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Anjum N, Maiti MK. OsNAC121 regulates root development, tillering, panicle morphology, and grain filling in rice plant. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:82. [PMID: 38954114 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Transcription factors in coordination with phytohormones form an intricate regulatory network modulating vital cellular mechanisms like development, growth and senescence in plants. In this study, we have functionally characterized the transcription factor OsNAC121 by developing gene silencing and overexpressing transgenic rice plants, followed by detailed analyses of the plant architecture. Transgenic lines exhibited remodelling in crown root development, lateral root structure and density, tiller height and number, panicle and grain morphologies, underpinning the imbalanced auxin: cytokinin ratio due to perturbed auxin transportation. Application of cytokinin, auxin and abscisic acid increased OsNAC121 gene expression nearly 17-, 6- and 91-folds, respectively. qRT-PCR results showed differential expressions of auxin and cytokinin pathway genes, implying their altered levels. A 47-fold higher expression level of OsNAC121 during milky stage in untransformed rice, compared to 14-day old shoot tissue, suggests its crucial role in grain filling; as evidenced by a large number of undeveloped grains produced by the gene silenced lines. Crippled gravitropic response by the transgenic plants indicates their impaired auxin transport. Bioinformatics revealed that OsNAC121 interacts with co-repressor (TOPLESS) proteins and forms a part of the inhibitor complex OsIAA10, an essential core component of auxin signalling pathway. Therefore, OsNAC121 emerges as an important regulator of various aspects of plant architecture through modulation of crosstalk between auxin and cytokinin, altering their concentration gradient in the meristematic zones, and consequently modifying different plant organogenesis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazma Anjum
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Mrinal K Maiti
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
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Ablazov A, Jamil M, Haider I, Wang JY, Melino V, Maghrebi M, Vigani G, Liew KX, Lin PY, Chen GTE, Kuijer HNJ, Berqdar L, Mazzarella T, Fiorilli V, Lanfranco L, Zheng X, Dai NC, Lai MH, Caroline Hsing YI, Tester M, Blilou I, Al-Babili S. Zaxinone Synthase overexpression modulates rice physiology and metabolism, enhancing nutrient uptake, growth and productivity. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 38924092 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The rice Zaxinone Synthase (ZAS) gene encodes a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) that forms the apocarotenoid growth regulator zaxinone in vitro. Here, we generated and characterized constitutive ZAS-overexpressing rice lines, to better understand ZAS role in determining zaxinone content and regulating growth and architecture. ZAS overexpression enhanced endogenous zaxinone level, promoted root growth and increased the number of productive tillers, leading to about 30% higher grain yield per plant. Hormone analysis revealed a decrease in strigolactone (SL) content, which we confirmed by rescuing the high-tillering phenotype through application of a SL analogue. Metabolomics analysis revealed that ZAS overexpressing plants accumulate higher amounts of monosaccharide sugars, in line with transcriptome analysis. Moreover, transgenic plants showed higher carbon (C) assimilation rate and elevated root phosphate, nitrate and sulphate level, enhancing the tolerance towards low phosphate (Pi). Our study confirms ZAS as an important determinant of rice growth and architecture and shows that ZAS regulates hormone homoeostasis and a combination of physiological processes to promote growth and grain yield, which makes this gene an excellent candidate for sustainable crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdugaffor Ablazov
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- The BioActives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Jamil
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- The BioActives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Haider
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- The BioActives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Section of Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Jian You Wang
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- The BioActives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vanessa Melino
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- The Salt Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moez Maghrebi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Vigani
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Kit Xi Liew
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- The BioActives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pei-Yu Lin
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- The BioActives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Guan-Ting Erica Chen
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- The BioActives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hendrik N J Kuijer
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- The BioActives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamis Berqdar
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- The BioActives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Teresa Mazzarella
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Fiorilli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Luisa Lanfranco
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Xiongjie Zheng
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- The BioActives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nai-Chiang Dai
- Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsin Lai
- Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Mark Tester
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- The Salt Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- The Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- The BioActives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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Zhang M, Wang F, Hu Z, Wang X, Yi Q, Feng J, Zhao X, Zhu S. CcRR5 interacts with CcRR14 and CcSnRK2s to regulate the root development in citrus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1170825. [PMID: 37139114 PMCID: PMC10150009 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1170825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Response regulator (RR) is an important component of the cytokinin (CK) signal transduction system associated with root development and stress resistance in model plants. However, the function of RR gene and the molecular mechanism on regulating the root development in woody plants such as citrus remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that CcRR5, a member of the type A RR, regulates the morphogenesis of root through interacting with CcRR14 and CcSnRK2s in citrus. CcRR5 is mainly expressed in root tips and young leaves. The activity of CcRR5 promoter triggered by CcRR14 was proved with transient expression assay. Seven SnRK2 family members with highly conserved domains were identified in citrus. Among them, CcSnRK2.3, CcSnRK2.6, CcSnRK2.7, and CcSnRK2.8 can interact with CcRR5 and CcRR14. Phenotypic analysis of CcRR5 overexpressed transgenic citrus plants indicated that the transcription level of CcRR5 was associated with root length and lateral root numbers. This was also correlated to the expression of root-related genes and thus confirmed that CcRR5 is involved in the root development. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that CcRR5 is a positive regulator of root growth and CcRR14 directly regulates the expression of CcRR5. Both CcRR5 and CcRR14 can interact with CcSnRK2s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Zhang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fusheng Wang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhou Hu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Yi
