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Castello A, Alio V, Cammilleri G, Sciortino S, Macaluso A, Ferrantelli V, Dall’Ara S, Pino F, Servadei I, Oliveri G, Costa A. Microbiological and Toxicological Investigations on Bivalve Molluscs Farmed in Sicily. Foods 2024; 13:552. [PMID: 38397529 PMCID: PMC10887788 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Bivalves can concentrate biological and chemical pollutants, causing foodborne outbreaks whose occurrence is increasing, due to climatic and anthropic factors that are difficult to reverse, hence the need for improved surveillance. This study aimed to evaluate the hygienic qualities of bivalves sampled along the production and distribution chain in Sicily and collect useful data for consumer safety. Bacteriological and molecular analyses were performed on 254 samples of bivalves for the detection of enteropathogenic Vibrio, Arcobacter spp., Aeromonas spp., Salmonella spp., and beta-glucuronidase-positive Escherichia coli. A total of 96 out of 254 samples, collected in the production areas, were processed for algal biotoxins and heavy metals detection. Bacterial and algal contaminations were also assessed for 21 samples of water from aquaculture implants. Vibrio spp., Arcobacter spp., Aeromonas hydrophila, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli were detected in 106/254, 79/254, 12/254, 16/254, and 95/254 molluscs, respectively. A total of 10/96 bivalves tested positive for algal biotoxins, and metals were under the legal limit. V. alginolyticus, A. butzleri, and E. coli were detected in 5, 3, and 3 water samples, respectively. Alexandrium minutum, Dinophysis acuminata, Lingulodinium polyedra, and Pseudonitzschia spp. were detected in water samples collected with the biotoxin-containing molluscs. Traces of yessotoxins were detected in molluscs from water samples containing the corresponding producing algae. Despite the strict regulation by the European Commission over shellfish supply chain monitoring, our analyses highlighted the need for efficiency improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Castello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Vincenzina Alio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Gaetano Cammilleri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Sonia Sciortino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Macaluso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Vincenzo Ferrantelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Sonia Dall’Ara
- Fondazione Centro Ricerche Marine, National Reference Laboratory on Marine Biotoxins, V.le A. Vespucci 2, 47042 Cesenatico, Italy (F.P.); (I.S.)
| | - Fiorella Pino
- Fondazione Centro Ricerche Marine, National Reference Laboratory on Marine Biotoxins, V.le A. Vespucci 2, 47042 Cesenatico, Italy (F.P.); (I.S.)
| | - Irene Servadei
- Fondazione Centro Ricerche Marine, National Reference Laboratory on Marine Biotoxins, V.le A. Vespucci 2, 47042 Cesenatico, Italy (F.P.); (I.S.)
| | - Giuseppa Oliveri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy (A.C.)
| | - Antonella Costa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy (A.C.)
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Disli HB, Hizlisoy H, Gungor C, Barel M, Dishan A, Gundog DA, Al S, Onmaz NE, Yildirim Y, Gonulalan Z. Investigation and characterization of Aliarcobacter spp. isolated from cattle slaughterhouse in Türkiye. Int Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s10123-023-00478-3. [PMID: 38206523 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00478-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Aliarcobacter spp. have been isolated from numerous food products at retail and from animal carcasses and feces at slaughter. The objectives of this study were as follows: (i) to isolate Aliarcobacter species from different slaughterhouses' samples and (ii) to detect genetic diversity, antibiotic resistance, biofilm ability, and putative virulence gene profiles of the isolates. A molecular investigation of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors was also conducted using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Among 150 samples, a total of 22 (14.6%) Aliarcobacter spp. isolates were obtained, with varying levels of antibiotic resistance observed. The genes tetO, tetW, and gyrA were detected in 0%, 31.8%, and 27.2% of the isolates, respectively. All isolates were resistant to ampicillin, rifampin, and erythromycin, while tetracycline was found to be the most effective antibiotic, with 81.8% of the isolates showing susceptibility to it. All isolates (100%) harbored more than one of the nine putative virulence genes tested, with 18.1% of isolates carrying more than three. Regarding biofilm formation, 7 (31.8%) and 4 (18.1%) isolates were found to form strong and moderate biofilms, respectively, while one (4.5%) isolate was classified as a weak biofilm producer. ERIC-PCR band patterns suggested that the isolated Aliarcobacter spp. from slaughterhouses had different sources of contamination. These findings highlight the potential risk posed by pathogenic and multidrug-resistant Aliarcobacter spp. in food and the need for control measures throughout the food chain to prevent the spread of these strains. The results indicate that foods of animal origin and cattle slaughterhouses are significant sources of antimicrobial resistant Aliarcobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Burak Disli
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Harun Hizlisoy
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Candan Gungor
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mukaddes Barel
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Adalet Dishan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Dursun Alp Gundog
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Serhat Al
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nurhan Ertas Onmaz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Yeliz Yildirim
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Zafer Gonulalan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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de Oliveira MGX, Cunha MPV, Moreno LZ, Saidenberg ABS, Vieira MAM, Gomes TAT, Moreno AM, Knöbl T. Antimicrobial Resistance and Pathogenicity of Aliarcobacter butzleri Isolated from Poultry Meat. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020282. [PMID: 36830193 PMCID: PMC9952011 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aliarcobacter butzleri (A. butzleri) is an emergent zoonotic food-related pathogen that can be transmitted through the consumption of poultry meat. Data regarding the pathogenicity and resistance of A. butzleri are still scarce, and the presence of virulent MDR strains of this zoonotic pathogen in poultry meat is an issue of particular concern to public health. This study aimed to characterize the pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance profiles of A. butzleri strains isolated from poultry meat sold at retail markets in São Paulo, Brazil. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of 27 strains were determined using the broth microdilution method. The results showed that 77.7% of the isolates were resistant to clindamycin, 62.9% to florfenicol, 59.2% to nalidixic acid, 11.1% to azithromycin, 7.4% to ciprofloxacin and telithromycin, and 3.7% to erythromycin and tetracycline, although all were susceptible to gentamicin. Moreover, 55.5% of the virulent isolates were also multidrug-resistant (MDR). Three strains were selected for pathogenicity tests in vitro and in vivo. The tested strains expressed weak/moderate biofilm production and showed a diffuse adhesion pattern (3 h) in HeLa cells and toxicity in Vero cells (24 h). Experimental inoculation in 11-week-old chicks induced a transitory inflammatory enteritis. Intestinal hemorrhage and destruction of the intestinal crypts were observed in the rabbit ileal loop test. Considering the fact that Brazil is a major exporter of poultry meat, the data from this study point to the need of improvement of the diagnostic tools, as well as of the adoption of surveillance guidelines and more specific control strategies to ensure food safety, reducing the presence of pathogenic MDR strains in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcos Paulo Vieira Cunha
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Butantã, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Luisa Zanolli Moreno
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Butantã, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Mônica Aparecida Midolli Vieira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina–Universidade Federal Paulista UNIFESP, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil
| | - Tânia Aparecida Tardelli Gomes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina–Universidade Federal Paulista UNIFESP, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrea Micke Moreno
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Butantã, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Terezinha Knöbl
