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Mekala JR, Nalluri HP, Reddy PN, S B S, N S SK, G V S D SK, Dhiman R, Chamarthy S, Komaragiri RR, Manyam RR, Dirisala VR. Emerging trends and therapeutic applications of monoclonal antibodies. Gene 2024; 925:148607. [PMID: 38797505 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are being used to prevent, detect, and treat a broad spectrum of malignancies and infectious and autoimmune diseases. Over the past few years, the market for mAbs has grown exponentially. They have become a significant part of many pharmaceutical product lines, and more than 250 therapeutic mAbs are undergoing clinical trials. Ever since the advent of hybridoma technology, antibody-based therapeutics were realized using murine antibodies which further progressed into humanized and fully human antibodies, reducing the risk of immunogenicity. Some of the benefits of using mAbs over conventional drugs include a drastic reduction in the chances of adverse reactions, interactions between drugs, and targeting specific proteins. While antibodies are very efficient, their higher production costs impede the process of commercialization. However, their cost factor has been improved by developing biosimilar antibodies, which are affordable versions of therapeutic antibodies. Along with biosimilars, innovations in antibody engineering have helped to design bio-better antibodies with improved efficacy than the conventional ones. These novel mAb-based therapeutics are set to revolutionize existing drug therapies targeting a wide spectrum of diseases, thereby meeting several unmet medical needs. In the future, mAbs generated by applying next-generation sequencing (NGS) are expected to become a powerful tool in clinical therapeutics. This article describes the methods of mAb production, pre-clinical and clinical development of mAbs, approved indications targeted by mAbs, and novel developments in the field of mAb research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaki Ramaiah Mekala
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF), Vaddeswaram 522502, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA.
| | - Hari P Nalluri
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's (Deemed to be) University, Guntur 522213, AP, India
| | - Prakash Narayana Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. V.S. Krishna Government College, Visakhapatnam 530013, India
| | - Sainath S B
- Department of Biotechnology, Vikrama Simhapuri University, Nellore 524320, AP, India
| | - Sampath Kumar N S
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's (Deemed to be) University, Guntur 522213, AP, India
| | - Sai Kiran G V S D
- Santhiram Medical College and General Hospital, Nandyal, Kurnool 518501, AP, India
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Sciences, National Institute of Technology Rourkela-769008, India
| | - Sahiti Chamarthy
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF), Vaddeswaram 522502, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
| | - Raghava Rao Komaragiri
- Department of CSE, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF), Vaddeswaram 522302, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
| | - Rajasekhar Reddy Manyam
- Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amaravati Campus, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vijaya R Dirisala
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's (Deemed to be) University, Guntur 522213, AP, India.
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Matsumoto M, Polli JR, Swaminathan SK, Datta K, Kampershroer C, Fortin MC, Salian-Mehta S, Dave R, Yang Z, Arora P, Hiura M, Suzuki M, Brennan FR, Sathish J. Beyond MABEL: An Integrative Approach to First in Human Dose Selection of Immunomodulators by the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) Immuno-Safety Technical Committee (ITC). Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024; 116:546-562. [PMID: 38847597 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Administration of a new drug candidate in a first-in-human (FIH) clinical trial is a particularly challenging phase in drug development and is especially true for immunomodulators, which are a diverse and complex class of drugs with a broad range of mechanisms of action and associated safety risks. Risk is generally greater for immunostimulators, in which safety concerns are associated with acute toxicity, compared to immunosuppressors, where the risks are related to chronic effects. Current methodologies for FIH dose selection for immunostimulators are focused primarily on identifying the minimum anticipated biological effect level (MABEL), which has often resulted in sub-therapeutic doses, leading to long and costly escalation phases. The Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) - Immuno-Safety Technical Committee (ITC) organized a project to address this issue through two complementary approaches: (i) an industry survey on FIH dose selection strategies and (ii) detailed case studies for immunomodulators in oncology and non-oncology indications. Key messages from the industry survey responses highlighted a preference toward more dynamic PK/PD approaches as in vitro assays are seemingly not representative of true physiological conditions for immunomodulators. These principles are highlighted in case studies. To address the above themes, we have proposed a revised decision tree, which expands on the guidance by the IQ MABEL Working Group (Leach et al. 2021). This approach facilitates a more refined recommendation of FIH dose selection for immunomodulators, allowing for a nuanced consideration of their mechanisms of action (MOAs) and the associated risk-to-benefit ratio, among other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineo Matsumoto
- Review Division, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joseph Ryan Polli
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Translational Medicine, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Kaushik Datta
- Nonclinical Safety, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Marie C Fortin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA
| | - Smita Salian-Mehta
- Nonclinical Safety and Pathobiology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Rutwij Dave
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Zheng Yang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Payal Arora
- Translational Research, Kyowa Kirin Pharmaceuticals, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Masanori Hiura
- Translational Research, Kyowa Kirin, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mizuho Suzuki
- Review Division, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Jean Sathish
- Comparative Medicine and Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer, Pearl River, New York, USA
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Costa-Ferro ZSM, Rocha GV, da Silva KN, Paredes BD, Loiola EC, Silva JD, Santos JLDS, Dias RB, Figueira CP, de Oliveira CI, de Moura LD, Ribeiro LNDM, de Paula E, Zanette DL, Rocha CAG, Rocco PRM, Souza BSDF. GMP-compliant extracellular vesicles derived from umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells: manufacturing and pre-clinical evaluation in ARDS treatment. Cytotherapy 2024; 26:1013-1025. [PMID: 38762805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a new axis of intercellular communication that can be harnessed for therapeutic purposes, as cell-free therapies. The clinical application of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-derived EVs, however, is still in its infancy and faces many challenges. The heterogeneity inherent to MSCs, differences among donors, tissue sources, and variations in manufacturing conditions may influence the release of EVs and their cargo, thus potentially affecting the quality and consistency of the final product. We investigated the influence of cell culture and conditioned medium harvesting conditions on the physicochemical and proteomic profile of human umbilical cord MSC-derived EVs (hUCMSC-EVs) produced under current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) standards. We also evaluated the efficiency of the protocol in terms of yield, purity, productivity, and expression of surface markers, and assessed the biodistribution, toxicity and potential efficacy of hUCMSC-EVs in pre-clinical studies using the LPS-induced acute lung injury model. METHODS hUCMSCs were isolated from a cord tissue, cultured, cryopreserved, and characterized at a cGMP facility. The conditioned medium was harvested at 24, 48, and 72 h after the addition of EV collection medium. Three conventional methods (nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and nanoflow cytometry) and mass spectrometry were used to characterize hUCMSC-EVs. Safety (toxicity of single and repeated doses) and biodistribution were evaluated in naive mice after intravenous administration of the product. Efficacy was evaluated in an LPS-induced acute lung injury model. RESULTS hUCMSC-EVs were successfully isolated using a cGMP-compliant protocol. Comparison of hUCMSC-EVs purified from multiple harvests revealed progressive EV productivity and slight changes in the proteomic profile, presenting higher homogeneity at later timepoints of conditioned medium harvesting. Pooled hUCMSC-EVs showed a non-toxic profile after single and repeated intravenous administration to naive mice. Biodistribution studies demonstrated a major concentration in liver, spleen and lungs. HUCMSC-EVs reduced lung damage and inflammation in a model of LPS-induced acute lung injury. CONCLUSIONS hUCMSC-EVs were successfully obtained following a cGMP-compliant protocol, with consistent characteristics and pre-clinical safety profile, supporting their future clinical development as cell-free therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaquer Suzana Munhoz Costa-Ferro
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil; D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Gisele Vieira Rocha
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil; D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Katia Nunes da Silva
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Bruno Diaz Paredes
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil; D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Erick Correia Loiola
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil; D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Johnatas Dutra Silva
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSaúde, Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - John Lenon de Souza Santos
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil; Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Rosane Borges Dias
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil; Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Lígia Nunes de Morais Ribeiro
- Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Eneida de Paula
- Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Clarissa Araújo Gurgel Rocha
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil; D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Salvador, Brazil; Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil; Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Patricia Rieken Macedo Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSaúde, Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno Solano de Freitas Souza
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, São Rafael Hospital, Salvador, Brazil; D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Salvador, Brazil; Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil.
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Gu Y, Zhao Q. Clinical Progresses and Challenges of Bispecific Antibodies for the Treatment of Solid Tumors. Mol Diagn Ther 2024:10.1007/s40291-024-00734-w. [PMID: 39172329 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-024-00734-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy against tumors. BsAbs can recruit and activate immune cells, block multiple signaling pathways, and deliver therapeutic payloads directly to tumor sites. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in the development and clinical application of BsAbs for the treatment of solid tumors. We discuss the different formats, the unique mechanisms of action, and the clinical outcomes of the most advanced BsAbs in solid tumor therapy. Several studies have also analyzed the clinical progress of bispecific antibodies. However, this review distinguishes itself by exploring the challenges associated with bispecific antibodies and proposing potential solutions. As the field progresses, BsAbs hold promise to redefine cancer treatment paradigms and offer new hope to patients with solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Gu
- Cancer Centre, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Cancer Centre, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China.
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, China.
