encephalitis in humans in Asia. There are risks of JEV introduction into the Americas given a large population of amplifying hosts—pigs and wild boars, and insect vectors—Culex mosquitoes. There are emerging concerns about vector-free ways of flavivirus transmission, for example sexual and transplacental Zika virus transmissions, which may change flavivirus epidemiology and expand the geographical range to territories with no insect vectors. It is unknown whether JEV has tropism in the female lower reproductive tract and the potential for sexual transmission in humans. While clinical outcomes of transplacental JEV infection are described in humans and pigs, cellular targets and tissue tropism in the upper reproductive tract are also unknown. Here, we studied JEV infection phenotypes and host transcriptional responses in human reproductive epithelial cells. We found that JEV caused persistent infection and cytopathology in the vaginal epithelium, endometrial epithelium, and trophoblast. Human vaginal epithelial cells infected with JEV had altered transcriptional responses associated with inflammation and disruption of epithelial barrier function. Also, using pigs—the native amplifying host for JEV, we confirmed JEV tropism in the female lower and upper reproductive tracts. We discovered that JEV persists in the vaginal mucosa for at least 28 days and pigs shed the virus in vaginal secretions. We also found JEV persistence in the endometrium and placenta with transplacental and fetal infections. Altogether, we discovered that JEV targets the vaginal epithelium and has the potential for sexual transmission in humans. We also contributed to a better understanding of JEV pathogenesis during transplacental infection. Further studies are needed to better understand the interactions of JEV with reproductive tissues, how persistent infection affects female reproductive functions, and the risks for non-vector transmission. Emerging viruses—newly discovered or with increasing disease incidence—pose a constant threat to public health. The most recent examples of devastating outbreaks of emerging viruses are Ebola virus, new coronaviruses, and Zika virus epidemics. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the emerging flavivirus related to Zika virus; it is the most important cause of brain infections in Asia that may cause death and severe neurological sequela in patients. Almost half of the world’s population lives in territories where JEV is permanently circulating. Like Zika virus, JEV is transmitted to humans via mosquito bites. However, there are emerging concerns about alternative beyond mosquito-borne ways of flavivirus transmission which may expand the geographical pathogen range to territories with no insect vectors. For example, sexual and transplacental Zika virus transmissions with replication in human vaginal epithelial cells, placenta, and fetuses have been described. Here, we questioned whether JEV also has potential for sexual transmission and studied its tropism in the human female reproductive epithelium—the primary barrier cells of the reproductive system. Also, using pigs—the native amplifying host for JEV, we studied JEV infection in the female lower and upper reproductive tract tissues. We discovered that JEV replicates in different reproductive epithelial cells and tissues of both humans and pigs for a long time, causing molecular and clinical pathology. Thus, further studies are needed to better understand the interactions of JEV with reproductive tissues, how persistent infection affects female reproductive functions, and the risks for non-mosquito transmissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subash Chapagain
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Prince Pal Singh
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Khanh Le
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - David Safronetz
- The National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Heidi Wood
- The National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Uladzimir Karniychuk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Suresh KP, Nayak A, Dhanze H, Bhavya AP, Shivamallu C, Achar RR, Silina E, Stupin V, Barman NN, Kumar SK, Syed A, Kollur SP, Shreevatsa B, Patil SS. Prevalence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus in mosquitoes and animals of the Asian continent: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:942-949. [PMID: 35914358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a viral zoonotic disease that has been found in several countries of Asia and is responsible for high mortality and morbidity of men and animals in rural and sub-urban endemic areas due to the virus re-circulation among diverse hosts and vectors. The present study estimates the prevalence of the JE virus in the vector and animal population of the Asian continent using a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS The Cochran collaborators' Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis [PRISMA] guidelines were used for systematic review and meta-analysis. The heterogeneity was observed in meta-regression analysis due to several factors including region, species, and different diagnostic assays used in various studies. Thus we did sensitivity and subgroup analysis. RESULTS The prevalence of the JE virus was calculated using a total sample size of 47,391. Subgroup analysis revealed the JE virus prevalence of 39% in the Southeast Asia region, followed by East Asia with 35% and South Asia with 15% prevalence. Hence, the overall pooled prevalence of the JE virus was 26% in the Asian continent. CONCLUSIONS The highest proportion of infection was found in pigs amongst all animals, reinforcing the fact that they can be used as sentinels to predict outbreaks in humans. The findings of this study will enable researchers and policymakers in better understanding the disease's spatial and temporal distribution, as well as in creating and implementing location-specific JE prevention and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akshata Nayak
