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Uzzan S, Rostevanov IS, Rubin E, Benguigui O, Marazka S, Kaplanski J, Agbaria R, Azab AN. Chronic Treatment with Nigella sativa Oil Exerts Antimanic Properties and Reduces Brain Inflammation in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1823. [PMID: 38339101 PMCID: PMC10855852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nigella sativa (NS) is a native herb consumed habitually in several countries worldwide, possessing manifold therapeutic properties. Among them, anti-inflammatory features have been reported, presumably relating to mechanisms involved in the nuclear factor kappa-B pathway, among others. Given the observed association between neuroimmune factors and mental illness, the primary aim of the present study was to examine the effects of chronic NS use on manic-like behavior in rats, as well as analyze levels of brain inflammatory mediators following NS intake. Using male and female rats, baseline tests were performed; thereafter, rats were fed either regular food (control) or NS-containing food (treatment) for four weeks. Following intervention, behavioral tests were induced (an open field test, sucrose consumption test, three-chamber sociality test, and amphetamine-induced hyperactivity test). Subsequently, brain samples were extracted, and inflammatory mediators were evaluated, including interleukin-6, leukotriene B4, prostaglandin E2, tumor necrosis factor-α, and nuclear phosphorylated-p65. Our findings show NS to result in a marked antimanic-like effect, in tandem with a positive modulation of select inflammatory mediators among male and female rats. The findings reinforce the proposed therapeutic advantages relating to NS ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Uzzan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel (R.A.)
| | - Ira-Sivan Rostevanov
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel (R.A.)
| | - Elina Rubin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel (R.A.)
| | - Olivia Benguigui
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, 475 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC H2W1S4, Canada
| | - Said Marazka
- Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Jacob Kaplanski
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel (R.A.)
| | - Riad Agbaria
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel (R.A.)
| | - Abed N. Azab
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel (R.A.)
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
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Factors Determining Plasticity of Responses to Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042068. [PMID: 35216184 PMCID: PMC8877660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasticity of responses to drugs is an ever-present confounding factor for all aspects of pharmacology, influencing drug discovery and development, clinical use and the expectations of the patient. As an introduction to this Special Issue of the journal IJMS on pharmacological plasticity, we address the various levels at which plasticity appears and how such variability can be controlled, describing the ways in which drug responses can be affected with examples. The various levels include the molecular structures of drugs and their receptors, expression of genes for drug receptors and enzymes involved in metabolism, plasticity of cells targeted by drugs, tissues and clinical variables affected by whole body processes, changes in geography and the environment, and the influence of time and duration of changes. The article provides a rarely considered bird’s eye view of the problem and is intended to emphasize the need for increased awareness of pharmacological plasticity and to encourage further debate.
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Sarsenbayeva A, Dipta P, Lundqvist M, Almby KE, Tirosh B, Di Nunzio G, Eriksson JW, Pereira MJ. Human macrophages stimulate expression of inflammatory mediators in adipocytes; effects of second-generation antipsychotics and glucocorticoids on cellular cross-talk. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 125:105071. [PMID: 33360972 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.105071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipose tissue inflammation and distorted macrophage-adipocyte communication are positively associated with metabolic disturbances. Some pharmacological agents, such as second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) and synthetic glucocorticoid (GC) dexamethasone, tend to induce adverse metabolic side effects and the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Our work aimed to study whether SGAs and dexamethasone affect macrophage phenotype and macrophage-adipocyte communication on gene expression level. We selected the model involving THP-1-derived macrophages, polarized into M0, M1, and M2 phenotypes, and primary human mature subcutaneous adipocytes. METHODS Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue needle biopsies were obtained from 6 healthy subjects (4F/2M; age: 22-64 yr; BMI: 21.7-27.6 kg/m2) followed by isolation of mature adipocytes. THP-1-human monocytic cell line was used for the study. THP-1 monocytes were differentiated and polarized into M0 (naïve), M1 (classically activated), and M2 (alternatively activated) macrophages. During and after polarization the macrophages were treated for 24 h without (control) or with therapeutic and supra-therapeutic concentrations of olanzapine (0.2 µM and 2.0 µM), aripiprazole (1.0 µM and 10 µM) and its active metabolite dehydroaripiprazole (0.4 µM and 4.0 µM). Isolated mature human