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Zhou L, Yang S, Chen C, Li M, Du Q, Wang J, Yin Y, Xiao H. CaCP15 Gene Negatively Regulates Salt and Osmotic Stress Responses in Capsicum annuum L. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1409. [PMID: 37510313 PMCID: PMC10379065 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt and osmotic stress seriously restrict the growth, development, and productivity of horticultural crops in the greenhouse. The papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) participate in multi-stress responses in plants. We previously demonstrated that salt and osmotic stress affect cysteine protease 15 of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) (CaCP15); however, the role of CaCP15 in salt and osmotic stress responses is unknown. Here, the function of CaCP15 in regulating pepper salt and osmotic stress resistance was explored. Pepper plants were subjected to abiotic (sodium chloride, mannitol, salicylic acid, ethrel, methyl jasmonate, etc.) and biotic stress (Phytophthora capsici inoculation). The CaCP15 was silenced through the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and transiently overexpressed in pepper plants. The full-length CaCP15 fragment is 1568 bp, with an open reading frame of 1032 bp, encoding a 343 amino acid protein. CaCP15 is a senescence-associated gene 12 (SAG12) subfamily member containing two highly conserved domains, Inhibitor 129 and Peptidase_C1. CaCP15 expression was the highest in the stems of pepper plants. The expression was induced by salicylic acid, ethrel, methyl jasmonate, and was infected by Phytophthora capsici inoculation. Furthermore, CaCP15 was upregulated under salt and osmotic stress, and CaCP15 silencing in pepper enhanced salt and mannitol stress resistance. Conversely, transient overexpression of CaCP15 increased the sensitivity to salt and osmotic stress by reducing the antioxidant enzyme activities and negatively regulating the stress-related genes. This study indicates that CaCP15 negatively regulates salt and osmotic stress resistance in pepper via the ROS-scavenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Sizhen Yang
- Department of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Chunlin Chen
- Department of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Qingjie Du
- Department of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jiqing Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yanxu Yin
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Huaijuan Xiao
- Department of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Li C, Yu W, Wu Y, Li Y. Roles of Hydrogen Gas in Plants under Abiotic Stress: Current Knowledge and Perspectives. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101999. [PMID: 36290722 PMCID: PMC9598357 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen gas (H2) is a unique molecular messenger, which is known to be involved in diverse physiological processes in plants, from seed germination to seedling growth to regulation of environmental stresses. In this review, we focus on the role of H2 in plant responses to abiotic stresses, such as temperature, osmotic stress, light, paraquat (PQ)-induced oxidative stresses, and metal stresses. In general, H2 can alleviate environmental stresses by improving the antioxidant defense system, photosynthetic capacity, re-establishing ion homeostasis and glutathione homeostasis, maintaining nutrient element homeostasis, mediating glucose metabolism and flavonoid pathways, regulating heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling, and interaction between H2 and nitric oxide (NO), carbonic oxide (CO), or plant hormones. In addition, some genes modulated by H2 under abiotic stresses are also discussed. Detailed evidence of molecular mechanisms for H2-mediated particular pathways under abiotic stress, however, is scarce. Further studies regarding the regulatory roles of H2 in modulating abiotic stresses research should focus on the molecular details of the particular pathways that are activated in plants. More research work will improve knowledge concerning possible applications of hydrogen-rich water (HRW) to respond to abiotic stresses with the aim of enhancing crop quality and economic value.
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Zhang T, Sun K, Chang X, Ouyang Z, Meng G, Han Y, Shen S, Yao Q, Piao F, Wang Y. Comparative Physiological and Transcriptomic Analyses of Two Contrasting Pepper Genotypes under Salt Stress Reveal Complex Salt Tolerance Mechanisms in Seedlings. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9701. [PMID: 36077098 PMCID: PMC9455954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a glycophyte plant, pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is widely cultivated worldwide, but its growth is susceptible to salinity damage, especially at the seedling stage. Here, we conducted a study to determine the physiological and transcriptional differences between two genotype seedlings (P300 and 323F3) with contrasting tolerance under salt stress. The P300 seedlings were more salt-tolerant and had higher K+ contents, higher antioxidase activities, higher compatible solutes, and lower Na+ contents in both their roots and their leaves than the 323F3 seedlings. During RNA-seq analysis of the roots, more up-regulated genes and fewer down-regulated genes were identified between salt-treated P300 seedlings and the controls than between salt-treated 323F3 and the controls. Many ROS-scavenging genes and several SOS pathway genes were significantly induced by salt stress and exhibited higher expressions in the salt-treated roots of the P300 seedlings than those of 323F3 seedlings. Moreover, biosynthesis of the unsaturated fatty acids pathway and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum pathway were deeply involved in the responses of P300 to salt stress, and most of the differentially expressed genes involved in the two pathways, including the genes that encode mega-6 fatty acid desaturases and heat-shock proteins, were up-regulated. We also found differences in the hormone synthesis and signaling pathway genes in both the P300 and 323F3 varieties under salt stress. Overall, our results provide valuable insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms that affect the salt tolerance of pepper seedlings, and present some candidate genes for improving salt tolerance in pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Kaile Sun
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaoke Chang
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhaopeng Ouyang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Geng Meng
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yanan Han
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shunshan Shen
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Qiuju Yao
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Fengzhi Piao
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Thummala SR, Guttikonda H, Tiwari S, Ramanan R, Baisakh N, Neelamraju S, Mangrauthia SK. Whole-Genome Sequencing of KMR3 and Oryza rufipogon-Derived Introgression Line IL50-13 (Chinsurah Nona 2/Gosaba 6) Identifies Candidate Genes for High Yield and Salinity Tolerance in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:810373. [PMID: 35712577 PMCID: PMC9197125 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.810373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The genomes of an elite rice restorer line KMR3 (salinity-sensitive) and its salinity-tolerant introgression line IL50-13, a popular variety of coastal West Bengal, India, were sequenced. High-quality paired-end reads were obtained for KMR3 (147.6 million) and IL50-13 (131.4 million) with a sequencing coverage of 30X-39X. Scaffolds generated from the pre-assembled contigs of each sequenced genome were mapped separately onto the reference genome of Oryza sativa ssp. japonica cultivar Nipponbare to identify genomic variants in terms of SNPs and InDels. The SNPs and InDels identified for KMR3 and IL50-13 were then compared with each other to identify polymorphic SNPs and InDels unique and common to both the genomes. Functional enrichment analysis of the protein-coding genes with unique InDels identified GO terms involved in protein modification, ubiquitination, deubiquitination, peroxidase activity, and antioxidant activity in IL50-13. Linoleic acid metabolism, circadian rhythm, and alpha-linolenic acid metabolism pathways were enriched in IL50-13. These GO terms and pathways are involved in reducing oxidative damage, thus suggesting their role in stress responses. Sequence analysis of QTL markers or genes known to be associated with grain yield and salinity tolerance showed polymorphism in 20 genes, out of which nine were not previously reported. These candidate genes encoded Nucleotide-binding adaptor shared by APAF-1, R proteins, and CED-4 (NB-ARC) domain-containing protein, cyclase, receptor-like kinase, topoisomerase II-associated protein PAT1 domain-containing protein, ion channel regulatory protein, UNC-93 domain-containing protein, subunit A of the heteromeric ATP-citrate lyase, and three conserved hypothetical genes. Polymorphism was observed in the coding, intron, and untranslated regions of the genes on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, and 12. Genes showing polymorphism between the two genomes were considered as sequence-based new candidates derived from Oryza rufipogon for conferring high yield and salinity tolerance in IL50-13 for further functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shrish Tiwari
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Niranjan Baisakh
- School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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Ahmad A, Blasco B, Martos V. Combating Salinity Through Natural Plant Extracts Based Biostimulants: A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:862034. [PMID: 35668803 PMCID: PMC9164010 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.862034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced crop growth and yield are the recurring concerns in agricultural field, considering the soaring world population and climate change. Abiotic stresses are one of the major limiting factors for constraining crop production, for several economically important horticultural crops, and contribute to almost 70% of yield gap. Salt stress is one of these unsought abiotic stresses that has become a consistent problem in agriculture over the past few years. Salinity further induces ionic, osmotic, and oxidative stress that result in various metabolic perturbations (including the generation of reactive oxygen, carbonyl, and nitrogen species), reduction in water potential (ψw), distorted membrane potential, membrane injury, altered rates of photosynthesis, leaf senescence, and reduced nitrogen assimilation, among others); thereby provoking a drastic reduction in crop growth and yield. One of the strategies to mitigate salt stress is the use of natural plant extracts (PEs) instead of chemical fertilizers, thus limiting water, soil, and environmental pollution. PEs mainly consist of seeds, roots, shoots, fruits, flowers, and leaves concentrates employed either individually or in mixtures. Since PEs are usually rich in bioactive compounds (e.g., carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, etc.), therefore they are effective in regulating redox metabolism, thereby promoting plant growth and yield. However, various factors like plant growth stage, doses applied, application method, soil, and environmental conditions may greatly influence their impact on plants. PEs have been reported to enhance salt tolerance in plants primarily through modulation of signaling signatures and pathways (e.g., Na+, ANNA4, GIPC, SOS3, and SCaBP8 Ca2+ sensors, etc.), and regulation of redox machinery [e.g., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), non-specific peroxidase (POX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), peroxiredoxin (Prx), ascorbic acid (AsA), glutathione (GSH), α-tocopherol, etc.]. The current study highlights the role of PEs in terms of their sources, methods of preparation, and mode of action with subsequent physiological changes induced in plants against salinity. However, an explicit mode of action of PEs remains nebulous, which might be explicated utilizing transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and bioinformatics approaches. Being ecological and economical, PEs might pave the way for ensuring the food security in this challenging era of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ahmad
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Begoña Blasco
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Vanessa Martos
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Ma Q, Su C, Dong CH. Genome-Wide Transcriptomic and Proteomic Exploration of Molecular Regulations in Quinoa Responses to Ethylene and Salt Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112281. [PMID: 34834644 PMCID: PMC8625574 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Quinoa (Chenopodiumquinoa Willd.), originated from the Andean region of South America, shows more significant salt tolerance than other crops. To reveal how the plant hormone ethylene is involved in the quinoa responses to salt stress, 4-week-old quinoa seedlings of 'NL-6' treated with water, sodium chloride (NaCl), and NaCl with ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) were collected and analyzed by transcriptional sequencing and tandem mass tag-based (TMT) quantitative proteomics. A total of 9672 proteins and 60,602 genes was identified. Among them, the genes encoding glutathione S-transferase (GST), peroxidase (POD), phosphate transporter (PT), glucan endonuclease (GLU), beta-galactosidase (BGAL), cellulose synthase (CES), trichome birefringence-like protein (TBL), glycine-rich cell wall structural protein (GRP), glucosyltransferase (GT), GDSL esterase/lipase (GELP), cytochrome P450 (CYP), and jasmonate-induced protein (JIP) were significantly differentially expressed. Further analysis suggested that the genes may mediate through osmotic adjustment, cell wall organization, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, and plant hormone signaling to take a part in the regulation of quinoa responses to ethylene and salt stress. Our results provide a strong foundation for exploration of the molecular mechanisms of quinoa responses to ethylene and salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- Correspondence: (Q.M.); (C.-H.D.); Tel.: +86-53258957640 (Q.M.); +86-53258957640 (C.-H.D.)
| | | | - Chun-Hai Dong
- Correspondence: (Q.M.); (C.-H.D.); Tel.: +86-53258957640 (Q.M.); +86-53258957640 (C.-H.D.)
