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Tuson M, Lizama N, Kameron C, Gazey A, Wood L. Vape stores in Western Australia: growth, proximity to schools and socio-economic gradient of density. Aust N Z J Public Health 2024; 48:100118. [PMID: 38296754 DOI: 10.1016/j.anzjph.2023.100118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To audit the number and location of dedicated e-cigarette retailers ("vape stores") in Western Australian (WA), measure proximity to schools and model the association between vape store density and socio-economic disadvantage. METHODS Vape stores were identified via internet search and geocoded. Proximity to schools was measured. Regression modelling was used to investigate the association between vape store density and socio-economic disadvantage. RESULTS 194 stores were identified, with 88% located within one kilometre of a school. In metropolitan WA, vape store density was nearly seven times higher in the most socio-economically disadvantaged areas than in the least disadvantaged areas (rate ratio 6.9, 95% confidence interval 3.4-15.5). CONCLUSIONS There has been rapid, recent growth in the number of vape stores in WA, with most located within walking distance of schools. In metropolitan WA, vape store density is strongly associated with socio-economic disadvantage, mirroring the pattern observed globally for tobacco outlets. IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH This is the first Australian study demonstrating that vape stores are more densely located in socio-economically disadvantaged areas. Vape stores' proximity to schools may increase young people's access and exposure to promotional signage. There is a need to address ready e-cigarette availability through strong regulatory and compliance measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Tuson
- Institute for Health Research (IHR), The University of Notre Dame Australia (UNDA), Australia; Centre for Applied Statistics (CAS), School of Physics, Mathematics and Computing, The University of Western Australia (UWA), Australia.
| | - Natalia Lizama
- Cancer Council Western Australia (CCWA), Australia; School of Population Health, Curtin University, Australia
| | | | - Angela Gazey
- Institute for Health Research (IHR), The University of Notre Dame Australia (UNDA), Australia
| | - Lisa Wood
- Institute for Health Research (IHR), The University of Notre Dame Australia (UNDA), Australia
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Trapl E, Anesetti-Rothermel A, Pike Moore S, Gittleman H. Association between school-based tobacco retailer exposures and young adolescent cigarette, cigar and e-cigarette use. Tob Control 2021; 30:e104-e110. [PMID: 32817573 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between retail tobacco availability and tobacco use have been mixed. This study examined associations between school-based retail environment exposures and current use of cigarettes, cigar products and e-cigarettes among middle school youth in Cleveland, OH. METHODS Retailers selling tobacco products were identified using the 2015 Cleveland Food Retail Database (n=639 stores). Youth survey data were drawn from the 2016 Cleveland Youth Risk Behavior Survey, administered to all 7th/8th graders across the Cleveland Metropolitan School District (n=3778, response rate=83.0%). Past 30-day cigarette, cigar product and e-cigarette use were assessed. Student demographics, number of days walking to/from school each week and number of times youth stopped at a retailer to/from school each week were included. For each school (n=63), tobacco retail density (TRD) and proximity (TRP) to nearest retailer were calculated for each product. Multiple regression analysis assessed associations between retail exposures and youth tobacco use. RESULTS Across all schools, 3.9%, 10.2% and 8.6% of students currently use cigarettes, cigar products and e-cigarettes, respectively, and 15.2% currently use at least one tobacco product. TRD and TRP were not associated with current use; frequency of walking to school and stopping at retailers were strongly associated with current use. CONCLUSIONS Although TRD and TRP were not significantly associated with tobacco product use, youth who reported regularly walking to/from school or who reported stopping at a retail store before/after school were significantly more likely to be a current tobacco product user. This may be due to increased exposure to exterior and point-of-sale marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Trapl
- Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew Anesetti-Rothermel
- PATH Branch, Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Science, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephanie Pike Moore
- Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Haley Gittleman
- Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Agaku IT, Egbe CO, Ayo-Yusuf OA. Geospatial spread of e-cigarette vape shops in South Africa and the relationship with tobacco product use among adults. Health Place 2021; 68:102507. [PMID: 33486331 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We estimated the spatial distribution of e-cigarette vape shops in South Africa and measured associations with tobacco use among adults. We linked geocoordinates of identified vape shops to internet protocol addresses of individual participants in the 2018 Health 24 survey (n = 18,208). We used logistic regression to measure the associations between proximity to vape shops and tobacco-related behaviors. In total, we identified 240 vape shops; 49.6% of these were within a 5 km radius of a higher educational institution. Proximity to vape shops was associated with ever e-cigarette use among young adults aged 18-29 years (AOR = 1.33, 95%CI = 1.16-1.54). Efforts to regulate e-cigarette marketing can benefit public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel T Agaku
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Catherine O Egbe
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Public Health, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Olalekan A Ayo-Yusuf
- Africa Centre for Tobacco Industry Monitoring and Policy Research, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
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Berg CJ, Schleicher NC, Johnson TO, Barker DC, Getachew B, Weber A, Park AJ, Patterson A, Dorvil S, Fairman RT, Meyers C, Henriksen L. Vape shop identification, density and place characteristics in six metropolitan areas across the US. Prev Med Rep 2020; 19:101137. [PMID: 32566458 PMCID: PMC7298674 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaping is increasingly prevalent and controversial. Vape shops and convenience stores are common but distinct sources of vaping products, and where they locate may reflect likely target markets. This study examined the density and neighborhood demographics of vape shops and convenience stores in six metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs): Atlanta, Boston, Minneapolis, Oklahoma City, San Diego, Seattle. We identified 459 vape shops using Yelp and Google application programming interfaces and 10,777 convenience stores using ReferenceUSA and Dun & Bradstreet. Retailers were geocoded to census tracts (n = 4,442), and logistic regressions were conducted using as predictors percent non-White, percent youth (5-17 years or 5-20 years), and median household income from the American Community Survey, 2013-2017. Per 10,000 young adults, vape shop density ranged from 0.6 (Boston, San Diego) to 1.7 (Oklahoma City), and convenience store density ranged from 12.6 (San Diego) to 26.3 (Oklahoma City). Logistic regressions indicated that vape shops more likely resided in tracts with lower percentages of youth in Boston, but higher percentages of youth in Atlanta, as well as with lower incomes in Boston and Seattle. Convenience stores more likely resided in tracts with lower percentages of non-Whites in Atlanta and Boston; lower incomes in Atlanta, Boston, San Diego, and Seattle; and higher percentages of youth in Atlanta, Boston, and Minneapolis. These common retail sources of vaping products differentially locate in relation to neighborhood sociodemographics across MSAs. Findings suggest that, in some MSAs, vape shops and convenience stores may target youth and lower income populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla J. Berg
- Department of Preventive and Community Health, Milken School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nina C. Schleicher
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3300 Hillview Ave, Suite 120, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Trent O. Johnson
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3300 Hillview Ave, Suite 120, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Dianne C. Barker
- Barker Bi-Coastal Health Consultants, Inc., 20 Ellery Rd, Newport, RI 02840, USA
| | - Betelihem Getachew
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amber Weber
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amy J. Park
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Akilah Patterson
- Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sarah Dorvil
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert T. Fairman
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christina Meyers
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lisa Henriksen
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3300 Hillview Ave, Suite 120, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Chido-Amajuoyi OG, Ozigbu CE, Zhang K. School proximity and census tract correlates of e-cigarette specialty retail outlets (vape shops) in central Texas. Prev Med Rep 2020; 18:101079. [PMID: 32257777 PMCID: PMC7115100 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cigarettes are the most widely used tobacco product among middle and high school students in the United States. This study investigates the proximity of e-cigarette retail outlets (vape shops) to middle and high schools in Austin, Texas, as well as the sociodemographic determinants of outlet presence, at the census tract level. A proximity analysis was conducted using school geo-data derived from the Texas Education Agency and vape shop geo-data derived from a validated online search. Logistic regressions using 5-year estimates of the 2014 American Community Survey were performed to determine the correlates of vape shop presence in census tracts. Overall, 20% of the census tracts in Austin, Texas, had at least one vape shop. The proportion of vape shop-containing census tracts that met the criteria for