adipocytes were co-incubated with THP-1-derived polarized macrophages pre-treated with SGAs after their polarization. Adipocytes and macrophages were collected before and after co-culture for mRNA expression analysis of genes involved in inflammation. RESULTS Co-incubation of mature human adipocytes with human macrophages, regardless of polarization, resulted in a marked induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in adipocytes, including IL1B, IL6, TNFA, and IL10. Remarkably, it did not affect the expression of adipokines and genes involved in the regulation of energy, lipid, and glucose metabolism in adipocytes. Dexamethasone markedly reduced gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages and prevented macrophage-induced inflammatory response in adipocytes. In contrast, SGAs did not affect macrophage-adipocyte communication and had a minute anti-inflammatory effect in macrophages at supra-therapeutic concentrations. Interestingly, the adipocytes co-incubated with M1 macrophages pre-treated with dexamethasone and SGAs particularly the supra-therapeutic concentration of olanzapine, reduced expression of LPL, LIPE, AKT1, and SLC2A4, suggesting that the expression of metabolic genes in adipocytes was dependent on the presence of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages. CONCLUSION Together, these data suggest that macrophages induce expression of pro-inflammatory genes in human subcutaneous adipocytes without affecting the expression of adipokines or genes involved in energy regulation. Furthermore, our findings demonstrated that SGAs and dexamethasone had a mild effect on macrophage-adipocyte communication in M1 macrophage phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assel Sarsenbayeva
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Priya Dipta
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Martin Lundqvist
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Kristina E Almby
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Boaz Tirosh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Giada Di Nunzio
- The Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Maria J Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Interleukin-3, symptoms and cognitive deficits in first-episode drug-naïve and chronic medicated schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2018; 263:147-153. [PMID: 29554544 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies consistently showed that IL-3 signaling may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, investigations of associations between IL-3 and the neurocognitive impairments are lacking, including the study of how this may vary with stage of illness. We recruited 45 first-episode drug-naïve (FE-Sz), 35 chronic medicated schizophrenia (Ch-Sz) and 40 healthy controls (HC) and examined the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) and serum IL-3. Altered serum IL-3 levels were found in both patient groups compared with HC group (both p < 0.001). There were significantly lower neurocognitive scores on the RBANS and nearly all of its five subscales, except for Visuospatial/Constructional index in both FE-Sz and Ch-Sz patients vs healthy controls. Moreover, a significant reduction in Immediate memory index (p = 0.021) and a trend-level reduction in RBANS total score (p = 0.094) in Ch-Sz than FE-Sz patients. Interestingly, there was a significant negative correlation between IL-3 and the Immediate memory index only in Ch-Sz patients (p = 0.03). Our findings showed that neurocognitive impairments present in schizophrenia emerge during the first episode with further diminished functioning with disease progression, and IL-3 may be involved in the immediate memory deficits in the chronic phase of schizophrenia.
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Borovcanin MM, Jovanovic I, Radosavljevic G, Pantic J, Minic Janicijevic S, Arsenijevic N, Lukic ML. Interleukin-6 in Schizophrenia-Is There a Therapeutic Relevance? Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:221. [PMID: 29163240 PMCID: PMC5681495 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renewing interest in immune aspects of schizophrenia and new findings about the brain-fat axis encourage us to discuss the possible role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in schizophrenia. Previously, it was suggested that a primary alteration of the innate immune system may be relevant in schizophrenia. Functional dichotomy of IL-6 suggests that this chemical messenger may be responsible for regulating the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory responses, with tissue-specific properties at the periphery and in the central nervous system. Specific phase of this chronic and deteriorating disorder must be considered, which can involve IL-6 in acute or possible chronic inflammation and/or autoimmunity. We give an overview of IL-6 role in the onset and progression of this disorder, also considering cognitive impairment and metabolic changes in patients with schizophrenia. Data suggest that decreased serum level of IL-6 following antipsychotic therapy could be predisposing factor for the development of obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders in schizophrenia. As we reviewed, the IL-6 plays significant role in disease genesis and progression, so the use of specific inhibitors may not only be beneficial for exacerbation and alleviation of positive symptoms, but may attenuate cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Jovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Gordana Radosavljevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Pantic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Miodrag