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Schoenfeld K, Harwardt J, Kolmar H. Better safe than sorry: dual targeting antibodies for cancer immunotherapy. Biol Chem 2024; 405:443-459. [PMID: 38297991 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-based therapies are revolutionizing cancer treatment and experience a steady increase from preclinical and clinical pipelines to market share. While the clinical success of monoclonal antibodies is frequently limited by low response rates, treatment resistance and various other factors, multispecific antibodies open up new prospects by addressing tumor complexity as well as immune response actuation potently improving safety and efficacy. Novel antibody approaches involve simultaneous binding of two antigens on one cell implying increased specificity and reduced tumor escape for dual tumor-associated antigen targeting and enhanced and durable cytotoxic effects for dual immune cell-related antigen targeting. This article reviews antibody and cell-based therapeutics for oncology with intrinsic dual targeting of either tumor cells or immune cells. As revealed in various preclinical studies and clinical trials, dual targeting molecules are promising candidates constituting the next generation of antibody drugs for fighting cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schoenfeld
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julia Harwardt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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6
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Jamadade P, Nupur N, Maharana KC, Singh S. Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies for Metabolic Disorders: Major Advancements and Future Perspectives. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2024:10.1007/s11883-024-01228-0. [PMID: 39008202 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-024-01228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Globally, the prevalence of metabolic disorders is rising. Elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is a hallmark of familial hypercholesterolemia, one of the most prevalent hereditary metabolic disorders and another one is Diabetes mellitus (DM) that is more common globally, characterised by hyperglycemia with low insulin-directed glucose by target cells. It is still known that low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). LDL-C levels are thought to be the main therapeutic objectives. RECENT FINDINGS The primary therapy for individuals with elevated cholesterol levels is the use of statins and other lipid lowering drugs like ezetimibe for hypercholesterolemia. Even after taking statin medication to the maximum extent possible, some individuals still have a sizable residual cardiovascular risk. To overcome this proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors-monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a novel class of systemic macromolecules that have enhanced LDL-C-lowering efficacy. Along with this other inhibitor are used like Angiopoeitin like 3 inhibitors. Research on both humans and animals has shown that anti-CD3 antibodies can correct autoimmune disorders like diabetes mellitus. Individuals diagnosed with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) may need additional treatment options beyond statins, especially when facing challenges such as statin tolerance or the inability of even the highest statin doses to reach the desired target cholesterol level. Here is the summary of PCSK9, ANGPTL-3 and CD3 inhibitors and their detailed information. In this review we discuss the details of PCSK9, ANGPTL-3 and CD3 inhibitors and the current therapeutic interventions of using the monoclonal antibodies in case of the metabolic disorder. We further present the present studies and the future prospective of the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiksha Jamadade
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Export Promotions Industrial Park (EPIP), Vaishali, Hajipur, 844102, Bihar, India
| | - Neh Nupur
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Export Promotions Industrial Park (EPIP), Vaishali, Hajipur, 844102, Bihar, India
| | - Krushna Ch Maharana
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Export Promotions Industrial Park (EPIP), Vaishali, Hajipur, 844102, Bihar, India
| | - Sanjiv Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Export Promotions Industrial Park (EPIP), Vaishali, Hajipur, 844102, Bihar, India.
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Yu X, He Q, Kong Q. Multidisciplinary approaches to combat emerging viruses: diagnostics, therapeutic gene and vaccine delivery, and nanotherapeutics. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1387623. [PMID: 38966392 PMCID: PMC11222566 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1387623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging viruses, such as filoviruses (Ebola, Marburg), SARS and MERS coronaviruses, and Zika, pose significant threats to global public health, particularly for individuals with co-morbidities. To address these challenges, this review article explores multidisciplinary strategies for combatting emerging viruses. We emphasize the importance of developing accurate diagnostics, innovative therapeutic gene and vaccine delivery systems, and long-acting nanotherapeutics. These approaches are designed to enhance the safety and efficacy of treatments against these deadly pathogens. We discuss the collaborative efforts of virologists, geneticists, formulation scientists, clinicians, immunologists, and medicinal chemists in advancing these therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqiang Yu
- Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qing He
- School of Basic Medicine and Forensics, Key Laboratory of Bio-tech Vaccine of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Research Center of Novel Vaccine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingming Kong
- School of Basic Medicine and Forensics, Key Laboratory of Bio-tech Vaccine of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Research Center of Novel Vaccine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomarkers and In Vitro Diagnosis Translation of Zhejiang province, School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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Audran R, Chtioui H, Thierry AC, Mayor CE, Vallotton L, Dao K, Rothuizen LE, Maghraoui A, Pennella EJ, Brunner-Ferber F, Buclin T, Spertini F. Immunomodulation profile of the biosimilar trastuzumab MYL-1401O in a bioequivalence phase I study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12872. [PMID: 38834577 PMCID: PMC11150559 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The initial Phase-I single centre, single dose, randomized, double-blind, cross-over study was planned to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic bioequivalence of the trastuzumab biosimilar (MYL-1401O) compared to the reference Herceptin®. Their respective immunomodulation profile presented in this paper involved healthy males receiving a single infusion of both monoclonals, separated by a washout period. Sixty parameters were assessed in total, including serum cytokines, peripheral mononuclear cell (PBMC) subsets, cell activation and response to recall antigens and mitogen, pre- and post- infusion, as well as a cytokine release assay (CRA) at baseline. Trastuzumab infusion induced a transient and weak peak of serum IL-6 at 6 h, and a modulation of mononuclear cell subset profile and activation level, notably CD16 + cells. Except for CD8 + T cells, there were no significant differences between Herceptin® and MYL-1401O. In CRA, PBMC stimulated with MYL-1401O or Herceptin® similarly secreted IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, and IL-10, but no or low level of IL-2. Interestingly, some observed adverse events correlated with IL-2 and IFN-γ in CRA. MYL-1401O exhibited a very similar immunomodulation profile to Herceptin®, strongly supporting its bioequivalence. This approach may thus be included in a proof-of-concept study. CRA may be used as a predictive assay for the evaluation of clinical monoclonals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Audran
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University Hospital Lausanne, rue du Bugnon, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - H Chtioui
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, CHUV- University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A C Thierry
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University Hospital Lausanne, rue du Bugnon, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C E Mayor
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University Hospital Lausanne, rue du Bugnon, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Vallotton
- Clinical Trial Unit, CHUV - University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - K Dao
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, CHUV- University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L E Rothuizen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, CHUV- University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Maghraoui
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, CHUV- University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - T Buclin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, CHUV- University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Spertini
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University Hospital Lausanne, rue du Bugnon, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Winidmanokul P, Panya A, Okada S. Tri-specific killer engager: unleashing multi-synergic power against cancer. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2024; 5:432-448. [PMID: 38745768 PMCID: PMC11090690 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2024.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer continues to be a global health concern, necessitating innovative solutions for treatment. Tri-specific killer engagers (TriKEs) have emerged as a promising class of immunotherapeutic agents, offering a multifaceted approach to cancer treatment. TriKEs simultaneously engage and activate natural killer (NK) cells while specifically targeting cancer cells, representing an outstanding advancement in immunotherapy. This review explores the generation and mechanisms of TriKEs, highlighting their advantages over other immunotherapies and discussing their potential impact on clinical trials and cancer treatment. TriKEs are composed of three distinct domains, primarily antibody-derived building blocks, linked together by short amino acid sequences. They incorporate critical elements, anti-cluster of differentiation 16 (CD16) and interleukin-15 (IL-15), which activate and enhance NK cell function, together with specific antibody to target each cancer. TriKEs exhibit remarkable potential in preclinical and early clinical studies across various cancer types, making them a versatile tool in cancer immunotherapy. Comparative analyses with other immunotherapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cell therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), cytokine therapies, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), reveal the unique advantages of TriKEs. They offer a safer pathway for immunotherapy by targeting cancer cells without hyperactivating T cells, reducing off-target effects and complications. The future of TriKEs involves addressing challenges related to dosing, tumor-associated antigen (TAA) expression, and NK cell suppression. Researchers are exploring innovative dosing strategies, enhancing specificity through tumor-specific antigens (TSAs), and combining TriKEs with other therapies for increased efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peeranut Winidmanokul
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Aussara Panya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Cell Engineering for Cancer Therapy Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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Stucchi A, Maspes F, Montee-Rodrigues E, Fousteri G. Engineered Treg cells: The heir to the throne of immunotherapy. J Autoimmun 2024; 144:102986. [PMID: 36639301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently, increased interest in the use of Tregs as adoptive cell therapy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection had led to several advances in the field. However, Treg cell therapies, while constantly advancing, indiscriminately suppress the immune system without the permanent stabilization of certain diseases. Genetically modified Tregs hold great promise towards solving these problems, but, challenges in identifying the most potent Treg subtype, accompanied by the ambiguity involved in identifying the optimal Treg source, along with its expansion and engineering in a clinical-grade setting remain paramount. This review highlights the recent advances in methodologies for the development of genetically engineered Treg cell-based treatments for autoimmune, inflammatory diseases, and organ rejection. Additionally, it provides a systematized guide to all the recent progress in the field and informs the readers of the feasibility and safety of engineered adoptive Treg cell therapy, with the aim to provide a framework for researchers involved in the development of engineered Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Stucchi
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Maspes
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Ely Montee-Rodrigues
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Cambridge Epigenetix, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Georgia Fousteri
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