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Bomle DV, Kiran A, Kumar JK, Nagaraj LS, Pradeep CK, Ansari MA, Alghamdi S, Kabrah A, Assaggaf H, Dablool AS, Murali M, Amruthesh KN, Udayashankar AC, Niranjana SR. Plants Saline Environment in Perception with Rhizosphere Bacteria Containing 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Deaminase. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111461. [PMID: 34768893 PMCID: PMC8584133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil salinity stress has become a serious roadblock for food production worldwide since it is one of the key factors affecting agricultural productivity. Salinity and drought are predicted to cause considerable loss of crops. To deal with this difficult situation, a variety of strategies have been developed, including plant breeding, plant genetic engineering, and a wide range of agricultural practices, including the use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and seed biopriming techniques, to improve the plants' defenses against salinity stress, resulting in higher crop yields to meet future human food demand. In the present review, we updated and discussed the negative effects of salinity stress on plant morphological parameters and physio-biochemical attributes via various mechanisms and the beneficial roles of PGPR with 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate(ACC) deaminase activity as green bio-inoculants in reducing the impact of saline conditions. Furthermore, the applications of ACC deaminase-producing PGPR as a beneficial tool in seed biopriming techniques are updated and explored. This strategy shows promise in boosting quick seed germination, seedling vigor and plant growth uniformity. In addition, the contentious findings of the variation of antioxidants and osmolytes in ACC deaminase-producing PGPR treated plants are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanashree Vijayrao Bomle
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India; (D.V.B.); (A.K.); (J.K.K.); (L.S.N.); (C.K.P.)
| | - Asha Kiran
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India; (D.V.B.); (A.K.); (J.K.K.); (L.S.N.); (C.K.P.)
| | - Jeevitha Kodihalli Kumar
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India; (D.V.B.); (A.K.); (J.K.K.); (L.S.N.); (C.K.P.)
| | - Lavanya Senapathyhalli Nagaraj
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India; (D.V.B.); (A.K.); (J.K.K.); (L.S.N.); (C.K.P.)
| | - Chamanahalli Kyathegowda Pradeep
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India; (D.V.B.); (A.K.); (J.K.K.); (L.S.N.); (C.K.P.)
| | - Mohammad Azam Ansari
- Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institutes for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.A.A.); (A.C.U.); (S.R.N.)
| | - Saad Alghamdi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah P.O. Box 715, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (A.K.); (H.A.)
| | - Ahmed Kabrah
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah P.O. Box 715, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (A.K.); (H.A.)
| | - Hamza Assaggaf
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah P.O. Box 715, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (A.K.); (H.A.)
| | - Anas S. Dablool
- Department of Public Health, Health Science College Al-Leith, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21961, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mahadevamurthy Murali
- Applied Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India; (M.M.); (K.N.A.)
| | - Kestur Nagaraj Amruthesh
- Applied Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India; (M.M.); (K.N.A.)
| | - Arakere Chunchegowda Udayashankar
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India; (D.V.B.); (A.K.); (J.K.K.); (L.S.N.); (C.K.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.A.); (A.C.U.); (S.R.N.)
| | - Siddapura Ramachandrappa Niranjana
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India; (D.V.B.); (A.K.); (J.K.K.); (L.S.N.); (C.K.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.A.); (A.C.U.); (S.R.N.)
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Zhang H, Xu W, Chen H, Chen J, Liu X, Chen X, Yang S. Transcriptomic analysis of salt tolerance-associated genes and diversity analysis using indel markers in yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedialis). BMC Genom Data 2021; 22:34. [PMID: 34530724 PMCID: PMC8447766 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-021-00989-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High salinity is a devastating abiotic stresses for crops. To understand the molecular basis of salinity stress in yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis), and to develop robust markers for improving this trait in germplasm, whole transcriptome RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was conducted to compare the salt-tolerant variety Suzi 41 and salt-sensitive variety Sujiang 1419 under normal and salt stress conditions. RESULTS Compared with controls, 417 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified under exposure to high salinity, including 42 up- and 11 down-regulated DEGs in salt-tolerant Suzi 41 and 186 up- and 197 down-regulated genes in salt-sensitive Sujiang 1419, validated by qRT-PCR. DEGs were enriched in "Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis" (ko00010), "Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis" (ko00073), and "phenylpropanoid biosynthesis" (ko00940) in Sujiang 1419, although "cysteine/methionine metabolism" (ko00270) was the only pathway significantly enriched in salt-tolerant Suzi 41. Notably, AP2/ERF, LR48, WRKY, and bHLH family transcription factors (TFs) were up-regulated under high salt conditions. Genetic diversity analysis of 84 yardlong bean accessions using 26 InDel markers developed here could distinguish salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive varieties. CONCLUSIONS These findings show a limited set of DEGs, primarily TFs, respond to salinity stress in V. unguiculata, and that these InDels associated with salt-inducible loci are reliable for diversity analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Zhang
- Soybean Research Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University/National Center for Soybean Improvement/National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, No. 50, Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, No. 50, Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China.,College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huatao Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, No. 50, Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingbin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, No. 50, Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, No. 50, Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, No. 50, Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shouping Yang
- Soybean Research Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University/National Center for Soybean Improvement/National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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Chakraborty S, Driscoll HE, Abrahante JE, Zhang F, Fisher RF, Harris JM. Salt Stress Enhances Early Symbiotic Gene Expression in Medicago truncatula and Induces a Stress-Specific Set of Rhizobium-Responsive Genes. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:904-921. [PMID: 33819071 PMCID: PMC8578154 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-21-0019-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress is a major agricultural concern inhibiting not only plant growth but also the symbiotic association between legume roots and the soil bacteria rhizobia. This symbiotic association is initiated by a molecular dialogue between the two partners, leading to the activation of a signaling cascade in the legume host and, ultimately, the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. Here, we show that a moderate salt stress increases the responsiveness of early symbiotic genes in Medicago truncatula to its symbiotic partner, Sinorhizobium meliloti while, conversely, inoculation with S. meliloti counteracts salt-regulated gene expression, restoring one-third to control levels. Our analysis of early nodulin 11 (ENOD11) shows that salt-induced expression is dynamic, Nod-factor dependent, and requires the ionic but not the osmotic component of salt. We demonstrate that salt stimulation of rhizobium-induced gene expression requires NSP2, which functions as a node to integrate the abiotic and biotic signals. In addition, our work reveals that inoculation with S. meliloti succinoglycan mutants also hyperinduces ENOD11 expression in the presence or absence of salt, suggesting a possible link between rhizobial exopolysaccharide and the plant response to salt stress. Finally, we identify an accessory set of genes that are induced by rhizobium only under conditions of salt stress and have not been previously identified as being nodulation-related genes. Our data suggest that interplay of core nodulation genes with different accessory sets, specific for different abiotic conditions, functions to establish the symbiosis. Together, our findings reveal a complex and dynamic interaction between plant, microbe, and environment.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanhita Chakraborty
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Heather E. Driscoll
- Vermont Biomedical Research Network (VBRN), Department of Biology, Norwich University, Northfield, Vermont 05663, USA
| | - Juan E. Abrahante
- University of Minnesota Informatics Institute (UMII) (CCRB 1-210C), 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Vermont Biomedical Research Network (VBRN), Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
- Institute for Translational Research and Department of family medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107
| | - Robert F. Fisher
- Stanford University, Department of Biology, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, California 94305-5020, USA
| | - Jeanne M. Harris
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Corresponding author: Jeanne M. Harris ()
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Shao A, Wang W, Fan S, Xu X, Yin Y, Erick A, Li X, Wang G, Wang H, Fu J. Comprehensive transcriptional analysis reveals salt stress-regulated key pathways, hub genes and time-specific responsive gene categories in common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) roots. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:175. [PMID: 33838660 PMCID: PMC8035780 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02939-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite its good salt-tolerance level, key genes and pathways involved with temporal salt response of common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) have not been explored. Therefore, in this study, to understand the underlying regulatory mechanism following the different period of salt exposure, a comprehensive transcriptome analysis of the bermudagrass roots was conducted. RESULTS The transcripts regulated after 1 h, 6 h, or 24 h of hydroponic exposure to 200 mM NaCl in the roots of bermudagrass were investigated. Dataset series analysis revealed 16 distinct temporal salt-responsive expression profiles. Enrichment analysis identified potentially important salt responsive genes belonging to specific categories, such as hormonal metabolism, secondary metabolism, misc., cell wall, transcription factors and genes encoded a series of transporters. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that lavenderblush2 and brown4 modules were significantly positively correlated with the proline content and peroxidase activity and hub genes within these two modules were further determined. Besides, after 1 h of salt treatment, genes belonging to categories such as signalling receptor kinase, transcription factors, tetrapyrrole synthesis and lipid metabolism were immediately and exclusively up-enriched compared to the subsequent time points, which indicated fast-acting and immediate physiological responses. Genes involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis such as simple phenols, glucosinolates, isoflavones and tocopherol biosynthesis were exclusively up-regulated after 24 h of salt treatment, suggesting a slightly slower reaction of metabolic adjustment. CONCLUSION Here, we revealed salt-responsive genes belonging to categories that were commonly or differentially expressed in short-term salt stress, suggesting possible adaptive salt response mechanisms in roots. Also, the distinctive salt-response pathways and potential salt-tolerant hub genes investigated can provide useful future references to explore the molecular mechanisms of bermudagrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Shao
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shugao Fan
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Yin
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Amombo Erick
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoning Li
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyang Wang
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongli Wang
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinmin Fu
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Liu Y, Dai XB, Zhao LK, Huo KS, Jin PF, Zhao DL, Zhou ZL, Tang J, Xiao SZ, Cao QH. RNA-seq reveals the salt tolerance of Ipomoea pes-caprae, a wild relative of sweet potato. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 255:153276. [PMID: 33059125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Wild relatives of crops are often rich in genetic resources and provide great possibilities for crop improvement. Ipomoea pes-caprae is one of the wild relatives of sweet potato and has high salt tolerance. Transcriptomes in the treatment and control groups at various times were sequenced to identify salt tolerance genes and salt response pathways. A total of 40,525 genes were obtained, of which 2478 and 3334 were differentially expressed in the roots and leaves of I. pes-caprae under salt stress, respectively. Identification of candidate genes revealed that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway of plants and plant hormone signal transduction participates in the salt signal of I. pes-caprae under salt stress. Homology to ABI2 (HAB2) and Clade A protein phosphatases type 2C (HAI1), which encode two protein phosphatases 2C (PP2C) in the abscisic acid (ABA) signal pathway, were continuously up-regulated upon salt stress, indicating their key role in the salt signal transduction pathway of I. pes-caprae. The expression of EIN3-binding F-box protein 1 (EBF1) in the ethylene signaling pathway was also up-regulated, revealing that the salt tolerance of I. pes-caprae was related to the scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study provides insights into the mechanism of salt-tolerant plants and the mining of salt-tolerant genes in sweet potato for the innovation of germplasm resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Jiangsu Xuzhou Sweetpotato Research Center/Sweetpotato Research Institute, China Agricultural Academy of Sciences, Xuzhou, 221131, China.
