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Kumar M, Mazumder P, Silori R, Manna S, Panday DP, Das N, Sethy SK, Kuroda K, Mahapatra DM, Mahlknecht J, Tyagi VK, Singh R, Zang J, Barceló D. Prevalence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, microplastics and co-infecting microbes in the post-COVID-19 era and its implications on antimicrobial resistance and potential endocrine disruptive effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166419. [PMID: 37625721 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic's steady condition coupled with predominance of emerging contaminants in the environment and its synergistic implications in recent times has stoked interest in combating medical emergencies in this dynamic environment. In this context, high concentrations of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), microplastics (MPs), antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and soaring coinfecting microbes, tied with potential endocrine disruptive (ED) are critical environmental concerns that requires a detailed documentation and analysis. During the pandemic, the identification, enumeration, and assessment of potential hazards of PPCPs and MPs and (used as anti-COVID-19 agents/applications) in aquatic habitats have been attempted globally. Albeit receding threats in the magnitude of COVID-19 infections, both these pollutants have still posed serious consequences to aquatic ecosystems and the very health and hygiene of the population in the vicinity. The surge in the contaminants post-COVID also renders them to be potent vectors to harbor and amplify AMR. Pertinently, the present work attempts to critically review such instances to understand the underlying mechanism, interactions swaying the current health of our environment during this post-COVID-19 era. During this juncture, although prevention of diseases, patient care, and self-hygiene have taken precedence, nevertheless antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) efforts have been overlooked. Unnecessary usage of PPCPs and plastics during the pandemic has resulted in increased emerging contaminants (i.e., active pharmaceutical ingredients and MPs) in various environmental matrices. It was also noticed that among COVID-19 patients, while the bacterial co-infection prevalence was 0.2-51%, the fungi, viral, protozoan and helminth were 0.3-49, 1-22, 2-15, 0.4-15% respectively, rendering them resistant to residual PPCPs. There are inevitable chances of ED effects from PPCPs and MPs applied previously, that could pose far-reaching health concerns. Furthermore, clinical and other experimental evidence for many newer compounds is very scarce and demands further research. Pro-active measures targeting effective waste management, evolved environmental policies aiding strict regulatory measures, and scientific research would be crucial in minimizing the impact and creating better preparedness towards such events among the masses fostering sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Advanced Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India; Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
| | - Payal Mazumder
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Advanced Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Rahul Silori
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Advanced Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Suvendu Manna
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Advanced Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Durga Prasad Panday
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Advanced Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Nilotpal Das
- ENCORE Insoltech Pvt. Ltd, Randesan, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382421, India
| | - Susanta Kumar Sethy
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Advanced Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Keisuke Kuroda
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu 939 0398, Japan
| | - Durga Madhab Mahapatra
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, School of Advanced Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India; Department of Biological and Ecological Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Jürgen Mahlknecht
- Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Vinay Kumar Tyagi
- Wastewater Division, National Institute of Hydrology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttranchal, India
| | - Rajesh Singh
- Wastewater Division, National Institute of Hydrology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttranchal, India
| | - Jian Zang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, China
| | - Damià Barceló
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Advanced Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 1826, Barcelona 08034, Spain
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Neighbors CE, Myers ER, Weerasinghe NP, Wijayaratne GB, Bodinayake CK, Nagahawatte A, Tillekeratne LG, Woods CW. Influenza Vaccination Implementation in Sri Lanka: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050932. [PMID: 37243036 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza causes an estimated 3 to 5 million cases of severe illness annually, along with substantial morbidity and mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Currently, Sri Lanka has no influenza vaccination policies and does not offer vaccination within the public healthcare sector. Therefore, we performed a cost-effectiveness analysis of influenza vaccine implementation for the Sri Lankan population. We designed a static Markov model that followed a population cohort of Sri Lankans in three age groups, 0-4, 5-64, and 65+ years, through two potential scenarios: trivalent inactivated vaccination (TIV) and no TIV across twelve-monthly cycles using a governmental perspective at the national level. We also performed probabilistic and one-way sensitivity analyses to identify influential variables and account for uncertainty. The vaccination model arm reduced influenza outcomes by 20,710 cases, 438 hospitalizations, and 20 deaths compared to no vaccination in one year. Universal vaccination became cost-effective at approximately 98.01% of Sri Lanka's 2022 GDP per capita (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio = 874,890.55 Rs/DALY averted; 3624.84 USD/DALY averted). Results were most sensitive to the vaccine coverage in the 5-64-year-old age group, the cost of the influenza vaccine dose in the 5-64-years-old age group, vaccine effectiveness in the under-5-years-old age group, and the vaccine coverage in the under-5-years-old age group. No value for a variable within our estimated ranges resulted in ICERs above Rs. 1,300,000 (USD 5386.15) per DALY adverted. Providing influenza vaccines was considered highly cost-effective compared to no vaccines. However, large-scale national studies with improved data are needed to better inform estimates and determine the impact of vaccination implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralei E Neighbors
- Hubert-Yeargan Center for Global Health, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Evan R Myers
- Division of Women's Community and Population Health, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nayani P Weerasinghe
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle 80000, Sri Lanka
| | - Gaya B Wijayaratne
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle 80000, Sri Lanka
| | - Champica K Bodinayake
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle 80000, Sri Lanka
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle 80000, Sri Lanka
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ajith Nagahawatte
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle 80000, Sri Lanka
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - L Gayani Tillekeratne
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle 80000, Sri Lanka
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christopher W Woods
- Hubert-Yeargan Center for Global Health, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Brachmann M, Serwa P, Sauerland D. Cost-of-illness comparison between clinical judgment and molecular point-of-care testing for influenza-like illness patients in Germany. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med 2023; 33:3. [PMID: 36650143 PMCID: PMC9844933 DOI: 10.1038/s41533-022-00325-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A high economic burden stems from seasonal influenza as a well-known but serious public health problem. Rapid diagnostic tests have not yet been integrated into routine use in German primary care, even though they are likely to reduce overall costs in cases of suspected infection. This study aims to demonstrate that the use of point-of-care testing (POCT) produces lower costs of illness compared to the costs incurred by relying on clinical judgment alone. With the help of a decision tree model, two different diagnostic approaches for influenza-like illness (ILI) in primary care were compared: (1) clinical judgment with no technical support and (2) POCT. The costs of illness, as well as their differences, vary widely among the three age groups considered (elderly people, adults, and children). For the pathway of using clinical judgment alone, the costs of illness sum up to 155.99 € for elderly people compared to 76.31 € for adults and 74.15 € for children. With POCT, the costs of illness for the elderly amount to 115,09 €, which is 26% lower than the costs without diagnostic support. The costs for adults and children are 74.42 € and 75.66 €, respectively, which means 2.5% lower costs of illness for adults and 2% higher costs for children. The results demonstrate that the use of POCT to support detecting influenza in ILI patients may reduce the overall cost of illness. The provided data can help governments make informed decisions about potential cost savings by integrating POCT into the reimbursement scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Brachmann
- grid.412581.b0000 0000 9024 6397Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany ,bcmed GmbH, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - D. Sauerland
- grid.412581.b0000 0000 9024 6397Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
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Wong JM, Volkman HR, Adams LE, Oliveras García C, Martinez-Quiñones A, Perez-Padilla J, Bertrán-Pasarell J, Sainz de la Peña D, Tosado-Acevedo R, Santiago GA, Muñoz-Jordán JL, Torres-Velásquez BC, Lorenzi O, Sánchez-González L, Rivera-Amill V, Paz-Bailey G. Clinical Features of COVID-19, Dengue, and Influenza among Adults Presenting to Emergency Departments and Urgent Care Clinics-Puerto Rico, 2012-2021. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:107-114. [PMID: 36410319 PMCID: PMC9833087 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue and influenza are pathogens of global concern and cause febrile illness similar to COVID-19. We analyzed data from an enhanced surveillance system operating from three emergency departments and an urgent care clinic in Puerto Rico to identify clinical features predictive of influenza or dengue compared with COVID-19. Participants with fever or respiratory symptoms and aged ≥18 years enrolled May 2012-January 2021 with dengue, influenza, or SARS-CoV-2 confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction were included. We calculated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% CIs using logistic regression to assess clinical characteristics of participants with COVID-19 compared to those with dengue or influenza, adjusting for age, subregion, and days from illness onset to presentation for clinical care. Among 13,431 participants, we identified 2,643 with dengue (N = 303), influenza (N = 2,064), or COVID-19 (N = 276). We found differences in days from onset to presentation among influenza (2 days [interquartile range: 1-3]), dengue (3 days [2-4]), and COVID-19 cases (4 days [2-7]; P < 0.001). Cough (aOR: 0.12 [95% CI: 0.07-0.19]) and shortness of breath (0.18 [0.08-0.44]) were less common in dengue compared with COVID-19. Facial flushing (20.6 [9.8-43.5]) and thrombocytopenia (24.4 [13.3-45.0]) were more common in dengue. Runny nose was more common in influenza compared with COVID-19 (8.3 [5.8-12.1]). In summary, cough, shortness of breath, facial flushing, and thrombocytopenia helped distinguish between dengue and COVID-19. Although few features distinguished influenza from COVID-19, presentation > 4 days after symptom onset suggests COVID-19. These findings may assist clinicians making time-sensitive decisions regarding triage, isolation, and management while awaiting pathogen-specific testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Wong
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Laura E. Adams
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Olga Lorenzi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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The Use of PCR for Respiratory Virus Detection on the Diagnosis and Treatment Decision of Respiratory Tract Infections in Iraq. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases of the respiratory system are a common cause of antibiotic prescription in Iraq and worldwide. Technology has been recently used for its diagnosis, such as the Film Array Respiratory Panel. This study aims to identify the correlation between the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory tract infections with the result of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for respiratory viruses. A descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective study included 134 patients treated at Alkharama Hospital and the Private Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq, in the period from January 2020 to March 2020 For all cases, the results of the panel and the treatment received by the patients were analysed. 58% received antibiotic treatment upon admission, 13% combined treatment (antibiotic + antiviral), 27% received symptomatic treatment, and 2% were treated with the first-instance antiviral. After the result, 38% continued with antibiotics, 30% with antibiotics and antivirals, 13.8% with antivirals and 18.2% with symptomatic treatment. Despite the worldwide alarm over antimicrobial resistance, patients continue to be treated with antibiotics due to a situation that is influenced by several factors.