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Butantã, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Ekundayo TC, Itiolu IF, Ijabadeniyi OA. Arcobacter species in milk contamination: a prevalence-based systematic review and meta-analysis. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 134:lxac037. [PMID: 36626780 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Milk is consumed raw or minimally processed and plays a role in the dissemination of pathogens of public health concerns. The present investigation is aimed at assessing the occurrence of pathogenic Arcobacter species in 2945 milk samples. METHODS AND RESULTS Arcobacter data systematically retrieved from five repositories until 20 February 2022 according to PRISMA principles were logit transformed and fitted using a generalized linear mixed-effects model. The between-study heterogeneity was estimated as I2-value. Leave-one-out cross-validation and funnel plot with Egger's tests were used to assess the hardiness and bias in the model. The global prevalence of Arcobacter genus in the milk was 12% [95% confidence interval (CI): 7-19%; I2 = 87.3%, 95% CI: 83.0-90.6%] and no publication bias observed (Egger's test: P = 0.112). Arcobacter genus prevalence in milk was 13% (95% CI: 5-30%), 10% (95% CI: 1-46%), and 9% (95% CI: 4-19%) in Europe, South America, and Asia, respectively. Arcobacter butzleri was the most prevalent [8% (95% CI: 4-13%)], followed by A. cryaerophilus [0.6% (95% CI: 0.2-33.2%)] and A. skirrowii [0.19% (95% CI: 0.03-1.2%)]. Also, species-specific prevalence of A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus, and A. skirrowii varied continentally, but the test for species-specific/continental differences was not significantly different (P > 0.5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope C Ekundayo
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, Health Services, 121 Steve Biko Rd, Musgrave, Berea, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Ibilola F Itiolu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, Health Services, 121 Steve Biko Rd, Musgrave, Berea, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Oluwatosin A Ijabadeniyi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, Health Services, 121 Steve Biko Rd, Musgrave, Berea, Durban 4001, South Africa
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Prevalence and antibacterial susceptibilities of Arcobacter spp. and Campylobacter spp. from fresh vegetables. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:132. [PMID: 35689134 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03315-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at the isolation and identification of Arcobacter spp. and Campylobacter spp. from fresh vegetables sold at district markets in the Kayseri province, and at the determination of the antibacterial susceptibility of the recovered isolates. For this purpose, a total of 175 vegetable samples, including 35 spinach, 35 lettuce, 35 parsley, 35 arugula, and 35 radish samples, were collected. While the pre-enrichment and membrane filtration techniques were used for the isolation of Arcobacter spp., the pre-enrichment and direct inoculation methods were used for the isolation of Campylobacter spp. The isolates were identified by means of phenotypic tests and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using genus- and species-specific primers. In addition, the susceptibilities of the isolates to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, neomycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline were determined by the disk diffusion method. Out of the 175 vegetable samples tested, 93 (53.14%) were found to be positive for Arcobacter spp., and 119 Arcobacter spp. isolates were recovered from these 93 positive samples. All of the samples examined were found to be negative for Campylobacter spp. One hundred one (86%) and 14 (10%) of the 119 Arcobacter isolates obtained were identified as A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus, respectively, but four isolates could not be identified at the species level by mPCR. Mixed contamination with more than one species and/or genotypes of Arcobacter was detected in 24 of the positive samples. While all of the Arcobacter isolates were susceptible to erythromycin, gentamicin, streptomycin, and tetracycline, 2 (1.68%), 2 (1.68%), and 5 (4.20%) isolates were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin, and neomycin, respectively. Consequently, the determination of a high prevalence of arcobacters and mixed contamination with more than one species and/or genotypes of arcobacters in vegetables often consumed raw by humans demonstrated that the consumption of raw vegetables may be a risk to the public health.
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Lameei A, Rahimi E, Shakerian A, Momtaz H. Genotyping, antibiotic resistance and prevalence of Arcobacter species in milk and dairy products. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1841-1849. [PMID: 35426255 PMCID: PMC9297788 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arcobacter spp. has been considered an emerging foodborne pathogen and a hazard to human health. The dairy chain has been isolated from different sources; nevertheless, data on Arcobacter occurrence in raw milk and dairy products in Iran are still scant. OBJECTIVE The present study investigates the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and the presence of virulence genes of Arcobacters species isolated from milk and dairy products. METHODS Then, a total of 350 raw milk samples and 400 dairy product samples were collected from dairy supply centers in Isfahan, Iran. Presumptive Arcobacter strains were obtained by enriching samples in Oxoid Arcobacter enrichment broth (AEB) followed by the filtration of enrichment product through 0.45-μm pore size membrane filters laid onto non-selective blood at 30°C under microaerophilic conditions. Molecular identification of Arcobacter cryaerophilus and A. butzleri was performed by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the 16S rRNA gene, followed by sequencing. The disc diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates. Targeted resistance and virulence genes were detected using multiplex PCR. RESULTS The results show a low recovery rate of Arcobacter spp. in milk. Arcobacters were found in all types of milk, except raw camel milk, but were absent from all dairy products. Arcobacter butzleri was the predominant species in raw milk. Detection of virulence genes shows that all virulence genes targeted were found among A. butzleri, and six (cadF, cj1349, irgA, mviN, pldA, tlyA) were found among A. cryaerophilus. All A. butzleri strains and some A. cryaerophilus strains isolated from milk were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and tetracycline. All A. cryaerophilus isolates from milk were susceptible to gentamycin, streptomycin, erythromycin and ciprofloxacin. The distribution of resistance genes in Arcobacter strains in milk shows that all isolates carried tet(O) and blaOXA-61 genes. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the results indicate a low recovery rate of Arcobacter spp. in milk and milk products. However, a significant number of Arcobacter strains with putative virulence genes may be potential pathogens for humans and an overall increase in Arcobacter resistance to first-line antibiotics. These results highlight the need for regular surveillance of Arcobacter strains in milk and milk products in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abazar Lameei
- Department of Food Hygiene, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Rahimi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Amir Shakerian
- Department of Food Hygiene, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hassan Momtaz
- Department of Food Hygiene, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
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The Prevalence of Arcobacteraceae in Aquatic Environments: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020244. [PMID: 35215187 PMCID: PMC8880612 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the family Arcobacteraceae are distributed widely in aquatic environments, and some of its species have been associated with human and animal illness. However, information about the diversity and distribution of Arcobacteraceae in different water bodies is still limited. In order to better characterize the health risk posed by members in the family Arcobacteraceae, a systematic review and meta-analysis-based method was used to investigate the prevalence of Arcobacteraceae species in aquatic environments based on available data published worldwide. The database search was performed using related keywords and considering studies up to February 2021. The pooled prevalence in aquatic environments was 69.2%, ranging from 0.6 to 99.9%. These bacteria have a wide geographical distribution, being found in diverse aquatic environments with the highest prevalence found in raw sewage and wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), followed by seawater, surface water, ground water, processing water from food processing plants and water for human consumption. Assessing the effectiveness of treatments in WWTP in eliminating this contamination, it was found that the wastewater treatment may not be efficient in the removal of Arcobacteraceae. Among the analyzed Arcobacteraceae species, Al. butzleri was the most frequently found species. These results highlight the high prevalence and distribution of Arcobacteraceae in different aquatic environments, suggesting a risk to human health. Further, it exposes the importance of identifying and managing the sources of contamination and taking preventive actions to reduce the burden of members of the Arcobacteraceae family.