| | - Xi-Bin Dai
- Jiangsu Xuzhou Sweetpotato Research Center/Sweetpotato Research Institute, China Agricultural Academy of Sciences, Xuzhou, 221131, China.
| | - Lu-Kuan Zhao
- Jiangsu Xuzhou Sweetpotato Research Center/Sweetpotato Research Institute, China Agricultural Academy of Sciences, Xuzhou, 221131, China.
| | - Kai-Sen Huo
- College of Horticulture, University of Hainan, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Peng-Fei Jin
- Novogene Bioinformatics Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100086, China.
| | - Dong-Lan Zhao
- Jiangsu Xuzhou Sweetpotato Research Center/Sweetpotato Research Institute, China Agricultural Academy of Sciences, Xuzhou, 221131, China.
| | - Zhi-Lin Zhou
- Jiangsu Xuzhou Sweetpotato Research Center/Sweetpotato Research Institute, China Agricultural Academy of Sciences, Xuzhou, 221131, China.
| | - Jun Tang
- Jiangsu Xuzhou Sweetpotato Research Center/Sweetpotato Research Institute, China Agricultural Academy of Sciences, Xuzhou, 221131, China.
| | - Shi-Zhuo Xiao
- Jiangsu Xuzhou Sweetpotato Research Center/Sweetpotato Research Institute, China Agricultural Academy of Sciences, Xuzhou, 221131, China.
| | - Qing-He Cao
- Jiangsu Xuzhou Sweetpotato Research Center/Sweetpotato Research Institute, China Agricultural Academy of Sciences, Xuzhou, 221131, China.
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12
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Understanding salt tolerance mechanism using transcriptome profiling and de novo assembly of wild tomato Solanum chilense. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15835. [PMID: 32985535 PMCID: PMC7523002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72474-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil salinity affects the plant growth and productivity detrimentally, but Solanum chilense, a wild relative of cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), is known to have exceptional salt tolerance. It has precise adaptations against direct exposure to salt stress conditions. Hence, a better understanding of the mechanism to salinity stress tolerance by S. chilense can be accomplished by comprehensive gene expression studies. In this study 1-month-old seedlings of S. chilense and S. lycopersicum were subjected to salinity stress through application of sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. Through RNA-sequencing here we have studied the differences in the gene expression patterns. A total of 386 million clean reads were obtained through RNAseq analysis using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. Clean reads were further assembled de novo into a transcriptome dataset comprising of 514,747 unigenes with N50 length of 578 bp and were further aligned to the public databases. Genebank non-redundant (Nr), Viridiplantae, Gene Ontology (GO), KOG, and KEGG databases classification suggested enrichment of these unigenes in 30 GO categories, 26 KOG, and 127 pathways, respectively. Out of 265,158 genes that were differentially expressed in response to salt treatment, 134,566 and 130,592 genes were significantly up and down-regulated, respectively. Upon placing all the differentially expressed genes (DEG) in known signaling pathways, it was evident that most of the DEGs involved in cytokinin, ethylene, auxin, abscisic acid, gibberellin, and Ca2+ mediated signaling pathways were up-regulated. Furthermore, GO enrichment analysis was performed using REVIGO and up-regulation of multiple genes involved in various biological processes in chilense under salinity were identified. Through pathway analysis of DEGs, “Wnt signaling pathway” was identified as a novel pathway for the response to the salinity stress. Moreover, key genes for salinity tolerance, such as genes encoding proline and arginine metabolism, ROS scavenging system, transporters, osmotic regulation, defense and stress response, homeostasis and transcription factors were not only salt-induced but also showed higher expression in S. chilense as compared to S. lycopersicum. Thus indicating that these genes may have an important role in salinity tolerance in S. chilense. Overall, the results of this study improve our understanding on possible molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance in plants in general and tomato in particular.
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13
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Transcriptomic Analysis of Short-Term Salt Stress Response in Watermelon Seedlings. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176036. [PMID: 32839408 PMCID: PMC7504276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) is a widely popular vegetable fruit crop for human consumption. Soil salinity is among the most critical problems for agricultural production, food security, and sustainability. The transcriptomic and the primary molecular mechanisms that underlie the salt-induced responses in watermelon plants remain uncertain. In this study, the photosynthetic efficiency of photosystem II, free amino acids, and transcriptome profiles of watermelon seedlings exposed to short-term salt stress (300 mM NaCl) were analyzed to identify the genes and pathways associated with response to salt stress. We observed that the maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II decreased in salt-stressed plants. Most free amino acids in the leaves of salt-stressed plants increased many folds, while the percent distribution of glutamate and glutamine relative to the amino acid pool decreased. Transcriptome analysis revealed 7622 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under salt stress, of which 4055 were up-regulated. The GO analysis showed that the molecular function term “transcription factor (TF) activity” was enriched. The assembled transcriptome demonstrated up-regulation of 240 and down-regulation of 194 differentially expressed TFs, of which the members of ERF, WRKY, NAC bHLH, and MYB-related families were over-represented. The functional significance of DEGs associated with endocytosis, amino acid metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, photosynthesis, and hormonal pathways in response to salt stress are discussed. The findings from this study provide novel insights into the salt tolerance mechanism in watermelon.
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14
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An AP2/ERF Gene, HuERF1, from Pitaya ( Hylocereus undatus) Positively Regulates Salt Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134586. [PMID: 32605158 PMCID: PMC7369839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) is a high salt-tolerant fruit, and ethylene response factors (ERFs) play important roles in transcription-regulating abiotic tolerance. To clarify the function of HuERF1 in the salt tolerance of pitaya, HuERF1 was heterogeneously expressed in Arabidopsis. HuERF1 had nuclear localization when HuERF1::GFP was expressed in Arabidopsis protoplasts and had transactivation activity when HuERF1 was expressed in yeast. The expression of HuERF1 in pitaya seedlings was significantly induced after exposure to ethylene and high salinity. Overexpression of HuERF1 in Arabidopsis conferred enhanced tolerance to salt stress, reduced the accumulation of superoxide (O2·¯) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and improved antioxidant enzyme activities. These results indicate that HuERF1 is involved in ethylene-mediated salt stress tolerance, which may contribute to the salt tolerance of pitaya.
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15
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Riyazuddin R, Verma R, Singh K, Nisha N, Keisham M, Bhati KK, Kim ST, Gupta R. Ethylene: A Master Regulator of Salinity Stress Tolerance in Plants. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E959. [PMID: 32630474 PMCID: PMC7355584 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity stress is one of the major threats to agricultural productivity across the globe. Research in the past three decades, therefore, has focused on analyzing the effects of salinity stress on the plants. Evidence gathered over the years supports the role of ethylene as a key regulator of salinity stress tolerance in plants. This gaseous plant hormone regulates many vital cellular processes starting from seed germination to photosynthesis for maintaining the plants' growth and yield under salinity stress. Ethylene modulates salinity stress responses largely via maintaining the homeostasis of Na+/K+, nutrients, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) by inducing antioxidant defense in addition to elevating the assimilation of nitrates and sulfates. Moreover, a cross-talk of ethylene signaling with other phytohormones has also been observed, which collectively regulate the salinity stress responses in plants. The present review provides a comprehensive update on the prospects of ethylene signaling and its cross-talk with other phytohormones to regulate salinity stress tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyazuddin Riyazuddin
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary;
- Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Radhika Verma
- Department of Biotechnology, Visva-Bharati Central University, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India;
| | - Kalpita Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201312, India;
| | - Nisha Nisha
- Department of Integrated Plant Protection, Plant Protection Institute, Faculty of Horticultural Sciences, Szent István University, Páter Károly utca 1, H-2100 Gödöllo, Hungary;
| | - Monika Keisham
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India;
| | - Kaushal Kumar Bhati
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science, Catholic University of Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium;
| | - Sun Tae Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| | - Ravi Gupta
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
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16
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Ikeya S, Aoyanagi T, Ishizuka I, Takeuchi A, Kozaki A. Nitrate Promotes Germination Under Inhibition by NaCl or High Concentration of Glucose. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060707. [PMID: 32498308 PMCID: PMC7355496 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Seed germination, one of the most important stages in a plant’s life cycle, can be affected by abiotic stresses, such as salinity. The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) and high concentrations of glucose are also known to inhibit germination. In contrast, nitrate is known to stimulate germination in many plants. However, this stimulatory effect has not yet been investigated in the presence of inhibitory effects caused by abiotic stresses, ABA, and glucose. In this study, we show that nitrate can alleviate the inhibitory effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) or high concentrations of glucose on seed germination in Arabidopsis, while it was not able to promote germination that was inhibited by exogenous ABA and mannitol (an inducer of osmotic stress). An analysis of the gene expression involved in the regulation of germination showed that GA20ox1, encoding the gibberellin (GA) synthesis enzyme, SPATULA (SPT), encoding a bHLH transcription factor, and CYP707A2, encoding an ABA catabolic enzyme, were significantly upregulated by the addition of KNO3 in the presence of NaCl or glucose. Our results suggest the possibility that these genes are involved in the nitrate-mediated control of seed germination in the presence of NaCl or glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Ikeya
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (S.I.); (T.A.)
| | - Takuya Aoyanagi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (S.I.); (T.A.)