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Himani Dhanze
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Anenahalli Panduranga Bhavya
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandan Shivamallu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghu Ram Achar
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Ekaterina Silina
- Department of Surgery, N.I. Pirogov National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor Stupin
- Department of Surgery, N.I. Pirogov National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Moscow, Russia
| | - Nagendra Nath Barman
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences (AAU), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Seethakempanahalli Kempanna Kumar
- Department of Ethnoveterinary Sciences and Practices, The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Science and Technology, Jarakabandekaval, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, India
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shiva Prasad Kollur
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Arts and Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru Campus, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Bhargav Shreevatsa
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharanagouda S Patil
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
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Fan Y, Chen Z, Zhang M. Role of exosomes in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of central nervous system diseases. Lab Invest 2022; 20:291. [PMID: 35761337 PMCID: PMC9235237 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03493-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson’s disease (PD), affect millions of people around the world. Great efforts were put in disease related research, but few breakthroughs have been made in the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Exosomes are cell-derived extracellular vesicles containing diverse biologically active molecules secreted by their cell of origin. These contents, including nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, amino acids, and metabolites, can be transferred between different cells, tissues, or organs, regulating various intercellular cross-organ communications and normal and pathogenic processes. Considering that cellular environment and cell state strongly impact the content and uptake efficiency of exosomes, their detection in biological fluids and content composition analysis potentially offer a multicomponent diagnostic readout of several human diseases. Recently, studies have found that aberrant secretion and content of exosomes are closely related to the pathogenesis of CNS diseases. Besides, loading natural cargoes, exosomes can deliver drugs cross the blood brain barrier, making them emerging candidates of biomarkers and therapeutics for CNS diseases. In this review, we summarize and discuss the advanced research progress of exosomes in the pathological processes of several CNS diseases in regarding with neuroinflammation, CNS repair, and pathological protein aggregation. Moreover, we propose the therapeutic strategies of applying exosomes to the diagnosis, early detection, and treatment of CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishu Fan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Zhuohui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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Yadav P, El-Kafrawy SA, El-Day MM, Alghafari WT, Faizo AA, Jha SK, Dwivedi VD, Azhar EI. Discovery of Small Molecules from Echinacea angustifolia Targeting RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12070952. [PMID: 35888042 PMCID: PMC9324244 DOI: 10.3390/life12070952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes viral encephalitis leading to neural damage, is a major threat in most Asian countries. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) present in the viral genome is the key component for genome replication, making it an attractive target for antiviral drug development. In this study, the natural products from Echinacea angustifolia were retrieved for structure-based virtual screening against JEV-RdRp. The top six compounds (Echinacoside, Echinacin, Rutin, Cynaroside, Quercetagetin 7-glucoside, and Kaempferol-3-glucoside) were obtained based on the highest negative docking score, ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity), and molecular interaction. The computational analysis of these selected compounds against the co-crystallized ligands, i.e., ATP and GTP, were performed. Further, 100 ns molecular dynamic simulation and post-free binding energy calculation of all the selected compounds complexed with JEV-RdRP were performed to check the stability of the complexes. The obtained results showed considerable stability and intermolecular interaction with native ligand-binding site residues of JEV-RdRp. Hence, selected natural compounds are admissible inhibitors of JEV-RdRp protein and can be considered for future antiviral drug development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardeep Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India; (P.Y.); (S.K.J.)