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The Sensory Characteristics, Nutritional Profile and Physical Changes of the Atlantic Bonito (Sarda sarda Bloch, 1793) gravlax: Effect of dill (Anethum graveolens) and garden cress (Lepidium sativum). Int J Gastron Food Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgfs.2022.100490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Yu M, Wang X, Yan A. Microbial Profiles of Retail Pacific Oysters ( Crassostrea gigas) From Guangdong Province, China. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:689520. [PMID: 34305851 PMCID: PMC8292972 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.689520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oysters are one of the main aquatic products sold in coastal areas worldwide and are popular among consumers because of their delicious taste and nutritional value. However, the microorganisms present in oysters may pose health risks to consumers. In this study, the microbial communities of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) collected from aquatic product markets in three cities (Guangzhou, Zhuhai, and Jiangmen) of Guangdong Province, China, where raw oysters are popular, were investigated. The plate counts of viable bacteria in oysters collected in the three cities were all approximately 2 log colony-forming units/g. High-throughput sequencing analysis of the V3–V4 region of the 16Sribosomal DNA gene showed a high level of microbial diversity in oysters, as evidenced by both alpha and beta diversity analysis. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes were the dominant phyla of the microorganisms present in these samples. A variety of pathogenic bacteria, including the fatal foodborne pathogen Vibrio vulnificus, were found, and Vibrio was the dominant genus. Additionally, the relationship between other microbial species and pathogenic microorganisms may be mostly symbiotic in oysters. These data provide insights into the microbial communities of retail oysters in the Guangdong region and indicate a considerable risk related to the consumption of raw oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjia Yu
- Department of Food Science, Foshan Polytechnic, Foshan, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Food Science, Foshan Polytechnic, Foshan, China
| | - Aixian Yan
- Department of Food Science, Foshan Polytechnic, Foshan, China
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Sciortino S, Arculeo P, Alio V, Cardamone C, Nicastro L, Arculeo M, Alduina R, Costa A. Occurrence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Arcobacter spp. Recovered from Aquatic Environments. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10030288. [PMID: 33802125 PMCID: PMC7998538 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Arcobacter spp. are emerging waterborne and foodborne zoonotic pathogens responsible for gastroenteritis in humans. In this work, we evaluated the occurrence and the antimicrobial resistance profile of Arcobacter isolates recovered from different aquatic sources. Besides, we searched for Arcobacter spp. in seaweeds and the corresponding seawater samples. Bacteriological and molecular methods applied to 100 samples led to the isolation of 28 Arcobacter isolates from 27 samples. The highest prevalence was detected in rivers followed by artificial ponds, streams, well waters, and spring waters. Seaweeds contained a higher percentage of Arcobacter than the corresponding seawater samples. The isolates were identified as Arcobacter butzleri (96.4%) and Arcobacter cryaerophilus (3.6%). All the isolates showed a multi-drug resistance profile, being resistant to at least three different classes of antibiotics. Molecular analysis of genetic determinants responsible for tetracycline resistance in nine randomly chosen isolates revealed the presence of tetO and/or tetW. This work confirms the occurrence and the continuous emergence of antibiotic-resistant Arcobacter strains in environmental samples; also, the presence of quinolone-resistant Arcobacter spp. in aquatic sources used for water supply and irrigation represents a potential risk for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sciortino
- Food Microbiology Section, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A. Mirri, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (P.A.); (V.A.); (C.C.); (L.N.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Pietro Arculeo
- Food Microbiology Section, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A. Mirri, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (P.A.); (V.A.); (C.C.); (L.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Vincenzina Alio
- Food Microbiology Section, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A. Mirri, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (P.A.); (V.A.); (C.C.); (L.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Cinzia Cardamone
- Food Microbiology Section, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A. Mirri, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (P.A.); (V.A.); (C.C.); (L.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Luisa Nicastro
- Food Microbiology Section, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A. Mirri, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (P.A.); (V.A.); (C.C.); (L.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Marco Arculeo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Bd. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Rosa Alduina
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Bd. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Antonella Costa
- Food Microbiology Section, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A. Mirri, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (P.A.); (V.A.); (C.C.); (L.N.); (A.C.)
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Doulgeraki AI, Bikouli V, Argyri AA, Chorianopoulos N, Mitre E, Charvourou G, Sourri P, Tassou CC, Oikonomou A. Exploring the Bacterial Communities of the Kaiafas Thermal Spring Anigrides Nymphes in Greece Prior to Rehabilitation Actions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E9133. [PMID: 33297492 PMCID: PMC7730472 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17239133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anigrides Nymphes of Lake Kaiafas is a thermal spring that is well known for its therapeutical properties, as the hot water (32-34 °C) is rich in sulfur compounds and minerals. Nowadays, efforts are made from the Hellenic Republic to modernize the existing facilities and infrastructure networks of the area. To study the complex ecosystem of the thermal spring, we collected water from four sampling points (Lake, and Caves 1, 2, and 3). Filtration method was used for microbial enumeration. In parallel, total bacterial DNA was extracted and subjected to next-generation sequencing (NGS). A total of 166 different bacterial families were detected. Differences in families, genera, and species abundances were detected between the different sampling points. Specifically, Comamonadaceae was the most common family detected in Lake and Cave 3. Similarly, in Caves 1 and 2, Rhodobacteraceae was detected at a higher percentage compared to the rest of the families. Moreover, the detection of sequences assigned to waterborne or opportunistic pathogens, i.e., Enterobacteriaceae, Legionellaceae, Coxiellaceae, and Clostridiaceae, as well as Enterococcus and Vibrio, is of great importance. Although the presence of pathogens was not examined by quantitative PCR, the detection of their sequences strengthens the need of the planned rehabilitation actions of this natural environment in order to allow human swimming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agapi I. Doulgeraki
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DIMITRA, Sof. Venizelou 1, 14123 Lycovrissi, Greece; (V.B.); (A.A.A.); (N.C.); (E.M.); (G.C.); (P.S.); (C.C.T.)