classification as a “poverty area” (36.5%) was greater than that of vape shop-free census tracts (26.3%). Vape shops were more likely to be present in census tracts classified as poverty areas; however, the odds of vape shop presence declined as the percentage of the non-Hispanic Black population and the percentage of persons aged 10–14 years in census tracts increased. About 40% of the vape shops were located within 0.5 miles of a middle or high school. Sociodemographic disparities exist in the e-cigarette retail environment. In addition to the need to address the disparities identified in this study, our results showing the presence of vape shops within walkable distances of schools calls for tighter regulations and continued surveillance around the marketing practices of e-cigarette retailers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onyema Greg Chido-Amajuoyi
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Chamberline E Ozigbu
- Department of Health Services Policy and Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, United States
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Robitaille É, Bergeron P, Houde M. Analysis of the geographical accessibility of vape shops in the vicinity of Quebec's secondary and college educational institutions. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can 2019; 39:235-243. [PMID: 31517466 PMCID: PMC6756126 DOI: 10.24095/hpcdp.39.8/9.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION significant proportion of secondary school students and young adults in Quebec have experimented with electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). Both personal and environmental factors have been associated with the use of vaping products by youth. Geographical accessibility to the points of sale of these products may be one of these factors. The purpose of this study is to develop a profile of the spatial distribution of stores specializing in the sale of vaping products (vape shops) in the vicinity of secondary schools, colleges and CEGEPs in the province of Quebec. METHODS We calculated the accessibility of businesses to account for geographical exposure. Analyses were conducted to provide a snapshot of the situation in Quebec and to identify associations between the characteristics of educational institutions and geographical accessibility to vape shops. RESULTS A total of 299 vape shops were identified. Colleges are closer to a vape shop (median distance: 1.2 km) than are secondary schools (median distance: 2.3 km). Large private colleges located in urban areas are closer to specialized vape shops. Medium or large private secondary schools located in urban and more advantaged areas are also closer to a specialized vape shop. CONCLUSION This study is a step in developing an understanding of the location of vaping product shops and their geographical accessibility to young people. Important to consider is the geographical accessibility of young people to non-specialized shops that also sell e-cigarettes and then any potential connections between geographical accessibility to such non-specialized shops and the use of vaping products by young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éric Robitaille
- Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pascale Bergeron
- Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maxime Houde
- Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre urbanisation culture société, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Cole AG, Aleyan S, Leatherdale ST. Exploring the association between E-cigarette retailer proximity and density to schools and youth E-cigarette use. Prev Med Rep 2019; 15:100912. [PMID: 31198662 PMCID: PMC6556619 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited evidence exists examining the association between e-cigarette retailer density and e-cigarette use among youth. This study explored whether e-cigarette retailer proximity and density to schools were associated with youth use of e-cigarettes in 4 Canadian provinces. Between October and December 2017, an online search identified e-cigarette retailers within 500 m, 1000 m, and 1500 m circular buffer zones around high schools (N = 122) that participated in the COMPASS study in 2017–18. Retailer proximity/density data were linked to student-level data (N = 63,400 students). Multilevel regression models examined the association between e-cigarette retailer proximity and density and ever and current e-cigarette use, controlling for relevant covariates. Results indicated the average school had <1 e-cigarette retailer within 500 m, 1000 m, and 1500 m. Significant between-school variability in the likelihood of ever [σ2μ0 = 0.215 (0.030), p < .0001] and current [σ2μ0 = 0.258 (0.036), p < .0001] e-cigarette use was found among students. However, after controlling for relevant covariates, e-cigarette retailer proximity and density surrounding a school were not significantly associated with the likelihood of ever or currently using e-cigarettes. These findings suggest that students are accessing e-cigarettes through other sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G. Cole
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Corresponding author at: Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, MC 0905, La Jolla, CA 92093-0905, USA.