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jipeng Feng
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaochun Zhao
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaochun Zhao, ; Shiping Zhu,
| | - Shiping Zhu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaochun Zhao, ; Shiping Zhu,
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Li C, Gong C, Wu J, Yang L, Zhou L, Wu B, Gao L, Ling F, You A, Li C, Lin Y. Improvement of Rice Agronomic Traits by Editing Type-B Response Regulators. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214165. [PMID: 36430643 PMCID: PMC9698459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-B response regulator proteins in rice contain a conserved receiver domain, followed by a GARP DNA binding domain and a longer C-terminus. Some type-B response regulators such as RR21, RR22 and RR23 are involved in the development of rice leaf, root, flower and trichome. In this study, to evaluate the application potential of type-B response regulators in rice genetic improvement, thirteen type-B response regulator genes in rice were respectively knocked out by using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology. Two guide RNAs (gRNAs) were simultaneously expressed on a knockout vector to mutate one gene. T0 transformed plants were used to screen the plants with deletion of large DNA fragments through PCR with specific primers. The mutants of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing were detected by Cas9 specific primer in the T1 generation, and homozygous mutants without Cas9 were screened, whose target regions were confirmed by sequencing. Mutant materials of 12 OsRRs were obtained, except for RR24. Preliminary phenotypic observation revealed variations of various important traits in different mutant materials, including plant height, tiller number, tillering angle, heading date, panicle length and yield. The osrr30 mutant in the T2 generation was then further examined. As a result, the heading date of the osrr30 mutant was delayed by about 18 d, while the yield was increased by about 30%, and the chalkiness was significantly reduced compared with those of the wild-type under field high temperature stress. These results indicated that osrr30 has great application value in rice breeding. Our findings suggest that it is feasible to perform genetic improvement of rice by editing the type-B response regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chenbo Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiemin Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Linfeng Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bian Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liang Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fei Ling
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Aiqing You
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Changyan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yongjun Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (Y.L.)
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Zhang X, Liu D, Gao D, Zhao W, Du H, Qiu Z, Huang J, Wen P, Wang Y, Li Q, Wang W, Xu H, He J, Liu Y, Wan J. Cytokinin Confers Brown Planthopper Resistance by Elevating Jasmonic Acid Pathway in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5946. [PMID: 35682620 PMCID: PMC9180265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved a sophisticated defense system that employs various hormone pathways to defend against attacks by insect pests. Cytokinin (CK) plays an important role in plant growth and stress tolerance, but the role of CKs in plant-insect interaction remains largely unclear. Here, we report that CKs act as a positive regulator in rice resistance against brown planthopper (BPH), a devastating insect pest of rice. We found that BPH feeding promotes CK biosynthesis and signaling in rice. Exogenous application of CKs significantly increased the rice resistance to BPH. Increasing endogenous CKs by knocking out cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (OsCKXs) led to enhanced resistance to BPH. Moreover, the levels of the plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) and the expression of JA-responsive genes were elevated by CK treatment and in OsCKXs knockout plants. Furthermore, JA-deficient mutant og1 was more susceptible to BPH, and CK-induced BPH resistance was suppressed in og1. These results indicate that CK-mediated BPH resistance is JA-dependent. Our findings provide the direct evidence for the novel role of CK in promoting insect resistance, and demonstrate that CK-induced insect resistance is JA-dependent. These results provide important guidance for effective pest management strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Daoming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Dong Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Weining Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Huaying Du
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Zeyu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Peizheng Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Wenhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Haosen Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Yuqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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6
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Mobile Messenger RNAs in Grafts of Salix matsudana Are Associated with Plant Rooting. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Messenger RNAs exchanged between scions and rootstocks of grafted plants seriously affect their traits performance. The study goals were to identify the long-distance mRNA transmission events in grafted willows using a transcriptome analysis and to reveal the possible effects on rooting traits. The results showed that the Salix matsudana variety 9901 has better rooting ability than YJ, which reasonably improved the rooting performance of the heterologous grafts 9901 (scion)/YJ (rootstock). A transcriptome analysis showed that 2948 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were present in the rootstock of 9901/YJ grafted plants in comparison with YJ/YJ. Among them, 692 were identified as mRNAs moved from 9901 scion based on SNP analysis of two parents. They were mostly 1001–1500 bp, had 40–45% GC contents, or had expression abundance values less than 10. However, mRNAs over 4001 bp, having 50–55% GC contents, or having expression abundance values of 10–20 were preferentially transferred. Eight mRNAs subjected to long-distance trafficking were involved in the plant hormone pathways and may significantly promote the root growth of grafted plants. In summary, heterologous grafts of Salix matsudana could efficiently influence plant rooting of the mRNAs transport from scion to rootstock.