| | - Vasiliki Bikouli
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DIMITRA, Sof. Venizelou 1, 14123 Lycovrissi, Greece; (V.B.); (A.A.A.); (N.C.); (E.M.); (G.C.); (P.S.); (C.C.T.)
| | - Anthoula A. Argyri
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DIMITRA, Sof. Venizelou 1, 14123 Lycovrissi, Greece; (V.B.); (A.A.A.); (N.C.); (E.M.); (G.C.); (P.S.); (C.C.T.)
| | - Nikos Chorianopoulos
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DIMITRA, Sof. Venizelou 1, 14123 Lycovrissi, Greece; (V.B.); (A.A.A.); (N.C.); (E.M.); (G.C.); (P.S.); (C.C.T.)
| | - Elisavet Mitre
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DIMITRA, Sof. Venizelou 1, 14123 Lycovrissi, Greece; (V.B.); (A.A.A.); (N.C.); (E.M.); (G.C.); (P.S.); (C.C.T.)
| | - Georgia Charvourou
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DIMITRA, Sof. Venizelou 1, 14123 Lycovrissi, Greece; (V.B.); (A.A.A.); (N.C.); (E.M.); (G.C.); (P.S.); (C.C.T.)
| | - Patra Sourri
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DIMITRA, Sof. Venizelou 1, 14123 Lycovrissi, Greece; (V.B.); (A.A.A.); (N.C.); (E.M.); (G.C.); (P.S.); (C.C.T.)
| | - Chrysoula C. Tassou
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DIMITRA, Sof. Venizelou 1, 14123 Lycovrissi, Greece; (V.B.); (A.A.A.); (N.C.); (E.M.); (G.C.); (P.S.); (C.C.T.)
| | - Alexandra Oikonomou
- Ephorate of Palaeoanthropology and Speleology, Hellenic Republic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Ardittou 34b, 11636 Athens, Greece;
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12
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Çelik E, Otlu S. Isolation of Arcobacter spp. and identification of isolates by multiplex PCR from various domestic poultry and wild avian species. ANN MICROBIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-020-01603-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of the present study was to determine the extent and seasonal prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in domestic poultry and wild birds in the Kars region of Turkey using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-PCR).
Methods
In this study, 1570 samples were collected from domestic poultry and wild avian species. The numbers of collected samples were as follows: 182 fecal samples from chickens, geese, and turkeys from family farms in the Kars region in Turkey; 1089 cloacal swab samples from chickens, geese, ducks, turkeys, and quails from family farms in this region; and 299 fecal samples from wild pigeons, crows, and owls in the same region.
Results
Arcobacter spp. were isolated from 17.43%, 35.77%, 3.63%, 6.87%, and 3.33% of the cloacal swab samples obtained from geese, ducks, chickens, turkeys, and quails, respectively. In the stool samples, Arcobacter spp. were isolated from 9.62%, 13.33%, and 4% of chicken, goose, and turkey samples, respectively. In wild birds, the isolation rates of Arcobacter spp. were 6.6%, 12.15%, and 0% in pigeons, crows, and owls, respectively. Using m-PCR, among 171 Arcobacter spp. isolates obtained from poultry and wild birds, 67, 78, 24, and 2 were identified as Arcobacter cryaerophilus, Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter skirrowii, and Arcobacter cibarius, respectively.
Conclusions
Both poultry and wild avian species exhibited variable rates of Arcobacter species positivity. The presence of Arcobacter spp. in the digestive tracts of healthy poultry and wild birds may serve as a potential reservoir for the dissemination of these microbes in the environment and their transmission to other animals and humans.
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13
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Chieffi D, Fanelli F, Fusco V. Arcobacter butzleri: Up-to-date taxonomy, ecology, and pathogenicity of an emerging pathogen. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2071-2109. [PMID: 33337088 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Arcobacter butzleri, recently emended to the Aliarcobacter butzleri comb. nov., is an emerging pathogen causing enteritis, severe diarrhea, septicaemia, and bacteraemia in humans and enteritis, stillbirth, and abortion in animals. Since its recognition as emerging pathogen on 2002, advancements have been made in elucidating its pathogenicity and epidemiology, also thanks to advent of genomics, which, moreover, contributed in emending its taxonomy. In this review, we provide an overview of the up-to-date taxonomy, ecology, and pathogenicity of this emerging pathogen. Moreover, the implication of A. butzleri in the safety of foods is pinpointed, and culture-dependent and independent detection, identification, and typing methods as well as strategies to control and prevent the survival and growth of this pathogen are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Chieffi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzina Fusco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
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14
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Fusco V, Chieffi D, Fanelli F, Logrieco AF, Cho G, Kabisch J, Böhnlein C, Franz CMAP. Microbial quality and safety of milk and milk products in the 21st century. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2013-2049. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzina Fusco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Daniele Chieffi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Antonio F. Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Gyu‐Sung Cho
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyMax‐Rubner Institut Kiel Germany
| | - Jan Kabisch
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyMax‐Rubner Institut Kiel Germany
| | - Christina Böhnlein
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyMax‐Rubner Institut Kiel Germany
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15
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Cruzado-Bravo ML, Barancelli GV, Dini Andreote AP, Saldaña E, Vidal-Veuthey B, Collado L, Contreras-Castillo CJ. Occurrence of Arcobacter spp. in Brazilian Minas frescal cheese and raw cow milk and its association with microbiological and physicochemical parameters. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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16
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Marta C, Giovanni N, Angela M, Loredana C, Elisabetta B, Laura D, Anna M, Angela DP, Gianfranco S, Antonio P. Large genetic diversity of Arcobacter butzleri isolated from raw milk in Southern Italy. Food Microbiol 2019; 89:103403. [PMID: 32139002 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Arcobacter butzleri is a zoonotic foodborne pathogen able to cause enteric and extraintestinal diseases. Its occurrence in foodstuff is well recognized worldwide but data on its presence in foods from Southern Italy are scarce. In this study the results on the occurrence and genotyping of Arcobacter spp. in bulk milk samples collected in Southern Italy are reported. Out of 484 samples, 64 (13.2%) resulted positive for the presence of Arcobacter spp. Using Real Time PCR but as few as 31.2% of these samples turned out as positive by using the cultural method, showing an overall prevalence of 4.1%. All isolates were identified as A. cryaerophilus using the biochemical identification whilst the sequencing of the atpA gene revealed that all the isolates were A. butzleri. Among the confirmed isolates, 16 different Sequence Types (ST) were identified using the Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST), 14 (87.5%) of which were previously unreported. Our survey reveals the presence of A. butzleri in bulk tank milk from Southern Italy and highlights the discrepancy between the two approaches used both for the detection (i.e., real time PCR vs cultural method) and the identification (i.e., biochemical test vs aptA sequencing) of Arcobacter spp In addition, a large genetic diversity among the isolates was detected and this makes the identification of source of the infections very challenging in outbreaks investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caruso Marta