| | - Sarah Aleyan
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott T. Leatherdale
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Noland M, Rayens MK, Wiggins AT, Huntington-Moskos L, Rayens EA, Howard T, Hahn EJ. Current Use of E-Cigarettes and Conventional Cigarettes Among US High School Students in Urban and Rural Locations: 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey. Am J Health Promot 2017; 32:1239-1247. [PMID: 28731384 DOI: 10.1177/0890117117719621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adolescent tobacco use is higher in rural than in urban areas. While e-cigarette use is increasing rapidly among this age group, differences in prevalence between rural versus urban populations for this relatively novel product have not been explored. The purpose is to investigate whether location of school (rural-urban) is associated with e-cigarette use and dual use (defined as the use of both e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes) among high school students. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey obtained using a stratified, 3-stage cluster sample design. SETTING United States. PARTICIPANTS A nationally representative sample of US high school students (N = 11 053) who completed the 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS); slightly more than half were urban (54%). MEASURES The NYTS measures tobacco-related knowledge, attitudes, and use behavior and demographics of students in the United States. ANALYSIS Weighted logistic regression assessed the relationships of urban-rural location with current e-cigarette use and dual use, adjusting for demographic factors, perceived risk, and social norms. RESULTS There were clear differences in patterns of adolescent e-cigarette and cigarette use in rural versus urban areas. Social norms and perceptions may play a role in understanding these differences. CONCLUSION Urban youth current cigarette smokers were nearly twice as likely as rural cigarette smokers to also use e-cigarettes. Reasons for urban-rural differences need to be taken into account when designing prevention programs and policy changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Noland
- 1 Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, College of Education, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mary Kay Rayens
- 2 Tobacco Policy Research Division, BREATHE, College of Nursing and College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Amanda T Wiggins
- 2 Tobacco Policy Research Division, BREATHE, College of Nursing and College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Emily A Rayens
- 4 Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Tiffany Howard
- 5 Department of Health Promotion and Administration, College of Health Sciences, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY, USA
| | - Ellen J Hahn
- 2 Tobacco Policy Research Division, BREATHE, College of Nursing and College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Glasser AM, Collins L, Pearson JL, Abudayyeh H, Niaura RS, Abrams DB, Villanti AC. Overview of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: A Systematic Review. Am J Prev Med 2017; 52:e33-e66. [PMID: 27914771 PMCID: PMC5253272 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Rapid developments in e-cigarettes, or electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), and the evolution of the overall tobacco product marketplace warrant frequent evaluation of the published literature. The purpose of this article is to report updated findings from a comprehensive review of the published scientific literature on ENDS. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The authors conducted a systematic review of published empirical research literature on ENDS through May 31, 2016, using a detailed search strategy in the PubMed electronic database, expert review, and additional targeted searches. Included studies presented empirical findings and were coded to at least one of nine topics: (1) Product Features; (2) Health Effects; (3) Consumer Perceptions; (4) Patterns of Use; (5) Potential to Induce Dependence; (6) Smoking Cessation; (7) Marketing and Communication; (8) Sales; and (9) Policies; reviews and commentaries were excluded. Data from included studies were extracted by multiple coders (October 2015 to August 2016) into a standardized form and synthesized qualitatively by topic. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS There were 687 articles included in this systematic review. The majority of studies assessed patterns of ENDS use and consumer perceptions of ENDS, followed by studies examining health effects of vaping and product features. CONCLUSIONS Studies indicate that ENDS are increasing in use, particularly among current smokers, pose substantially less harm to smokers than cigarettes, are being used to reduce/quit smoking, and are widely available. More longitudinal studies and controlled trials are needed to evaluate the impact of ENDS on population-level tobacco use and determine the health effects of longer-term vaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Glasser
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia.
| | - Lauren Collins
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jennifer L Pearson
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Haneen Abudayyeh
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Raymond S Niaura
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Georgetown University Medical Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - David B Abrams
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Georgetown University Medical Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Andrea C Villanti
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of electronic cigarettes or vape devices is increasing, and products are evolving rapidly. This study assessed retail vape shops in the San Francisco Bay Area to describe store characteristics, products offered, advertisements and health claims, as well as employees’ perceptions of their customers’ demographics, and practices to support smoking cessation. METHODS We conducted store audits of shops that exclusively sell vape devices with physical addresses in San Francisco and Alameda counties (n=23, response rate 72%) and interviewed vape shop owners/employees. RESULTS While all stores carried second and third generation vape devices, 83% of stores did not carry first generation devices. Employees estimated the majority of their customers bought devices for smoking cessation or to replace tobacco, and a small minority purchased for first-time recreational use. Employees most frequently recommended dosing nicotine based on usual cigarette consumption, adjusting doses based on “throat hit” or cravings, use of a second or third generation e-cigarette, and encouraged customers to experiment and customize to “whatever works for you” as smoking cessation advice. CONCLUSIONS Vape shops report a significant number of their customers are interested in smoking cessation, and employees are giving smoking cessation advice. A subpopulation of customers includes some nicotine novices. Studies of vape shops should include both observations and interviews with employees in order to detect important informal practices that may differ from posted signs or printed advertising. These practices include cessation counseling, product claims, and custom discount prices or bargaining.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pamela M Ling