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Ciccone EJ, Kabugho L, Baguma E, Muhindo R, Juliano JJ, Mulogo E, Boyce RM. Rapid Diagnostic Tests to Guide Case Management of and Improve Antibiotic Stewardship for Pediatric Acute Respiratory Illnesses in Resource-Constrained Settings: a Prospective Cohort Study in Southwestern Uganda. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0169421. [PMID: 34817224 PMCID: PMC8612158 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01694-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric acute respiratory illness (ARI) is one of the most common reasons for evaluation at peripheral health centers in sub-Saharan Africa and is frequently managed based on clinical syndrome alone. Although most ARI episodes are likely caused by self-limited viral infections, the majority are treated with antibiotics. This overuse contributes to the development of antimicrobial resistance. To evaluate the preliminary feasibility and potential impact of adding pathogen-specific and clinical biomarker diagnostic testing to existing clinical management algorithms, we conducted a prospective, observational cohort study of 225 children presenting with malaria-negative, febrile ARI to the outpatient department of a semi-urban peripheral health facility in southwestern Uganda from October 2019 to January 2020. In addition to routine clinical evaluation, we performed influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae antigen testing and measured levels of C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and lactate in the clinic's laboratory, and conducted a follow-up assessment by phone 7 days later. Almost one-fifth of participants (40/225) tested positive for influenza. Clinical biomarker measurements were low with C-reactive protein of >40 mg/L in only 11% (13/222) of participants and procalcitonin >0.25 ng/mL in only 13% (16/125). All but two children received antibiotic treatment; only 3% (7/225) were admitted. At follow-up, 59% (118/201) of caregivers reported at least one persistent symptom, but fever had resolved for all children. Positive influenza testing was associated with persistent symptoms. In summary, we demonstrate that simple, rapid pathogen-specific testing and biomarker measurement are possible in resource-limited settings and could improve syndromic management and, in turn, antibiotic stewardship. IMPORTANCE Globally, respiratory illness is one of the most common reasons that children seek care. It is often treated inappropriately with antibiotics, which can drive the development of antibiotic resistance. In resource-rich settings, testing for specific pathogens or measurement of clinical biomarkers, such as procalcitonin and C-reactive protein, is often employed to help determine which children should receive antibiotics. However, there are limited data on the use of these tests in resource-constrained, outpatient contexts in sub-Saharan Africa. We enrolled children with respiratory illness presenting to a clinic in southwestern Uganda and performed testing for influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin on-site. Almost all children received antibiotics. We demonstrate that employing clinical algorithms that include influenza and clinical biomarker testing could significantly decrease antibiotic prescriptions. Our study therefore provides preliminary data to support the feasibility and potential utility of diagnostics to improve management of respiratory illness in resource-constrained settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Ciccone
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lydia Kabugho
- Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Emmanuel Baguma
- Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Rabbison Muhindo
- Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Jonathan J. Juliano
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Edgar Mulogo
- Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Ross M. Boyce
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Foxlee ND, Townell N, Heney C, McIver L, Lau CL. Strategies Used for Implementing and Promoting Adherence to Antibiotic Guidelines in Low- and Lower-Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6030166. [PMID: 34564550 PMCID: PMC8482147 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Containing antimicrobial resistance and reducing high levels of antibiotic consumption in low- and lower middle-income countries are a major challenge. Clinical guidelines targeting antibiotic prescribing can reduce consumption, however, the degrees to which clinical guidelines are adopted and adhered to are challenging for developers, policy makers and users. The aim of this study was to review the strategies used for implementing and promoting antibiotic guideline adherence in low- and lower middle-income countries. A review of published literature was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane Library, SCOPUS and the information systems of the World Health Organization and the Australian National University according to PRISMA guidelines and our PROSPERO protocol. The strategies were grouped into five broad categories based on the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care taxonomy. The 33 selected studies, representing 16 countries varied widely in design, setting, disease focus, methods, intervention components, outcomes and effects. The majority of interventions were multifaceted and resulted in a positive direction of effect. The nature of the interventions and study variability made it impossible to tease out which strategies had the greatest impact on improving CG compliance. Audit and feedback coupled with either workshops and/or focus group discussions were the most frequently used intervention components. All the reported strategies are established practices used in antimicrobial stewardship programs in high-income countries. We recommend interrupted time series studies be used as an alternative design to pre- and post-intervention studies, information about the clinical guidelines be made more transparent, and prescriber confidence be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola D. Foxlee
- Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-7-435-549-071
| | - Nicola Townell
- Infectious Disease Department, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Birtinya, QLD 4575, Australia;
| | - Claire Heney
- Pathology Queensland, Central Microbiology, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia;
| | - Lachlan McIver
- Rocketship Pacific Ltd., Port Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia;
| | - Colleen L. Lau
- Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia;
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
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Shakeel S, Iffat W, Qamar A, Ghuman F, Yamin R, Ahmad N, Ishaq SM, Gajdács M, Patel I, Jamshed S. Pediatricians' Compliance to the Clinical Management Guidelines for Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Infants and Young Children in Pakistan. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9060701. [PMID: 34207813 PMCID: PMC8227315 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9060701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is among the most commonly prevailing acute infections in children that may require hospitalization. Inconsistencies among suggested care and actual management practices are usually observed, which raises the need to assess local clinical practices. The current study was conducted to evaluate pediatricians’ compliance with the standard clinical practice guidelines and their antibiotic-prescribing behavior for the management of CAP in children. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire; which was provided to pediatricians by the researchers. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 25 Statistics; χ2 tests (or Fisher-exact tests) with the p-value set at < 0.05 as the threshold for statistical significance. Results: The overall response rate was 59.2%. Male respondents were (n = 101; 42.6%), and the respondents (n = 163; 68.7%) were under 30 years of age. Amoxicillin (n = 122; 51.5%) was considered as the most commonly used first-line treatment for non-severe pneumonia, whereas a smaller proportion (n = 81; 34.2%) of respondents selected amoxicillin–clavulanate. Likewise, amoxicillin (n = 100; 42.2%) was the most popular choice for non-severe pneumonia in hospitalized children; however, if children had used antibiotics earlier to admission, respondents showed an inclination to prescribe a macrolide (n = 95; 40.0%) or second-generation cephalosporin (n = 90; 37.9%). More than 90% responded that children <6 months old with suspected bacterial CAP will probably receive better therapeutic care by hospitalization. Restricting exposure to the antibiotic as much as possible (n = 71; 29.9%), improving antibiotic prescribing (n = 59; 24.8%), and using the appropriate dose of antimicrobials (n = 29; 12.2%) were considered the major factors by the respondents to reduce antimicrobials resistance. Conclusions: The selection of antibiotics and diagnostic approach was as per the recommendations, but indication, duration of treatment, and hospitalization still can be further improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Shakeel
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dow College of Pharmacy, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan; (S.S.); (W.I.)