| | | | | | - Akiko Kozaki
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (S.I.); (T.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-54-238-4957; Fax: +81-54-238-4957
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17
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Meena M, Divyanshu K, Kumar S, Swapnil P, Zehra A, Shukla V, Yadav M, Upadhyay RS. Regulation of L-proline biosynthesis, signal transduction, transport, accumulation and its vital role in plants during variable environmental conditions. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02952. [PMID: 31872123 PMCID: PMC6909094 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In response to various environmental stresses, many plant species synthesize L-proline in the cytosol and accumulates in the chloroplasts. L-Proline accumulation in plants is a well-recognized physiological reaction to osmotic stress prompted by salinity, drought and other abiotic stresses. L-Proline plays several protective functions such as osmoprotectant, stabilizing cellular structures, enzymes, and scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), and keeps up redox balance in adverse situations. In addition, ample-studied osmoprotective capacity, L-proline has been also ensnared in the regulation of plant improvement, including flowering, pollen, embryo, and leaf enlargement. Scope and conclusions Albeit, ample is now well-known about L-proline metabolism, but certain characteristics of its biological roles are still indistinct. In the present review, we discuss the L-proline accumulation, metabolism, signaling, transport and regulation in the plants. We also discuss the effects of exogenous L-proline during different environmental conditions. L-Proline biosynthesis and catabolism are controlled by several cellular mechanisms, of which we identify only very fewer mechanisms. So, in the future, there is a requirement to identify such types of cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Meena
- Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India.,Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Kumari Divyanshu
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Prashant Swapnil
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.,International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Andleeb Zehra
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Vaishali Shukla
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Mukesh Yadav
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - R S Upadhyay
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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18
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Liu C, Chen K, Zhao X, Wang X, Shen C, Zhu Y, Dai M, Qiu X, Yang R, Xing D, Pang Y, Xu J. Identification of genes for salt tolerance and yield-related traits in rice plants grown hydroponically and under saline field conditions by genome-wide association study. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 12:88. [PMID: 31792643 PMCID: PMC6889114 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-019-0349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soil salinity is one of the main environmental conditions that affects rice production. Identifying the genetic loci that affect rice salt tolerance (ST)-related traits at the seedling stage, especially under saline field conditions, is crucial for ST rice breeding by pyramiding ST genes that act at different developmental stages. RESULTS Large phenotypic variations were observed in 708 rice accessions, and yield and its related traits were considerably limited when exposed to salt stress. In a genome-wide association study (GWAS), 2255 marker-trait association signals were detected for all measured traits, and the significant SNPs were distributed in 903 genes. Of these, 43 genes processed same functional annotation, and the gene ontology terms "biological processes" and "molecular function" with the known genes responsive to salt stress in rice. Further haplotype analysis detected 15 promising candidates significantly associated with the target traits, including five known genes and 10 novel genes. We identified seven accessions carrying favorable haplotypes of four genes significantly associated with grain yield that performed well under saline stress conditions. CONCLUSIONS Using high density SNPs within genes to conduct GWAS is an effective way to identify candidate genes for salt tolerance in rice. Five known genes (OsMYB6, OsGAMYB, OsHKT1;4, OsCTR3, and OsSUT1) and two newly identified genes (LOC_Os02g49700, LOC_Os03g28300) significantly associated with grain yield and its related traits under saline stress conditions were identified. These promising candidates provide valuable resources for validating potential ST-related genes and will facilitate rice breeding for salt tolerance through marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
- Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture/ Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture/ Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiuqin Zhao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Congcong Shen
- Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture/ Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Yajun Zhu
- Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture/ Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Mingli Dai
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Xianjin Qiu
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Rongwei Yang
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Danying Xing
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Yunlong Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Jianlong Xu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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19
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Yu J, Niu L, Yu J, Liao W, Xie J, Lv J, Feng Z, Hu L, Dawuda MM. The Involvement of Ethylene in Calcium-Induced Adventitious Root Formation in Cucumber under Salt Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1047. [PMID: 30823363 PMCID: PMC6429442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium and ethylene are essential in plant growth and development. In this study, we investigated the effects of calcium and ethylene on adventitious root formation in cucumber explants under salt stress. The results revealed that 10 μM calcium chloride (CaCl₂) or 0.1 μM ethrel (ethylene donor) treatment have a maximum biological effect on promoting the adventitious rooting in cucumber under salt stress. Meanwhile, we investigated that removal of ethylene suppressed calcium ion (Ca2+)-induced the formation of adventitious root under salt stress indicated that ethylene participates in this process. Moreover, the application of Ca2+ promoted the activities of 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid synthase (ACS) and ACC Oxidase (ACO), as well as the production of 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid (ACC) and ethylene under salt stress. Furthermore, we discovered that Ca2+ greatly up-regulated the expression level of CsACS3, CsACO1 and CsACO2 under salt stress. Meanwhile, Ca2+ significantly down-regulated CsETR1, CsETR2, CsERS, and CsCTR1, but positively up-regulated the expression of CsEIN2 and CsEIN3 under salt stress; however, the application of Ca2+ chelators or channel inhibitors could obviously reverse the effects of Ca2+ on the expression of the above genes. These results indicated that Ca2+ played a vital role in promoting the adventitious root development in cucumber under salt stress through regulating endogenous ethylene synthesis and activating the ethylene signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Lijuan Niu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Jihua Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Weibiao Liao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Jianming Xie
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Jian Lv
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Zhi Feng
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Linli Hu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Mohammed Mujitaba Dawuda
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
- Horticulture Department, FoA University For Development Studies, Box TL 1350 Tamale, Ghana.
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Yuan F, Guo J, Shabala S, Wang B. Reproductive Physiology of Halophytes: Current Standing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1954. [PMID: 30687356 PMCID: PMC6334627 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Background: Halophytes possess efficient salt-tolerance mechanisms and can complete their life cycles in naturally saline soils with NaCl contents exceeding 200 mM. While a significant progress have been made in recent decades elucidating underlying salt-tolerance mechanisms, these studies have been mostly confined to the vegetative growth stage. At the same time, the capacity to generate high-quality seeds and to survive early developmental stages under saline conditions, are both critically important for plants. Halophytes perform well in both regards, whereas non-halophytes cannot normally complete their life cycles under saline conditions. Scope: Research into the effects of salinity on plant reproductive biology has gained momentum in recent years. However, it remains unclear whether the reproductive biology of halophytes differs from that of non-halophytes, and whether their reproductive processes benefit, like their vegetative growth, from the presence of salt in the rhizosphere. Here, we summarize current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the superior reproductive biology of halophytes, focusing on critical aspects including control of flowering time, changes in plant hormonal status and their impact on anther and pollen development and viability, plant carbohydrate status and seed formation, mechanisms behind the early germination of halophyte seeds, and the role of seed polymorphism. Conclusion: Salt has beneficial effects on halophyte reproductive growth that include late flowering, increased flower numbers and pollen vitality, and high seed yield. This improved performance is due to optimal nutrition during vegetative growth, alterations in plant hormonal status, and regulation of flowering genes. In addition, the seeds of halophytes harvested under saline conditions show higher salt tolerance than those obtained under non-saline condition, largely due to increased osmolyte accumulation, more optimal hormonal composition (e.g., high gibberellic acid and low abcisic acid content) and, in some species, seed dimorphism. In the near future, identifying key genes involved in halophyte reproductive physiology and using them to transform crops could be a promising approach to developing saline agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yuan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianrong Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- College of Sciences and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Baoshan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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An JP, Zhang XW, Xu RR, You CX, Wang XF, Hao YJ. Apple MdERF4 negatively regulates salt tolerance by inhibiting MdERF3 transcription. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 276:181-188. [PMID: 30348317 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormone ethylene is involved in salt stress response. As a key regulator of ethylene signaling, ethylene response factors (ERFs) have been reported to regulate salt stress tolerance. However, there are few studies on the relationship between ERFs in salt stress response. In this study, we isolated a salt-responsive gene MdERF4. Overexpression of MdERF4 negatively regulated salt stress tolerance and ethylene response, which was contrary to that of MdERF3 transgenic lines. Biochemical assays showed that MdERF4 directly bound to the DRE motif of MdERF3 promoter and suppressed its transcription. In addition, genetic analysis revealed that MdERF4 was involved in ethylene-mediated salt tolerance. Taken together, these findings demonstrated the transcriptional regulation between MdERF4 and MdERF3 in salt stress response and provided new insight into the ethylene-modulated salt stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping An
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Rui-Rui Xu
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, Shandong, China
| | - Chun-Xiang You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Yu-Jin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China.
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Klay I, Gouia S, Liu M, Mila I, Khoudi H, Bernadac A, Bouzayen M, Pirrello J. Ethylene Response Factors (ERF) are differentially regulated by different abiotic stress types in tomato plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 274:137-145. [PMID: 30080597 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms, hence to face environmental constrains they developed strategies that rely on the activation of stress-response genes under the control of specific transcription factors. The plant hormone ethylene mediates physiological, developmental and stress responses through the activation of Ethylene Response Factors (ERFs) which belong to a large multigene family of transcription factors. While an increasing number of studies supports the involvement of ERFs in abiotic stress responses, so far the specific role of ERF family members in different abiotic stress conditions remains unexplored. The present work investigates the expression profile of a set of ERFs, representative of different ERF types, in tomato plants subjected to cold, heat, salt, drought and flooding conditions. The study revealed that a group of ERFs is preferentially associated with cold and heat stress responses while another set is expressed in response to salt, water and flooding stresses. Transactivation assays indicated that ERFs can regulate the expression of abiotic stress genes regardless of whether or not they harbor conserved GCC or DRE cis-elements in their promoter region. The outcome of the study provides clue on which ERFs should be targeted when aiming to improve adaptation to a particular stress type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Klay
- GBF, University of Toulouse, INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sandra Gouia
- GBF, University of Toulouse, INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, France; Laboratory of Plant Protection and Improvement, University of Sfax, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, Route Sidi Mansour Km 6, B.P 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610014, China
| | - Isabelle Mila
- GBF, University of Toulouse, INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Habib Khoudi
- Laboratory of Plant Protection and Improvement, University of Sfax, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, Route Sidi Mansour Km 6, B.P 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Anne Bernadac
- GBF, University of Toulouse, INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Julien Pirrello
- GBF, University of Toulouse, INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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23
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Sun L, Pehlivan N, Esmaeili N, Jiang W, Yang X, Jarrett P, Mishra N, Zhu X, Cai Y, Herath M, Shen G, Zhang H. Co-overexpression of AVP1 and PP2A-C5 in Arabidopsis makes plants tolerant to multiple abiotic stresses. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 274:271-283. [PMID: 30080613 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses are major threats to agricultural production. Drought and salinity as two of the major abiotic stresses cause billions of losses in agricultural productivity worldwide each year. Thus, it is imperative to make crops more tolerant. Overexpression of AVP1 or PP2A-C5 was previously shown to increase drought and salt stress tolerance, respectively, in transgenic plants. In this study, the hypothesis that co-overexpression of AVP1 and PP2A-C5 would combine their respective benefits and further improve salt tolerance was tested. The two genes were inserted into the same T-DNA region of the binary vector and then introduced into the Arabidopsis genome through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing both AVP1 and PP2A-C5 at relatively high levels were identified and analyzed. These plants displayed enhanced tolerance to NaCl compared to either AVP1 or PP2A-C5 overexpressing plants. They also showed tolerance to other stresses such as KNO3 and LiCl at harmful concentrations, drought, and phosphorus deficiency at comparable levels with either AVP1 or PP2A-C5 overexpressing plants. This study demonstrates that introducing multiple genes in single T-DNA region is an effective approach to create transgenic plants with enhanced tolerance to multiple stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Necla Pehlivan
- Department of Biology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize 53100, Turkey
| | - Nardana Esmaeili
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Weijia Jiang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Xiaojie Yang
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Philip Jarrett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Neelam Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Xunlu Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Yifan Cai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Maheshika Herath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Guoxin Shen
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Texas 79409, USA.