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Foggia, Via Manfredonia 20, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Normanno Giovanni
- Department of Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Miccolupo Angela
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Foggia, Via Manfredonia 20, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Capozzi Loredana
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Foggia, Via Manfredonia 20, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Bonerba Elisabetta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, SP Casamassima, Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, (BA), Italy
| | - Difato Laura
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Foggia, Via Manfredonia 20, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Mottola Anna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, SP Casamassima, Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, (BA), Italy
| | - Di Pinto Angela
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, SP Casamassima, Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, (BA), Italy
| | - Santagada Gianfranco
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Foggia, Via Manfredonia 20, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Parisi Antonio
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Foggia, Via Manfredonia 20, 71122, Foggia, Italy
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17
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Traversa A, Gallina S, Martucci F, Boteva C, Baioni E, Maurella C, Chiavacci L, Benvenuto E, Ferrero I, Ferrero E, Giacometti F, Piva S, Chiesa F, Bianchi DM, Serraino A, Decastelli L. Arcobacter spp. in raw milk from vending machines in Piedmont and occurrence of virulence genes in isolates. Ital J Food Saf 2019; 8:7859. [PMID: 31897394 PMCID: PMC6912143 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2019.7859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Arcobacter spp. has been recognized as an emerging foodborne pathogen and a hazard to human health. In the dairy chain, it has been isolated from different sources, nevertheless data on Arcobacter occurrence in raw milk provided by vending machines are few. This study aimed to identify potentially pathogenic Arcobacter spp. in raw milk intended for human consumption sold through vending machines located in Piedmont. In an 8-month period, 37 raw milk samples were collected from 24 dairy farms: 12 (32,4%) were collected directly in farm from bulk tank milk and 25 (67,6%) from vending machines. Eight (21,6%) out of the 37 milk samples and 7 (29,2%) out of the 24 dairy farms were positive for Arcobacter spp. by culture examination. Four (16%) out of the 25 samples from vending machines and 4 (33,3%) out of the 12 samples from bulk tank milk were positive. All 8 isolates were identified as A. butzleri both by MALDI-TOF MS and multiplex end-point PCR. According to the detection of virulence genes, a total of four Patho-types were highlighted: 5 isolates in P-type 1 and only one isolate for each of the P-types 2-3-4. A. butzleri isolates carrying encoding virulence factors genes were isolated from raw milk intended for human consumption: these findings strengthen the compulsory consumption after boiling as required by current legislation and suggest the need of enlarging the analytical investigations to other microorganisms not yet included in the food safety criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaranta Traversa
- Food Control and Production Hygiene complex Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino
| | - Silvia Gallina
- Food Control and Production Hygiene complex Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino
| | - Francesca Martucci
- Food Control and Production Hygiene complex Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino
| | - Cvetelina Boteva
- Food Control and Production Hygiene complex Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino
| | - Elisa Baioni
- Epidemiology and Epidemiological Observatory complex Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino
| | - Cristiana Maurella
- Epidemiology and Epidemiological Observatory complex Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino
| | - Laura Chiavacci
- Epidemiology and Epidemiological Observatory complex Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino
| | - Elisa Benvenuto
- Food Control and Production Hygiene complex Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino
| | - Irene Ferrero
- Food Control and Production Hygiene complex Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino
| | - Elena Ferrero
- Food Control and Production Hygiene complex Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino
| | - Federica Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia
| | - Silvia Piva
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia
| | - Francesco Chiesa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Daniela Manila Bianchi
- Food Control and Production Hygiene complex Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino
| | - Andrea Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia
| | - Lucia Decastelli
- Food Control and Production Hygiene complex Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino
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18
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Ghaju Shrestha R, Tanaka Y, Sherchand JB, Haramoto E. Identification of 16S rRNA and Virulence-Associated Genes of Arcobacter in Water Samples in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030110. [PMID: 31357473 PMCID: PMC6789466 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Arcobacter and five associated virulence genes (cadF, ciaB, mviN, pldA, and tlyA) in water samples in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. A total of 286 samples were collected from deep tube wells (n = 30), rivers (n = 14), a pond (n = 1), shallow dug wells (n = 166), shallow tube wells (n = 33), springs (n = 21), and stone spouts (n = 21) in February and March (dry season) and August (wet season), 2016. Bacterial DNA was extracted from the water samples and subjected to SYBR Green-based quantitative PCR for 16S rRNA and virulence genes of Arcobacter. The 16S rRNA gene of Arcobacter was detected in 36% (40/112) of samples collected in the dry season, at concentrations ranging from 5.7 to 10.2 log copies/100 mL, and 34% (59/174) of samples collected in the wet season, at concentrations of 5.4–10.8 log copies/100 mL. No significant difference in Arcobacter 16S rRNA gene-positive results was observed between samples collected in the two seasons (p > 0.05). Seventeen (17%), 84 (84%), 19 (19%), 23 (23%), and 17 (17%) of the 99 Arcobacter 16S rRNA gene-positive samples were also positive for cadF, ciaB, mviN, pldA, and tlyA, respectively. At least one virulence gene was detected in 87 (88%) of the 99 Arcobacter 16S rRNA gene-positive samples. The presence of Arcobacter and the virulence genes in these samples illustrates the persistence of pathogenic bacteria in the environment and highlights the importance of regular monitoring of water for pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Ghaju Shrestha
- Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tanaka
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Jeevan B Sherchand
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu 1524, Nepal
| | - Eiji Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan.