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Aljassabi A, Zieneldien T, Kim J, Regmi D, Cao C. Alzheimer's Disease Immunotherapy: Current Strategies and Future Prospects. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:755-772. [PMID: 38489183 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an extremely complex and heterogeneous pathology influenced by many factors contributing to its onset and progression, including aging, amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, tau fibril accumulation, inflammation, etc. Despite promising advances in drug development, there is no cure for AD. Although there have been substantial advancements in understanding the pathogenesis of AD, there have been over 200 unsuccessful clinical trials in the past decade. In recent years, immunotherapies have been at the forefront of these efforts. Immunotherapy alludes to the immunological field that strives to identify disease treatments via the enhancement, suppression, or induction of immune responses. Interestingly, immunotherapy in AD is a relatively new approach for non-infectious disease. At present, antibody therapy (passive immunotherapy) that targets anti-Aβ aimed to prevent the fibrillization of Aβ peptides and disrupt pre-existing fibrils is a predominant AD immunotherapy due to the continuous failure of active immunotherapy for AD. The most rational and safe strategies will be those targeting the toxic molecule without triggering an abnormal immune response, offering therapeutic advantages, thus making clinical trial design more efficient. This review offers a concise overview of immunotherapeutic strategies, including active and passive immunotherapy for AD. Our review encompasses approved methods and those presently under investigation in clinical trials, while elucidating the recent challenges, complications, successes, and potential treatments. Thus, immunotherapies targeting Aβ throughout the disease progression using a mutant oligomer-Aβ stimulated dendritic cell vaccine may offer a promising therapy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Aljassabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Tarek Zieneldien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Janice Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Deepika Regmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Chuanhai Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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12
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Furci F, Luxi N, Senna G, Trifirò G. Anaphylaxis due to antiallergic and antiasthmatic biologics. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 23:364-369. [PMID: 37555938 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide a better understanding of the risk of anaphylaxis due to antiallergic and antiasthmatic biologics through an analysis of data reported in literature and in clinical trials, and by conducting a retrospective descriptive analysis of individual case safety reports on VigiBase, the WHO International Pharmacovigilance database. RECENT FINDINGS Analysis of the data, as described, demonstrated safety of the antiallergic and antiasthmatic biologics with a low incidence of anaphylaxis. SUMMARY Biologic therapies have revolutionized the treatment of many diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, nasal polyps, spontaneous chronic urticarial and severe asthma with a precise immunological action, in the sphere of precision medicine.Albeit these drugs are generally well tolerated, generating real-world evidence is crucial to re-evaluate clinically relevant adverse events, such as anaphylaxis, allowing to confirm their safety profile in particular in special populations such as paediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Furci
- Provincial Healthcare Unit, Section of Allergy, Vibo Valentia
| | | | - Gianenrico Senna
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona
- Allergy Unit and Asthma Center, Verona University Hospital
| | - Gianluca Trifirò
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pharmacology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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13
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Smith FD, Pierce RH, Thisted T, van der Horst EH. Conditionally Active, pH-Sensitive Immunoregulatory Antibodies Targeting VISTA and CTLA-4 Lead an Emerging Class of Cancer Therapeutics. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:55. [PMID: 37753969 PMCID: PMC10525963 DOI: 10.3390/antib12030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoints and other immunoregulatory targets can be difficult to precisely target due to expression on non-tumor immune cells critical to maintaining immune homeostasis in healthy tissues. On-target/off-tumor binding of therapeutics results in significant pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic problems. Target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD) significantly limits effective intratumoral drug levels and adversely affects anti-tumor efficacy. Target engagement outside the tumor environment may lead to severe immune-related adverse events (irAEs), resulting in a narrowing of the therapeutic window, sub-optimal dosing, or cessation of drug development altogether. Overcoming these challenges has become tractable through recent advances in antibody engineering and screening approaches. Here, we review the discovery and development of conditionally active antibodies with minimal binding to target at physiologic pH but high-affinity target binding at the low pH of the tumor microenvironment by focusing on the discovery and improved properties of pH-dependent mAbs targeting two T cell checkpoints, VISTA and CTLA-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Donelson Smith
- Sensei Biotherapeutics, Inc., 1405 Research Blvd., Suite 125, Rockville, MD 20850, USA;
| | | | - Thomas Thisted
- Sensei Biotherapeutics, Inc., 1405 Research Blvd., Suite 125, Rockville, MD 20850, USA;
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14
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Chary M, Barbuto AF, Izadmehr S, Tarsillo M, Fleischer E, Burns MM. COVID-19 Therapeutics: Use, Mechanism of Action, and Toxicity (Vaccines, Monoclonal Antibodies, and Immunotherapeutics). J Med Toxicol 2023; 19:205-218. [PMID: 36862334 PMCID: PMC9979891 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-023-00931-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 emerged in December 2019 and led to the COVID-19 pandemic. Efforts to develop therapeutics have led to innovations such as mRNA vaccines and oral antivirals. Here we provide a narrative review of the biologic therapeutics used or proposed to treat COVID-19 during the last 3 years. This paper, along with its companion that covers xenobiotics and alternative remedies, is an update to our 2020 paper. Monoclonal antibodies prevent progression to severe disease, are not equally effective across variants, and are associated with minimal and self-limited reactions. Convalescent plasma has side effects like monoclonal antibodies, but with more infusion reactions and less efficacy. Vaccines prevent progression for a larger part of the population. DNA and mRNA vaccines are more effective than protein or inactivated virus vaccines. After mRNA vaccines, young men are more likely to have myocarditis in the subsequent 7 days. After DNA vaccines, those aged 30-50 are very slightly more likely to have thrombotic disease. To all vaccines we discuss, women are slightly more likely to have an anaphylactic reaction than men, but the absolute risk is small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Chary
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Regional Center for Poison Control and Prevention Serving Massachusetts and Rhode Island, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, New York Presbyterian Queens, Flushing, NY, New York, USA.
| | - Alexander F Barbuto
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Regional Center for Poison Control and Prevention Serving Massachusetts and Rhode Island, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Carl R. Darnall Army Medical Center, Fort Hood, TX, USA
| | - Sudeh Izadmehr
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marc Tarsillo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eduardo Fleischer
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michele M Burns
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Regional Center for Poison Control and Prevention Serving Massachusetts and Rhode Island, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Chien HT, Prior H, Andrews L, van Aerts L, Cauvin A, Clarke DO, Datta K, Dempster M, Dybdal N, Freebern W, de Haan L, Herzyk D, Hey A, Kissner T, Kronenberg S, Leach MW, Lee D, Schutte K, Sewell F, Trouba K, Ulrich P, Weir L, van Meer P. Re-evaluating the need for chronic toxicity studies with therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, using a weight of evidence approach. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 138:105329. [PMID: 36592682 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To support registration of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for chronic indications, 6-month toxicity studies have historically been conducted. Experience with mAb development has shown a relatively benign and well-understood safety profile for this class, with most toxicity findings anticipated based on pharmacology. We evaluated whether a 6-month toxicity study is necessary to assess the long-term safety of mAbs. Data on First-in-Human (FIH)-enabling and chronic toxicity studies were shared for 142 mAbs submitted by 11 companies. Opportunities to further optimize study designs to reduce animal usage were identified. For 71% of mAbs, no toxicities or no new toxicities were noted in chronic studies compared to FIH-enabling study findings. New toxicities of potential concern for human safety or that changed trial design were identified in 13.5% of cases, with 7% being considered critical and 2% leading to program termination. An iterative, weight-of-evidence model which considers factors that influence the overall risk for a mAb to cause toxicity was developed. This model enables an evidence-based justification, suggesting when 3-month toxicity studies are likely sufficient to support late-stage clinical development and registration for some mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Tzu Chien
- Medicines Evaluation Board, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Helen Prior
- National Centre for the Replacement Refinement & Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Kaushik Datta
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Nonclinical Research and Development, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lolke de Haan
- ADC Therapeutics, I-HUB, Imperial College White City Campus, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Sven Kronenberg
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Donna Lee
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Fiona Sewell
- National Centre for the Replacement Refinement & Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), London, UK
| | | | - Peter Ulrich
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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16
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Recent Evidence-Based Clinical Guide for the Use of Dinutuximab Beta in Pediatric Patients with Neuroblastoma. Target Oncol 2023; 18:77-93. [PMID: 36504394 PMCID: PMC9928814 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-022-00930-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The anti-GD2 antibody dinutuximab beta (Qarziba®) has been added to the present standard of care for patients with high-risk neuroblastoma in Europe based on the positive results obtained in different studies. In both the first-line and relapsed/refractory settings, treatment with dinutuximab beta attains objective clinical responses in children with high-risk neuroblastoma. Its incorporation has changed the outcome for these patients and optimized management should be guaranteed to minimize possible adverse effects. Most prevalent adverse events include pain, allergic reactions, fever and capillary leak syndrome. There are still no evidence-based clinical guidelines that include the latest published evidence to optimize its use, as it depends on the experience gained in each referral center. Topics such as the mode of preparation and administration, the concomitant use of interleukin-2, the recommended pediatric age and dose for its use, or the adequate management of possible toxicities are important aspects to review. The objective of this article was to update the clinical guide to management with dinutuximab beta of children with neuroblastoma based on the most recent published evidence and our own experience in clinical practice.
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17
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Zuraw BL, Maurer M, Sexton DJ, Cicardi M. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies with a focus on hereditary angioedema. Allergol Int 2023; 72:54-62. [PMID: 35787344 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been shown to be effective and generally safe across a continually expanding list of therapeutic areas. We describe the advantages and limitations of mAbs as a therapeutic option compared with small molecules. Specifically, we discuss a novel mAb in the treatment of hereditary angioedema (HAE), a rare and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by recurrent unpredictable swelling attacks. HAE is mediated by dysregulation of plasma kallikrein activity leading to overproduction of bradykinin. Current prophylactic treatment for HAE includes androgens or replacement of the endogenous plasma kallikrein inhibitor, C1 inhibitor. However, there remains an unmet need for an effective, less burdensome treatment option. Lanadelumab is a fully human mAb targeting plasma kallikrein. Results from clinical trials, including a pivotal Phase 3 study and its ensuing open-label extension study, demonstrated that lanadelumab is associated with few treatment-related adverse events and reduced the rate of HAE attacks. This novel treatment option has the potential to significantly improve the lives of patients with HAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce L Zuraw
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Marco Cicardi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, IRCCS ICS Maugeri, Milano, Italy
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18
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Chauhan S, Saini D, Madan K. Screening of Phytoconstituents from Traditional Plants against SARSCoV-
2 using Molecular Docking Approach. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180819666220307163058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The emergence of COVID-19 as a fatal viral disease encourages researchers to
develop effective and efficient therapeutic agents. The intervention of in silico studies has led to revolutionary
changes in the conventional method of testing the bioactivity of plant constituents.
Objective:
The current study deals with the investigation of some traditional immunomodulators of plant
origin to combat this ailment.
Materials and Methods:
A total of 151 phytomolecules of 12 immunomodulatory plants were evaluated
for their inhibitory action against the main protease (PDB ID: 7D1M) and NSP15 endoribonuclease (PDB
ID: 6WLC) by structure-based virtual screening. In addition, the promising molecules with ligand efficiency
of more than -0.3(kcal/mol)/heavy atoms were further predicted for pharmacokinetic properties
and druggability using the SwissADME web server, and their toxicity was also evaluated using Protox-II.