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24
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Heydarian Z, Yu M, Gruber M, Coutu C, Robinson SJ, Hegedus DD. Changes in gene expression in Camelina sativa roots and vegetative tissues in response to salinity stress. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9804. [PMID: 29955098 PMCID: PMC6023900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28204-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The response of Camelina sativa to salt stress was examined. Salt reduced shoot, but not root length. Root and shoot weight were affected by salt, as was photosynthetic capacity. Salt did not alter micro-element concentration in shoots, but increased macro-element (Ca and Mg) levels. Gene expression patterns in shoots indicated that salt stress may have led to shuttling of Na+ from the cytoplasm to the tonoplast and to an increase in K+ and Ca+2 import into the cytoplasm. In roots, gene expression patterns indicated that Na+ was exported from the cytoplasm by the SOS pathway and that K+ was imported in response to salt. Genes involved in chelation and storage were up-regulated in shoots, while metal detoxification appeared to involve various export mechanisms in roots. In shoots, genes involved in secondary metabolism leading to lignin, anthocyanin and wax production were up-regulated. Partial genome partitioning was observed in roots and shoots based on the expression of homeologous genes from the three C. sativa sub-genomes. Sub-genome I and II were involved in the response to salinity stress to about the same degree, while about 10% more differentially-expressed genes were associated with sub-genome III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Heydarian
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, University of Shiraz, Bajgah, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
| | - Min Yu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Margaret Gruber
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Cathy Coutu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Stephen J Robinson
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Dwayne D Hegedus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada.
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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25
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Heydarian Z, Gruber M, Glick BR, Hegedus DD. Gene Expression Patterns in Roots of Camelina sativa With Enhanced Salinity Tolerance Arising From Inoculation of Soil With Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria Producing 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Deaminase or Expression the Corresponding acdS Gene. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1297. [PMID: 30013518 PMCID: PMC6036250 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Camelina sativa treated with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) producing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (acdS) or transgenic lines expressing acdS exhibit increased salinity tolerance. AcdS reduces the level of stress ethylene to below the point where it is inhibitory to plant growth. The study determined that several mechanisms appear to be responsible for the increased salinity tolerance and that the effect of acdS on gene expression patterns in C. sativa roots during salt stress is a function of how it is delivered. Growth in soil treated with the PGPB (Pseudomonas migulae 8R6) mostly affected ethylene- and abscisic acid-dependent signaling in a positive way, while expression of acdS in transgenic lines under the control of the broadly active CaMV 35S promoter or the root-specific rolD promoter affected auxin, jasmonic acid and brassinosteroid signaling and/biosynthesis. The expression of genes involved in minor carbohydrate metabolism were also up-regulated, mainly in roots of lines expressing acdS. Expression of acdS also affected the expression of genes involved in modulating the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to prevent cellular damage, while permitting ROS-dependent signal transduction. Though the root is not a photosynthetic tissue, acdS had a positive effect on the expression of genes involved in photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Heydarian
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Bernard R Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Dwayne D Hegedus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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26
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Atanasova-Penichon V, Legoahec L, Bernillon S, Deborde C, Maucourt M, Verdal-Bonnin MN, Pinson-Gadais L, Ponts N, Moing A, Richard-Forget F. Mycotoxin Biosynthesis and Central Metabolism Are Two Interlinked Pathways in Fusarium graminearum, as Demonstrated by the Extensive Metabolic Changes Induced by Caffeic Acid Exposure. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e01705-17. [PMID: 29427428 PMCID: PMC5881057 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01705-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a major plant pathogen that causes devastating diseases of cereals and produces type B trichothecene (TCTB) mycotoxins in infected grains. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying the regulation of TCTB biosynthesis is required for improving strategies to control the TCTB contamination of crops and ensuring that these strategies do not favor the production of other toxic metabolites by F. graminearum Elucidation of the association of TCTB biosynthesis with other central and specialized processes was the focus of this study. Combined 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) analyses were used to compare the exo- and endometabolomes of F. graminearum grown under toxin-inducing and -repressing caffeic acid conditions. Ninety-five metabolites were putatively or unambiguously identified, including 26 primary and 69 specialized metabolites. Our data demonstrated that the inhibition of TCTB production induced by caffeic acid exposure was associated with significant changes in the secondary and primary metabolism of F. graminearum, although the fungal growth was not affected. The main metabolic changes were an increase in the accumulation of several polyketides, including toxic ones, alterations in the tricarboxylic organic acid cycle, and modifications in the metabolism of several amino acids and sugars. While these findings provide insights into the mechanisms that govern the inhibition of TCTB production by caffeic acid, they also demonstrate the interdependence between the biosynthetic pathway of TCTB and several primary and specialized metabolic pathways. These results provide further evidence of the multifaceted role of TCTB in the life cycle of F. graminearumIMPORTANCEFusarium graminearum is a major plant pathogen that causes devastating diseases of cereal crops and produces type B trichothecene (TCTB) mycotoxins in infected grains. The best way to restrict consumer exposure to TCTB is to limit their production before harvest, which requires increasing the knowledge on the mechanisms that regulate their biosynthesis. Using a metabolomics approach, we investigated the interconnection between the TCTB production pathway and several fungal metabolic pathways. We demonstrated that alteration in the TCTB biosynthetic pathway can have a significant impact on other metabolic pathways, including the biosynthesis of toxic polyketides, and vice versa. These findings open new avenues for identifying fungal targets for the design of molecules with antimycotoxin properties and therefore improving sustainable strategies to fight against diseases caused by F. graminearum Our data further demonstrate that analyses should consider all fungal toxic metabolites rather than the targeted family of mycotoxins when assessing the efficacy of control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurie Legoahec
- UR1264 MycSA, INRA, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Stéphane Bernillon
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Metabolome Facility of Bordeaux Functional Genomics Center, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Catherine Deborde
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Metabolome Facility of Bordeaux Functional Genomics Center, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Mickaël Maucourt
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Metabolome Facility of Bordeaux Functional Genomics Center, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | - Laetitia Pinson-Gadais
- UR1264 MycSA, INRA, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nadia Ponts
- UR1264 MycSA, INRA, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Annick Moing
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Metabolome Facility of Bordeaux Functional Genomics Center, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Bouzroud S, Gouiaa S, Hu N, Bernadac A, Mila I, Bendaou N, Smouni A, Bouzayen M, Zouine M. Auxin Response Factors (ARFs) are potential mediators of auxin action in tomato response to biotic and abiotic stress (Solanum lycopersicum). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193517. [PMID: 29489914 PMCID: PMC5831009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival biomass production and crop yield are heavily constrained by a wide range of environmental stresses. Several phytohormones among which abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene and salicylic acid (SA) are known to mediate plant responses to these stresses. By contrast, the role of the plant hormone auxin in stress responses remains so far poorly studied. Auxin controls many aspects of plant growth and development, and Auxin Response Factors play a key role in the transcriptional activation or repression of auxin-responsive genes through direct binding to their promoters. As a mean to gain more insight on auxin involvement in a set of biotic and abiotic stress responses in tomato, the present study uncovers the expression pattern of SlARF genes in tomato plants subjected to biotic and abiotic stresses. In silico mining of the RNAseq data available through the public TomExpress web platform, identified several SlARFs as responsive to various pathogen infections induced by bacteria and viruses. Accordingly, sequence analysis revealed that 5' regulatory regions of these SlARFs are enriched in biotic and abiotic stress-responsive cis-elements. Moreover, quantitative qPCR expression analysis revealed that many SlARFs were differentially expressed in tomato leaves and roots under salt, drought and flooding stress conditions. Further pointing to the putative role of SlARFs in stress responses, quantitative qPCR expression studies identified some miRNA precursors as potentially involved in the regulation of their SlARF target genes in roots exposed to salt and drought stresses. These data suggest an active regulation of SlARFs at the post-transcriptional level under stress conditions. Based on the substantial change in the transcript accumulation of several SlARF genes, the data presented in this work strongly support the involvement of auxin in stress responses thus enabling to identify a set of candidate SlARFs as potential mediators of biotic and abiotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bouzroud
- GBF, Université de Toulouse, INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire de physiologie et biotechnologie Végétales, Centre de biotechnologie végétale et microbienne biodiversité et environnement, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, Rabat, Maroc
| | - Sandra Gouiaa
- GBF, Université de Toulouse, INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nan Hu
- GBF, Université de Toulouse, INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Anne Bernadac
- GBF, Université de Toulouse, INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Isabelle Mila
- GBF, Université de Toulouse, INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Najib Bendaou
- Laboratoire de physiologie et biotechnologie Végétales, Centre de biotechnologie végétale et microbienne biodiversité et environnement, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, Rabat, Maroc
| | - AbdelAziz Smouni
- Laboratoire de physiologie et biotechnologie Végétales, Centre de biotechnologie végétale et microbienne biodiversité et environnement, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, Rabat, Maroc
| | | | - Mohamed Zouine
- GBF, Université de Toulouse, INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Ali I, Jan M, Wakeel A, Azizullah A, Liu B, Islam F, Ali A, Daud MK, Liu Y, Gan Y. Biochemical responses and ultrastructural changes in ethylene insensitive mutants of Arabidopsis thialiana subjected to bisphenol A exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 144:62-71. [PMID: 28601518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), an important raw material in plastic industry, has become a serious environmental contaminant due to its wide spread use in different products and increasing release into the environment. BPA is known to cause adverse effects in living organisms including plants. Several studies reported that BPA affects growth and development in plants, mainly through oxidative stress. Plants are known to generally cope with stress mainly through hormonal regulation and adaptation, but little is known about the role of plant hormones in plants under BPA stress. The present study was conducted to investigate the role of ethylene in BPA induced oxidative stress in plants using Arabidopsis thaliana as a test plant. The response of ethylene insensitive mutants of Arabidopsis (ein2-1 and etr1-3) to BPA exposure was studied in comparison to the wild type Arabidopsis (WT). In all three genotypes, exposure to BPA adversely affected cellular structures, stomata and light-harvesting pigments. An increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) lipid peroxidation and other oxidative stress markers indicated that BPA induced toxicity through oxidative stress. However, the overall results revealed that WT Arabidopsis had more pronounced BPA induced damages while ein2-1 and etr1-3 mutants withstood the BPA induced stress more efficiently. The activity of antioxidant enzymes and expression of antioxidants related genes revealed that the antioxidant defense system in both mutants was more efficiently activated than in WT against BPA induced oxidative stress, which further evidenced the involvement of ethylene in regulating BPA induced oxidative stress. It is concluded that ethylene perception and signaling may be involved in BPA induced oxidative stress responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Mehmood Jan
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Abdul Wakeel
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Azizullah Azizullah
- Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Bohan Liu
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Faisal Islam
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Abid Ali
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - M K Daud
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Yihua Liu
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinbo Gan
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Transcriptomics analysis of salt stress tolerance in the roots of the mangrove Avicennia officinalis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10031. [PMID: 28855698 PMCID: PMC5577154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10730-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity affects growth and development of plants, but mangroves exhibit exceptional salt tolerance. With direct exposure to salinity, mangrove roots possess specific adaptations to tolerate salt stress. Therefore, studying the early effects of salt on mangrove roots can help us better understand the tolerance mechanisms. Using two-month-old greenhouse-grown seedlings of the mangrove tree Avicennia officinalis subjected to NaCl treatment, we profiled gene expression changes in the roots by RNA-sequencing. Of the 6547 genes that were differentially regulated in response to salt treatment, 1404 and 5213 genes were significantly up- and down-regulated, respectively. By comparative genomics, 93 key salt tolerance-related genes were identified of which 47 were up-regulated. Upon placing all the differentially expressed genes (DEG) in known signaling pathways, it was evident that most of the DEGs involved in ethylene and auxin signaling were up-regulated while those involved in ABA signaling were down-regulated. These results imply that ABA-independent signaling pathways also play a major role in salt tolerance of A. officinalis. Further, ethylene response factors (ERFs) were abundantly expressed upon salt treatment and the Arabidopsis mutant aterf115, a homolog of AoERF114 is characterized. Overall, our results would help in understanding the possible molecular mechanism underlying salt tolerance in plants.