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Tu B, Tao Z, Wang S, Zhou L, Zheng L, Zhang C, Li X, Zhang X, Yin J, Zhu X, Yuan H, Li T, Chen W, Qin P, Ma B, Wang Y, Li S. Loss of Gn1a/OsCKX2 confers heavy-panicle rice with excellent lodging resistance. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:23-38. [PMID: 34783157 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Significant achievements have been made in breeding programs for the heavy-panicle-type (HPT) rice (Oryza sativa) in Southwest China. The HPT varieties now exhibit excellent lodging resistance, allowing them to overcome the greater pressures caused by heavy panicles. However, the genetic mechanism of this lodging resistance remains elusive. Here, we isolated a major quantitative trait locus, Panicle Neck Diameter 1 (PND1), and identified the causal gene as GRAIN NUMBER 1A/CYTOKININ OXIDASE 2 (Gn1A/OsCKX2). The null gn1a allele from rice line R498 (gn1aR498 ) improved lodging resistance through increasing the culm diameter and promoting crown root development. Loss-of-function of Gn1a/OsCKX2 led to cytokinin accumulation in the crown root tip and accelerated the development of adventitious roots. Gene pyramiding between the null gn1aR498 allele with two gain-of-function alleles, STRONG CULM 2 (SCM2) and SCM3, further improved lodging resistance. Moreover, Gn1a/OsCKX2 had minimal influence on overall rice quality. Our research thus highlights the distinct genetic components of lodging resistance of HPT varieties and provides a strategy for tailor-made crop improvement of both yield and lodging resistance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhang Tao
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shiguang Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ling Zheng
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- College of Agriculture and Horticulture, Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau of Cuiping District, Yibin Sichuan, 644000, China
| | - Xinzi Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Junjie Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hua Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Weilan Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Peng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bingtian Ma
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shigui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
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8
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Bhaskar A, Paul LK, Sharma E, Jha S, Jain M, Khurana JP. OsRR6, a type-A response regulator in rice, mediates cytokinin, light and stress responses when over-expressed in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 161:98-112. [PMID: 33581623 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a complex network of components that sense and respond to diverse signals. In the present study, we have characterized OsRR6, a type-A response regulator, which is part of the two-component sensor-regulator machinery in rice. The expression of OsRR6 is induced by exogenous cytokinin and various abiotic stress treatments, including drought, cold and salinity stress. Organ-specific expression analysis revealed that its expression is high in anther and low in shoot apical meristem. The Arabidopsis plants constitutively expressing OsRR6 (OsRR6OX) exhibited reduced cytokinin sensitivity, adventitious root formation and enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in seeds. OsRR6OX plants were more tolerant to drought and salinity conditions when compared to wild-type. The hypocotyl growth in OsRR6OX seedlings was significantly inhibited under red, far-red and blue-light conditions and also a decline in transcript levels of OsRR6 was observed in rice under the above monochromatic as well as white light treatments. Transcriptome profiling revealed that the genes associated with defense responses and anthocyanin metabolism are up-regulated in OsRR6OX seedlings. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that the genes associated with phenylpropanoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis are enriched among differentially expressed genes in OsRR6OX seedlings of Arabidopsis, which is in conformity with reanalysis of the transcriptome data performed in rice transgenics for OsRR6. Further, genes like DREB1A/CBF3, COR15A, KIN1, ERD10 and RD29A are significantly upregulated in OsRR6OX seedlings when subjected to ABA and abiotic stress treatments. Thus, a negative regulator of cytokinin signaling, OsRR6, plays a positive role in imparting abiotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avantika Bhaskar
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics & Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Laju K Paul
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics & Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Eshan Sharma
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics & Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Sampoornananda Jha
- Central Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Mukesh Jain
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics & Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India; School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Jitendra P Khurana
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics & Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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9
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Zhao J, Yang B, Li W, Sun S, Peng L, Feng D, Li L, Di H, He Y, Wang Z. A genome-wide association study reveals that the glucosyltransferase OsIAGLU regulates root growth in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1119-1134. [PMID: 33130882 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Good root growth in the early post-germination stages is an important trait for direct seeding in rice, but its genetic control is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the genetic architecture of variation in primary root length using a diverse panel of 178 accessions. Four QTLs for root length (qRL3, qRL6, qRL7, and qRL11) were identified using genome-wide association studies. One candidate gene was validated for the major QTL qRL11, namely the glucosyltransferase OsIAGLU. Disruption of this gene in Osiaglu mutants reduced the primary root length and the numbers of lateral and crown roots. The natural allelic variations of OsIAGLU contributing to root growth were identified. Functional analysis revealed that OsIAGLU regulates root growth mainly via modulating multiple hormones in the roots, including levels of auxin, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and cytokinin. OsIAGLU also influences the expression of multiple hormone-related genes associated with root growth. The regulation of root growth through multiple hormone pathways by OsIAGLU makes it a potential target for future rice breeding for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhao
- The Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yang
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Li
- The Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Sun
- The Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liling Peng
- The Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Defeng Feng
- The Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Huzhou Agricultural Science and Technology Development Center, Huzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Di
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqi He