Result:
Myricetin-3-O-arabinofuranoside of cranberry plant was found to be the most potential candidate
against both enzymes: main protease (–14.2 kcal/mol) and NSP15 endoribonuclease (–12.2 kcal/mol).
Conclusion:
The promising outcomes of the current study may be implemented in future drug development
against coronavirus. The findings also help in the development of lead candidates of plant origin
with a better ADMET profile in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Chauhan
- Department of Pharmacy, Lloyd Institute of Management and Technology, Plot No.-11, Knowledge Park-I1, Greater
Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
| | - Deepika Saini
- Department of Pharmacy, Lloyd Institute of Management and Technology, Plot No.-11, Knowledge Park-I1, Greater
Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
| | - Kumud Madan
- Department of Pharmacy, Lloyd Institute of Management and Technology, Plot No.-11, Knowledge Park-I1, Greater
Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
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Liu C, Yang M, Zhang D, Chen M, Zhu D. Clinical cancer immunotherapy: Current progress and prospects. Front Immunol 2022; 13:961805. [PMID: 36304470 PMCID: PMC9592930 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.961805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint therapy via PD-1 antibodies has shown exciting clinical value and robust therapeutic potential in clinical practice. It can significantly improve progression-free survival and overall survival. Following surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy, cancer treatment has now entered the age of immunotherapy. Although cancer immunotherapy has shown remarkable efficacy, it also suffers from limitations such as irAEs, cytokine storm, low response rate, etc. In this review, we discuss the basic classification, research progress, and limitations of cancer immunotherapy. Besides, by combining cancer immunotherapy resistance mechanism with analysis of combination therapy, we give our insights into the development of new anticancer immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Liu
- Minhang Hospital and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengxuan Yang
- Minhang Hospital and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daizhou Zhang
- New Drug Evaluation Center, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Science, Jinan, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Taixing Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Taizhou, China
| | - Di Zhu
- Minhang Hospital and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- New Drug Evaluation Center, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Science, Jinan, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of ImmunoTherapeutics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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20
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A humanized minipig model for the toxicological testing of therapeutic recombinant antibodies. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:1248-1256. [PMID: 36138193 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00921-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The safety of most human recombinant proteins can be evaluated in transgenic mice tolerant to specific human proteins. However, owing to insufficient genetic diversity and to fundamental differences in immune mechanisms, small-animal models of human diseases are often unsuitable for immunogenicity testing and for predicting adverse outcomes in human patients. Most human therapeutic antibodies trigger xenogeneic responses in wild-type animals and thus rapid clearance of the drugs, which makes in vivo toxicological testing of human antibodies challenging. Here we report the generation of Göttingen minipigs carrying a mini-repertoire of human genes for the immunoglobulin heavy chains γ1 and γ4 and the immunoglobulin light chain κ. In line with observations in human patients, the genetically modified minipigs tolerated the clinically non-immunogenic IgG1κ-isotype monoclonal antibodies daratumumab and bevacizumab, and elicited antibodies against the checkpoint inhibitor atezolizumab and the engineered interleukin cergutuzumab amunaleukin. The humanized minipigs can facilitate the safety and efficacy testing of therapeutic antibodies.
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21
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Li Y, Jiang W, Mellins ED. TCR-like antibodies targeting autoantigen-mhc complexes: a mini-review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:968432. [PMID: 35967436 PMCID: PMC9363607 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.968432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptors (TCRs) recognize peptide antigens bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules (p/MHC) that are expressed on cell surfaces; while B cell-derived antibodies (Abs) recognize soluble or cell surface native antigens of various types (proteins, carbohydrates, etc.). Immune surveillance by T and B cells thus inspects almost all formats of antigens to mount adaptive immune responses against cancer cells, infectious organisms and other foreign insults, while maintaining tolerance to self-tissues. With contributions from environmental triggers, the development of autoimmune disease is thought to be due to the expression of MHC risk alleles by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) presenting self-antigen (autoantigen), breaking through self-tolerance and activating autoreactive T cells, which orchestrate downstream pathologic events. Investigating and treating autoimmune diseases have been challenging, both because of the intrinsic complexity of these diseases and the need for tools targeting T cell epitopes (autoantigen-MHC). Naturally occurring TCRs with relatively low (micromolar) affinities to p/MHC are suboptimal for autoantigen-MHC targeting, whereas the use of engineered TCRs and their derivatives (e.g., TCR multimers and TCR-engineered T cells) are limited by unpredictable cross-reactivity. As Abs generally have nanomolar affinity, recent advances in engineering TCR-like (TCRL) Abs promise advantages over their TCR counterparts for autoantigen-MHC targeting. Here, we compare the p/MHC binding by TCRs and TCRL Abs, review the strategies for generation of TCRL Abs, highlight their application for identification of autoantigen-presenting APCs, and discuss future directions and limitations of TCRL Abs as immunotherapy for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Human Gene Therapy and Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Human Gene Therapy and Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Wei Jiang, ; Elizabeth D. Mellins,
| | - Elizabeth D. Mellins
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Human Gene Therapy and Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Wei Jiang, ; Elizabeth D. Mellins,
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22
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Utility of High Resolution 2D NMR Fingerprinting in Assessing Viscosity of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Pharm Res 2022; 39:529-539. [PMID: 35174433 PMCID: PMC9043092 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03200-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The viscosity of highly concentrated therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) formulations at concentrations ≥ 100 mg/mL can significantly affect the stability, processing, and drug product development for subcutaneous delivery. An early identification of a viscosity prone mAb during candidate selection stages are often beneficial for downstream processes. Higher order structure of mAbs may often dictate their viscosity behavior at high concentration. Thus it is beneficial to gauge or rank-order their viscosity behavior using noninvasive structural fingerprinting methods and to potentially screen for suitable viscosity lowering excipients. Methods In this study, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and 2D NMR based methyl fingerprinting were used to correlate viscosity behavior of a set of Pfizer mAbs. The viscosities of mAbs were determined. Respective Fab and Fc domains were generated for studies. Result Methyl fingerprinting of intact mAbs allows for differentiation of viscosity prone mAbs from well behaved ones even at 30–40 mg/ml, where bulk viscosity of the solutions are near identical. For viscosity prone mAbs, peak broadening and or distinct chemical shift changes were noted in intact and fragment fingerprints, unlike the well-behaved mAbs, indicative of protein protein interactions (PPI). Conclusion Fab-Fab or Fab-Fc interactions may lead to formation of protein networks at high concentration. The early transients to these network formation may be manifested through peak broadening or peak shift in the 2D NMR spectrum of mAb/mAb fragments. Such insights go beyond rank ordering mAbs based on viscosity behavior, which can be obtained by other methods as well.. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11095-022-03200-6.
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Morgulchik N, Athanasopoulou F, Chu E, Lam Y, Kamaly N. Potential therapeutic approaches for targeted inhibition of inflammatory cytokines following COVID-19 infection-induced cytokine storm. Interface Focus 2022; 12:20210006. [PMID: 34956607 PMCID: PMC8662389 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2021.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a deadly respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which has caused a global pandemic since early 2020 and severely threatened people's livelihoods and health. Patients with pre-diagnosed conditions admitted to hospital often develop complications leading to mortality due to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and associated multiorgan failure and blood clots. ARDS is associated with a cytokine storm. Cytokine storms arise due to elevated levels of circulating cytokines and are associated with infections. Targeting various pro-inflammatory cytokines in a specific manner can result in a potent therapeutic approach with minimal host collateral damage. Immunoregulatory therapies are now of interest in order to regulate the cytokine storm, and this review will summarize and discuss advances in targeted therapies against cytokine storms induced by COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelli Morgulchik
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Foteini Athanasopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Edmund Chu
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yoriko Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nazila Kamaly
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK
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24
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Jawa V, Maamary J, Swanson M, Zhang S, Montgomery D. Implementing a Clinical Immunogenicity Strategy using Preclinical Risk Assessment Outputs. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:960-969. [PMID: 35122828 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunogenicity to biologics is often observed following dosing in human subjects during clinical trials. Both product and host specific factors may be implicated in contributing to a potential immune response. However, even if such risk factors are identified and eliminated as part of the rational quality by design approaches, the outcome in clinic can be uncertain and challenging to predict. Several tools have been employed to identify these risk factors and consequent mitigation approaches implemented prior to dosing in humans. However, the complexity of the immune system with an interplay of network of immune cells involved in driving a long- term immune response as well as patient characteristics, can make it challenging to predict the outcome in clinic. This perspective will provide an insight into recent advances in the risk assessment approaches that are utilized during preclinical stage of development of a biologic. The outputs from such tools can help to rank order and select the most optimal candidate with the least likelihood of an immune response and can further drive the development of a clinical bioanalytical and immunogenicity monitoring strategy. Such a strategy can be proactively shared with the regulators along with the proposal to streamline clinical immunogenicity and personalizing the outcome based on pharmacogenomics and other patient-related factors. This paper provides a roadmap on performing risk assessments through a systematic identification of risks and their mitigations wherever possible. Recommendations on incorporating the key components of such risk assessments as part of the new regulatory submissions are also provided. Shorter abstract Immunogenicity to biologics is common during clinical trials. Both product and host specific factors have been implicated. Several risk assessment tools can be used to identify and mitigate the risk factors responsible for immunogenicity. An insight into recent advances in the risk assessment approaches will be presented. The outputs can define a risk score and guide the clinical bioanalytical and immunogenicity monitoring strategy. A roadmap on performing risk assessments through a systematic identification of risks and their mitigations wherever possible is provided. Best practices for a risk assessment strategy and recommendations on the content for IND and the Integrated summary of Immunogenicity are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Jawa
- Nonclinical Disposition and Bioanalysis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08648, USA.