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19
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Caruso M, Latorre L, Santagada G, Fraccalvieri R, Difato LM, Miccolupo A, Capozzi L, Bonerba E, Mottola A, Parisi A. Arcobacter spp. in bovine milk: An emerging pathogen with potential zoonotic risk. Ital J Food Saf 2019; 7:7685. [PMID: 30854340 PMCID: PMC6379690 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2018.7685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence and genetic characteristics of Arcobacter spp. in bovine bulk tank milk produced in Apulia Region (Italy). Samples collected from 396 dairy farms, after enrichment in a selective broth, were subjected to an Arcobacter genus - specific Real Time PCR. Positive broths, previously filtered, were seeded on Karmali, MCCD and Columbia Blood Agar plates; presumptive Arcobacter spp. colonies were identified using an amplification and sequencing method and then characterized by Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST). Prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in bovine milk samples was 5% (20/396); A. butzleri was the only isolated species, in agreement with previous studies that reported A. butzleri as the most commonly recovered species in milk and dairy products. MLST analysis of the 20 A. butzleri strains identified 81 alleles and 16 STs. Consistent with previous studies, MLST revealed a high level of heterogeneity between the A. butzleri isolates and confirmed the high discriminatory power of this method and its suitability for epidemiological investigations. This study confirmed the importance of raw milk as a possible source of Arcobacter spp. for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Caruso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia.,Anthrax Reference Institute of Italy, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia
| | - Laura Latorre
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia
| | | | - Rosa Fraccalvieri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia
| | - Laura Maria Difato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia
| | - Angela Miccolupo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia
| | - Loredana Capozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia
| | | | - Anna Mottola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Parisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia
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20
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Noto AMD, Sciortino S, Cardamone C, Ciravolo C, Napoli C, Alio V, Arculeo P, Oliveri G, Costa A. Detection of Arcobacter spp. in food products collected from Sicilia region: A preliminary study. Ital J Food Saf 2018; 7:7171. [PMID: 30046557 PMCID: PMC6036988 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2018.7171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of Arcobacter spp. in food samples collected from Sicilia region. A total of 91 food products of animal origin (41 meat, 17 fresh milk, 18 shellfish) and 15 samples of fresh vegetables, were examined by cultural method and confirmed by biochemical analysis and PCR methods. The detection of Arcobacter spp. was performed, after selective enrichment, on two selective agar plates: Arcobacter agar and mCCD (modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate) agar supplemented with CAT (Cefoperazone, Amphotericin B and Teicoplanin). Arcobacter species were isolated using the membrane filtration technique. In 13 (14.3%) out of the 91 tested samples, the presence of Arcobacter spp. was found: the isolates were confirmed by multiplex PCR and identified as belonging to the species A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus. The highest prevalence rate was observed in chicken meat (8.8%) followed by shellfish (3.3%). Negative results have been obtained for raw milks and vegetables samples. The preliminary study highlights the importance of this emerging pathogen and the need for further studies on its prevalence and distribution in different types of food for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Di Noto
- Food Microbiology Section, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sonia Sciortino
- Food Microbiology Section, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, Palermo, Italy
| | - Cinzia Cardamone
- Food Microbiology Section, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, Palermo, Italy
| | - Cosimo Ciravolo
- Food Microbiology Section, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, Palermo, Italy
| | - Concetta Napoli
- Food Microbiology Section, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzina Alio
- Food Microbiology Section, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, Palermo, Italy
| | - Pietro Arculeo
- Food Microbiology Section, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Oliveri
- Food Microbiology Section, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Costa
- Food Microbiology Section, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, Palermo, Italy
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21
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Peng M, Yang A, Chen Y, Zhang G, Meng F, Ma X, Li Y. Microbiology community changes during the start-up and operation of a photosynthetic bacteria-membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Ramees TP, Dhama K, Karthik K, Rathore RS, Kumar A, Saminathan M, Tiwari R, Malik YS, Singh RK. Arcobacter: an emerging food-borne zoonotic pathogen, its public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control - a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2017; 37:136-161. [PMID: 28438095 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1323355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Arcobacter has emerged as an important food-borne zoonotic pathogen, causing sometimes serious infections in humans and animals. Newer species of Arcobacter are being incessantly emerging (presently 25 species have been identified) with novel information on the evolutionary mechanisms and genetic diversity among different Arcobacter species. These have been reported from chickens, domestic animals (cattle, pigs, sheep, horses, dogs), reptiles (lizards, snakes and chelonians), meat (poultry, pork, goat, lamb, beef, rabbit), vegetables and from humans in different countries. Arcobacters are implicated as causative agents of diarrhea, mastitis and abortion in animals, while causing bacteremia, endocarditis, peritonitis, gastroenteritis and diarrhea in humans. Three species including A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. skirrowii are predominantly associated with clinical conditions. Arcobacters are primarily transmitted through contaminated food and water sources. Identification of Arcobacter by biochemical tests is difficult and isolation remains the gold standard method. Current diagnostic advances have provided various molecular methods for efficient detection and differentiation of the Arcobacters at genus and species level. To overcome the emerging antibiotic resistance problem there is an essential need to explore the potential of novel and alternative therapies. Strengthening of the diagnostic aspects is also suggested as in most cases Arcobacters goes unnoticed and hence the exact epidemiological status remains uncertain. This review updates the current knowledge and many aspects of this important food-borne pathogen, namely etiology, evolution and emergence, genetic diversity, epidemiology, the disease in animals and humans, public health concerns, and advances in its diagnosis, prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thadiyam Puram Ramees
- a Division of Veterinary Public Health , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- b Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- c Central University Laboratory , Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chennai , India
| | - Ramswaroop Singh Rathore
- a Division of Veterinary Public Health , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- a Division of Veterinary Public Health , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Mani Saminathan
- b Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- d Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences , UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) , Mathura , India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- e Division of Biological Standardization , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- f ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
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Khan IUH, Cloutier M, Libby M, Lapen DR, Wilkes G, Topp E. Enhanced Single-tube Multiplex PCR Assay for Detection and Identification of Six Arcobacter Species. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:1522-1532. [PMID: 28960631 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM A single-tube multiplex PCR (mPCR) assay was developed for rapid, sensitive and simultaneous detection and identification of six Arcobacter species including two new species, A. lanthieri and A. faecis, along with A. butzleri, A. cibarius, A. cryaerophilus and A. skirrowii on the basis of differences in the lengths of their PCR products. Previously designed monoplex, mPCR and RFLP assays do not detect or differentiate A. faecis and A. lanthieri from other closely related known Arcobacter spp. METHODS AND RESULTS Primer pairs for each target species (except A. skirrowii) and mPCR protocol were newly designed and optimized using variable regions of housekeeping including cpn60, gyrA, gyrB and rpoB genes. The accuracy and specificity of the mPCR assay was assessed using DNA templates from six targets and 11 other Arcobacter spp. as well as 50 other bacterial reference species and strains. Tests on the DNA templates of target Arcobacter spp. were appropriately identified, whereas all 61 other DNA templates from other bacterial species and strains were not amplified. Sensitivity and specificity of the mPCR assay was 10 pg μl-1 of DNA concentration per target species. The optimized assay was further evaluated, validated and compared with other mPCR assays by testing Arcobacter cultures isolated from various faecal and water sources. CONCLUSIONS Study results confirm that the newly developed mPCR assay is rapid, accurate, reliable, simple, and valuable for the simultaneous detection and routine diagnosis of six human- and animal-associated Arcobacter spp. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The new mPCR assay is useful not only for pure but also mixed cultures. Moreover, it has the ability to rapidly detect six species which enhances the value of this technology for aetiological and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- I U H Khan