| | - Wajiha Iffat
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dow College of Pharmacy, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan; (S.S.); (W.I.)
| | - Ambreen Qamar
- Department of Physiology, Dr. Ishrat Ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences (DIKIOHS), Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan;
| | - Faiza Ghuman
- Dow University Hospital, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan;
| | - Rabia Yamin
- Department of Pediatrics, National Institute of Child Health, Karachi 74200, Pakistan;
| | - Nausheen Ahmad
- Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Department of Chest Medicine, Karachi 74200, Pakistan;
| | - Saqib Muhammad Ishaq
- Scientific Assistant, Karachi Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine (KIRAN), Karachi 74200, Pakistan;
| | - Márió Gajdács
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary;
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Isha Patel
- School of Pharmacy, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA;
| | - Shazia Jamshed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, (UniSZA), Kuala Terengganu 21300, Malaysia
- Qualitative Research-Methodological Application in Health Sciences Research Group, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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Colonization with multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae among infants: an observational study in southern Sri Lanka. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2021; 10:72. [PMID: 33931120 PMCID: PMC8086278 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-021-00938-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The timing of and risk factors for intestinal colonization with multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (MDRE) are still poorly understood in areas with high MDRE carriage. We determined the prevalence, timing, and risk factors associated with MDRE intestinal colonization among infants in southern Sri Lanka. METHODS Women and their newborn children were enrolled within 48 h after delivery in southern Sri Lanka. Rectal swabs were collected from women and infants at enrollment and 4-6 weeks later. Enterobacteriaceae were isolated and identified as MDRE (positive for extended-spectrum β-lactamases or carbapenem resistant) using standard microbiologic procedures. We used exact methods (Fisher's exact and Kruskal-Wallis tests) and multivariable logistic regression to identify sociodemographic and clinical features associated with MDRE intestinal colonization. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on selected MDRE isolates to identify phylogroups and antibiotic resistance-encoding genes were identified with NCBI's AMRfinder tool. RESULTS Overall, 199 post-partum women and 199 infants were enrolled; 148/199 (74.4%) women and 151/199 (75.9%) infants were reassessed later in the community. Twenty-four/199 (12.1%) women and 3/199 (1.5%) infants displayed intestinal colonization with MDRE at enrollment, while 26/148 (17.6%) women and 24/151 (15.9%) infants displayed intestinal colonization with MDRE at the reassessment. While there were no risk factors associated with infant colonization at enrollment, multivariable analysis indicated that risk factors for infant colonization at reassessment included mother colonized at enrollment (aOR = 3.62) or reassessment (aOR = 4.44), delivery by Cesarean section (aOR = 2.91), and low birth weight (aOR = 5.39). Of the 20 MDRE isolates from infants that were sequenced, multilocus sequence typing revealed that 6/20 (30%) were clustered on the same branch as MDRE isolates found in the respective mothers. All sequenced isolates for mothers (47) and infants (20) had at least one ESBL-producing gene. Genes encoding fosfomycin resistance were found in 33/47 (70%) of mothers' isolates and 16/20 (80%) of infants' isolates and genes encoding resistance to colistin were found in one (2%) mother's isolate. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that a substantial proportion of infants undergo MDRE intestinal colonization within 6 weeks of birth, potentially due to postnatal rather than intranatal transmission.
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Smith ER, Fry AM, Hicks LA, Fleming-Dutra KE, Flannery B, Ferdinands J, Rolfes MA, Martin ET, Monto AS, Zimmerman RK, Nowalk MP, Jackson ML, McLean HQ, Olson SC, Gaglani M, Patel MM. Reducing Antibiotic Use in Ambulatory Care Through Influenza Vaccination. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 71:e726-e734. [PMID: 32322875 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improving appropriate antibiotic use is crucial for combating antibiotic resistance and unnecessary adverse drug reactions. Acute respiratory illness (ARI) commonly causes outpatient visits and accounts for ~41% of antibiotics used in the United States. We examined the influence of influenza vaccination on reducing antibiotic prescriptions among outpatients with ARI. METHODS We enrolled outpatients aged ≥6 months with ARI from 50-60 US clinics during 5 winters (2013-2018) and tested for influenza with RT-PCR; results were unavailable for clinical decision making and clinical influenza testing was infrequent. We collected antibiotic prescriptions and diagnosis codes for ARI syndromes. We calculated vaccine effectiveness (VE) by comparing vaccination odds among influenza-positive cases with test-negative controls. We estimated ARI visits and antibiotic prescriptions averted by influenza vaccination using estimates of VE, coverage, and prevalence of antibiotic prescriptions and influenza. RESULTS Among 37 487 ARI outpatients, 9659 (26%) were influenza positive. Overall, 36% of ARI and 26% of influenza-positive patients were prescribed antibiotics. The top 3 prevalent ARI syndromes included: viral upper respiratory tract infection (47%), pharyngitis (18%), and allergy or asthma (11%). Among patients testing positive for influenza, 77% did not receive an ICD-CM diagnostic code for influenza. Overall, VE against influenza-associated ARI was 35% (95% CI, 32-39%). Vaccination prevented 5.6% of all ARI syndromes, ranging from 2.8% (sinusitis) to 11% (clinical influenza). Influenza vaccination averted 1 in 25 (3.8%; 95% CI, 3.6-4.1%) antibiotic prescriptions among ARI outpatients during influenza seasons. CONCLUSIONS Vaccination and accurate influenza diagnosis may curb unnecessary antibiotic use and reduce the global threat of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Smith
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alicia M Fry
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lauri A Hicks
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Brendan Flannery
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jill Ferdinands
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Melissa A Rolfes
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael L Jackson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Huong Q McLean
- Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Scott C Olson
- Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Manjusha Gaglani
- Baylor Scott & White Health, Texas A&M University, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Manish M Patel
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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11
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Au Yeung V, Thapa K, Rawlinson W, Georgiou A, Post JJ, Overton K. Differences in antibiotic and antiviral use in people with confirmed influenza: a retrospective comparison of rapid influenza PCR and multiplex respiratory virus PCR tests. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:321. [PMID: 33827458 PMCID: PMC8024678 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06030-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza is a highly contagious respiratory virus with clinical impacts on patient morbidity, mortality and hospital bed management. The effect of rapid nucleic acid testing (RPCR) in comparison to standard multiplex PCR (MPCR) diagnosis in treatment decisions is unclear. This study aimed to determine whether RPCR influenza testing in comparison to standard MPCR testing was associated with differences in antibiotic and antiviral (oseltamivir) utilisation and hospital length of stay in emergency department and inpatient hospital settings. Methods A retrospective cohort study of positive influenza RPCR and MPCR patients was performed utilising data from the 2017 influenza season. Medical records of correlating patient presentations were reviewed for data collection. An analysis of RPCR versus MPCR patient outcomes was performed examining test turnaround time, antibiotic initiation, oseltamivir initiation and hospital length of stay for both emergency department and inpatient hospital stay. Subgroup analysis was performed to assess oseltamivir use in high risk populations for influenza complications. Statistical significance was assessed using Mann-Whitney test for numerical data and Chi-squared test for categorical data. Odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals were calculated where appropriate. Results Overall, 122 RPCR and 362 MPCR positive influenza patients were included in this study. Commencement of antibiotics was less frequent in the RPCR than MPCR cohorts (51% vs 67%; p < 0.01, OR 0.52; 95% CI 0.34–0.79). People at high risk of complications from influenza who were tested with the RPCR were more likely to be treated with oseltamivir compared to those tested with the MPCR (76% vs 63%; p = 0.03, OR 1.81; 95% CI 1.07–3.08). Hospital length of stay was not impacted when either test was used in the emergency department and inpatient settings. Conclusions These findings suggest utilisation of RPCR testing in influenza management can improve antibiotic stewardship through reduction in antibiotic use and improvement in oseltamivir initiation in those at higher risk of complications. Further research is required to determine other factors that may have influenced hospital length of stay and a cost-benefit analysis should be undertaken to determine the financial impact of the RPCR test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Au Yeung
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kiran Thapa
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), Prince of Wales Hospital, Barker Street, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - William Rawlinson
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), Prince of Wales Hospital, Barker Street, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Georgiou
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeffrey J Post
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristen Overton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia.