| | - Jad Maamary
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033 USA
| | - Michael Swanson
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033 USA
| | - Shuli Zhang
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033 USA
| | - Diana Montgomery
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033 USA
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25
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Ito S, Miwa K, Hattori C, Aida T, Tsuchiya Y, Mori K. Highly sensitive in vitro cytokine release assay incorporating high-density preculture. J Immunotoxicol 2021; 18:136-143. [PMID: 34644231 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2021.1984617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunostimulatory effects of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) through binding to Fcγ receptors (FcγR) on immune cells are a likely cause of cytokine release syndrome. However, it is difficult to detect the potential risk of FcγR-dependent cytokine release associated with mAb in the current standard cytokine release assays (CRA), including the air-drying solid-phase method using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). To increase the sensitivity to detect FcγR-dependent cytokine release due to mAb, a high-density preculture (HDC) method was incorporated into the air-drying solid-phase CRA. Here, PBMC were exposed to panitumumab, trastuzumab, rituximab, or alemtuzumab at 0.1, 0.3, 1, and 3 μg/well for 24 or 48 hr under both non-HDC and HDC conditions. T-cell agonists (anti-CD3 mAb, anti-CD28 super-agonist [SA] mAb) were used as reference mAb. Panitumumab, trastuzumab, rituximab, or alemtuzumab induced cytokine release under both non-HDC and HDC conditions, and cytokine release caused by alemtuzumab was more pronounced under HDC conditions. To investigate FcγR involvement in cytokine release associated with panitumumab, trastuzumab, rituximab, and alemtuzumab, CRA of these four mAb were conducted with anti-FcγRI, -FcγRII, or -FcγRIII F(ab')2 fragments. The results showed cytokine release caused by trastuzumab, rituximab, and alemtuzumab was significantly suppressed by anti-FcγRIII F(ab')2 pretreatment, and slightly reduced by anti-FcγRI or anti-FcγRII pretreatment, indicating these mAb induced FcγR (especially FcγRIII)-dependent cytokine release from PBMC. Cytokine release caused by panitumumab was slightly suppressed by anti-FcγRIII F(ab')2 pretreatment. Anti-CD3 mAb and anti-CD28 SA mAb also induced significant release of cytokines under HDC conditions compared with that under non-HDC conditions. In conclusion, CRA incorporating HDC into the air-drying solid-phase method using human PBMC could sensitively capture the FcγR-dependent cytokine release potential of mAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Ito
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Miwa
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiharu Hattori
- Oncology Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Aida
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Tsuchiya
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Mori
- Transrational Research, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co, Ltd, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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The Role of Fc Receptors on the Effectiveness of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168947. [PMID: 34445651 PMCID: PMC8396266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the approval of the first monoclonal antibody (mAb) in 1986, a huge effort has been made to guarantee safety and efficacy of therapeutic mAbs. As of July 2021, 118 mAbs are approved for the European market for a broad range of clinical indications. In order to ensure clinical efficacy and safety aspects, (pre-)clinical experimental approaches evaluate the respective modes of action (MoA). In addition to antigen-specificity including binding affinity and -avidity, MoA comprise Fc-mediated effector functions such as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and the closely related antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). For this reason, a variety of cell-based assays have been established investigating effector functions of therapeutic mAbs with different effector/target-cell combinations and several readouts including Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated lysis, fluorescence, or luminescence. Optimized FcγR-mediated effector functions regarding clinical safety and efficacy are addressed with modification strategies such as point mutations, altered glycosylation patterns, combination of different Fc subclasses (cross isotypes), and Fc-truncation of the mAb. These strategies opened the field for a next generation of therapeutic mAbs. In conclusion, it is of major importance to consider FcγR-mediated effector functions for the efficacy of therapeutic mAbs.
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Antibody-Based Inhibition of Pathogenic New World Hemorrhagic Fever Mammarenaviruses by Steric Occlusion of the Human Transferrin Receptor 1 Apical Domain. J Virol 2021; 95:e0186820. [PMID: 34132574 PMCID: PMC8354235 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01868-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic clade B New World mammarenaviruses (NWM) can cause Argentine, Venezuelan, Brazilian, and Bolivian hemorrhagic fevers. Sequence variability among NWM glycoproteins (GP) poses a challenge to the development of broadly neutralizing therapeutics against the entire clade of viruses. However, blockade of their shared binding site on the apical domain of human transferrin receptor 1 (hTfR1/CD71) presents an opportunity for the development of effective and broadly neutralizing therapeutics. Here, we demonstrate that the murine monoclonal antibody OKT9, which targets the apical domain of hTfR1, can sterically block cellular entry by viral particles presenting clade B NWM glycoproteins (GP1-GP2). OKT9 blockade is also effective against viral particles pseudotyped with glycoproteins of a recently identified pathogenic Sabia-like virus. With nanomolar affinity for hTfR1, the OKT9 antigen binding fragment (OKT9-Fab) sterically blocks clade B NWM-GP1s and reduces infectivity of an attenuated strain of Junin virus. Binding of OKT9 to the hTfR1 ectodomain in its soluble, dimeric state produces stable assemblies that are observable by negative-stain electron microscopy. A model of the OKT9-sTfR1 complex, informed by the known crystallographic structure of sTfR1 and a newly determined structure of the OKT9 antigen binding fragment (Fab), suggests that OKT9 and the Machupo virus GP1 share a binding site on the hTfR1 apical domain. The structural basis for this interaction presents a framework for the design and development of high-affinity, broadly acting agents targeting clade B NWMs. IMPORTANCE Pathogenic clade B NWMs cause grave infectious diseases, the South American hemorrhagic fevers. Their etiological agents are Junin (JUNV), Guanarito (GTOV), Sabiá (SABV), Machupo (MACV), Chapare (CHAV), and a new Sabiá-like (SABV-L) virus recently identified in Brazil. These are priority A pathogens due to their high infectivity and mortality, their potential for person-to-person transmission, and the limited availability of effective therapeutics and vaccines to curb their effects. While low homology between surface glycoproteins of NWMs foils efforts to develop broadly neutralizing therapies targeting NWMs, this work provides structural evidence that OKT9, a monoclonal antibody targeting a single NWM glycoprotein binding site on hTfR1, can efficiently prevent their entry into cells.
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Li W, Little N, Park J, Foster CA, Chen J, Lu J. Tumor-Associated Fibroblast-Targeting Nanoparticles for Enhancing Solid Tumor Therapy: Progress and Challenges. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2889-2905. [PMID: 34260250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Even though nanoparticle drug delivery systems (nanoDDSs) have improved antitumor efficacy by delivering more drugs to tumor sites compared to free and unencapsulated therapeutics, achieving satisfactory distribution and penetration of nanoDDSs inside solid tumors, especially in stromal fibrous tumors, remains challenging. As one of the most common stromal cells in solid tumors, tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) not only promote tumor growth and metastasis but also reduce the drug delivery efficiency of nanoparticles through the tumor's inherent physical and physiological barriers. Thus, TAFs have been emerging as attractive targets, and TAF-targeting nanotherapeutics have been extensively explored to enhance the tumor delivery efficiency and efficacy of various anticancer agents. The purpose of this Review is to opportunely summarize the underlying mechanisms of TAFs on obstructing nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery into tumors and discuss the current advances of a plethora of nanotherapeutic approaches for effectively targeting TAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpan Li
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Nicholas Little
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jonghan Park
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Cole Alexander Foster
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Michigan Institute for Clinical & Health Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jianqin Lu
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States.,BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States.,NCI-designated University of Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States.,Southwest Environmental Health Sciences Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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29
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Descalzi-Montoya D, Montel RA, Smith K, Dziopa E, Darwich A, Yang Z, Bitsaktsis C, Korngold R, Sabatino D. Synthetic Antibody Mimics Based on Cancer-Targeting Immunostimulatory Peptides. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1589-1596. [PMID: 32964656 PMCID: PMC8191480 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
De novo cancer-targeting immunostimulatory peptides have been designed and developed as synthetic antibody mimics. A series of bifunctional peptides incorporating NKp30-binding and NK-cell-activating domains were synthesized as linear dimers and then extended into branching trimeric peptides by the incorporation of GRP78-targeting and tumor-cell-binding sequences. A selected trimeric peptide from this small set of peptides displayed binding capabilities on GRP78+ HepG2 and A549 target cells. Cell binding diminished in the presence of an anti-GRP78 peptide blocker, thus suggesting GRP78-binding dependence. Similarly, the selected trimeric peptide was also found to exhibit NK cell binding in an NKp30-dependent manner, which translated into NK cell activation as indicated by cytokine secretion. In co-culture, fluorescence microscopy revealed that the target GFP-expressing A549 cells were visibly associated with the effector NK cells when pre-activated with lead trimeric peptide. Accordingly, A549 cells were found to be compromised, as evidenced by the loss of GFP signal and notable detection of early-/late-stage apoptosis. Investigation of the immunological markers related to toxicity revealed detectable secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-8. Furthermore, administration of peptide-activated NK cells into A549-tumor-bearing mice resulted in a consistent decrease in tumor growth when compared to the untreated control group. Taken together, the identification of a lead trimeric peptide capable of targeting and activating NK cells' immunotoxicity directly towards GRP78+ /B7H6- tumors provides a novel proof-of-concept for the development of cancer-targeting immunostimulatory peptide ligands that mimic antibody-targeting and -activating functions related to cancer immunotherapy applications.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/chemistry
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antibodies/chemistry
- Antibodies/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Peptides/chemical synthesis
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Peptides/therapeutic use
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante Descalzi-Montoya
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack-Meridian Health, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Rachel A Montel
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
| | - Keith Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
| | - Eugenia Dziopa
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack-Meridian Health, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Andrieh Darwich
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
| | - Zheng Yang
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack-Meridian Health, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Constantine Bitsaktsis
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
| | - Robert Korngold
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack-Meridian Health, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - David Sabatino
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
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30
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Barone G, Barry A, Bautista F, Brichard B, Defachelles AS, Herd F, Manzitti C, Reinhardt D, Rubio PM, Wieczorek A, van Noesel MM. Managing Adverse Events Associated with Dinutuximab Beta Treatment in Patients with High-Risk Neuroblastoma: Practical Guidance. Paediatr Drugs 2021; 23:537-548. [PMID: 34541620 PMCID: PMC8563639 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-021-00469-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumour in children, accounting for 15% of all paediatric cancer deaths. High-risk neuroblastoma is a particularly challenging-to-treat form of disease that requires multimodality treatment, consisting of chemotherapy, surgery, high-dose chemotherapy with autologous haematopoietic stem cell rescue, radiotherapy and differentiation therapy. However, despite intense multimodal treatment regimens, the prognosis for this patient population remains poor. In recent years, immunotherapy with anti-disialoganglioside 2 (anti-GD2) antibodies was found to improve survival rates for patients with high-risk neuroblastoma. Based on studies led by the SIOPEN (International Society of Paediatric Oncology European Neuroblastoma) group, the anti-GD2 antibody dinutuximab beta was approved for use in high-risk neuroblastoma by the European Medicines Agency and has been implemented into the standard of care in many countries across Europe. However, immunotherapy with dinutuximab beta is associated with a number of adverse events that may be challenging for clinicians, such as pain, fever, hypersensitivity reactions and capillary leak syndrome. While these adverse events are considered manageable, there are currently no formal guidelines to support clinicians with their management. The aim of this article is to discuss the management of the most common adverse events encountered in clinical practice and to provide practical guidance to assist clinicians in minimising toxicity associated with dinutuximab beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Barone
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Ailish Barry
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Francisco Bautista
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Hospital Universitario Niño Jesus, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bénédicte Brichard
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Fiona Herd
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Dirk Reinhardt
- Pediatrics III, Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Pedro M Rubio
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aleksandra Wieczorek
- Pediatric Oncology-Hematology Department, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Max M van Noesel
- Department of Solid Tumors, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Division Cancer and Imaging, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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31
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Kim D, Lee SS, Moon H, Park SY, Lee HJ. PD-L1 Targeting Immune-Microbubble Complex Enhances Therapeutic Index in Murine Colon Cancer Models. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 14:ph14010006. [PMID: 33374574 PMCID: PMC7822446 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the way different neoplasms are treated. Among the different variations of cancer immunotherapy, the checkpoint inhibitors targeting the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis have been validated and are currently used in the clinics. Nevertheless, these therapeutic antibodies are associated with significant side effects and are known to induce immune-related toxicities. To address these issues, we have developed an immune-microbubble complex (IMC) which not only reduces the toxicities associated with the antibodies but also enhances the therapeutic efficacy when combined with focused ultrasound. The concept of IMCs could be applied to any type of antibody-based treatment regimens to maximize their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daehyun Kim
- Department of Nano Science and Technology, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea
- IMGT Co., Ltd., Seongnam 13605, Korea; (S.S.L.); (H.M.); (S.Y.P.)