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre (ORDC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - M Cloutier
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre (ORDC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - M Libby
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre (ORDC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - D R Lapen
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre (ORDC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - G Wilkes
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre (ORDC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - E Topp
- London Research and Development Centre (LRDC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
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Ferreira S, Oleastro M, Domingues FC. Occurrence, genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance of Arcobacter sp. in a dairy plant. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:1019-1026. [PMID: 28712149 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence, diversity and resistance to antibiotics of Arcobacter sp. in a dairy plant samples. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 75 samples from dairy plant surfaces and materials and several food products collected in different steps of the cheese production process were analysed by culture, under aerobic and microaerobic atmospheric conditions, and by enrichment molecular detection. Isolates were identified and genotyped by ERIC-PCR, and their susceptibility to nine antibiotics was evaluated by agar dilution. Global prevalence of Arcobacter sp. was 42·7%, where 20 of the 42 food samples analysed were positive for A. butzleri by both culture and molecular detection, one for A. marinus by culture and one for A. cryaerophilus by molecular detection only; 10 of the 30 analysed materials and plant surfaces were positive for A. butzleri. All A. butzleri isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid and showed high resistance rates to ampicillin (56·2%) and cefotaxime (97·9%), being all strains susceptible to gentamicin and erythromycin. CONCLUSIONS Contamination of dairy plant environment with A. butzleri and its progression along cheese production process were observed, however, the cheese ripening process may have a relevant role in the reduction of the contamination. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study showed the presence of Arcobacter sp. in a dairy plant, displaying its high prevalence and genetic diversity and highlighting its high resistance rates. The data obtained could contribute to further acknowledge the Arcobacter food contamination as a potential health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ferreira
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - M Oleastro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, National Reference Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Infections, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - F C Domingues
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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ELMALI M, CAN HY. Occurence and antimicrobial resistance of Arcobacter species in food and slaughterhouse samples. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-457x.19516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Leoni F, Chierichetti S, Santarelli S, Talevi G, Masini L, Bartolini C, Rocchegiani E, Naceur Haouet M, Ottaviani D. Occurrence of Arcobacter spp. and correlation with the bacterial indicator of faecal contamination Escherichia coli in bivalve molluscs from the Central Adriatic, Italy. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 245:6-12. [PMID: 28113092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A total of 162 samples of bivalve molluscs (45 mussels and 117 clams) collected between December 2012 and 2014 from harvesting areas of the Central Adriatic were analysed by a culturing method for the presence of Arcobacter spp. Species identification was performed by PCR and sequencing analysis of a fragment of the rpoB gene. Overall, Arcobacter species were detected in 30% of samples, specifically 33% clams and 22% mussels. A. butzleri was the most common species (20% of the samples), followed by A. cryaerophilus (9%) and A. skirrowii (1%). A seasonal association of A. butzleri contamination was detected. A. butzleri was significantly more commonly recovered from samples collected during the winter-spring period (29%) than from those of the summer-autumn (8%). A. cryaerophilus was cultured from 6% to 11% of the samples collected in summer-autumn and winter-spring, respectively, but these differences were not statistically significant. A. skirrowii was recovered from a sample of mussels harvested in May 2014. To identify associations between the occurrence of Arcobacter spp. and E. coli levels, samples were divided into groups generating results with E. coli at >230MPN/100g and E. coli at ≤230MPN/100g, the latter corresponding to EU microbiological criteria allowed for live bivalve molluscs at retail level. A. butzleri was significantly more commonly detected in samples with higher E. coli levels (48%) than in those with lower levels of E. coli (10%), providing evidence for considering E. coli as an index organism for A. butzleri contamination in bivalve molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Leoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Sezione di Ancona, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per il Controllo delle Contaminazioni Batteriche dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Serena Chierichetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Sezione di Ancona, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per il Controllo delle Contaminazioni Batteriche dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Sabrina Santarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Sezione di Ancona, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per il Controllo delle Contaminazioni Batteriche dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giulia Talevi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Sezione di Ancona, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per il Controllo delle Contaminazioni Batteriche dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Masini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Sezione di Ancona, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per il Controllo delle Contaminazioni Batteriche dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Chiara Bartolini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Sezione di Ancona, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per il Controllo delle Contaminazioni Batteriche dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Elena Rocchegiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Sezione di Ancona, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per il Controllo delle Contaminazioni Batteriche dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - M Naceur Haouet
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Sezione di Ancona, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per il Controllo delle Contaminazioni Batteriche dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Donatella Ottaviani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Sezione di Ancona, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per il Controllo delle Contaminazioni Batteriche dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60126 Ancona, Italy
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Isolation and identification of Arcobacter species from environmental and drinking water samples. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2016; 61:479-484. [PMID: 27106697 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-016-0460-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Water plays an important role in the transmission of Arcobacter spp. to animals and humans. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize Arcobacter spp. from 115 different water samples (66 sewage, 25 rivers, 16 spring water, and 8 drinking water) in Izmir, Turkey. In total, 41 samples (35.7 %) were found positive for Arcobacter spp. by the genus-specific PCR. Arcobacter butzleri was detected in 39 out of 115 samples (33.9 %) including 24 sewage, 13 rivers, and 2 spring water. The remaining Arcobacter spp. (n = 2) isolates could not be identified by m-PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Based on the phenotypic characterization, most of the Arcobacter species (87.8 %) indicated weak catalase activity. In addition, there were differences in phenotypic patterns among isolated species during growth at 37 °C under microaerobic and aerobic conditions, in the presence of 2 % (39/41) and 3.5 % (32/41) NaCl and 0.04 % TTC (39/41) and on MacConkey agar (38/41). The results of this study indicated that environmental water samples are common sources for Arcobacter spp. Therefore, effective control measures should be taken to protect human health.