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12
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Zhang HL, Bodinayake C, Wijayaratne GB, Jayatissa P, Piyasiri DLB, Kurukulasooriya R, Sheng T, Nagahawatte A, Woods C, Tillekeratne LG. Point-prevalence survey of outpatient antibiotic prescription at a tertiary medical center in Sri Lanka: opportunities to improve prescribing practices for respiratory illnesses. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:97. [PMID: 33478430 PMCID: PMC7818802 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05804-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inappropriate antibiotic use is linked to the spread of antimicrobial resistance worldwide, but there are limited systemic data on antibiotic utilization in low- and middle-income countries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and patterns of antibiotic prescription in an ambulatory care setting in Sri Lanka. Methods This cross-sectional survey was conducted at the Outpatient Department of a public tertiary medical center in Southern Province, Sri Lanka from February to April 2019. Among consecutive outpatients presenting for care, questionnaires were verbally administered to a systematic random sample to capture information about patient demographics, illness characteristics, and visit outcomes. Prescription data were obtained from the outpatient pharmacy’s electronic prescribing system. Results Of 409 surveyed patients, 146 (35.7%) were prescribed an antibiotic. The most frequently prescribed agents were amoxicillin (41 patients, 28.1% of antibiotic recipients) and first-generation cephalosporins (38, 26.0%). Respiratory indications were the most common reason for antibiotic use, comprising 69 (47.3%) of all antibiotic prescriptions. Antibiotics were prescribed for 66.1% of patients presenting with cough and 78.8% of those presenting with rhinorrhea or nasal congestion. Among all antibiotic recipients, 6 (4.1%) underwent diagnostic studies. Conclusions A high prevalence of antibiotic prescription was observed, in particular for treatment of respiratory conditions. These data support the need for improved antimicrobial stewardship in the Sri Lankan outpatient setting. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-05804-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Champica Bodinayake
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Tianchen Sheng
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ajith Nagahawatte
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christopher Woods
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - L Gayani Tillekeratne
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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13
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Lucien MAB, Canarie MF, Kilgore PE, Jean-Denis G, Fénélon N, Pierre M, Cerpa M, Joseph GA, Maki G, Zervos MJ, Dely P, Boncy J, Sati H, Rio AD, Ramon-Pardo P. Antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance in the COVID-19 era: Perspective from resource-limited settings. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 104:250-254. [PMID: 33434666 PMCID: PMC7796801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The dissemination of COVID-19 around the globe has been followed by an increased consumption of antibiotics. This is related to the concern for bacterial superinfection in COVID-19 patients. The identification of bacterial pathogens is challenging in low and middle income countries (LMIC), as there are no readily-available and cost-effective clinical or biological markers that can effectively discriminate between bacterial and viral infections. Fortunately, faced with the threat of COVID-19 spread, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of antimicrobial stewardship programs, as well as infection prevention and control measures that could help reduce the microbial load and hence circulation of pathogens, with a reduction in dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. These measures should be improved particularly in developing countries. Studies need to be conducted to evaluate the worldwide evolution of antimicrobial resistance during the COVID-19 pandemic, because pathogens do not respect borders. This issue takes on even greater importance in developing countries, where data on resistance patterns are scarce, conditions for infectious pathogen transmission are optimal, and treatment resources are suboptimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mentor Ali Ber Lucien
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
| | - Michael F Canarie
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Paul E Kilgore
- Eugene Applebaum School of Pharmacy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Gerard A Joseph
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Gina Maki
- The Global Health Initiative, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Marcus J Zervos
- The Global Health Initiative, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Patrick Dely
- Direction d'Épidémiologie, de Laboratoire et de Recherches, Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Jacques Boncy
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Hatim Sati
- Pan American Health Organization, AMR Special Program, Washington DC, USA
| | - Ana Del Rio
- Pan American Health Organization, AMR Special Program, Washington DC, USA
| | - Pilar Ramon-Pardo
- Pan American Health Organization, AMR Special Program, Washington DC, USA
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14
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Jarju S, Greenhalgh K, Wathuo M, Banda M, Camara B, Mendy S, Sowe G, Dahaba PO, Jammeh L, Bajinka Y, Sanneh P, Jallow E, Yates A, Lindsey BB, Owens S, Kampmann B, Forrest K, Clarke E, de Silva T. Viral Etiology, Clinical Features and Antibiotic Use in Children <5 Years of Age in the Gambia Presenting With Influenza-like Illness. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2020; 39:925-930. [PMID: 32453201 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge regarding the prevalence, clinical features and etiology of pediatric influenza-like illness (ILI) remains limited in African settings. Furthermore, it is likely that many children presenting with ILI receive antibiotics unnecessarily. More data are required to develop antimicrobial stewardship practice and guide effective vaccine strategies. We undertook a 1-year prospective study of ILI in the Gambia. METHODS Children <5 years of age presenting with ILI from March 2018 to March 2019 were recruited. Clinical and antibiotic prescribing data were collected. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected and analyzed for 12 respiratory viruses using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS From a total of 735 ILI episodes, 530 (72.1%) nasopharyngeal swabs were positive for ≥1 virus. Of these, 36.7% were positive for rhinovirus, 14.7% for respiratory syncytial virus, 8.4% for influenza and 7.2% for human metapneumovirus. Compared with children <6 months of age, influenza was more common in 6- to 23-month-old children [odd ratio (OR): 5.68; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.72-18.76; P = 0.004]. Respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus were associated with low peripheral oxygen saturations (OR: 2.13; 95% CI: 1.23-3.69; P = 0.007; and OR: 2.44; 95% CI: 1.13-5.27; P = 0.023, respectively). Antibiotics were prescribed in 78.3% of all ILI cases. CONCLUSIONS A broad range of viruses are responsible for pediatric ILI in the Gambia. Refined treatment guidelines, improved diagnostic capacity and vaccines to prevent respiratory viruses will all play a role in reducing antimicrobial use for these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Jarju
- From the Department of Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | | | | | - Mustapha Banda
- Department of Clinical Services, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Bakary Camara
- From the Department of Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Simon Mendy
- Department of Clinical Services, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Ghata Sowe
- From the Department of Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Pa Omar Dahaba
- From the Department of Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Lamin Jammeh
- From the Department of Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Yaya Bajinka
- From the Department of Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Papis Sanneh
- From the Department of Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Edrissa Jallow
- From the Department of Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Alexandra Yates
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, NHS Foundation, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield
| | - Benjamin B Lindsey
- From the Department of Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Stephen Owens
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Beate Kampmann
- From the Department of Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
- The Vaccine Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London
| | - Karen Forrest
- Department of Clinical Services, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Ed Clarke
- From the Department of Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Thushan de Silva
- From the Department of Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
- The Florey Institute and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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15
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A viruses are conventionally thought to cause more severe illnesses than B viruses, but few studies with long observation periods have compared the clinical severity of A and B infections in hospitalized children. METHODS We analyzed the clinical presentation, outcomes and management of all children <16 years of age admitted to Turku University Hospital, Finland, with virologically confirmed influenza A or B infection during the 14-year period of 1 July 2004 to 30 June 2018. All comparisons between influenza A and B were performed both within predefined age groups (0-2, 3-9 and 10-15 years) and in all age groups combined. RESULTS Among 391 children hospitalized with influenza A or B infection, influenza A was diagnosed in 279 (71.4%) and influenza B in 112 (28.6%) children. Overall, there were no significant differences in any clinical features or outcomes, management, treatment at intensive care unit or length of stay between children with influenza A and B, whether analyzed by age group or among all children. As indicators of the most severe clinical presentations, blood cultures were obtained from 101 (36.2%) children with influenza A and 39 (34.8%) with influenza B (P = 0.80), and lumbar puncture was performed to 16 (5.7%) children with influenza A and 11 (9.8%) children with influenza B (P = 0.15). CONCLUSIONS The clinical severity of influenza A and B infections is similar in children. For optimal protection against severe influenza illnesses, the use of quadrivalent vaccines containing both lineages of B viruses seems warranted in children.