| | - Seung Soo Lee
- IMGT Co., Ltd., Seongnam 13605, Korea; (S.S.L.); (H.M.); (S.Y.P.)
| | - Hyungwon Moon
- IMGT Co., Ltd., Seongnam 13605, Korea; (S.S.L.); (H.M.); (S.Y.P.)
| | - So Yeon Park
- IMGT Co., Ltd., Seongnam 13605, Korea; (S.S.L.); (H.M.); (S.Y.P.)
| | - Hak Jong Lee
- Department of Nano Science and Technology, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea
- IMGT Co., Ltd., Seongnam 13605, Korea; (S.S.L.); (H.M.); (S.Y.P.)
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-994-7077
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32
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Kukkar D, Kukkar P, Kumar V, Hong J, Kim KH, Deep A. Recent advances in nanoscale materials for antibody-based cancer theranostics. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 173:112787. [PMID: 33190049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The quest for advanced management tools or options of various cancers has been on the rise to efficiently reduce their risks of mortality without the demerits of conventional treatments (e.g., undesirable side effects of the medications on non-target tissues, non-targeted distribution, slow clearance of the administered drugs, and the development of drug resistance over the duration of therapy). In this context, nanomaterials-antibody conjugates can offer numerous advantages in the development of cancer theranostics over conventional delivery systems (e.g., highly specific and enhanced biodistribution of the drug in targeted tissues, prolonged systemic circulation, low toxicity, and minimally invasive molecular imaging). This review comprehensively discusses and evaluates recent advances in the application of nanomaterial-antibody bioconjugates for cancer theranostics for the further advancement in the control of diverse cancerous diseases. Further, discussion is expanded to cover the various challenges and limitations associated with the design and development of nanomaterial-antibody conjugates applicable towards better management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kukkar
- Department of Nanotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, 140406, India
| | - Preeti Kukkar
- Department of Chemistry, Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, 140406, India
| | - Vanish Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Jongki Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea.
| | - Akash Deep
- Central Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30 C, Chandigarh, 160030, India.
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33
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Graham JC, Hillegass J, Schulze G. Considerations for setting occupational exposure limits for novel pharmaceutical modalities. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 118:104813. [PMID: 33144077 PMCID: PMC7605856 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to develop new and effective medicines, pharmaceutical companies must be modality agnostic. As science reveals an enhanced understanding of biological processes, new therapeutic modalities are becoming important in developing breakthrough therapies to treat both rare and common diseases. As these new modalities progress, concern and uncertainty arise regarding their safe handling by the researchers developing them, employees manufacturing them and nurses administering them. This manuscript reviews the available literature for emerging modalities (including oligonucleotides, monoclonal antibodies, fusion proteins and bispecific antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, peptides, vaccines, genetically modified organisms, and several others) and provides considerations for occupational health and safety-oriented hazard identification and risk assessments to enable timely, consistent and well-informed hazard identification, hazard communication and risk-management decisions. This manuscript also points out instances where historical exposure control banding systems may not be applicable (e.g. oncolytic viruses, biologics) and where other occupational exposure limit systems are more applicable (e.g. Biosafety Levels, Biologic Control Categories). Review of toxicology and pharmacology information for novel therapeutic modalities. Identification of occupational hazards associated with novel therapeutic modalities. Occupational hazards and exposure risks differ across pharmaceutical modalities. Occupational exposure control banding systems are not one size fits all. Banding system variations offer benefits while enabling proper exposure controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Graham
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA.
| | - Jedd Hillegass
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Gene Schulze
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
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34
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Biteghe FAN, Mungra N, Chalomie NET, Ndong JDLC, Engohang-Ndong J, Vignaux G, Padayachee E, Naran K, Barth S. Advances in epidermal growth factor receptor specific immunotherapy: lessons to be learned from armed antibodies. Oncotarget 2020; 11:3531-3557. [PMID: 33014289 PMCID: PMC7517958 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been recognized as an important therapeutic target in oncology. It is commonly overexpressed in a variety of solid tumors and is critically involved in cell survival, proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis. This multi-dimensional role of EGFR in the progression and aggressiveness of cancer, has evolved from conventional to more targeted therapeutic approaches. With the advent of hybridoma technology and phage display techniques, the first anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) (Cetuximab and Panitumumab) were developed. Due to major limitations including host immune reactions and poor tumor penetration, these antibodies were modified and used as guiding mechanisms for the specific delivery of readily available chemotherapeutic agents or plants/bacterial toxins, giving rise to antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and immunotoxins (ITs), respectively. Continued refinement of ITs led to deimmunization strategies based on depletion of B and T-cell epitopes or substitution of non-human toxins leading to a growing repertoire of human enzymes capable of inducing cell death. Similarly, the modification of classical ADCs has resulted in the first, fully recombinant versions. In this review, we discuss significant advancements in EGFR-targeting immunoconjugates, including ITs and recombinant photoactivable ADCs, which serve as a blueprint for further developments in the evolving domain of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleury Augustin Nsole Biteghe
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Neelakshi Mungra
- Medical Biotechnology & Immunotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | - Jean De La Croix Ndong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean Engohang-Ndong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University at Tuscarawas, New Philadelphia, OH, USA
| | | | - Eden Padayachee
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Krupa Naran
- Medical Biotechnology & Immunotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Stefan Barth
- Medical Biotechnology & Immunotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- These authors contributed equally to this work
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Antibody-Based Immunotherapy: Alternative Approaches for the Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8090327. [PMID: 32899183 PMCID: PMC7555584 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the least common form of skin cancer and is associated with the highest mortality. Where melanoma is mostly unresponsive to conventional therapies (e.g., chemotherapy), BRAF inhibitor treatment has shown improved therapeutic outcomes. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) relies on a light-activated compound to produce death-inducing amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Their capacity to selectively accumulate in tumor cells has been confirmed in melanoma treatment with some encouraging results. However, this treatment approach has not reached clinical fruition for melanoma due to major limitations associated with the development of resistance and subsequent side effects. These adverse effects might be bypassed by immunotherapy in the form of antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) relying on the ability of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to target specific tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and to be used as carriers to specifically deliver cytotoxic warheads into corresponding tumor cells. Of late, the continued refinement of ADC therapeutic efficacy has given rise to photoimmunotherapy (PIT) (a light-sensitive compound conjugated to mAbs), which by virtue of requiring light activation only exerts its toxic effect on light-irradiated cells. As such, this review aims to highlight the potential clinical benefits of various armed antibody-based immunotherapies, including PDT, as alternative approaches for the treatment of metastatic melanoma.