- University of California, San Francisco, United States
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Margolis KA, Nguyen AB, Slavit WI, King BA. E-cigarette curiosity among U.S. middle and high school students: Findings from the 2014 national youth tobacco survey. Prev Med 2016; 89:1-6. [PMID: 27155440 PMCID: PMC4969114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Curiosity is a potential risk factor for electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use, which has increased considerably among US youth in recent years. We examined the relationship between curiosity about e-cigarettes and perceived harm, comparative addictiveness, and e-cigarette advertisement exposure. Data came from the 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey, a nationally representative survey of U.S. middle and high school students. In 2014, 2.5% of middle school and 9.2% of high school students currently used cigarettes, while 3.9% of middle school and 13.4% of high school students reported current e-cigarette use. Among never e-cigarette users (n=17,286), descriptive statistics assessed curiosity about e-cigarettes by combustible tobacco use, sex, race/ethnicity, and school level. Associations between curiosity and perceived harm (absolute and comparative to cigarettes), comparative addictiveness, and e-cigarette advertising exposure were explored using multivariate models in 2015. Among youth who never used e-cigarettes, 25.8% reported curiosity about e-cigarettes. Higher levels of perceived absolute harm and comparative harm were associated with lower levels of curiosity, while no association was observed between comparative addictiveness and curiosity. Among never combustible tobacco users, the odds of high curiosity were greater among non-Hispanic blacks (odds ratio (OR): 1.39; 95% confidence interval (CI):1.02-1.88), Hispanics (OR=1.79; 95% CI:1.48-2.16), and non-Hispanic 'Other' (OR=1.47; 95% CI:1.15-1.89) race/ethnicities than non-Hispanic whites. One-quarter of middle and high school students who have never used e-cigarettes are curious about the products, with greater curiosity among those with lower perceptions of harm from these products. These findings may help inform future strategies aimed at reducing curiosity about e-cigarettes among youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Margolis
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Science, Silver Spring, MD, United States.
| | - Anh B Nguyen
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Science, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Wendy I Slavit
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Science, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Brian A King
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, Atlanta, Georgia
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Basch C, Kecojevic A, Menafro A. Provision of information regarding electronic cigarettes from shop employees in New York City. Public Health 2016; 136:175-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sussman S, Allem JP, Garcia J, Unger JB, Cruz TB, Garcia R, Baezconde-Garbanati L. Who walks into vape shops in Southern California?: a naturalistic observation of customers. Tob Induc Dis 2016; 14:18. [PMID: 27231480 PMCID: PMC4880826 DOI: 10.1186/s12971-016-0082-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rising popularity of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has been accompanied by the proliferation of vape shops in the United States. Vape shops are devoted to the sale of e-cigarettes and e-juices. This study aimed to describe the age, gender, and ethnicity of customers who frequent these shops, determine whether conversations transpire between retailers and customers, as well as identify the types of activities taking place while customers are inside the store. Methods A naturalistic observation study of 186 customers in 59 vape shops in Southern California was completed in locations that were relatively high in Korean, Non-Hispanic white, Hispanic, or African American ethnicity. Results Across all shops, the average estimated age of customers was 30.29 years old (SD = 9.70), 53 % were estimated to be non-Hispanic white, and 79 % were males; few minors entered the shops. Conversations about vaping related topics were prevalent (e.g., sampling e-juices, receiving help on hardware, and talking about vaping). Purchases were commonly observed as well as customers lounging in the shop. Conclusion Vape shops provide consumers a place to purchase and discuss e-cigarettes and offer an environment that serves as a place of recreation with customers lounging once inside. Findings should inform local tobacco control efforts and regulatory policies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Sussman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, SSB 302A, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA ; Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA ; University of Southern California, School of Social Work, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Jon-Patrick Allem
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, SSB 302A, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA
| | - Jocelyn Garcia
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, SSB 302A, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA
| | - Jennifer B Unger
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, SSB 302A, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA
| | - Tess Boley Cruz
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, SSB 302A, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA
| | - Robert Garcia
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, SSB 302A, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA
| | - Lourdes Baezconde-Garbanati
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, SSB 302A, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA ; Department of Sociology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