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Salt tolerance response revealed by RNA-Seq in a diploid halophytic wild relative of sweet potato. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9624. [PMID: 28852001 PMCID: PMC5575116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09241-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Crop wild relatives harbor exotic and novel genetic resources, which hold great potential for crop improvement. Ipomoea imperati is a wild diploid relative of sweet potato with the capability of high salinity tolerance. We compared the transcriptomes of I. imperati under salt stress vs. control to identify candidate genes and pathways involved in salt response. De novo assembly produced 67,911 transcripts with a high depth of coverage. A total of 39,902 putative genes were assigned annotations, and 936 and 220 genes involved in salt response in roots and leaves, respectively. Functional analysis indicated a whole system response during salt stress in I. imperati, which included four metabolic processes: sensory initiation, transcriptional reprogramming, cellular protein component change, and cellular homeostasis regulation. We identified a number of candidate genes involved in the ABA signaling pathway, as well as transcription factors, transporters, antioxidant enzymes, and enzymes associated with metabolism of synthesis and catalysis. Furthermore, two membrane transporter genes, including vacuole cation/proton exchanger and inositol transporter, were considered to play important roles in salt tolerance. This study provided valuable information not only for understanding the genetic basis of ecological adaptation but also for future application in sweet potato and other crop improvements.
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Xiong H, Guo H, Xie Y, Zhao L, Gu J, Zhao S, Li J, Liu L. RNAseq analysis reveals pathways and candidate genes associated with salinity tolerance in a spaceflight-induced wheat mutant. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28578401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-41017-03024-41590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinity stress has become an increasing threat to food security worldwide and elucidation of the mechanism for salinity tolerance is of great significance. Induced mutation, especially spaceflight mutagenesis, is one important method for crop breeding. In this study, we show that a spaceflight-induced wheat mutant, named salinity tolerance 1 (st1), is a salinity-tolerant line. We report the characteristics of transcriptomic sequence variation induced by spaceflight, and show that mutations in genes associated with sodium ion transport may directly contribute to salinity tolerance in st1. Furthermore, GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between salinity-treated st1 and wild type suggested that the homeostasis of oxidation-reduction process is important for salt tolerance in st1. Through KEGG pathway analysis, "Butanoate metabolism" was identified as a new pathway for salinity responses. Additionally, key genes for salinity tolerance, such as genes encoding arginine decarboxylase, polyamine oxidase, hormones-related, were not only salt-induced in st1 but also showed higher expression in salt-treated st1 compared with salt-treated WT, indicating that these genes may play important roles in salinity tolerance in st1. This study presents valuable genetic resources for studies on transcriptome variation caused by induced mutation and the identification of salt tolerance genes in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchun Xiong
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huijun Guo
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yongdun Xie
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Linshu Zhao
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiayu Gu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shirong Zhao
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junhui Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Luxiang Liu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, 100081, China.
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RNAseq analysis reveals pathways and candidate genes associated with salinity tolerance in a spaceflight-induced wheat mutant. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2731. [PMID: 28578401 PMCID: PMC5457441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity stress has become an increasing threat to food security worldwide and elucidation of the mechanism for salinity tolerance is of great significance. Induced mutation, especially spaceflight mutagenesis, is one important method for crop breeding. In this study, we show that a spaceflight-induced wheat mutant, named salinity tolerance 1 (st1), is a salinity-tolerant line. We report the characteristics of transcriptomic sequence variation induced by spaceflight, and show that mutations in genes associated with sodium ion transport may directly contribute to salinity tolerance in st1. Furthermore, GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between salinity-treated st1 and wild type suggested that the homeostasis of oxidation-reduction process is important for salt tolerance in st1. Through KEGG pathway analysis, "Butanoate metabolism" was identified as a new pathway for salinity responses. Additionally, key genes for salinity tolerance, such as genes encoding arginine decarboxylase, polyamine oxidase, hormones-related, were not only salt-induced in st1 but also showed higher expression in salt-treated st1 compared with salt-treated WT, indicating that these genes may play important roles in salinity tolerance in st1. This study presents valuable genetic resources for studies on transcriptome variation caused by induced mutation and the identification of salt tolerance genes in crops.
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Ishaq SL. Plant-microbial interactions in agriculture and the use of farming systems to improve diversity and productivity. AIMS Microbiol 2017; 3:335-353. [PMID: 31294165 PMCID: PMC6605018 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2017.2.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A thorough understanding of the services provided by microorganisms to the agricultural ecosystem is integral to understanding how management systems can improve or deteriorate soil health and production over the long term. Yet it is hampered by the difficulty in measuring the intersection of plant, microbe, and environment, in no small part because of the situational specificity to some plant-microbial interactions, related to soil moisture, nutrient content, climate, and local diversity. Despite this, perspective on soil microbiota in agricultural settings can inform management practices to improve the sustainability of agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne L Ishaq
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, Montana, USA
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Heydarian Z, Yu M, Gruber M, Glick BR, Zhou R, Hegedus DD. Inoculation of Soil with Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria Producing 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Deaminase or Expression of the Corresponding acdS Gene in Transgenic Plants Increases Salinity Tolerance in Camelina sativa. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1966. [PMID: 28018305 PMCID: PMC5159422 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Camelina sativa (camelina) is an oilseed crop touted for use on marginal lands; however, it is no more tolerant of soil salinity than traditional crops, such as canola. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) that produce 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACC deaminase) facilitate plant growth in the presence of abiotic stresses by reducing stress ethylene. Rhizospheric and endophytic PGPB and the corresponding acdS- mutants of the latter were examined for their ability to enhance tolerance to salt in camelina. Stimulation of growth and tolerance to salt was correlated with ACC deaminase production. Inoculation of soil with wild-type PGPB led to increased shoot length in the absence of salt, and increased seed production by approximately 30–50% under moderately saline conditions. The effect of ACC deaminase was further examined in transgenic camelina expressing a bacterial gene encoding ACC deaminase (acdS) under the regulation of the CaMV 35S promoter or the root-specific rolD promoter. Lines expressing acdS, in particular those using the rolD promoter, showed less decline in root length and weight, increased seed production, better seed quality and higher levels of seed oil production under salt stress. This study clearly demonstrates the potential benefit of using either PGPB that produce ACC deaminase or transgenic plants expressing the acdS gene under the control of a root-specific promoter to facilitate plant growth, seed production and seed quality on land that is not normally suitable for the majority of crops due to high salt content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Heydarian
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, SaskatoonSK, Canada; Department of Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, Shiraz UniversityShiraz, Iran
| | - Min Yu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon SK, Canada
| | | | - Bernard R Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo ON, Canada
| | - Rong Zhou
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon SK, Canada
| | - Dwayne D Hegedus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, SaskatoonSK, Canada; Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, SaskatoonSK, Canada
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Bahieldin A, Atef A, Shokry AM, Al-Karim S, Al Attas SG, Gadallah NO, Edris S, Al-Kordy MA, Hassan SM, Abo-Aba S, El-Domyati FM. Transcription factors regulating uspA genes in Catharanthus roseus. C R Biol 2016; 340:1-6. [PMID: 27890577 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
RNA-Seq of the Catharanthus roseus SRA database was done in order to detect putative universal stress proteins (USPs) and their possible controlling factors. Previous analysis indicated the existence and characterization of uspA-like genes. In silico analysis of RNA-Seq database in several plant tissues revealed the possible functions and regulations of some uspA-like transcripts whose transcription factors (TFs) that might drive their expression were detected. BLAST indicated the existence of TF superfamilies erf (ethylene-responsive TF), bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix) and WRKY that might regulate several uspA-like genes. This data was proven via semi-quantitative RT-PCR in four plant tissues. Several of these transcription factor superfamilies are known for their action in the plant defense against biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Bahieldin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Atef
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed M Shokry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt.
| | - Saleh Al-Karim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sanaa G Al Attas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nour O Gadallah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Genetics and Cytology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt.
| | - Sherif Edris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Magdy A Al-Kordy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Genetics and Cytology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Sabah M Hassan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Salah Abo-Aba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Microbial Genetics Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Fotouh M El-Domyati
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80141, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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36
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Zhang M, Smith JAC, Harberd NP, Jiang C. The regulatory roles of ethylene and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant salt stress responses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 91:651-9. [PMID: 27233644 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is one of the most commonly encountered environmental stresses affecting plant growth and crop productivity. Accordingly, plants have evolved a variety of morphological, physiological and biochemical strategies that enable them to adapt to saline growth conditions. For example, it has long been known that salinity-stress increases both the production of the gaseous stress hormone ethylene and the in planta accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recently, there has been significant progress in understanding how the fine-tuning of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling transduction can promote salinity tolerance, and how salinity-induced ROS accumulation also acts as a signal in the mediation of salinity tolerance. Furthermore, recent advances have indicated that ethylene signaling modulates salinity responses largely via regulation of ROS-generating and ROS-scavenging mechanisms. This review focuses on these recent advances in understanding the linked roles of ethylene and ROS in salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - J Andrew C Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
| | - Nicholas P Harberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
| | - Caifu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China.
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Huang Y, Zhang BL, Sun S, Xing GM, Wang F, Li MY, Tian YS, Xiong AS. AP2/ERF Transcription Factors Involved in Response to Tomato Yellow Leaf Curly Virus in Tomato. THE PLANT GENOME 2016; 9. [PMID: 27898839 DOI: 10.3835/plantgenome2015.09.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curly virus (TYLCV), transmitted by the whitefly (), causes leaf curling and yellowing, plant dwarfism, and growth inhibition in tomato ( L.). The APETALA2 (AP2) and ethylene response factor (ERF) transcription factor (TF) family, the largest plant-specific TF family, was identified to function in plant development and pathogen defense. Our study aimed to analyze the mechanism underlying the function of ERF (SlERF) TFs in response to TYLCV infection and improve useful information to increase the resistance to TYLCV in tomato. A total of 22 tomato AP2/ERF TFs in response to TYLCV were identified according to transcriptome database. Five ERF-B3 TFs were identified in cultivars Hongbeibei (highly resistant), Zheza-301, Zhefen-702 (both resistant), Jinpeng-1, and Xianke-6 (both susceptible). Interaction network indicated that SlERF TFs could interact with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Expression profiles of five ERF-B3 genes (, , , , and ) were detected by quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) after TYLCV infection in five tomato cultivars. expression was upregulated in five tomato cultivars. The expressions of three genes (, , and ) were upregulated in Zheza-301 and Zhefen-702. and expressions were downregulated in Hongbeibei and Xianke-6, respectively. Yeast one-hybrid showed that the GCC-box binding ability of ERF-B3 TFs differed in resistant and susceptible tomato cultivars. Expression profiles were related to the GCC-box binding ability of SlERF TFs in resistant and susceptible tomato cultivars. The defense mechanism underlying the tomato's response to TYLCV involved a complicated network, which provided important information for us in breeding and genetic analysis.