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36
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Flandre TD, Piaia A, Cary MG. Biologic Immunomodulatory Drugs and Infection in the Respiratory Tract of Nonhuman Primates. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 49:397-407. [PMID: 32873219 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320946705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Though rare due to measures and practices to control the risk, infections can occur in research and toxicology studies, especially in nonhuman primates (NHPs) exposed to xenobiotics, particularly immunomodulatory drugs. With such xenobiotics, immunocompromised or immunosuppressed animals will not be able to mount a protective response to infection by an opportunistic pathogen (bacteria, virus, parasite, or fungus) that might otherwise be nonpathogenic and remain clinically asymptomatic in immunocompetent animals. The respiratory tract is one of the most commonly affected systems in clinic, but also in toxicology studies. Pulmonary inflammation will be the main finding associated with opportunistic infections and may cause overt clinical disease with even early sacrifice or death, and may compromise or complicate the pathology evaluation. It is important to properly differentiate the various features of infection, to be aware of the range of possible opportunistic pathogens and how they may impact the interpretation of pathology findings. This review will present the most common bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal infections observed in the respiratory tract in NHPs during research and/or toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry D Flandre
- 98560Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Piaia
- 98560Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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37
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Witika BA, Makoni PA, Matafwali SK, Chabalenge B, Mwila C, Kalungia AC, Nkanga CI, Bapolisi AM, Walker RB. Biocompatibility of Biomaterials for Nanoencapsulation: Current Approaches. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1649. [PMID: 32842562 PMCID: PMC7557593 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanoencapsulation is an approach to circumvent shortcomings such as reduced bioavailability, undesirable side effects, frequent dosing and unpleasant organoleptic properties of conventional drug delivery systems. The process of nanoencapsulation involves the use of biomaterials such as surfactants and/or polymers, often in combination with charge inducers and/or ligands for targeting. The biomaterials selected for nanoencapsulation processes must be as biocompatible as possible. The type(s) of biomaterials used for different nanoencapsulation approaches are highlighted and their use and applicability with regard to haemo- and, histocompatibility, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bwalya A. Witika
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (B.A.W.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Pedzisai A. Makoni
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (B.A.W.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Scott K. Matafwali
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola 10101, Zambia;
| | - Billy Chabalenge
- Department of Market Authorization, Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority, Lusaka 10101, Zambia;
| | - Chiluba Mwila
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (C.M.); (A.C.K.)
| | - Aubrey C. Kalungia
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (C.M.); (A.C.K.)
| | - Christian I. Nkanga
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, P.O. Box 212, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Alain M. Bapolisi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa;
| | - Roderick B. Walker
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (B.A.W.); (P.A.M.)
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38
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Mesothelin-Targeted Recombinant Immunotoxins for Solid Tumors. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10070973. [PMID: 32605175 PMCID: PMC7408136 DOI: 10.3390/biom10070973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesothelin (MSLN) is a cell surface glycoprotein normally expressed only on serosal surfaces, and not found in the parenchyma of vital organs. Many solid tumors also express MSLN, including mesothelioma and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Due to this favorable expression profile, MSLN represents a viable target for directed anti-neoplastic therapies, such as recombinant immunotoxins (iToxs). Pre-clinical testing of MSLN-targeted iTox’s has yielded a strong body of evidence for activity against a number of solid tumors. This has led to multiple clinical trials, testing the safety and efficacy of the clinical leads SS1P and LMB-100. While promising clinical results have been observed, neutralizing anti-drug antibody (ADA) formation presents a major challenge to overcome in the therapeutic development process. Additionally, on-target, off-tumor toxicity from serositis and non-specific capillary leak syndrome (CLS) also limits the dose, and therefore, impact anti-tumor activity. This review summarizes existing pre-clinical and clinical data on MSLN-targeted iTox’s. In addition, we address the potential future directions of research to enhance the activity of these anti-tumor agents.
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Del Rosario JMM, Smith M, Zaki K, Risley P, Temperton N, Engelhardt OG, Collins M, Takeuchi Y, Hufton SE. Protection From Influenza by Intramuscular Gene Vector Delivery of a Broadly Neutralizing Nanobody Does Not Depend on Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:627. [PMID: 32547534 PMCID: PMC7273724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-subtype neutralizing single domain antibodies against influenza present new opportunities for immunoprophylaxis and pandemic preparedness. Their simple modular structure and single open reading frame format are highly amenable to gene therapy-mediated delivery. We have previously described R1a-B6, an alpaca-derived single domain antibody (nanobody), that is capable of potent cross-subtype neutralization in vitro of H1N1, H5N1, H2N2, and H9N2 influenza viruses, through binding to a highly conserved epitope in the influenza hemagglutinin stem region. To evaluate the potential of R1a-B6 for immunoprophylaxis, we have reformatted it as an Fc fusion for adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector delivery. Our findings demonstrate that a single intramuscular injection in mice of AAV encoding R1a-B6 fused to Fc fragments of different isotypes equipped either, with or without antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity, was able to drive sustained high-level expression (0.5-1.1 mg/mL) in sera with no evidence of reduction for up to 6 months. R1a-B6-Fc fusions of both isotypes gave complete protection against lethal challenge with both pandemic A/California/07/2009 (H1N1)pdm09 and avian influenza A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1). This data suggests that R1a-B6 is capable of cross-subtype protection and ADCC was not essential for R1a-B6 efficacy. Our findings demonstrate AAV delivery of cross-subtype neutralizing nanobodies may be an effective strategy to prevent influenza infection and provide long-term protection independent of a host induced immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Marie M Del Rosario
- Division of Biotherapeutics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom.,Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Matthew Smith
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Kam Zaki
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Risley
- Division of Biotherapeutics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Othmar G Engelhardt
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Collins
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takeuchi
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon E Hufton
- Division of Biotherapeutics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
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40
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The CD153 vaccine is a senotherapeutic option for preventing the accumulation of senescent T cells in mice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2482. [PMID: 32424156 PMCID: PMC7235045 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16347-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Senotherapy targeting for senescent cells is designed to attenuate age-related dysfunction. Senescent T cells, defined as CD4+ CD44high CD62Llow PD-1+ CD153+ cells, accumulate in visceral adipose tissues (VAT) in obese individuals. Here, we show the long-lasting effect of using CD153 vaccination to remove senescent T cells from high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese C57BL/6J mice. We administered a CD153 peptide-KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) conjugate vaccine with Alhydrogel (CD153-Alum) or CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) 1585 (CD153-CpG) and confirmed an increase in anti-CD153 antibody levels that was sustained for several months. After being fed a HFD for 10–11 weeks, adipose senescent T cell accumulation was significantly reduced in the VAT of CD153-CpG-vaccinated mice, accompanied by glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. A complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) assay indicated that the mouse IgG2 antibody produced in the CD153-CpG-vaccinated mice successfully reduced the number of senescent T cells. The CD153-CpG vaccine is an optional tool for senolytic therapy. Senotherapy, the removal of aged T cells, is an effective approach to attenuate age-related diseases. Here the authors report a CD153 targeting vaccine that prevents the accumulation of senescent adipose tissue T cells in mice on high-fat diet, which is associated with improved glucose tolerance.
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41
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Feng M, Jiang W, Kim BYS, Zhang CC, Fu YX, Weissman IL. Phagocytosis checkpoints as new targets for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2019; 19:568-586. [PMID: 31462760 PMCID: PMC7002027 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-019-0183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies targeting adaptive immune checkpoints have substantially improved patient outcomes across multiple metastatic and treatment-refractory cancer types. However, emerging studies have demonstrated that innate immune checkpoints, which interfere with the detection and clearance of malignant cells through phagocytosis and suppress innate immune sensing, also have a key role in tumour-mediated immune escape and might, therefore, be potential targets for cancer immunotherapy. Indeed, preclinical studies and early clinical data have established the promise of targeting phagocytosis checkpoints, such as the CD47-signal-regulatory protein α (SIRPα) axis, either alone or in combination with other cancer therapies. In this Review, we highlight the current understanding of how cancer cells evade the immune system by disrupting phagocytic clearance and the effect of phagocytosis checkpoint blockade on induction of antitumour immune responses. Given the role of innate immune cells in priming adaptive immune responses, an improved understanding of the tumour-intrinsic processes that inhibit essential immune surveillance processes, such as phagocytosis and innate immune sensing, could pave the way for the development of highly effective combination immunotherapy strategies that modulate both innate and adaptive antitumour immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingye Feng
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Duarte, CA, USA.