- The Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhoufei Wang
- The Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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10
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Li SM, Zheng HX, Zhang XS, Sui N. Cytokinins as central regulators during plant growth and stress response. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:271-282. [PMID: 33025178 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins are a class of phytohormone that participate in the regulation of the plant growth, development, and stress response. In this review, the potential regulating mechanism during plant growth and stress response are discussed. Cytokinins are a class of phytohormone that participate in the regulation of plant growth, physiological activities, and yield. Cytokinins also play a key role in response to abiotic stresses, such as drought, salt and high or low temperature. Through the signal transduction pathway, cytokinins interact with various transcription factors via a series of phosphorylation cascades to regulate cytokinin-target gene expression. In this review, we systematically summarize the biosynthesis and metabolism of cytokinins, cytokinin signaling, and associated gene regulation, and highlight the function of cytokinins during plant development and resistance to abiotic stress. We also focus on the importance of crosstalk between cytokinins and other classes of phytohormones, including auxin, ethylene, strigolactone, and gibberellin. Our aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent findings on the mechanisms by which cytokinins act as central regulators of plant development and stress reactions, and highlight topics for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Min Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Zheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Xian-Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Na Sui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
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11
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Wang Y, Bao Y, Zheng Y, Guo P, Peng D, Wang B. Promoter P PSP1-5- BnPSP-1 From Ramie ( Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud.) Can Drive Phloem-Specific GUS Expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. Front Genet 2021; 11:553265. [PMID: 33391335 PMCID: PMC7772962 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.553265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolation of phloem-specific promoters is one of the basic conditions for improving the fiber development and resistance of ramie phloem using genetic engineering. In this study, we isolated a ramie endogenous promoter (named PPSP1-BnPSP-1) and analyzed the function of its truncated fragments in Arabidopsis. The results show that PPSP1-BnPSP-1 can drive the GUS reporter gene to be specifically expressed in the veins of Arabidopsis. After hormone and simulated drought treatment of the independent Arabidopsis lines carrying PPSP1-BnPSP-1 and its truncated fragments, only PPSP1–5-BnPSP-1 (−600 to −1 bp region of PPSP1-BnPSP-1) is stably expressed and exhibits phloem specificity. Our findings suggest that PPSP1–5-BnPSP-1 can be used as a phloem specific promoter for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaning Bao
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Tobacco Science, University of Guizhou, Guiyang, China
| | - Yancheng Zheng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping'an Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, University of Hubei Normal, Huangshi, China
| | - Dingxiang Peng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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12
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Zhang H, San ML, Jang SG, Lee JH, Kim NE, Lee AR, Park SY, Cao FY, Chin JH, Kwon SW. Genome-Wide Association Study of Root System Development at Seedling Stage in Rice. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121395. [PMID: 33255557 PMCID: PMC7760126 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Root network structure plays a crucial role in growth and development processes in rice. Longer, more branched root structures help plants to assimilate water and nutrition from soil, support robust plant growth, and improve resilience to stresses such as disease. Understanding the molecular basis of root development through screening of root-related traits in rice germplasms is critical to future rice breeding programs. This study used a small germplasm collection of 137 rice varieties chosen from the Korean rice core set (KRICE_CORE) to identify loci linked to root development. Two million high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used as the genotype, with maximum root length (MRL) and total root weight (TRW) in seedlings used as the phenotype. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) combined with Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Kinship matrix analysis identified four quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on chromosomes 3, 6, and 8. Two QTLs were linked to MRL and two were related to TRW. Analysis of Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) decay identified a 230 kb exploratory range for detection of candidate root-related genes. Candidates were filtered using RNA-seq data, gene annotations, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and five previously characterized genes related to root development were identified, as well as four novel candidate genes. Promoter analysis of candidate genes showed that LOC_Os03g08880 and LOC_Os06g13060 contained SNPs with the potential to impact gene expression in root-related promoter motifs. Haplotype analysis of candidate genes revealed diverse haplotypes that were significantly associated with phenotypic variation. Taken together, these results indicate that LOC_Os03g08880 and LOC_Os06g13060 are strong candidate genes for root development functions. The significant haplotypes identified in this study will be beneficial in future breeding programs for root improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjia Zhang
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (H.Z.); (M.L.S.); (S.-G.J.); (J.-H.L.); (N.-E.K.); (A.-R.L.)
| | - Mar Lar San
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (H.Z.); (M.L.S.); (S.-G.J.); (J.-H.L.); (N.-E.K.); (A.-R.L.)
| | - Seong-Gyu Jang
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (H.Z.); (M.L.S.); (S.-G.J.); (J.-H.L.); (N.-E.K.); (A.-R.L.)
| | - Ja-Hong Lee
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (H.Z.); (M.L.S.); (S.-G.J.); (J.-H.L.); (N.-E.K.); (A.-R.L.)
| | - Na-Eun Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (H.Z.); (M.L.S.); (S.-G.J.); (J.-H.L.); (N.-E.K.); (A.-R.L.)
| | - Ah-Rim Lee
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (H.Z.); (M.L.S.); (S.-G.J.); (J.-H.L.); (N.-E.K.); (A.-R.L.)
| | - So-Yeon Park
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Miryang 50463, Korea;
| | - Fang-Yuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, School of Biology and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212008, China;
| | - Joong-Hyoun Chin
- Department of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-H.C.); (S.-W.K.); Tel.: +82-55-350-5506 (S.-W.K.)
| | - Soon-Wook Kwon
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (H.Z.); (M.L.S.); (S.-G.J.); (J.-H.L.); (N.-E.K.); (A.-R.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.-H.C.); (S.-W.K.); Tel.: +82-55-350-5506 (S.-W.K.)