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Yu Y, Wang J, Shi H, Gu J, Dong J, Deng XW, Huang R. Salt Stress and Ethylene Antagonistically Regulate Nucleocytoplasmic Partitioning of COP1 to Control Seed Germination. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:2340-50. [PMID: 26850275 PMCID: PMC4825130 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination, a critical stage initiating the life cycle of a plant, is severely affected by salt stress. However, the underlying mechanism of salt inhibition of seed germination (SSG) is unclear. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS1 (COP1) counteracts SSG Genetic assays provide evidence that SSG in loss of function of the COP1 mutant was stronger than this in the wild type. A GUS-COP1 fusion was constitutively localized to the nucleus in radicle cells. Salt treatment caused COP1 to be retained in the cytosol, but the addition of ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate had the reverse effect on the translocation of COP1 to the nucleus, revealing that ethylene and salt exert opposite regulatory effects on the localization of COP1 in germinating seeds. However, loss of function of the ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) mutant impaired the ethylene-mediated rescue of the salt restriction of COP1 to the nucleus. Further research showed that the interaction between COP1 and LONG HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) had a role in SSG Correspondingly, SSG in loss of function of HY5 was suppressed. Biochemical detection showed that salt promoted the stabilization of HY5, whereas ethylene restricted its accumulation. Furthermore, salt treatment stimulated and ethylene suppressed transcription of ABA INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5), which was directly transcriptionally regulated by HY5. Together, our results reveal that salt stress and ethylene antagonistically regulate nucleocytoplasmic partitioning of COP1, thereby controlling Arabidopsis seed germination via the COP1-mediated down-regulation of HY5 and ABI5. These findings enhance our understanding of the stress response and have great potential for application in agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwen Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China (Y.Y., J.G., J.D.); Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Y.Y., J.W., R.H.); School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China (H.S., X.W.D.); and National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China (J.W., R.H.)
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China (Y.Y., J.G., J.D.); Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Y.Y., J.W., R.H.); School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China (H.S., X.W.D.); and National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China (J.W., R.H.)
| | - Hui Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China (Y.Y., J.G., J.D.); Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Y.Y., J.W., R.H.); School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China (H.S., X.W.D.); and National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China (J.W., R.H.)
| | - Juntao Gu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China (Y.Y., J.G., J.D.); Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Y.Y., J.W., R.H.); School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China (H.S., X.W.D.); and National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China (J.W., R.H.)
| | - Jingao Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China (Y.Y., J.G., J.D.); Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Y.Y., J.W., R.H.); School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China (H.S., X.W.D.); and National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China (J.W., R.H.)
| | - Xing Wang Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China (Y.Y., J.G., J.D.); Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Y.Y., J.W., R.H.); School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China (H.S., X.W.D.); and National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China (J.W., R.H.)
| | - Rongfeng Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China (Y.Y., J.G., J.D.); Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Y.Y., J.W., R.H.); School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China (H.S., X.W.D.); and National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China (J.W., R.H.)
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Arabidopsis ERF1 Mediates Cross-Talk between Ethylene and Auxin Biosynthesis during Primary Root Elongation by Regulating ASA1 Expression. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005760. [PMID: 26745809 PMCID: PMC4706318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The gaseous phytohormone ethylene participates in the regulation of root growth and development in Arabidopsis. It is known that root growth inhibition by ethylene involves auxin, which is partially mediated by the action of the WEAK ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2/ANTHRANILATE SYNTHASE α1 (WEI2/ASA1), encoding a rate-limiting enzyme in tryptophan (Trp) biosynthesis, from which auxin is derived. However, the molecular mechanism by which ethylene decreases root growth via ASA1 is not understood. Here we report that the ethylene-responsive AP2 transcription factor, ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR1 (ERF1), plays an important role in primary root elongation of Arabidopsis. Using loss- and gain-of-function transgenic lines as well as biochemical analysis, we demonstrate that ERF1 can directly up-regulate ASA1 by binding to its promoter, leading to auxin accumulation and ethylene-induced inhibition of root growth. This discloses one mechanism linking ethylene signaling and auxin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis roots. Ethylene is a gaseous phytohormone that plays critical roles in plant development and defense. It is well known that ethylene inhibits primary root elongation through effects on auxin. However, it is not clear how ethylene signal is translated into auxin. In this report, the highly ethylene-responsive transcription factor ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR1 (ERF1) is demonstrated to positively regulate ASA1, encoding ANTHRANILATE SYNTHASE α1, a rate-limiting enzyme in Trp biosynthesis where auxin is derived, by directly binding to its promoter and activating ASA1. Consequently, auxin biosynthesis is promoted, leading to increased auxin accumulation and thus inhibition of primary root elongation. This study unravels a molecular mechanism that bridges ethylene signaling and auxin biosynthesis in primary root elongation.
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Yasumura Y, Pierik R, Kelly S, Sakuta M, Voesenek LACJ, Harberd NP. An Ancestral Role for CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1 Proteins in Both Ethylene and Abscisic Acid Signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:283-98. [PMID: 26243614 PMCID: PMC4577374 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Land plants have evolved adaptive regulatory mechanisms enabling the survival of environmental stresses associated with terrestrial life. Here, we focus on the evolution of the regulatory CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1 (CTR1) component of the ethylene signaling pathway that modulates stress-related changes in plant growth and development. First, we compare CTR1-like proteins from a bryophyte, Physcomitrella patens (representative of early divergent land plants), with those of more recently diverged lycophyte and angiosperm species (including Arabidopsis [Arabidopsis thaliana]) and identify a monophyletic CTR1 family. The fully sequenced P. patens genome encodes only a single member of this family (PpCTR1L). Next, we compare the functions of PpCTR1L with that of related angiosperm proteins. We show that, like angiosperm CTR1 proteins (e.g. AtCTR1 of Arabidopsis), PpCTR1L modulates downstream ethylene signaling via direct interaction with ethylene receptors. These functions, therefore, likely predate the divergence of the bryophytes from the land-plant lineage. However, we also show that PpCTR1L unexpectedly has dual functions and additionally modulates abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. In contrast, while AtCTR1 lacks detectable ABA signaling functions, Arabidopsis has during evolution acquired another homolog that is functionally distinct from AtCTR1. In conclusion, the roles of CTR1-related proteins appear to have functionally diversified during land-plant evolution, and angiosperm CTR1-related proteins appear to have lost an ancestral ABA signaling function. Our study provides new insights into how molecular events such as gene duplication and functional differentiation may have contributed to the adaptive evolution of regulatory mechanisms in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yasumura
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (Y.Y., S.K., N.P.H.); Department of Biological Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan (M.S.); and Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.P., L.A.C.J.V.)
| | - Ronald Pierik
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (Y.Y., S.K., N.P.H.); Department of Biological Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan (M.S.); and Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.P., L.A.C.J.V.)
| | - Steven Kelly
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (Y.Y., S.K., N.P.H.); Department of Biological Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan (M.S.); and Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.P., L.A.C.J.V.)
| | - Masaaki Sakuta
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (Y.Y., S.K., N.P.H.); Department of Biological Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan (M.S.); and Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.P., L.A.C.J.V.)
| | - Laurentius A C J Voesenek
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (Y.Y., S.K., N.P.H.); Department of Biological Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan (M.S.); and Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.P., L.A.C.J.V.)
| | - Nicholas P Harberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (Y.Y., S.K., N.P.H.); Department of Biological Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan (M.S.); and Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.P., L.A.C.J.V.)
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Cao YR, Chen HW, Li ZG, Tao JJ, Ma B, Zhang WK, Chen SY, Zhang JS. Tobacco ankyrin protein NEIP2 interacts with ethylene receptor NTHK1 and regulates plant growth and stress responses. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:803-18. [PMID: 25634961 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene is a gaseous hormone that regulates many processes involved in plant growth, development and stress responses. Previously, we found that the tobacco ethylene receptor NTHK1 (Nicotiana tabacum histidine kinase 1) promotes seedling growth and affects plant salt stress responses. In this study, NTHK1 ethylene receptor-interacting protein 2 (NEIP2) was identified and further characterized in relation to these processes. NEIP2 contains three ankyrin repeats that mediate an interaction with NTHK1 as demonstrated by yeast two-hybrid, glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays. NTHK1 phosphorylates NEIP2 in vitro. Salt stress and ethylene treatment induce NEIP2 accumulation in the first few hours and then the NEIP2 can be phosphorylated in planta. The overexpression of NTHK1 enhances NEIP2 accumulation in the presence of ethylene and salt stress. NEIP2 overexpression promotes plant growth but reduces ethylene responses, which is consistent with the functions of NTHK1. Additionally, NEIP2 improves plant performance under salt and oxidative stress. These results suggest that ethylene-induced NEIP2 probably acts as a brake to reduce ethylene response but resumes growth through interaction with NTHK1. Manipulation of NEIP2 may be beneficial for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Rong Cao
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China These authors contributed equally to this work. Present address: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Hao-Wei Chen
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Zhi-Gang Li
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jian-Jun Tao
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Biao Ma
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wan-Ke Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shou-Yi Chen
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jin-Song Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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42
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Golicz AA, Schliep M, Lee HT, Larkum AWD, Dolferus R, Batley J, Chan CKK, Sablok G, Ralph PJ, Edwards D. Genome-wide survey of the seagrass Zostera muelleri suggests modification of the ethylene signalling network. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1489-98. [PMID: 25563969 PMCID: PMC4339605 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Seagrasses are flowering plants which grow fully submerged in the marine environment. They have evolved a range of adaptations to environmental challenges including light attenuation through water, the physical stress of wave action and tidal currents, high concentrations of salt, oxygen deficiency in marine sediment, and water-borne pollination. Although, seagrasses are a key stone species of the costal ecosystems, many questions regarding seagrass biology and evolution remain unanswered. Genome sequence data for the widespread Australian seagrass species Zostera muelleri were generated and the unassembled data were compared with the annotated genes of five sequenced plant species (Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Phoenix dactylifera, Musa acuminata, and Spirodela polyrhiza). Genes which are conserved between Z. muelleri and the five plant species were identified, together with genes that have been lost in Z. muelleri. The effect of gene loss on biological processes was assessed on the gene ontology classification level. Gene loss in Z. muelleri appears to influence some core biological processes such as ethylene biosynthesis. This study provides a foundation for further studies of seagrass evolution as well as the hormonal regulation of plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka A Golicz
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Martin Schliep
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Huey Tyng Lee
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Anthony W D Larkum
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Rudy Dolferus
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Chon-Kit Kenneth Chan
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Gaurav Sablok
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Peter J Ralph
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - David Edwards
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, WA, 6009, Australia
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Heat shock factors in carrot: genome-wide identification, classification, and expression profiles response to abiotic stress. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 42:893-905. [PMID: 25403331 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3826-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock factors (HSFs) play key roles in the response to abiotic stress in eukaryotes. In this study, 35 DcHSFs were identified from carrot (Daucus carota L.) based on the carrot genome database. All 35 DcHSFs were divided into three classes (A, B, and C) according to the structure and phylogenetic relationships of four different plants, namely, Arabidopsis thaliana, Vitis vinifera, Brassica rapa, and Oryza sativa. Comparative analysis of algae, gymnosperms, and angiosperms indicated that the numbers of HSF transcription factors were related to the plant's evolution. The expression profiles of five DcHsf genes (DcHsf 01, DcHsf 02, DcHsf 09, DcHsf 10, and DcHsf 16), which selected from each subfamily (A, B, and C), were detected by quantitative real-time PCR under abiotic stresses (cold, heat, high salinity, and drought) in two carrot cultivars, D. carota L. cvs. Kurodagosun and Junchuanhong. The expression levels of DcHsfs were markedly increased by heat stress, except that of DcHsf 10, which was down regulated. The expression profiles of different DcHsfs in the same class also differed under various stress treatments. The expression profiles of these DcHsfs were also different in tissues of two carrot cultivars. This study is the first to identify and characterize the DcHSF family transcription factors in plants of Apiaceae using whole-genome analysis. The results of this study provide an in-depth understanding of the DcHSF family transcription factors' structure, function, and evolution in carrot.