- Center for Bioinformatics, Computational and Systems Biology, Pathfinder Research and Training Foundation, Greater Noida 201308, India
| | - Sherif A. El-Kafrawy
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL-3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.E.-K.); (M.M.E.-D.); (W.T.A.); (A.A.F.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai M. El-Day
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL-3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.E.-K.); (M.M.E.-D.); (W.T.A.); (A.A.F.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wejdan T. Alghafari
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL-3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.E.-K.); (M.M.E.-D.); (W.T.A.); (A.A.F.)
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa A. Faizo
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL-3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.E.-K.); (M.M.E.-D.); (W.T.A.); (A.A.F.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India; (P.Y.); (S.K.J.)
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied & Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Vivek Dhar Dwivedi
- Center for Bioinformatics, Computational and Systems Biology, Pathfinder Research and Training Foundation, Greater Noida 201308, India
- Institute of Advanced Materials, IAAM, 59053 Ulrika, Sweden
| | - Esam I. Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL-3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.E.-K.); (M.M.E.-D.); (W.T.A.); (A.A.F.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia
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Pichl T, Wedderburn CJ, Hoskote C, Turtle L, Bharucha T. A systematic review of brain imaging findings in neurological infection with Japanese encephalitis virus compared with Dengue virus. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 119:102-110. [PMID: 35283297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and dengue virus (DENV) represent important causes of encephalitis in Asia. Brain imaging may provide diagnostic clues about the etiology of infectious encephalitis. We performed a systematic review of brain imaging findings in Japanese encephalitis (JE) and DENV neurological infection (dengue) to identify characteristic lesions. METHODOLOGY Five databases were searched. We included all study types and imaging techniques. Laboratory methods were categorized using diagnostic confidence levels. Imaging data were synthesized, and focal findings are presented as proportions for JE and dengue and for subgroups based on diagnostic confidence. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Thalamic lesions were the most reported magnetic resonance imaging finding in both diseases but appeared to occur more often in JE (74% in 23 studies) than dengue (29.4% in 58 studies). In cases diagnosed with antigen or nucleic acid tests, thalamic lesions were reported frequently in both JE (76.5% in 17 studies) and dengue (65.2% in 23 studies). SIGNIFICANCE The results suggest that thalamic lesions frequently occur in both JE and dengue encephalitis. No radiological findings were found to be pathognomonic of either disease. Although brain imaging may support a diagnosis, laboratory confirmation with highly specific tests remains crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pichl
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Aberdeen University, King's College, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, United Kingdom.
| | - Catherine J Wedderburn
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Chandrashekar Hoskote
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences University of Liverpool, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK; Tropical & Infectious Disease Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (Member of Liverpool Health Partners), Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Tehmina Bharucha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom; Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
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Vector-Borne Viral Diseases as a Current Threat for Human and Animal Health—One Health Perspective. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11113026. [PMID: 35683413 PMCID: PMC9181581 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11113026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, an increase in the emergence or re-emergence of arthropod-borne viruses has been observed in many regions. Viruses such as dengue, yellow fever, or zika are a threat for millions of people on different continents. On the other hand, some arboviruses are still described as endemic, however, they could become more important in the near future. Additionally, there is a group of arboviruses that, although important for animal breeding, are not a direct threat for human health. Those include, e.g., Schmallenberg, bluetongue, or African swine fever viruses. This review focuses on arboviruses and their major vectors: mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges, and sandflies. We discuss the current knowledge on arbovirus transmission, ecology, and methods of prevention. As arboviruses are a challenge to both human and animal health, successful prevention and control are therefore only possible through a One Health perspective.
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Liu Z, Kong Z, Chen M, Shang Y. Design of live-attenuated animal vaccines based on pseudorabies virus platform. ANIMAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-022-00044-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPseudorabies virus (PRV) is a double-stranded DNA virus with a genome approximating 150 kb in size. PRV contains many non-essential genes that can be replaced with genes encoding heterogenous antigens without affecting viral propagation. With the ability to induce cellular, humoral and mucosal immune responses in the host, PRV is considered to be an ideal and potential live vector for generation of animal vaccines. In this review, we summarize the advances in attenuated recombinant PRVs and design of PRV-based live vaccines as well as the challenge of vaccine application.
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