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16
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Uyeki TM, Bernstein HH, Bradley JS, Englund JA, File TM, Fry AM, Gravenstein S, Hayden FG, Harper SA, Hirshon JM, Ison MG, Johnston BL, Knight SL, McGeer A, Riley LE, Wolfe CR, Alexander PE, Pavia AT. Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America: 2018 Update on Diagnosis, Treatment, Chemoprophylaxis, and Institutional Outbreak Management of Seasonal Influenzaa. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 68:e1-e47. [PMID: 30566567 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
These clinical practice guidelines are an update of the guidelines published by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) in 2009, prior to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. This document addresses new information regarding diagnostic testing, treatment and chemoprophylaxis with antiviral medications, and issues related to institutional outbreak management for seasonal influenza. It is intended for use by primary care clinicians, obstetricians, emergency medicine providers, hospitalists, laboratorians, and infectious disease specialists, as well as other clinicians managing patients with suspected or laboratory-confirmed influenza. The guidelines consider the care of children and adults, including special populations such as pregnant and postpartum women and immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Uyeki
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Henry H Bernstein
- Division of General Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - John S Bradley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rady Children's Hospital.,University of California, San Diego
| | - Janet A Englund
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children's Hospital
| | - Thomas M File
- Division of Infectious Diseases Summa Health, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown
| | - Alicia M Fry
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stefan Gravenstein
- Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Frederick G Hayden
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville
| | - Scott A Harper
- Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jon Mark Hirshon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Michael G Ison
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - B Lynn Johnston
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Canada
| | - Shandra L Knight
- Library and Knowledge Services, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Allison McGeer
- Division of Infection Prevention and Control, Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura E Riley
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Cameron R Wolfe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Paul E Alexander
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Infectious Diseases Society of America, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Andrew T Pavia
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
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17
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Loftus M, Stewardson A, Naidu R, Coghlan B, Jenney A, Kepas J, Lavu E, Munamua A, Peel T, Sahai V, Tekoaua R, Tudravu L, Zinihite J, Cheng A, Rafai E, Peleg A. Antimicrobial resistance in the Pacific Island countries and territories. BMJ Glob Health 2020; 5:e002418. [PMID: 32349993 PMCID: PMC7213808 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global health threat with a disproportionate impact on low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) due to their higher burden of infections, reduced laboratory surveillance infrastructure and fewer regulations governing antimicrobial use among humans or animals. While there have been increasing descriptions of AMR within many LMICs in WHO's Western Pacific and South East Asian regions, there remains a paucity of data from Pacific Island countries and territories (PICTs). The PICTs represent 22 predominantly middle-income countries and territories with a combined population of 12 million people and 20 official languages, spread over hundreds of separate islands spanning an area corresponding to more than 15% of the earth's surface. Our paper outlines the present state of the evidence regarding AMR in PICTs-discussing the present estimates of AMR and their accompanying limitations, important drivers of AMR, as well as outlining key priorities and potential solutions for tackling AMR in this region. Significant areas for action include developing National Action Plans, strengthening laboratory surveillance systems and educational activities targeted at both healthcare workers and the wider community. Ensuring adequate funding for AMR activities in PICTs is challenging given competing health and environmental priorities, in this context global or regional funding initiatives such as the Fleming Fund can play a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Loftus
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Stewardson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Colonial War Memorial Hospital, Suva, Fiji
| | - Ben Coghlan
- Health Security Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam Jenney
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji
| | - Jonila Kepas
- Medical Standards Division, Government of Papua New Guinea National Department of Health, Port Moresby, National Capital District, Papua New Guinea
| | - Evelyn Lavu
- Central Public Health Laboratory, Government of Papua New Guinea National Department of Health, Port Moresby, National Capital District, Papua New Guinea
| | - Alex Munamua
- National Referral Hospital, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Trisha Peel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Rosemary Tekoaua
- Laboratory Services, Government of the Republic of Kiribati Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Tarawa, Kiribati
| | | | - Julie Zinihite
- National Pharmacy Division, Solomon Islands Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Allen Cheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric Rafai
- Fiji Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Suva, Fiji
| | - Anton Peleg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Kadatz M, Payne M, Kiaii M, Romney MG, Karakas L, Lawson T, Marchuk S, Gill J, Lowe CF. Utility of Rapid Influenza Molecular Testing in an Outpatient Hemodialysis Unit: A Prospective Cohort Study. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2020; 7:2054358120907816. [PMID: 32153798 PMCID: PMC7045293 DOI: 10.1177/2054358120907816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Early initiation of antiviral therapy for individuals at risk for severe influenza infection is important for improving patient outcomes. Current guidelines recommend empiric antiviral therapy for patients with end-stage kidney disease presenting with suspected influenza infection. Rapid molecular influenza assays may reduce diagnostic uncertainty and improve patient outcomes by providing faster diagnostics compared to traditional batched polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. Objective: To determine the utility of implementing a rapid influenza PCR assay compared to the standard of care in a hemodialysis unit. Design: This is a prospective cohort study. Setting: A hospital-based dialysis unit in a tertiary care hospital. Patients: Adult patients with end-stage kidney disease on intermittent hemodialysis. Measurements: Patient characteristics, influenza PCR swab results, antibiotic prescriptions, antiviral prescriptions, emergency room visits and hospitalizations. Methods: From November 1, 2017 to March 31, 2018, we assigned samples collected from a single center, hemodialysis unit to be processed using a rapid influenza PCR (cobas® Influenza A/B & respiratory syncytial virus assay) or the standard of care (in-house developed multiplex PCR). Samples were assigned to the rapid PCR if the patient received dialysis treatment in the morning dialysis shift, while the remainder were processed as per standard of care. Study outcomes included the time from collection to result of nasopharyngeal swab, prescription of influenza antiviral therapy, time to receiving prescription, and the need for emergency department visit or hospitalization within 2 weeks of presentation. Results: During the study period, 44 patients were assessed (14 with the rapid PCR and 30 with the standard of care assay). Compared to conventional testing, the time to result was shorter using rapid PCR compared to conventional testing (2.3 vs 22.6 hours, P < .0001). Individuals who were tested using the rapid PCR had a tendency to shorter time to receiving antiviral prescriptions (0.7 days vs 2.1 days, P = .11), and fewer emergency department visits (7.1% vs 30%, P = .13) but no difference in hospitalizations (14.3% vs 30%, P = .46) within 2 weeks of testing. Limitations: This is a single center non-randomized study with a relatively small sample size. Patients who were tested using the standard of care assay experienced a delay in the prescription of antiviral therapy which deviates from recommended clinical practice. Conclusions: Rapid influenza molecular testing in the hemodialysis unit was associated with a shorter time to a reportable result and with a tendency to reduced time to prescription of antiviral therapy. Rapid molecular testing should be compared with standard of care (empiric therapy) in terms of economic costs, adverse events, and influenza-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kadatz
- Division of Nephrology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Michael Payne
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Medical Microbiology and Virology, St. Paul's Hospital, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mercedeh Kiaii
- Division of Nephrology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Marc G Romney
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Medical Microbiology and Virology, St. Paul's Hospital, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Loretta Karakas
- Medical Microbiology and Virology, St. Paul's Hospital, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tanya Lawson
- Medical Microbiology and Virology, St. Paul's Hospital, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stan Marchuk
- Division of Nephrology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - John Gill
- Division of Nephrology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Center for Health Evaluation and Outcomes Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christopher F Lowe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Medical Microbiology and Virology, St. Paul's Hospital, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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19
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van Esso D, Vilà M, Andrés C, Iglesias S, Ferrer J, Losada L, Ricos G, Sanchez L, Morera P, Pérez M, Ferrandez MA, Hernando E, Rodrigo C, Pumarola T, Antón A. The Importance of Rapid Influenza Testing in Pediatric Primary Care: Experience During Three Consecutive Influenza Seasons (2016-2019) in Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain). Front Pediatr 2020; 8:565. [PMID: 33163462 PMCID: PMC7580502 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical diagnosis of influenza has low sensitivity in infants and children. Signs and symptoms are non-specific and similar to those of other respiratory viruses. Rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) with adequate sensitivity and specificity used at the point of care can be useful for an etiologic diagnosis of influenza in primary care. This should have an impact on better management of these patients. We conducted a study during three consecutive influenza seasons (2016-2017, 2017-2018, and 2018-2019) in pediatric primary care settings collecting data from influenza point-of-care tests (POCTs)-confirmed ≤ 6-year-old patients. During the first two influenza seasons, antibiotic prescriptions and additional visits from influenza POCT-confirmed patients (Group_1) were compared to patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) (Group_2), or fever (2016 ICD-10 code R50) with no other signs of influenza (Group_3). Group_1 had 0.19 (2016-2017) and 0.23 (2017-2018) additional visits compared to 0.48 (2016-2017) and 0.49 (2017-2018) Group_2 p < 0.001 and 1.01 (2016-2017) and 0.80 (2017-2018) Group_3 p < 0.001. Antibiotic prescription was lower in Group_1 (10.2%) vs. Group_3 (17.2%) p < 0.002, difference statistically significant only for the 2017-2018 season. During the third season (2018-2019), RIDTs results were transmitted in real time to the reference laboratory ia the cloud, which strengthens the monitoring of circulating influenza viruses in the community. In our experience, the use of POCTs has a great potential in primary care specially in infants and young children in which the diagnosis maybe missed due to non-specific signs and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego van Esso
- Primary Care Health Service SAP Muntanya, Catalan Institute of Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Vilà
- Primary Care Carmel, Catalan Institute of Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Andrés
- Respiratory Virus Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sheila Iglesias
- Primary Care CAPI Casernes, Catalan Institute of Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Ferrer
- Primary Care Roquetes-Canteres, Catalan Institute of Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucia Losada