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13
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Jiang W, Zhou S, Huang H, Song H, Zhang Q, Zhao Y. MERISTEM ACTIVITYLESS (MAL) is involved in root development through maintenance of meristem size in rice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:499-511. [PMID: 32918256 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rice MERISTEM ACTIVITYLESS (MAL), a RING-H2 finger domain (RFD)-containing gene, regulates meristem cell viability after the initiation of root primordia mediated by cytokinin signaling. Genes in the RING-H2 finger domain (RFD) family play various roles during plant development and in biotic/abiotic stress responses. Rice gene MERISTEM ACTIVITYLESS (MAL), being contained in the RING-H2 finger domain (RFD), is characterized by a transmembrane domain at the N-terminal and a C3H2C3 zinc finger domain at the C-terminal. To elucidate the physiological and molecular functions of MAL, we generated MAL knockdown transgenic plants by RNA interference. MAL RNA-interfered (MRi) transgenic plants exhibited a phenotype with shorter crown root length and lower crown root number, accompanied by a lower cell division rate. The low division rate was observed in the root meristem exactly where MAL was expressed. Furthermore, transcriptome data revealed that cell wall macromolecule metabolism-related genes and redox-related genes were enriched in MAL RNAi lines. Most of these differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were induced by exogenous cytokinin. Hence, we conclude that MAL, as a novel regulatory factor, plays a major role in maintaining cell viability in the meristem after the initiation of root primordial formation, mediated by cytokinin signaling and reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shaoli Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Honglin Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Huazhi Song
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qinglu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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14
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Shi F, Wang M, An Y. Overexpression of a B-type cytokinin response regulator ( OsORR2) reduces plant height in rice. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1780405. [PMID: 32552330 PMCID: PMC8570751 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1780405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin plays crucial roles in regulating plant growth and development, with the signal transduction mediated by type-A and type-B response regulators (RRs).While much genetic knowledge about RRs on regulating plant height remains unclear. Here, we found that overexpressing an OsORR2 gene (a type-B RR) could reduce plant height in rice compared with the wild type (WT). Using quantitative real time (RT-qPCR) assay, OsORR2was expressed widely in most tissues such as root, culm, sheath, leaf, and panicle. Strong signals were detected in leaf mesophyll cells and anther by in situ hybridization assays (ISH). The subcellular localization of OsORR2 was in cell nucleus. In addition, we found that the transcriptional expression levels of type-A RR genes such as OsRR9, OsRR10, OsRR12, and OsRR13 were significantly up-regulated in the overexpression transgenic plants (OE) plants. Taken together, our data suggested that OsORR2was involved in the development of plant height in rice and provided a foundation for future deep molecular research of the type-B RRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fachao Shi
- Guangdong Bioengineering Institute (Guangzhou Sugarcane Industry Research Institute), Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Pesticide & Fertilizer, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Wang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxing An
- Guangdong Bioengineering Institute (Guangzhou Sugarcane Industry Research Institute), Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Pesticide & Fertilizer, Guangzhou, China
- CONTACT Yuxing an Bioengineering Building No.1905, Shiliugang road 10#, Haizhu District, Gungzhou city, China
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15
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Mao C, He J, Liu L, Deng Q, Yao X, Liu C, Qiao Y, Li P, Ming F. OsNAC2 integrates auxin and cytokinin pathways to modulate rice root development. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:429-442. [PMID: 31389120 PMCID: PMC6953191 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The rice root system is important for growth. The crosstalk between auxin and cytokinin mediates root initiation and elongation. However, it remains unclear how the transcriptional network upstream of the auxin and cytokinin signalling pathways determines root development. Here, we observed that the knockdown of OsNAC2, which encodes a NAC transcription factor, increased the primary root length and the number of crown roots. OsNAC2 predominantly expressed in primary root tips, crown roots and lateral root primordia, implying it influences root development. Molecular analyses revealed that the expressions of auxin- and cytokinin-responsive genes were affected in OsNAC2-overexpressing (OsNAC2-OX; ON7 and ON11), RNA interference (OsNAC2-RNAi; RNAi25 and RNAi31) and CRISPR/Cas9 plants. Additionally, OsNAC2 can directly bind to the promoters of IAA inactivation-related genes (GH3.6 and GH3.8), an IAA signalling-related gene (OsARF25), and a cytokinin oxidase gene (OsCKX4). Furthermore, genetic analysis of ON11/osgh3.6 and RNAi31/osckx4 homozygote confirmed that OsCKX4 and OsGH3.6 functioned downstream of OsNAC2. The mRNA levels of CROWN ROOTLESS (CRL) genes and cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) genes increased in OsNAC2-RNAi and OsNAC2-cas9 lines while reduced in OsNAC2-OX lines. Thus, we describe that OsNAC2 functions as an upstream integrator of auxin and cytokinin signals that affect CRL and CDK production to regulate cell division during root development. This novel auxin-OsNAC2-cytokinin model should provide a new insight into the understanding of NAC TFs and crosstalk of auxin and cytokinin pathway, and can be potentially applied in agriculture to enhance rice yields by genetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjuan Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringInstitute of GeneticsInstitute of Plant BiologySchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jianmei He
- Institute of Rice ResearchSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lina Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qiming Deng
- Institute of Rice ResearchSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xuefeng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular PhysiologyInstitute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chunming Liu
- Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yongli Qiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Peng Li
- The Biotechnology Research InstituteShanghai Academy of Agricultural SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Feng Ming
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringInstitute of GeneticsInstitute of Plant BiologySchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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16
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Strigolactone promotes cytokinin degradation through transcriptional activation of CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE 9 in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14319-14324. [PMID: 31235564 PMCID: PMC6628823 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810980116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Strigolactone plays a vital role in plant growth and development, but its response genes remain to be identified. In this study, we found that cytokinin content is markedly increased in the strigolactone signaling mutant d53, and that OsCKX9, which encodes a cytokinin oxidase to catalyze the degradation of cytokinin, functions as a primary strigolactone-responsive gene to regulate rice tillering, plant height, and panicle size, likely via a secondary response gene, OsRR5, which encodes a cytokinin-inducible rice type-A response regulator, demonstrating that strigolactone regulates rice shoot architecture through enhanced cytokinin catabolism by modulating OsCKX9 expression. Strigolactones (SLs), a group of terpenoid lactones derived from carotenoids, are plant hormones that control numerous aspects of plant development. Although the framework of SL signaling that the repressor DWARF 53 (D53) could be SL-dependently degraded via the SL receptor D14 and F-box protein D3 has been established, the downstream response genes to SLs remain to be elucidated. Here we show that the cytokinin (CK) content is dramatically increased in shoot bases of the rice SL signaling mutant d53. By examining transcript levels of all the CK metabolism-related genes after treatment with SL analog GR24, we identified CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE 9 (OsCKX9) as a primary response gene significantly up-regulated within 1 h of treatment in the wild type but not in d53. We also found that OsCKX9 functions as a cytosolic and nuclear dual-localized CK catabolic enzyme, and that the overexpression of OsCKX9 suppresses the browning of d53 calli. Both the CRISPR/Cas9-generated OsCKX9 mutants and OsCKX9-overexpressing transgenic plants showed significant increases in tiller number and decreases in plant height and panicle size, suggesting that the homeostasis of OsCKX9 plays a critical role in regulating rice shoot architecture. Moreover, we identified the CK-inducible rice type-A response regulator OsRR5 as the secondary SL-responsive gene, whose expression is significantly repressed after 4 h of GR24 treatment in the wild type but not in osckx9. These findings reveal a comprehensive plant hormone cross-talk in which SL can induce the expression of OsCKX9 to down-regulate CK content, which in turn triggers the response of downstream genes.