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Betty Y S Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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42
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Cáceres MC, Guerrero-Martín J, Pérez-Civantos D, Palomo-López P, Delgado-Mingorance JI, Durán-Gómez N. The importance of early identification of infusion-related reactions to monoclonal antibodies. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2019; 15:965-977. [PMID: 31447561 PMCID: PMC6682763 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s204909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies constitute important and useful tools in clinical practice and biotechnology for diagnosing and treating infectious, inflammatory, immunological and neoplastic diseases. This article reviews evidence on the different acute adverse effects of monoclonal antibodies, specifically infusion-related reactions (IRRs), and on the measures that should be taken before and during crises. A literature search using key terms relating to IRRs produced by monoclonal antibodies was undertaken to generate a comprehensive narrative review of the information available. Immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies may produce IRRs and hypersensitivity-related reactions. Strategies to avoid or minimize the appearance of IRRs depend on the monoclonal antibody and type of patient and reaction (pre-medication, slowing infusion rates, infusion interruption or desensitization, etc.). Considering the great number of available monoclonal antibodies in current practice and those which will soon be authorized, it is mandatory to have clear guidelines that can give support to practitioners and nurses to help them respond quickly and safely to the different IRRs related to the use of these therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Demetrio Pérez-Civantos
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
- Intensive Care Medicine Department, University Hospital of Badajoz, Servicio Extremeño de Salud, Badajoz, Spain
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43
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Boysen L, Lauritzen B, Viuff BM, Lykkesfeldt J, Landsy LH. An ELISA for detection of complement-bound circulating immune complexes in mice. J Immunotoxicol 2019; 16:82-86. [DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2019.1599471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lykke Boysen
- Global Discovery and Development Sciences, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Brian Lauritzen
- Global Discovery and Development Sciences, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Yang J, He X, Lv Q, Jing J, Shi H. Management of Adverse Events in Cancer Patients Treated With PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade: Focus on Asian Populations. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:726. [PMID: 31312140 PMCID: PMC6614522 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) induces exhaustions of cytotoxic lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment, which facilitates tumor immune evasion. PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy, which prevents the receptors and ligands from binding to each other, disrupts the T-cell exhaustion signaling, thereby increasing antitumor immunity. Inspiringly, it has revolutionized the treatment of many different types of cancers including non-small-cell lung carcinoma, melanoma, lymphoma, and so on. However, with the intention of generating an antitumor immune response, PD-1/PD-L1 blockade may also lead to a spectrum of side effects. The profile of adverse events (AEs) of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade is not exactly the same with other immune checkpoint blockades, such as blockade of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4. Although cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and pulmonary systems are common victims, AEs of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade might occur in any other organ system of the human body. These toxicities can be life-threatening if not managed promptly, and proper treatment intervention is imperative for optimal control and prevention of severe damage. Currently, clinical practice for the management of AEs in PD-1/PD-L1 blockade remains sporadic and variable. The majority of initial clinical trials were carried out in Caucasians. The trials of multiple races usually included a small portion of Asian participants, and results were calculated and interpreted for the entire included subjects without any race-specific conclusions. Therefore, the information on PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in Asians is far from systematic or comprehensive. Recently, as the results of clinical trials of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents in Asian populations have been gradually released, we summarized current evidence with a specific focus on the Asian population, hoping to outline strategies and offer guidance on the management of AEs in cancer patients treated with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in the Asian world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqiao Yang
- Laboratory of Tumor Targeted and Immune Therapy, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiujing He
- Laboratory of Tumor Targeted and Immune Therapy, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Jing
- Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hubing Shi
- Laboratory of Tumor Targeted and Immune Therapy, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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45
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van Bussel MTJ, Beijnen JH, Brandsma D. Intracranial antitumor responses of nivolumab and ipilimumab: a pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic perspective, a scoping systematic review. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:519. [PMID: 31146733 PMCID: PMC6543612 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5741-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, two phase II trials showed intracranial activity of the immune checkpoint inhibitors nivolumab and ipilimumab in patients with melanoma brain metastases. However, it is generally assumed that large molecules like monoclonal antibodies nivolumab and ipilimumab cannot penetrate and pass an intact blood brain barrier (BBB). In this systematic review we provide a pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic consideration of the clinical activity of the immune checkpoint inhibitors nivolumab and ipilimumab in melanoma brain metastases. METHODS Pubmed was systematically searched for prospective phase II and III studies on nivolumab and ipilimumab in melanoma brain metastases and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of nivolumab and ipilimumab. Results were discussed and a perspective on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics for the intracranial activity of these agents was given. RESULTS Two phase II studies with the combination nivolumab and ipilimumab and one phase II study with ipilimumab monotherapy in melanoma brain metastases were included in this review. One article reported drug levels of nivolumab in CSF. Intracranial responses were achieved in 16 of 35 patients (46%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 29-63) in a phase II study cohort treated with nivolumab and ipilimumab. In a second phase II study in 94 patients, the rate of intracranial clinical benefit was 57% (95% CI 47-68). The CSF/serum ratio of nivolumab was 0.88-1.9% in a cohort of metastatic melanoma patients treated with nivolumab 1-3 mg/kg. Nivolumab concentrations ranged from 35 to 150 ng/ml in CSF of these patients, which is in the range of the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 0.64 nM. CONCLUSIONS Ipilimumab and nivolumab are active in melanoma brain metastases. Nivolumab penetrates into the CSF. Based on the described findings the general consensus that monoclonal antibodies do not penetrate into the central nervous system (CNS) and cannot have a direct intracranial effect needs to be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T J van Bussel
- Division of Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Medical Oncology & Clinical Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dieta Brandsma
- Department of Neuro-oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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46
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Xiong J, Zhang C, Wu S, Gu X, Cai Y, Xu C, Chen Z, Sun J, Wu X, You X, Huang Z, Xie J. Recombinant cucurmosin-based immunotoxin targeting HER-2 with potent in vitro anti-cancer cytotoxicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 513:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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47
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Dingman R, Balu-Iyer SV. Immunogenicity of Protein Pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:1637-1654. [PMID: 30599169 PMCID: PMC6720129 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics have drastically changed the landscape of treatment for many diseases by providing a regimen that is highly specific and lacks many off-target toxicities. The clinical utility of many therapeutic proteins has been undermined by the potential development of unwanted immune responses against the protein, limiting their efficacy and negatively impacting its safety profile. This review attempts to provide an overview of immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins, including immune mechanisms and factors influencing immunogenicity, impact of immunogenicity, preclinical screening methods, and strategies to mitigate immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dingman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214
| | - Sathy V Balu-Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214.
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48
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Liu M, Song W, Huang L. Drug delivery systems targeting tumor-associated fibroblasts for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2019; 448:31-39. [PMID: 30731107 PMCID: PMC10859225 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Solid tumors especially desmoplastic tumors are complex organ-like structures. Tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs), one type of the stromal cells, support the initiation, progression, and metastasis of carcinomas. TAFs also contribute to immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and hinder T lymphocytes in killing tumors. Here, the role of TAFs in TME is discussed. In specific, TAFs form barriers for the penetration of T lymphocytes. TAFs also act as negative regulators for T lymphocytes. These findings suggest that targeting TAFs is a promising strategy for improving cancer immunotherapy. Our previous studies have indicated the ability of therapeutic nanoparticles to distribute into, and deplete or inactivate TAFs. This approach is discussed in the context of developing specific and effective immunotherapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengrui Liu
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27559, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, Collage of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Wantong Song
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Leaf Huang
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27559, USA.
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Morgan H, Tseng SY, Gallais Y, Leineweber M, Buchmann P, Riccardi S, Nabhan M, Lo J, Gani Z, Szely N, Zhu CS, Yang M, Kiessling A, Vohr HW, Pallardy M, Aswad F, Turbica I. Evaluation of in vitro Assays to Assess the Modulation of Dendritic Cells Functions by Therapeutic Antibodies and Aggregates. Front Immunol 2019; 10:601. [PMID: 31001248 PMCID: PMC6455063 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies have the potential to induce immunogenicity leading to the development of anti-drug antibodies (ADA) that consequently may result in reduced serum drug concentrations, a loss of efficacy or potential hypersensitivity reactions. Among other factors, aggregated antibodies have been suggested to promote immunogenicity, thus enhancing ADA production. Dendritic cells (DC) are the most efficient antigen-presenting cell population and are crucial for the initiation of T cell responses and the subsequent generation of an adaptive immune response. This work focuses on the development of predictive in vitro assays that can monitor DC maturation, in order to determine whether drug products have direct DC stimulatory capabilities. To this end, four independent laboratories aligned a common protocol to differentiate human monocyte-derived DC (moDC) that were treated with either native or aggregated preparations of infliximab, natalizumab, adalimumab, or rituximab. These drug products were subjected to different forms of physical stress, heat and shear, resulting in aggregation and the formation of subvisible particles. Each partner developed and optimized assays to monitor diverse end-points of moDC maturation: measuring the upregulation of DC activation markers via flow cytometry, analyzing cytokine, and chemokine production via mRNA and protein quantification and identifying cell signaling pathways via quantification of protein phosphorylation. These study results indicated that infliximab, with the highest propensity to form aggregates when heat-stressed, induced a marked activation of moDC as measured by an increase in CD83 and CD86 surface expression, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, TNFα, CCL3, and CCL4 transcript upregulation and release of respective proteins, and phosphorylation of the intracellular signaling proteins Syk, ERK1/2, and Akt. In contrast, natalizumab, which does not aggregate under these stress conditions, induced no DC activation in any assay system, whereas adalimumab or rituximab aggregates induced only slight parameter variation. Importantly, the data generated in the different assay systems by each partner site correlated and supported the use of these assays to monitor drug-intrinsic propensities to drive maturation of DC. This moDC assay is also a valuable tool as an in vitro model to assess the intracellular mechanisms that drive DC activation by aggregated therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Morgan
- Translational Immunology, Discovery & Investigative Safety, Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Su-Yi Tseng
- Biologics Research, Lead Discovery, Immunoprofiling, Bayer US LLC, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Yann Gallais
- Inflammation, Chimiokines et Immunopathologie, INSERM, Fac. de pharmacie - Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Margret Leineweber
- Immunotoxicology, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Pascale Buchmann
- Immunotoxicology, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Sabrina Riccardi
- Translational Immunology, Discovery & Investigative Safety, Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Myriam Nabhan
- Inflammation, Chimiokines et Immunopathologie, INSERM, Fac. de pharmacie - Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Jeannette Lo
- Biologics Research, Lead Discovery, Immunoprofiling, Bayer US LLC, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Zaahira Gani
- Translational Immunology, Discovery & Investigative Safety, Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Natacha Szely
- Inflammation, Chimiokines et Immunopathologie, INSERM, Fac. de pharmacie - Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Cornelia S Zhu
- Immunotoxicology, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ming Yang
- Biologics Research, Lead Discovery, Immunoprofiling, Bayer US LLC, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Andrea Kiessling
- Translational Immunology, Discovery & Investigative Safety, Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Werner Vohr
- Immunotoxicology, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Marc Pallardy
- Inflammation, Chimiokines et Immunopathologie, INSERM, Fac. de pharmacie - Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Fred Aswad
- Biologics Research, Lead Discovery, Immunoprofiling, Bayer US LLC, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Isabelle Turbica
- Inflammation, Chimiokines et Immunopathologie, INSERM, Fac. de pharmacie - Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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50
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Hellstrom KE, Hellstrom I. From the Hellstrom paradox toward cancer cure. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 164:1-24. [PMID: 31383402 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several decades ago we published some of the first papers showing that both murine and human cancers are recognized in vitro as immunologically foreign and that this is the case also in the presence of a growing tumor. The latter situation, sometimes referred to as the Hellstrom paradox, implies that the tumor is protected in vivo by a highly immunosuppressive environment. After many disappointments, the discovery that tumor-related immunosuppression can be counteracted by administrating monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to checkpoint inhibitors such as CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 is now revolutionizing cancer therapy. Over the past several years we have applied mouse models in attempts to further improve the ability of such mAbs to cause long-term complete tumor rejection. This review is focused on that work and emphasizes that successful immunotherapy is associated with a shift from a tumor-promoting Th2 inflammation to a tumor-inhibiting Th1 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Erik Hellstrom
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Ingegerd Hellstrom
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States
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