- Primary Care LP Drassanes, Catalan Institute of Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Ricos
- Primary Care LP Drassanes, Catalan Institute of Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Sanchez
- Primary Care LP La Marina, Catalan Institute of Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Morera
- Primary Care LP Pare Claret, Catalan Institute of Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Pérez
- Primary Care LP Pare Claret, Catalan Institute of Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Esther Hernando
- Primary Care LP Rio de Janeiro, Catalan Institute of Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodrigo
- Department of Paediatrics, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,School of Medicine Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tomàs Pumarola
- Respiratory Virus Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Antón
- Respiratory Virus Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Nguyen PT, Tran HT, Truong HT, Nguyen VT, Graham SM, Marais BJ. Paediatric use of antibiotics in children with community acquired pneumonia: A survey from Da Nang, Vietnam. J Paediatr Child Health 2019; 55:1329-1334. [PMID: 30773763 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To characterise paediatricians' antibiotic-prescribing behaviour when managing community acquired pneumonia. METHODS We conducted a knowledge and attitudes survey of paediatric doctors practicing at a regional provincial hospital in central Vietnam over a 2-week period (from 12 December 2017 to 29 December 2017). RESULTS Of 79 eligible paediatric doctors, 69 (87.3%) completed the questionnaire, of whom 65 (94.2%) thought that antibiotics were overused in Vietnam. Thirty-eight doctors (55.1%) indicated that they routinely hospitalised children with pneumonia to provide intravenous antibiotics. Most doctors reported discharging children with non-severe pneumonia after 5 days (76.9%) and those with severe pneumonia after 7-10 days (88.4%); older doctors generally continued intravenous antibiotics for longer. The two most important factors driving discharge decisions were clinical assessment (95.6%) and completion of the full course of intravenous antibiotics (80.0%). Antibiotic prescription was influenced by local guidelines (62.3%), drugs used before admission (50.0%) and the opinion of senior clinicians (37.7%). Most doctors believed antibiotic stewardship was necessary (98.6%) and that over-the-counter use of antibiotics should be restricted (97.1%). CONCLUSIONS Paediatricians recognised an urgent need for more effective regulation and antibiotic stewardship in Vietnam. Routinely completing a full course of intravenous antibiotics leads to unnecessary and prolonged hospitalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Tk Nguyen
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Da Nang Hospital for Women and Children, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Hoang T Tran
- Da Nang Hospital for Women and Children, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | | | - Vu T Nguyen
- Da Nang Hospital for Women and Children, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Steve M Graham
- Centre for International Child Health, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ben J Marais
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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21
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Rapid Influenza Testing in Infants and Children Younger than 6 Years in Primary Care: Impact on Antibiotic Treatment and Use of Health Services. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2019; 38:e187-e189. [PMID: 31310597 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is often misdiagnosed in children because of the low sensitivity of clinical diagnosis because of nonspecific signs and symptoms. This can be overcome by using digital immunoassays or rapid molecular diagnostic tests with adequate sensitivity and specificity. When using these tests at the patient care site, antibiotic consumption and number of healthcare consultations were reduced.
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22
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Wong SY, Tan BH. Megatrends in Infectious Diseases: The Next 10 to 15 Years. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2019. [DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v48n6p188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been about 100 years since the Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918-19 that killed an estimated 50 million individuals globally. While we have made remarkable progress in reducing infection-related mortality, infections still account for 13 to 15 million deaths annually. This estimate is projected to remain unchanged until 2050. We have identified 4 megatrends in infectious diseases and these are “emerging and re-emerging infections”, “antimicrobial resistance”, “demographic changes” and “technological advances”. Understanding these trends and challenges should lead to opportunities for the medical community to reshape the future. Further inroads will also require broad approaches involving surveillance, public health and translating scientific discoveries into disease control efforts.
Key words: Antimicrobial resistance, Demographic changes, Emerging infections, Technological advances
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin Yew Wong
- Infectious Disease Partners Pte Ltd, Gleneagles Medical Centre, Singapore
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23
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Tillekeratne LG, Bodinayake C, Nagahawatte A, Kurukulasooriya R, Orlando LA, Simmons RA, Park LP, Woods CW, Reed SD. Use of clinical algorithms and rapid influenza testing to manage influenza-like illness: a cost-effectiveness analysis in Sri Lanka. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e001291. [PMID: 30997171 PMCID: PMC6441298 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute respiratory infections are a common reason for antibiotic overuse. We previously showed that providing Sri Lankan clinicians with positive rapid influenza test results was associated with a reduction in antibiotic prescriptions. The economic impact of influenza diagnostic strategies is unknown. Methods We estimated the incremental cost per antibiotic prescription avoided with three diagnostic strategies versus standard care when managing Sri Lankan outpatients with influenza-like illness (ILI): (1) influenza clinical prediction tool, (2) targeted rapid influenza testing and (3) universal rapid influenza testing. We compared findings with literature-based estimates of the cost of antimicrobial resistance attributable to each antibiotic prescription. Results Standard care was less expensive than other strategies across all parameter values in one-way sensitivity analyses. The incremental cost per antibiotic prescription avoided with clinical prediction versus standard care was US$3.0, which was lower than the base-case estimate of the cost of antimicrobial resistance per ILI antibiotic prescription (US$12.5). The incremental cost per antibiotic prescription avoided with targeted testing and universal testing versus standard care were both higher than the base-case cost of antimicrobial resistance per ILI antibiotic prescription: US$49.1 and US$138.3, respectively. To obtain a cost-effectiveness ratio lower than US$12.5 with targeted testing versus standard care, the test price must be <US$2.6. At a higher threshold of US$28.7, the test price must be <US$7.7. Conclusion Clinical prediction tools and targeted rapid influenza testing may be cost-saving strategies in Sri Lanka when accounting for the societal cost of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gayani Tillekeratne
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lori A Orlando
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ryan A Simmons
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lawrence P Park
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher W Woods
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shelby D Reed
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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24
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Uyeki TM, Bernstein HH, Bradley JS, Englund JA, File TM, Fry AM, Gravenstein S, Hayden FG, Harper SA, Hirshon JM, Ison MG, Johnston BL, Knight SL, McGeer A, Riley LE, Wolfe CR, Alexander PE, Pavia AT. Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America: 2018 Update on Diagnosis, Treatment, Chemoprophylaxis, and Institutional Outbreak Management of Seasonal Influenzaa. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 68. [PMID: 30566567 PMCID: PMC6653685 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy866 10.1093/cid/ciz044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
These clinical practice guidelines are an update of the guidelines published by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) in 2009, prior to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. This document addresses new information regarding diagnostic testing, treatment and chemoprophylaxis with antiviral medications, and issues related to institutional outbreak management for seasonal influenza. It is intended for use by primary care clinicians, obstetricians, emergency medicine providers, hospitalists, laboratorians, and infectious disease specialists, as well as other clinicians managing patients with suspected or laboratory-confirmed influenza. The guidelines consider the care of children and adults, including special populations such as pregnant and postpartum women and immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Uyeki
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Henry H Bernstein
- Division of General Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - John S Bradley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rady Children's Hospital
- University of California, San Diego
| | - Janet A Englund
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children's Hospital
| | - Thomas M File
- Division of Infectious Diseases Summa Health, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown
| | - Alicia M Fry
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stefan Gravenstein
- Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Frederick G Hayden
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville
| | - Scott A Harper
- Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jon Mark Hirshon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Michael G Ison
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - B Lynn Johnston
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Canada
| | - Shandra L Knight
- Library and Knowledge Services, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Allison McGeer
- Division of Infection Prevention and Control, Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura E Riley
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Cameron R Wolfe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Paul E Alexander
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Infectious Diseases Society of America, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Andrew T Pavia
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
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25
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Brachmann M, Kikull K, Kill C, Betz S. Economic and operational impact of an improved pathway using rapid molecular diagnostic testing for patients with influenza-like illness in a German emergency department. J Clin Monit Comput 2019; 33:1129-1138. [PMID: 30610515 PMCID: PMC6823314 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-018-00243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the economic and operational effects of implementing a shorted diagnostic pathway during influenza epidemics. This retrospective study used emergency department (ED) data from the 2014/2015 influenza season. Alere i influenza A & B rapid molecular diagnostic test (RDT) was compared with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) pathway. Differences in room occupancy time in the ED and inpatient ward and cost differences were calculated for the 14-week influenza season. The process flow was more streamlined with the RDT pathway, and the necessary isolation time in the ED was 9 h lower than for PCR. The difference in the ED examination room occupancy time was 2.9 h per patient on a weekday and 4 h per patient on a weekend day, and the difference in the inpatient room occupancy time was 2 h per patient on a weekday and 3 h per patient on a weekend day. Extrapolated time differences across the influenza season were projected to be 2733 h in the ED examination room occupancy and 1440 h in inpatient room occupancy. In patients with a negative diagnosis, the RDT was also estimated to reduce the total diagnostic costs by 41.52 € per patient compared with PCR. The total cost difference was projected to be 31,892 € across a 14-week influenza season. The improved process and earlier diagnosis with the RDT pathway compared with conventional PCR resulted in considerable savings in ED, inpatient room occupancy time and cost across the influenza season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Brachmann
- bcmed GmbH, Neue Strasse 76, 89073, Ulm, Germany
- Witten/Herdecke University, 58448, Witten, Germany
| | - Katja Kikull
- Ategris hospitals, CEO's Office, 45468, Muelheim, Germany
| | - Clemens Kill
- Center for Emergency Medicine, Essen University Hospital, 45147, Essen, Germany.