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14
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Hosler AS, Done DH, Michaels IH, Guarasi DC, Kammer JR. Longitudinal Trends in Tobacco Availability, Tobacco Advertising, and Ownership Changes of Food Stores, Albany, New York, 2003-2015. Prev Chronic Dis 2016; 13:E62. [PMID: 27172257 PMCID: PMC4867654 DOI: 10.5888/pcd13.160002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Frequency of visiting convenience and corner grocery stores that sell tobacco is positively associated with the odds of ever smoking and the risk of smoking initiation among youth. We assessed 12-year trends of tobacco availability, tobacco advertising, and ownership changes in various food stores in Albany, New York. Methods Eligible stores were identified by multiple government lists and community canvassing in 2003 (n = 107), 2009 (n = 117), 2012 (n = 135), and 2015 (n = 137). Tobacco availability (all years) and advertising (2009, 2012, and 2015) were directly measured; electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) were included in 2015. Results Percentage of stores selling tobacco peaked at 83.8% in 2009 and declined to 74.5% in 2015 (P for trend = .11). E-cigarettes were sold by 63.7% of tobacco retailers. The largest decline in tobacco availability came from convenience stores that went out of business (n = 11), followed by pharmacies that dropped tobacco sales (n = 4). The gain of tobacco availability mostly came from new convenience stores (n = 24) and new dollar stores (n = 8). Significant declining trends (P < .01) were found in tobacco availability and any tobacco advertising in pharmacies and in low (<3 feet) tobacco advertising in convenience stores and stores overall. Only one-third of stores that sold tobacco in 2003 continued to sell tobacco with the same owner in 2015. Conclusion The observed subtle declines in tobacco availability and advertising were explained in part by local tobacco control efforts, the pharmacy industry’s self-regulation of tobacco sales, and an increase in the state’s tobacco retailer registration fee. Nonetheless, overall tobacco availability remained high (>16 retailers per 10,000 population) in this community. The high store ownership turnover rate suggests that a moratorium of new tobacco retailer registrations would be an integral part of a multi-prong policy strategy to reduce tobacco availability and advertising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko S Hosler
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, East Campus, GEC 147, One University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144.
| | - Douglas H Done
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, New York
| | - Isaac H Michaels
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, New York
| | - Diana C Guarasi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, New York
| | - Jamie R Kammer
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, New York
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15
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Castaldelli-Maia JM, Ventriglio A, Bhugra D. Tobacco smoking: From 'glamour' to 'stigma'. A comprehensive review. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2016; 70:24-33. [PMID: 26449875 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this narrative review, we explore the history of tobacco smoking, its associations and portrayal of its use with luxury and glamour in the past, and intriguingly, its subsequent transformation into a mass consumption industrialized product encouraged by advertising and film. Then, we describe the next phase where tobacco in parts of the world has become an unwanted product. However, the number of smokers is still increasing, especially in new markets, and increasingly younger individuals are being attracted to it, despite the well-known health consequences of tobacco use. We also explore current smoking behaviors, looking at trends in the prevalence of consumption throughout the world, discrimination against smokers, light and/or intermittent smokers, and the electronic cigarette (e-cigarette). We place these changes in the context of neuroscience, which may help explain why the cognitive effects of smoking can be important reinforcers for its consumption despite strong anti-smoking pressure in Western countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, ABC Foundation, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Antonio Ventriglio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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16
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Allem JP, Unger JB, Garcia R, Baezconde-Garbanati L, Sussman S. Tobacco Attitudes and Behaviors of Vape Shop Retailers in Los Angeles. Am J Health Behav 2015; 39:794-8. [PMID: 26450547 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.39.6.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The growing popularity of e-cigarettes has been accompanied by the proliferation of vape shops in the US. Vape shops are devoted to the sale and use of e-cigarettes, allowing customers to sample flavors and learn about different hardware from retailers. Research on vape shop retailers is lagging behind their popularity. This study documented the attitudes and behaviors regarding e-cigarettes and other tobacco products of retailers located in Los Angeles. METHODS Surveys were conducted among retailers at 78 vape shops in 2014. RESULTS The majority of retailers (76%) believed e-cigarettes are safer than combustible cigarettes, with about one-fourth believing e-cigarettes are completely safe. Retailers believed e-cigarettes are, on average, safer than products (eg, nicotine patch, gum, and inhaler) that have been approved for cessation by the FDA. About 14% of retailers reported dual use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes in the past month. CONCLUSION This is the first study to investigate tobacco-related behaviors and attitudes of vape shop retailers located in Los Angeles. Educating vape shop retailers on the benefits and harms of e-cigarettes is important, especially if retailers are to be informed about a product that is only now being considered to receive regulation from the FDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Patrick Allem
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Jennifer B Unger
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert Garcia
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Steve Sussman
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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