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Raines T, Blakley IC, Tsai YC, Worthen JM, Franco-Zorrilla JM, Solano R, Schaller GE, Loraine AE, Kieber JJ. Characterization of the cytokinin-responsive transcriptome in rice. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:260. [PMID: 27931185 PMCID: PMC5146874 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokinin activates transcriptional cascades important for development and the responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Most of what is known regarding cytokinin-regulated gene expression comes from studies of the dicotyledonous plant Arabidopsis thaliana. To expand the understanding of the cytokinin-regulated transcriptome, we employed RNA-Seq to analyze gene expression in response to cytokinin in roots and shoots of the monocotyledonous plant rice. RESULTS We identified over 4,600 and approximately 2,400 genes differentially expressed in response to cytokinin in roots and shoots respectively. There were some similarities in the sets of cytokinin-regulated genes identified in rice and Arabidopsis, including an up-regulation of genes that act to reduce cytokinin function. Consistent with this, we found that the preferred DNA-binding motif of a rice type-B response regulator is similar to those from Arabidopsis. Analysis of the genes regulated by cytokinin in rice revealed a large number of transcription factors, receptor-like kinases, and genes involved in protein degradation, as well as genes involved in development and the response to biotic stress. Consistent with the over-representation of genes involved in biotic stress, there is a substantial overlap in the genes regulated by cytokinin and those differentially expressed in response to pathogen infection, suggesting that cytokinin plays an integral role in the transcriptional response to pathogens in rice, including the induction of a large number of WRKY transcription factors. CONCLUSIONS These results begin to unravel the complex gene regulation after cytokinin perception in a crop of agricultural importance and provide insight into the processes and responses modulated by cytokinin in monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Raines
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280 USA
- Present address: AgBiome, Inc., 104 TW Alexander Drive, Bldg 18, Research Triangle Park, NC 27713 USA
| | - Ivory C. Blakley
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081 USA
| | - Yu-Chang Tsai
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280 USA
- Present address: Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
| | | | - José Manuel Franco-Zorrilla
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Solano
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - G. Eric Schaller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
| | - Ann E. Loraine
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081 USA
| | - Joseph J. Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280 USA
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Roy A, Sahoo D, Tripathy BC. Light-hormone interaction in the red-light-induced suppression of photomorphogenesis in rice seedlings. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:393-402. [PMID: 25902895 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Red light perceived by the shoot bottom suppresses photomorphogenesis in rice seedlings mediated by phytochrome A. Shoots of these seedlings grown in red light having their shoot bottom exposed were deficient in chlorophyll and accumulated high concentration of trans-zeatin riboside. However, reduced presence of isopentynyl adenosine, dihydrozeatin riboside was observed in shoots of red-light-grown non-green seedlings in comparison to green seedling. The message abundance of cytokinin receptor (OsHK5), transporters (OsENT1, OsENT2), and response regulators (OsRR4, OsRR10) was downregulated in these red-light-grown non-green seedlings. Attenuation of greening process was reversed by application of exogenous cytokinin analogue, benzyladenine, or supplementing red light with blue light. In the same vein, the suppression of gene expression of cytokinin receptor, transporters, and type-A response regulators was reversed in red-light-grown seedlings treated with benzyladenine suggesting that the disarrayed cytokinin (CK) signaling cascade is responsible for non-greening of seedlings grown in red light. The reversal of red-light-induced suppression of photomorphogenesis by blue light and benzyladenine demonstrates the interaction of light and cytokinin signaling cascades in the regulation of photomorphogenesis. Partial reversal of greening process by exogenous application of benzyladenine suggests, apart from CKs perception, transportation and responsiveness, other factors are also involved in modulation of suppression of photomorphogenesis by red light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansuman Roy
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | | | - Baishnab C Tripathy
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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El-Kereamy A, Bi YM, Mahmood K, Ranathunge K, Yaish MW, Nambara E, Rothstein SJ. Overexpression of the CC-type glutaredoxin, OsGRX6 affects hormone and nitrogen status in rice plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:934. [PMID: 26579177 PMCID: PMC4630655 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (GRXs) are small glutathione dependent oxidoreductases that belong to the Thioredoxin (TRX) superfamily and catalyze the reduction of disulfide bonds of their substrate proteins. Plant GRXs include three different groups based on the motif sequence, namely CPYC, CGFS, and CC-type proteins. The rice CC-type proteins, OsGRX6 was identified during the screening for genes whose expression changes depending on the level of available nitrate. Overexpression of OsGRX6 in rice displayed a semi-dwarf phenotype. The OsGRX6 overexpressors contain a higher nitrogen content than the wild type, indicating that OsGRX6 plays a role in homeostatic regulation of nitrogen use. Consistent with this, OsGRX6 overexpressors displayed delayed chlorophyll degradation and senescence compared to the wild type plants. To examine if the growth defect of these transgenic lines attribute to disturbed plant hormone actions, plant hormone levels were measured. The levels of two cytokinins (CKs), 2-isopentenyladenine and trans-zeatin, and gibberellin A1 (GA1) were increased in these lines. We also found that these transgenic lines were less sensitive to exogenously applied GA, suggesting that the increase in GA1 is a result of the feedback regulation. These data suggest that OsGRX6 affects hormone signaling and nitrogen status in rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf El-Kereamy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
- Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California Cooperative Extension Kern CountyBakersfield, CA, USA
| | - Yong-Mei Bi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kashif Mahmood
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kosala Ranathunge
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
| | - Mahmoud W. Yaish
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos UniversityMuscat, Oman
| | - Eiji Nambara
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steven J. Rothstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
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20
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Ding C, You J, Chen L, Wang S, Ding Y. Nitrogen fertilizer increases spikelet number per panicle by enhancing cytokinin synthesis in rice. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:363-71. [PMID: 24258242 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1536-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Flower number per panicle is one of the most important traits in rice productivity determination. The number of flowers is established in the early stages of panicle development. Nitrogen fertilizer application before panicle initiation is well known to increase flower number. Nitrogen increases cytokinin (CKs) biosynthesis in plants, and CKs have very similar effects as nitrogen fertilizer on panicle branching. The effects of nitrogen fertilizer on panicle branching may be mediated by CKs, in which accumulation in the inflorescence meristem can regulate panicle development, resulting in increased numbers of flowers and branches. Adenosine phosphate-isopentenyltransferase (IPT) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of CKs biosynthesis. We analyzed the effect of nitrogen fertilizer (urea) on the expression of OsIPT genes (OsIPTs). The results showed that OsIPTs were markedly increased, and CKs accumulated in panicle when nitrogen fertilizer was applied. CKs biosynthesis in the roots and leaves was not up-regulated by nitrogen. These results suggest that nitrogen fertilizer enhances local CKs synthesis to increase flower numbers in the panicles of rice. Localized CKs biosynthesis is an important response to nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengqiang Ding
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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21
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Nayar S, Sharma R, Tyagi AK, Kapoor S. Functional delineation of rice MADS29 reveals its role in embryo and endosperm development by affecting hormone homeostasis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:4239-53. [PMID: 23929654 PMCID: PMC3808311 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Rice MADS29 has recently been reported to cause programmed cell death of maternal tissues, the nucellus, and the nucellar projection during early stages of seed development. However, analyses involving OsMADS29 protein expression domains and characterization of OsMADS29 gain-of-function and knockdown phenotypes revealed novel aspects of its function in maintaining hormone homeostasis, which may have a role in the development of embryo and plastid differentiation and starch filling in endosperm cells. The MADS29 transcripts accumulated to high levels soon after fertilization; however, protein accumulation was found to be delayed by at least 4 days. Immunolocalization studies revealed that the protein accumulated initially in the dorsal-vascular trace and the outer layers of endosperm, and subsequently in the embryo and aleurone and subaleurone layers of the endosperm. Ectopic expression of MADS29 resulted in a severely dwarfed phenotype, exhibiting elevated levels of cytokinin, thereby suggesting that cytokinin biosynthesis pathway could be one of the major targets of OsMADS29. Overexpression of OsMADS29 in heterologous BY2 cells was found to mimic the effects of exogenous application of cytokinins that causes differentiation of proplastids to starch-containing amyloplasts and activation of genes involved in the starch biosynthesis pathway. Suppression of MADS29 expression by RNAi severely affected seed set. The surviving seeds were smaller in size, with developmental abnormalities in the embryo and reduced size of endosperm cells, which also contained loosely packed starch granules. Microarray analysis of overexpression and knockdown lines exhibited altered expression of genes involved in plastid biogenesis, starch biosynthesis, cytokinin signalling and biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraswati Nayar
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics and Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Rita Sharma
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics and Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
- *Present address: Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Tyagi
- National Institute for Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sanjay Kapoor
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics and Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
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22
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Gliwicka M, Nowak K, Balazadeh S, Mueller-Roeber B, Gaj MD. Extensive modulation of the transcription factor transcriptome during somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69261. [PMID: 23874927 PMCID: PMC3714258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms controlling plant totipotency are largely unknown and studies on somatic embryogenesis (SE), the process through which already differentiated cells reverse their developmental program and become embryogenic, provide a unique means for deciphering molecular mechanisms controlling developmental plasticity of somatic cells. Among various factors essential for embryogenic transition of somatic cells transcription factors (TFs), crucial regulators of genetic programs, are believed to play a central role. Herein, we used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to identify TF genes affected during SE induced by in vitro culture in Arabidopsis thaliana. Expression profiles of 1,880 TFs were evaluated in the highly embryogenic Col-0 accession and the non-embryogenic tanmei/emb2757 mutant. Our study revealed 729 TFs whose expression changes during the 10-days incubation period of SE; 141 TFs displayed distinct differences in expression patterns in embryogenic versus non-embryogenic cultures. The embryo-induction stage of SE occurring during the first 5 days of culture was associated with a robust and dramatic change of the TF transcriptome characterized by the drastic up-regulation of the expression of a great majority (over 80%) of the TFs active during embryogenic culture. In contrast to SE induction, the advanced stage of embryo formation showed attenuation and stabilization of transcript levels of many TFs. In total, 519 of the SE-modulated TFs were functionally annotated and transcripts related with plant development, phytohormones and stress responses were found to be most abundant. The involvement of selected TFs in SE was verified using T-DNA insertion lines and a significantly reduced embryogenic response was found for the majority of them. This study provides comprehensive data focused on the expression of TF genes during SE and suggests directions for further research on functional genomics of SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gliwicka