| | - Susanne Betz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital Marburg, 35033, Marburg, Germany
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26
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Egilmezer E, Walker GJ, Bakthavathsalam P, Peterson JR, Gooding JJ, Rawlinson W, Stelzer-Braid S. Systematic review of the impact of point-of-care testing for influenza on the outcomes of patients with acute respiratory tract infection. Rev Med Virol 2018; 28:e1995. [PMID: 30101552 PMCID: PMC7169080 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Acute respiratory tract infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality and represent a significant burden on the health care system. Laboratory testing is required to definitively distinguish infecting influenza virus from other pathogens, resulting in prolonged emergency department (ED) visits and unnecessary antibiotic use. Recently available rapid point-of-care tests (POCT) may allow for appropriate use of antiviral and antibiotic treatments and decrease patient lengths of stay. We undertook a systematic review to assess the effect of POCT for influenza on three outcomes: (1) antiviral prescription, (2) antibiotic prescription, and (3) patient length of stay in the ED. The databases Medline and Embase were searched using MeSH terms and keywords for influenza, POCT, antivirals, antibiotics, and length of stay. Amongst 245 studies screened, 30 were included. The majority of papers reporting on antiviral prescription found that a positive POCT result significantly increased use of antivirals for influenza compared with negative POCT results and standard supportive care. A positive POCT result also led to decreased antibiotic use. The results of studies assessing the effect of POCT on ED length of stay were not definitive. The studies assessed in this systematic review support the use of POCT for diagnosis of influenza in patients suffering an acute respiratory infection. Diagnosis using POCT may lead to more appropriate prescription of treatments for infectious agents. Further studies are needed to assess the effect of POCT on the length of stay in ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Egilmezer
- Virology Research Laboratory, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gregory J Walker
- Virology Research Laboratory, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Padmavathy Bakthavathsalam
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine and School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joshua R Peterson
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine and School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J Justin Gooding
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine and School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - William Rawlinson
- Virology Research Laboratory, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sacha Stelzer-Braid
- Virology Research Laboratory, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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27
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Sanou AM, Wandaogo SCM, Poda A, Tamini L, Kyere AE, Sagna T, Ouedraogo MS, Pauly M, Hübschen JM, Muller CP, Tarnagda Z, Snoeck CJ. Epidemiology and molecular characterization of influenza viruses in Burkina Faso, sub-Saharan Africa. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018; 12:490-496. [PMID: 29350841 PMCID: PMC6005621 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The importance of influenza viruses in respiratory infections in sub‐Saharan Africa has been historically overlooked, including in Burkina Faso. Objectives This study therefore aimed at evaluating the prevalence and seasonal occurrence of influenza viruses in children under 5 years old, at risk of influenza‐related complications, presenting with influenza‐like illness (ILI) or severe acute respiratory infection (SARI). The study also aimed at identifying the periods with increased influenza transmission for vaccination recommendations in Burkina Faso. Methods From January 2014 to December 2015, ILI and SARI (2015 only) patients were recruited in six healthcare centers in Burkina Faso. Influenza A and B molecular detection and subtyping were performed. Clade clustering of a subset of A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) strains was deduced by performing phylogenetic analyses on hemagglutinin gene sequences. Weekly surveillance data from FluNet (2011‐2013; 2016) and this study (2014‐2015) were used to identify periods of increased influenza activity. Results Influenza A and B viruses were detected in 15.1% (112 of 743) of ILI and 6.6% (12 of 181) of SARI patients. Overall, influenza A viruses were largely predominant (81 of 124, 65.3%), with 69.1% of A(H3N2) and 30.9% of A(H1N1)pdm09 strains. Four waves of increased transmission were identified in 2014‐2015, each dominated by different influenza subtypes and clades. Between 2011 and 2016, periods of increased influenza activity varied in their frequency, duration, and timing. Conclusion Influenza A and B viruses were detected in a substantial number of ILI and SARI cases in Burkina Faso. Vaccination in September‐October would likely protect the highest number of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armel M Sanou
- National Influenza Reference Laboratory, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Sampoko Carine M Wandaogo
- National Influenza Reference Laboratory, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Armel Poda
- Hôpital du jour, Service des maladies infectieuses, CHU Souro Sanou, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso (UPB), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Laure Tamini
- Service de Pédiatrie, CHU Pédiatrique Charles De Gaulles, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.,Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (UFR/SDS), Université de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Anselme E Kyere
- National Influenza Reference Laboratory, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Tani Sagna
- National Influenza Reference Laboratory, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Macaire S Ouedraogo
- Hôpital du jour, Service des maladies infectieuses, CHU Souro Sanou, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso (UPB), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Maude Pauly
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Judith M Hübschen
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Claude P Muller
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Zekiba Tarnagda
- National Influenza Reference Laboratory, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Chantal J Snoeck
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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28
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Chen JH, Lam HY, Yip CC, Cheng VC, Chan JF, Leung TH, Sridhar S, Chan KH, Tang BS, Yuen KY. Evaluation of the molecular Xpert Xpress Flu/RSV assay vs. Alere i Influenza A & B assay for rapid detection of influenza viruses. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 90:177-180. [PMID: 29262988 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new FDA-approved Xpert Xpress Flu/RSV assay has been released for rapid influenza virus detection. We collected 134 nasopharyngeal specimens to compare the diagnostic performance of the Xpert assay and the Alere i Influenza A & B assay for influenza A and B virus detection. The Xpert assay demonstrated 100% and 96.3% sensitivity to influenza A and influenza B virus respectively. Its specificity was 100% for both viruses. The Alere i assay demonstrated slightly lower sensitivity but similar specificity to the Xpert Xpress assay. Although the Xpert assay (30 min) required longer processing time than the Alere assay (15 min), the handling procedure of the Alere assay was more complicated than the Xpert assay. As the GenXpert system has higher throughput than the Alere system, it is more suitable for hospital clinical laboratories. Overall, the new Xpert Xpress Flu/RSV assay is a reliable and useful tool for rapid influenza detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - H Y Lam
- Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - C C Yip
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - V C Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Infection Control Team, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - J F Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - T H Leung
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - S Sridhar
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - K H Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - B S Tang
- Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - K Y Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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Trabattoni E, Le V, Pilmis B, Pean de Ponfilly G, Caisso C, Couzigou C, Vidal B, Mizrahi A, Ganansia O, Le Monnier A, Lina B, Nguyen Van JC. Implementation of Alere i Influenza A & B point of care test for the diagnosis of influenza in an ED. Am J Emerg Med 2017; 36:916-921. [PMID: 29137903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2017.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the impact of implementing rapid point-of-care testing (POCT) with the Alere i Influenza A & B in an emergency department (ED) during an influenza epidemic. METHODS Direct nasal swabs were prospectively collected following the physical examination of patients aged >18years who presented to the ED of a tertiary hospital in France with influenza-like illness (ILI) symptoms (N=301) between February 1st and March 31st, 2016, which coincided with an influenza epidemic. Laboratory-based testing (standard of care) was used to obtain a diagnosis in February 2016 (pre-POCT cohort) and positive results were confirmed using polymerase chain reaction. The primary endpoint was patient time in the ED. RESULTS A total of 169 and 132 patients participated in the pre-POCT phase and POCT phase respectively. A significantly higher proportion of patients received a positive diagnosis in the POCT cohort compared with the pre-POCT cohort (31% versus 5.3%, P<0.01). Mean time spent in the ED and hospitalization rate were significantly lower in the POCT cohort (6.06h versus 4.15h, P=0.03, and 44.4% versus 9.7%, P=0.02, respectively). Despite similar rates in the prescription of antibiotics and antiviral therapies, the proportion of patients who were referred for additional tests was significantly lower in the POCT cohort (78.1% versus 62.1%, P=0.003, and 80.5% versus 63.6%, P=0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The Alere i Influenza A & B POCT reduced the length of stay in ED, the hospitalization rates, and the number of additional diagnostic tests compared with standard of care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Trabattoni
- Service des Urgences, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Paris, France
| | - V Le
- Service de Microbiologie Clinique, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Paris, France
| | - B Pilmis
- Equipe Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Paris, France
| | - G Pean de Ponfilly
- Service de Microbiologie Clinique, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Paris, France
| | - C Caisso
- Service des Urgences, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Paris, France
| | - C Couzigou
- Equipe Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Paris, France; Equipe Opérationnelle d'Hygiène, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Paris, France
| | - B Vidal
- Equipe Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Paris, France; Equipe Opérationnelle d'Hygiène, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Paris, France
| | - A Mizrahi
- Service de Microbiologie Clinique, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Paris, France
| | - O Ganansia
- Service des Urgences, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Paris, France
| | - A Le Monnier
- Service de Microbiologie Clinique, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Paris, France
| | - B Lina
- Laboratoire de Virologie Centre National de Référence des Virus Influenzae, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Lyon, France
| | - J C Nguyen Van
- Service de Microbiologie Clinique, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Paris, France.