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Kim K, Park SH, Chae JC, Soh BY, Lee KJ. Rapid degradation ofPseudomonas fluorescens1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase proteins expressed in transgenicArabidopsis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 355:193-200. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kangmin Kim
- Division of Biotechnology; College of Environmental & Bioresource Sciences; Chonbuk National University; Iksan Korea
- Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience; Chonbuk National University; Iksan Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine; School of Medicine; Chonbuk National University; Jeonju Korea
| | - Jong-Chan Chae
- Division of Biotechnology; College of Environmental & Bioresource Sciences; Chonbuk National University; Iksan Korea
- Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience; Chonbuk National University; Iksan Korea
| | - Byoung Yul Soh
- Division of Biotechnology; College of Environmental & Bioresource Sciences; Chonbuk National University; Iksan Korea
- Department of Biochemistry; College of Medicine; Seonam University; Namwon Korea
| | - Kui-Jae Lee
- Division of Biotechnology; College of Environmental & Bioresource Sciences; Chonbuk National University; Iksan Korea
- Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience; Chonbuk National University; Iksan Korea
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Yang Q, Li Y, Wang L, Zhou Q, Huang X. Effect of lanthanum(III) on the production of ethylene and reactive oxygen species in soybean seedlings exposed to the enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 104:152-9. [PMID: 24675444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation caused by ozone depletion may exert deleterious effects on plants. Therefore, studies on the effect of UV-B radiation on plants, as well as studies on the methods for alleviating the deleterious effects by chemical control, are of great significance. In this study, after soybean (Glycine max) seedlings were exposed to UV-B radiation (10.2 and 13.8kJ m(-2)day(-1)) for 5 days and the followed 6 days of restoration, respectively, the effects of 20mg L(-1) lanthanum (III) [La(III)] on leaf phenotype, photosynthetic rate, and production of ethylene and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were investigated. The results indicated that the exposure to 10.2 and 13.8kJ m(-2)day(-1) UV-B radiation could cause injury to the leaf phenotype, and lead to the decrease in the content of chlorophyll and the net photosynthetic rate, and the increase in the contents of ROS, ethylene and 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid, and 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid synthase activity in soybean seedlings. Following the withdrawal of the enhanced UV-B radiation, the above mentioned parameters gradually recovered, and the recovery of soybean seedlings exposed to 10.2kJ m(-2)day(-1) UV-B radiation was faster than those in soybean seedlings exposed to 13.8kJ m(-2)day(-1) UV-B radiation. The leaf injury and the changes in the above indices that were induced by the enhanced UV-B radiation, especially at 10.2kJ m(-2)day(-1), were alleviated after the pretreatment of soybean seedlings with 20mg L(-1) La(III). The results of the correlation analysis demonstrated that the injury to the leaf phenotype and the decrease in the photosynthetic rate of soybean seedlings were correlated with the increase in the ROS content that was induced by ethylene in soybean seedlings. The pretreatment with 20mg L(-1) La(III) alleviated the injury caused by the enhanced UV-B radiation through the regulation of the ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yueli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Xiaohua Huang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China; School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Pacheco CM, Pestana-Calsa MC, Gozzo FC, Mansur Custodio Nogueira RJ, Menossi M, Calsa T. Differentially delayed root proteome responses to salt stress in sugar cane varieties. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:5681-95. [PMID: 24251627 DOI: 10.1021/pr400654a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Soil salinity is a limiting factor to sugar cane crop development, although in general plants present variable mechanisms of tolerance to salinity stress. The molecular basis underlying these mechanisms can be inferred by using proteomic analysis. Thus, the objective of this work was to identify differentially expressed proteins in sugar cane plants submitted to salinity stress. For that, a greenhouse experiment was established with four sugar cane varieties and two salt conditions, 0 mM (control) and 200 mM NaCl. Physiological and proteomics analyses were performed after 2 and 72 h of stress induction by salt. Distinct physiological responses to salinity stress were observed in the varieties and linked to tolerance mechanisms. In proteomic analysis, the roots soluble protein fraction was extracted, quantified, and analyzed through bidimensional electrophoresis. Gel images analyses were done computationally, where in each contrast only one variable was considered (salinity condition or variety). Differential spots were excised, digested by trypsin, and identified via mass spectrometry. The tolerant variety RB867515 showed the highest accumulation of proteins involved in growth, development, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, reactive oxygen species metabolization, protein protection, and membrane stabilization after 2 h of stress. On the other hand, the presence of these proteins in the sensitive variety was verified only in stress treatment after 72 h. These data indicate that these stress responses pathways play a role in the tolerance to salinity in sugar cane, and their effectiveness for phenotypical tolerance depends on early stress detection and activation of the coding genes expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthya Mirella Pacheco
- Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Genetics, Center for Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , Recife, PE, Brazil
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Hussain N, Irshad F, Jabeen Z, Shamsi IH, Li Z, Jiang L. Biosynthesis, structural, and functional attributes of tocopherols in planta; past, present, and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:6137-49. [PMID: 23713813 DOI: 10.1021/jf4010302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Tocopherols are lipophilic molecules, ubiquitously synthesized in all photosynthetic organisms. Being a group of vitamin E compounds, they play an essential role in human nutrition and health. Despite their structural and functional attributes as important antioxidants in plants, it would be misleading to ignore the potential roles of tocopherols beyond their antioxidant properties in planta. Detailed characterization of mutants and transgenic plants, including Arabidopsis (vte1, vte2, vte4, and so on), maize (sxd1) mutants, and transgenic potato and tobacco lines altered in tocopherol biosynthesis and contents, has led to surprising outcomes regarding the additional functions of these molecules. Thus, the aim of this review is to highlight the past and present research findings on tocopherols' structural, biosynthesis, and functional properties in plants. Special emphasis is given to their suggested functions in planta, such as cell signaling, hormonal interactions, and coordinated response of tocopherols to other antioxidants under abiotic stresses. Moreover, some important questions about possible new functions of tocopherols will be discussed as future prospects to stimulate further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazim Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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Cheng MC, Liao PM, Kuo WW, Lin TP. The Arabidopsis ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR1 regulates abiotic stress-responsive gene expression by binding to different cis-acting elements in response to different stress signals. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:1566-82. [PMID: 23719892 PMCID: PMC3707555 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.221911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR1 (ERF1) is an upstream component in both jasmonate (JA) and ethylene (ET) signaling and is involved in pathogen resistance. Accumulating evidence suggests that ERF1 might be related to the salt stress response through ethylene signaling. However, the specific role of ERF1 in abiotic stress and the molecular mechanism underlying the signaling cross talk still need to be elucidated. Here, we report that ERF1 was highly induced by high salinity and drought stress in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The salt stress induction required both JA and ET signaling but was inhibited by abscisic acid. ERF1-overexpressing lines (35S:ERF1) were more tolerant to drought and salt stress. They also displayed constitutively smaller stomatal aperture and less transpirational water loss. Surprisingly, 35S:ERF1 also showed enhanced heat tolerance and up-regulation of heat tolerance genes compared with the wild type. Several suites of genes activated by JA, drought, salt, and heat were found in microarray analysis of 35S:ERF1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays found that ERF1 up-regulates specific suites of genes in response to different abiotic stresses by stress-specific binding to GCC or DRE/CRT. In response to biotic stress, ERF1 bound to GCC boxes but not DRE elements; conversely, under abiotic stress, we observed specific binding of ERF1 to DRE elements. Furthermore, ERF1 bound preferentially to only one among several GCC box or DRE/CRT elements in the promoter region of its target genes. ERF1 plays a positive role in salt, drought, and heat stress tolerance by stress-specific gene regulation, which integrates JA, ET, and abscisic acid signals.
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49
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Jung JKH, McCouch S. Getting to the roots of it: Genetic and hormonal control of root architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:186. [PMID: 23785372 PMCID: PMC3685011 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) - the spatial configuration of a root system - is an important developmental and agronomic trait, with implications for overall plant architecture, growth rate and yield, abiotic stress resistance, nutrient uptake, and developmental plasticity in response to environmental changes. Root architecture is modulated by intrinsic, hormone-mediated pathways, intersecting with pathways that perceive and respond to external, environmental signals. The recent development of several non-invasive 2D and 3D root imaging systems has enhanced our ability to accurately observe and quantify architectural traits on complex whole-root systems. Coupled with the powerful marker-based genotyping and sequencing platforms currently available, these root phenotyping technologies lend themselves to large-scale genome-wide association studies, and can speed the identification and characterization of the genes and pathways involved in root system development. This capability provides the foundation for examining the contribution of root architectural traits to the performance of crop varieties in diverse environments. This review focuses on our current understanding of the genes and pathways involved in determining RSA in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic (environmental) response pathways, and provides a brief overview of the latest root system phenotyping technologies and their potential impact on elucidating the genetic control of root development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan McCouch
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
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50
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Jung JKH, McCouch S. Getting to the roots of it: Genetic and hormonal control of root architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013. [PMID: 23785372 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) - the spatial configuration of a root system - is an important developmental and agronomic trait, with implications for overall plant architecture, growth rate and yield, abiotic stress resistance, nutrient uptake, and developmental plasticity in response to environmental changes. Root architecture is modulated by intrinsic, hormone-mediated pathways, intersecting with pathways that perceive and respond to external, environmental signals. The recent development of several non-invasive 2D and 3D root imaging systems has enhanced our ability to accurately observe and quantify architectural traits on complex whole-root systems. Coupled with the powerful marker-based genotyping and sequencing platforms currently available, these root phenotyping technologies lend themselves to large-scale genome-wide association studies, and can speed the identification and characterization of the genes and pathways involved in root system development. This capability provides the foundation for examining the contribution of root architectural traits to the performance of crop varieties in diverse environments. This review focuses on our current understanding of the genes and pathways involved in determining RSA in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic (environmental) response pathways, and provides a brief overview of the latest root system phenotyping technologies and their potential impact on elucidating the genetic control of root development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle K H Jung
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
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