L. Lukic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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Petrikis P, Voulgari PV, Tzallas AT, Boumba VA, Archimandriti DT, Zambetas D, Papadopoulos I, Tsoulos I, Skapinakis P, Mavreas V. Changes in the cytokine profile in first-episode, drug-naïve patients with psychosis after short-term antipsychotic treatment. Psychiatry Res 2017; 256:378-383. [PMID: 28688350 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence suggests that antipsychotic medication can cause immunological changes that could be attributed to the amelioration of psychotic symptoms or the metabolic side effects of the drugs. So far, the results of the studies remain controversial. Our aim was to compare the levels of interleukin (IL) IL-2, IL-6 and transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) in drug-naïve, first-episode patients with psychosis before and after six weeks of antipsychotic medication. Thirty-nine first-episode patients with psychosis were enrolled in the study. Serum levels of IL-2, IL-6 and TGF-β2 were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) before and six weeks after the initiation of antipsychotics. In addition, clinical psychopathology was assessed using Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) before and after treatment. Serum levels of IL-2 were significantly increased six weeks after the initiation of antipsychotic treatment (p <0.001) while TGF-β2 levels were decreased (p <0.001). IL-6 levels were overall increased (p <0.004), but this occurred in a non-linear way. These findings, although preliminary, provide further evidence that antipsychotic treatment in patients with psychosis may be correlated with immunological changes but further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Petrikis
- Psychiatric Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina (UOI), P.O. Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Paraskevi V Voulgari
- Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina (UOI), P.O. Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Alexandros T Tzallas
- Department of Computer Engineering, School of Applied Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus (TEIEP), 47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Vassiliki A Boumba
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina (UOI), P.O. Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitra T Archimandriti
- Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina (UOI), P.O. Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Zambetas
- Psychiatric Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina (UOI), P.O. Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis Papadopoulos
- Psychiatric Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina (UOI), P.O. Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis Tsoulos
- Department of Computer Engineering, School of Applied Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus (TEIEP), 47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Petros Skapinakis
- Psychiatric Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina (UOI), P.O. Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Venetsanos Mavreas
- Psychiatric Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina (UOI), P.O. Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Becking K, Haarman BCM, van der Lek RFR, Grosse L, Nolen WA, Claes S, Drexhage HA, Schoevers RA. Inflammatory monocyte gene expression: trait or state marker in bipolar disorder? Int J Bipolar Disord 2015; 3:20. [PMID: 26381439 PMCID: PMC4574035 DOI: 10.1186/s40345-015-0037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to examine whether inflammatory gene expression was a trait or a state marker in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). Methods 69 healthy controls (HC), 82 euthymic BD patients and 8 BD patients with a mood episode (7 depressed, 1 manic) were included from the MOODINFLAME study. Six of the eight patients who had a mood episode were also investigated when they were euthymic (6 of the 82 euthymic patients). Of these participants the expression of 35 inflammatory genes was determined in monocytes using quantitative-polymerase chain reaction, of which a total gene expression score was calculated as well as a gene expression score per sub-cluster. Results There were no significant differences in inflammatory monocyte gene expression between healthy controls and euthymic patients. Patients experiencing a mood episode, however, had a significantly higher total gene expression score (10.63 ± 2.58) compared to healthy controls (p = .004) and euthymic patients (p = .009), as well as when compared to their own scores when they were euthymic (p = .02). This applied in particular for the sub-cluster 1 gene expression score, but not for the sub-cluster 2 gene expression score. Conclusions Our study indicates that in BD inflammatory monocyte, gene expression is especially elevated while in a mood episode compared to being euthymic.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Becking
- ICPE/UCP/Triade (CC.72), Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - B C M Haarman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Radiology Morphological Solutions, Berkel en Rodenrijs, The Netherlands.
| | - R F Riemersma van der Lek
- ICPE/UCP/Triade (CC.72), Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - L Grosse
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - W A Nolen
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - S Claes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Louvain, Belgium.