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30
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Shapiro D, Bodinayake CK, Nagahawatte A, Devasiri V, Kurukulasooriya R, Hsiang J, Nicholson B, De Silva AD, Østbye T, Reller ME, Woods CW, Tillekeratne LG. Burden and Seasonality of Viral Acute Respiratory Tract Infections among Outpatients in Southern Sri Lanka. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:88-96. [PMID: 28719323 PMCID: PMC5508919 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In tropical and subtropical settings, the epidemiology of viral acute respiratory tract infections varies widely between countries. We determined the etiology, seasonality, and clinical presentation of viral acute respiratory tract infections among outpatients in southern Sri Lanka. From March 2013 to January 2015, we enrolled outpatients presenting with influenza-like illness (ILI). Nasal/nasopharyngeal samples were tested in duplicate using antigen-based rapid influenza testing and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for respiratory viruses. Monthly proportion positive was calculated for each virus. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify associations between sociodemographic/clinical information and viral detection. Of 571 subjects, most (470, 82.3%) were ≥ 5 years of age and 53.1% were male. A respiratory virus was detected by PCR in 63.6% (N = 363). Common viral etiologies included influenza (223, 39%), human enterovirus/rhinovirus (HEV/HRV, 14.5%), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, 4.2%), and human metapneumovirus (hMPV, 3.9%). Both ILI and influenza showed clear seasonal variation, with peaks from March to June each year. RSV and hMPV activity peaked from May to July, whereas HEV/HRV was seen year-round. Patients with respiratory viruses detected were more likely to report pain with breathing (odds ratio [OR] = 2.60, P = 0.003), anorexia (OR = 2.29, P < 0.001), and fatigue (OR = 2.00, P = 0.002) compared with patients with no respiratory viruses detected. ILI showed clear seasonal variation in southern Sri Lanka, with most activity during March to June; peak activity was largely due to influenza. Targeted infection prevention activities such as influenza vaccination in January-February may have a large public health impact in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Shapiro
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Ajith Nagahawatte
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhuna University, Galle, Sri Lanka
| | - Vasantha Devasiri
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhuna University, Galle, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Jeremy Hsiang
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Truls Østbye
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Megan E. Reller
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Christopher W. Woods
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - L. Gayani Tillekeratne
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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31
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Linehan E, Brennan M, O'Rourke S, Coughlan S, Clooney L, LeBlanc D, Griffin J, Eogan M, Drew RJ. Impact of introduction of xpert flu assay for influenza PCR testing on obstetric patients: a quality improvement project. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017; 31:1016-1020. [PMID: 28285563 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1306048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this project was to assess the implementation of a quality improvement project regarding the introduction of on-site influenza PCR testing in a stand-alone obstetric hospital. METHODS As part of a quality improvement project on the management of influenza in obstetric patients, the Xpert Flu assay (Cepheid Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) was introduced on-site and it replaced the previous method of PCR testing which was off-site. The main outcome measures were duration of antimicrobials, rate of admission and administration of oseltamavir in the emergency department. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients were included in the pre-intervention period and 45 patients were included in the post-intervention period. Following the introduction of the test, there was a statistically significant reduction seen in commencement of antimicrobials (76% pre- and 33% post-intervention), and also rate of admission (88% pre- and 45% post-intervention) while there was a statistically significant improvement in the commencement of oseltamavir in the emergency department (72% pre-and 95% post-intervention) (p < .01 for all outcomes). CONCLUSION Introduction of on-site rapid influenza PCR testing can lead to a significant improvement in patient management and should be considered for introduction to other sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimear Linehan
- a Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Marian Brennan
- b Department of Infection Prevention and Control , Rotunda Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Sadhbh O'Rourke
- c Department of Clinical Microbiology , Temple Street Children's University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Suzie Coughlan
- d National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Lisa Clooney
- e Department of Pharmacy , Rotunda Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - David LeBlanc
- f Department of Clinical Microbiology , Rotunda Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Joanna Griffin
- g Department of Research , Rotunda Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Maeve Eogan
- h Department of Obstetrics , Rotunda Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Richard J Drew
- f Department of Clinical Microbiology , Rotunda Hospital , Dublin , Ireland.,i Department of Clinical Microbiology , Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland
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32
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Tillekeratne LG, Bodinayake CK, Dabrera T, Nagahawatte A, Arachchi WK, Sooriyaarachchi A, Stewart K, Watt M, Østbye T, Woods CW. Antibiotic overuse for acute respiratory tract infections in Sri Lanka: a qualitative study of outpatients and their physicians. BMC FAMILY PRACTICE 2017; 18:37. [PMID: 28302056 PMCID: PMC5356233 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-017-0619-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are a common reason for antibiotic overuse worldwide. We previously showed that over 80% of outpatients presenting to a tertiary care hospital in Sri Lanka with influenza-like illness received antibiotic prescriptions, although almost half were later confirmed to have influenza. The purpose of this qualitative study was to assess Sri Lankan patients’ and physicians’ attitudes towards ARTI diagnosis and treatment. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 50 outpatients with ARTIs and five physicians in the Outpatient Department (OPD) at a large, public tertiary care hospital in southern Sri Lanka. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed for themes related to ARTI diagnosis and treatment. Results Patients frequently sought ARTI care in the public sector due to the receipt of free care and the perception that government hospitals carried a sense of responsibility for patients’ health. Patients reported multiple medical visits for their illnesses of short duration and many indicated that they were seeking care in the OPD while at the hospital for another reason. While patients generally expected to receive medication prescriptions at their visit, most patients were not specifically seeking an antibiotic prescription. However, more than 70% of patients received antibiotic prescriptions at their OPD visit. Physicians incorrectly perceived that patients desired antibiotics or “capsules,” a common formulation of antibiotics dispensed in this outpatient setting, and cited patient demand as an important cause of antibiotic overuse. Physicians also indicated that high patient volume and fear of bacterial superinfection drove antibiotic overuse. Conclusions Patients in this study were seeking medication prescriptions for their ARTIs, but physicians incorrectly perceived that antibiotic prescriptions were desired. High patient volume and fear of bacterial superinfection were also important factors in antibiotic overuse. Training of physicians regarding guideline-concordant management and dealing with diagnostic uncertainty, education of patients regarding ARTI etiology and management, and systematic changes in the public outpatient care structure may help decrease unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions for ARTIs in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gayani Tillekeratne
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine and Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, USA.
| | | | - Thushani Dabrera
- Nutrition and Indigenous Medicine, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Truls Østbye
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine and Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, USA
| | - Christopher W Woods
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine and Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, USA
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