- Department of Genetics, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Nowak
- Department of Genetics, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Salma Balazadeh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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23
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Kim HJ, Kieber JJ, Schaller GE. Overlapping and lineage-specific roles for the type-B response regulators of monocots and dicots. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:1110-3. [PMID: 22899067 PMCID: PMC3489639 DOI: 10.4161/psb.21293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins are plant hormones with profound roles in growth and development. Cytokinin signaling is mediated through a 'two-component' signaling system composed of histidine kinases, histidine-containing phosphotransfer proteins, and response regulators. Phylogenetic analysis of two-component signaling elements from the monocot rice and the dicot Arabidopsis reveals lineage-specific expansions of the type-B response regulators, transcription factors that act as positive regulators for the cytokinin signal. We recently reported in Plant Physiology on a functional analysis of rice type-B response regulators. A type-B response regulator from a subfamily comprised of both monocot and dicot type-B response regulators complemented an Arabidopsis type-B response regulator mutant, but a type-B response regulator from a monocot-specific subfamily generally did not. Here, we extend this analysis to demonstrate that the promoter of an Arabidopsis cytokinin primary response gene is induced by type-B response regulators from a shared subfamily, but not by one from a lineage-specific subfamily. These results support a model in which the type-B response regulators of monocots and dicots share conserved roles in the cytokinin signaling pathway but have also diverged to take on lineage-specific roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Joseph J. Kieber
- Department of Biology; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - G. Eric Schaller
- Department of Biological Sciences; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
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24
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Tsai YC, Weir NR, Hill K, Zhang W, Kim HJ, Shiu SH, Schaller GE, Kieber JJ. Characterization of genes involved in cytokinin signaling and metabolism from rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:1666-84. [PMID: 22383541 PMCID: PMC3320177 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.192765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Two-component signaling elements play important roles in plants, including a central role in cytokinin signaling. We characterized two-component elements from the monocot rice (Oryza sativa) using several complementary approaches. Phylogenetic analysis reveals relatively simple orthologous relationships among the histidine kinases in rice and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). In contrast, the histidine-containing phosphotransfer proteins (OsHPs) and response regulators (OsRRs) display a higher degree of lineage-specific expansion. The intracellular localizations of several OsHPs and OsRRs were examined in rice and generally found to correspond to the localizations of their dicot counterparts. The functionality of rice type-B OsRRs was tested in Arabidopsis; one from a clade composed of both monocot and dicot type-B OsRRs complemented an Arabidopsis type-B response regulator mutant, but a type-B OsRR from a monocot-specific subfamily generally did not. The expression of genes encoding two-component elements and proteins involved in cytokinin biosynthesis and degradation was analyzed in rice roots and shoots and in response to phytohormones. Nearly all type-A OsRRs and OsHK4 were up-regulated in response to cytokinin, but other cytokinin signaling elements were not appreciably affected. Furthermore, multiple cytokinin oxidase (OsCKX) genes were up-regulated by cytokinin. Abscisic acid treatment decreased the expression of several genes involved in cytokinin biosynthesis and degradation. Auxin affected the expression of a few genes; brassinosteroid and gibberellin had only modest effects. Our results support a shared role for two-component elements in mediating cytokinin signaling in monocots and dicots and reveal how phytohormones can impact cytokinin function through modulating gene expression.
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Hellmann E, Gruhn N, Heyl A. The more, the merrier: cytokinin signaling beyond Arabidopsis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2010; 5:1384-90. [PMID: 21045560 PMCID: PMC3115238 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.11.13157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone cytokinin is a key player in many developmental processes and in the response of plants to biotic and abiotic stress. The cytokinin signal is perceived and transduced via a multistep variant of the bacterial two-component signaling system. Most of the research on cytokinin signaling has been done in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Research on cytokinin signaling has expanded to a much broader range of plants species in recent years. This is due to the natural limitation of Arabidopsis as a model species for the investigation of processes like nodulation or wood formation. The rapidly increasing number of sequenced plant genomes also facilitates the use of other species in this line of research. This review summarizes what is known about the cytokinin signaling in the different organisms and highlights differences to Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hellmann
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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