| | - H A Drexhage
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - R A Schoevers
- ICPE/UCP/Triade (CC.72), Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Neelamekam S, Nurjono M, Lee J. Regulation of interleukin-6 and leptin in schizophrenia patients: a preliminary analysis. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2014; 12:209-14. [PMID: 25598824 PMCID: PMC4293166 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2014.12.3.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective Immune-inflammatory mediators play a pivotal role in brain signaling and have been increasingly associated with the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Many studies have indicated an increased level of immune-inflammatory interleukin-6 (IL-6) in schizophrenia. IL-6 is a well-known chief stimulator of inflammation. Of late leptin has also been implicated in the inflammatory pathway of schizophrenia. In this study we measured and compared serum levels of IL-6 and leptin in patients with schizophrenia to healthy controls, and investigated the relationship between IL-6 and leptin. Methods Serum IL-6 and leptin were determined in 20 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and in 19 healthy controls matched by gender, age and body mass index (BMI) using commercial Bioplex assays. Results Using Mann-Whitney U-test, significantly increased IL-6 levels were found in the patients but there was no significant difference in leptin levels though a trend towards higher leptin was observed in the patients. Spearman correlations did not show any correlation between IL-6 and clinical variables except antipsychotic dosage. Leptin significantly correlated with gender and BMI. A large effect size correlation was observed between IL-6 and leptin in the patients but not in the controls. Multiple regression analysis performed on patients, after adjusting for gender and BMI, revealed there was no significant association between IL-6 and leptin. Conclusion IL-6 and leptin levels may reflect the chronic inflammatory state associated with schizophrenia but further evaluation is required. Also, it is important to consider the confounding effects of obesity in any examination of relationships between groups with regard to cytokines and adipokines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jimmy Lee
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore. ; Department of General Psychiatry 1, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore. ; Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
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Sobiś J, Rykaczewska-Czerwińska M, Świętochowska E, Gorczyca P. Therapeutic effect of aripiprazole in chronic schizophrenia is accompanied by anti-inflammatory activity. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 67:353-9. [PMID: 25712663 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight gain and metabolic abnormalities occur in chronic schizophrenia patients treated with atypical antipsychotics. The purpose of the study was to evaluate changes in serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), insulin and cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, sTNF-R1, IL-12, IL-23, IL-1Ra, TGF-β1, IL-4, and IL-10) after switching to aripiprazole. METHODS Cytokine, hsCRP and insulin measurements were performed in patients (n=17) on day 0 and day 28 of the study using standard ELISA assays. The psychopathological status was assessed using PANSS. WC and BMI were measured and calculated, respectively. RESULTS We observed high clinical efficacy in aripiprazole linked to a 2.7% weight loss. There were statistically significant reductions in PANSS scores and body parameters (p<0.001). After 28 days we detected a significant reduction in hsCRP (p<0.001), insulin (p<0.001), IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, sTNF-R1, IL-12, IL-23, IL-1Ra, TGF-β1, IL-4 (p<0.001), IFN-γ (p<0.05) and a significant elevation of IL-10 (p<0.001). There was a significant negative correlation between IL-10 levels and PANSS positive, negative and total scores after the study (p=0.022, p=0.003, p=0.008, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Aripiprazole limits inflammatory processes by enhancing anti-inflammatory signaling. Aripiprazole also reduces the risk of metabolic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Sobiś
- Medical University of Silesia, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Chair and Department of Psychiatry, Tarnowskie Góry, Poland.
| | - Monika Rykaczewska-Czerwińska
- Medical University of Silesia, School of Public Health, Chair of Toxicology and Drug Addiction, Department of Toxicology and Health Protection, Katowice, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Świętochowska
- Medical University of Silesia, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Chair of Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Piotr Gorczyca
- Medical University of Silesia, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Chair and Department of Psychiatry, Tarnowskie Góry, Poland
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Tourjman V, Kouassi É, Koué MÈ, Rocchetti M, Fortin-Fournier S, Fusar-Poli P, Potvin S. Antipsychotics' effects on blood levels of cytokines in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2013; 151:43-7. [PMID: 24200418 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evidence-based medicine suggests that schizophrenia is associated with an inflammatory syndrome, but the extent to which this syndrome is normalized by antipsychotic treatment has yet to be determined. METHODS A systematic quantitative review of the effects of antipsychotics on peripheral cytokine levels in schizophrenia was performed, using follow-up studies providing in vivo cytokine assessments before and after treatment. RESULTS We retrieved 23 studies (total of 762 subjects) which showed that antipsychotic treatment significantly increases plasma levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor and reduces the plasma levels of interleukin-1β and interferon-γ. CONCLUSIONS These results show that antipsychotics produce anti-inflammatory effects in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Tourjman
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
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