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Whiteduck-Léveillée K, Whiteduck-Léveillée J, Cloutier M, Tambong JT, Xu R, Topp E, Arts MT, Chao J, Adam Z, Lévesque CA, Lapen DR, Villemur R, Khan IUH. Identification, characterization and description of Arcobacter faecis sp. nov., isolated from a human waste septic tank. Syst Appl Microbiol 2015; 39:93-9. [PMID: 26723853 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A study on the taxonomic classification of Arcobacter species was performed on the cultures isolated from various fecal sources where an Arcobacter strain AF1078(T) from human waste septic tank near Ottawa, Ontario, Canada was characterized using a polyphasic approach. Genetic investigations including 16S rRNA, atpA, cpn60, gyrA, gyrB and rpoB gene sequences of strain AF1078(T) are unique in comparison with other arcobacters. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the strain is most closely related to Arcobacter lanthieri and Arcobacter cibarius. Analyses of atpA, cpn60, gyrA, gyrB and rpoB gene sequences suggested that strain AF1078(T) formed a phylogenetic lineage independent of other species in the genus. Whole-genome sequence, DNA-DNA hybridization, fatty acid profile and phenotypic analysis further supported the conclusion that strain AF1078(T) represents a novel Arcobacter species, for which the name Arcobacter faecis sp. nov. is proposed, with type strain AF1078(T) (=LMG 28519(T); CCUG 66484(T)).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michel Cloutier
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre (ORDC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - James T Tambong
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre (ORDC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Renlin Xu
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre (ORDC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Edward Topp
- London Research and Development Centre (LRDC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Michael T Arts
- Ryerson University, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jerry Chao
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zaky Adam
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre (ORDC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - C André Lévesque
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre (ORDC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - David R Lapen
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre (ORDC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Richard Villemur
- INRS-Institute Armand-Frappier Research Centre, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Izhar U H Khan
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre (ORDC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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De Cesare A, Parisi A, Giacometti F, Serraino A, Piva S, Caruso M, De Santis EPL, Manfreda G. Multilocus sequence typing of Arcobacter butzleri isolates collected from dairy plants and their products, and comparison with their PFGE types. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 120:165-74. [PMID: 26481316 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The present study aimed to determine, by multilocus sequence type (MLST), the heterogeneity level of Arcobacter butzleri isolates and to compare MLST and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) in terms of discriminatory power (DI) as well as unidirectional and bi-directional concordance. METHODS AND RESULTS Arcobacter butzleri isolates (N = 133) from dairy products and environmental samples, collected from dairy plants, were characterized by MLST and PFGE with SacII and classified in 29 sequence types (STs), 47 PFGE and 62 type strains (TS). Among the 119 alleles, 19 were previously unreported and the same for all the STs but two. A significant linkage disequilibrium was detected when the complete ST data set was analysed The DIs of MLST, PFGE and their combination were 0·937, 0·953 and 0·965 respectively. The adjusted Wallace coefficients between MLST and PFGE as well as PFGE and MLST were 0·535 and 0·720 respectively; the adjusted Rand coefficient was 0·612. CONCLUSIONS The A. butzleri studied population showed recombination to some degree. PFGE showed a DI higher than MLST. Both methods presented good concordance. The TS analysis seems to show persistence of the same strain on time and possible cross-contaminations between food and environmental sites. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides insights in the A. butzleri population found in raw milk, cheese, and dairy production plants. The data suggest that MLST and PFGE genotypes correlate reasonably well, although their combination results in optimal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De Cesare
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - A Parisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Putignano, Italy
| | - F Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - A Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - S Piva
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - M Caruso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Putignano, Italy
| | - E P L De Santis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - G Manfreda
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
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Hsu TTD, Lee J. Global Distribution and Prevalence of Arcobacter in Food and Water. Zoonoses Public Health 2015; 62:579-89. [PMID: 26172312 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The emerging foodborne and waterborne pathogen, Arcobacter, has been linked to various gastrointestinal diseases. Currently, 19 species are established or proposed; consequently, there has been an increase in the number of publications regarding Arcobacter since it was first introduced in 1991. To better understand the potential public health risks posed by Arcobacter, this review summarizes the current knowledge concerning the global distribution and the prevalence of Arcobacter in food and water. Arcobacter spp. were identified in food animals, food-processing environments and a variety of foods, including vegetables, poultry, beef, dairy products, seafood, pork, lamb and rabbit. A wide range of waterbodies has been reported to be contaminated with Arcobacter spp., such as wastewater, seawater, lake and river water, drinking water, groundwater and recreational water. In addition, Arcobacter has also been isolated from pets, domestic birds, wildlife, zoo and farm animals. It is expected that advancements in molecular techniques will facilitate better detection worldwide and aid in understanding the pathogenicity of Arcobacter. However, more extensive and rigorous surveillance systems are needed to better understand the occurrence of Arcobacter in food and water in various regions of the world, as well as uncover other potential public health risks, that is antibiotic resistance and disinfection efficiency, to reduce the possibility of foodborne and waterborne infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- T-T D Hsu
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J Lee
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and Arcobacter skirrowii Circulation in a Dairy Farm and Sources of Milk Contamination. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:5055-63. [PMID: 26002896 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01035-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though dairy cows are known carriers of Arcobacter species and raw or minimally processed foods are recognized as the main sources of human Arcobacter infections in industrialized countries, data on Arcobacter excretion patterns in cows and in milk are scant. This study aimed to identify potentially pathogenic Arcobacter species in a dairy herd and to investigate the routes of Arcobacter transmission among animals and the potential sources of cattle infection and milk contamination. A strategy of sampling the same 50 dairy animals, feed, water, and milk every month for a 10-month period, as well as the sampling of quarter milk, animal teats, the milking environment, and animals living on the farm (pigeons and cats), was used to evaluate, by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), the characteristic patterns in animals, their living environment, and the raw milk they produced. Of the 463 samples collected, 105 (22.6%) were positive for Arcobacter spp. by culture examination. All the matrices except quarter milk and pigeon gut samples were positive, with prevalences ranging from 15 to 83% depending on the sample. Only three Arcobacter species, Arcobacter cryaerophilus (54.2%), A. butzleri (34.2%), and A. skirrowii (32.3%), were detected. PFGE analysis of 370 isolates from positive samples provided strong evidence of Arcobacter circulation in the herd: cattle likely acquire the microorganisms by orofecal transmission, either by direct contact or from the environment, or both. Water appears to be a major source of animal infection. Raw milk produced by the farm and collected from a bulk tank was frequently contaminated (80%) by A. butzleri; our PFGE findings excluded primary contamination of milk, whereas teats and milking machine surfaces could be sources of Arcobacter milk contamination.
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Ferreira S, Queiroz JA, Oleastro M, Domingues FC. Insights in the pathogenesis and resistance of Arcobacter: A review. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:364-83. [PMID: 25806423 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2014.954523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Arcobacter genus currently comprises 18 recognized species, among which Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus and Arcobacter skirrowii have been associated with human and animal disease. Although these organisms, with special emphasis A. butzleri, are emerging as clinical pathogens, several aspects of their epidemiology and virulence are only starting to be clarified. In vitro human and animal cell culture assays have been used to show that several Arcobacter species can adhere to and invade eukaryotic cells, induce an immune response and produce toxins that damage host cells. In addition, data from genome sequencing highlighted several potential markers that may be helpful candidates for the study and understanding of these mechanisms; however, more work is necessary to clarify the molecular mechanisms involved in Arcobacter virulence. Arcobacter can be considered a relatively robust organism showing to be able to survive in adverse conditions, as the ones imposed by food processing and storage. Moreover, these bacteria have shown increased antibiotic resistance, along with high multidrug resistance. In this review, we seek to update the state-of-the-art concerning Arcobacter distribution, its interaction with the host, the trends of antibiotic resistance, its ability to survive, and finally the use of natural antimicrobials for control of Arcobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Ferreira
- a CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior , Covilhã , Portugal and
| | - João A Queiroz
- a CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior , Covilhã , Portugal and
| | - Mónica Oleastro
- b Department of Infectious Diseases , National Reference Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Infections, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Fernanda C Domingues
- a CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior , Covilhã , Portugal and
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Yesilmen S, Vural A, Erkan ME, Yildirim IH. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Arcobacter species in cow milk, water buffalo milk and fresh village cheese. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 188:11-4. [PMID: 25064812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the presence of Arcobacter spp. was examined in cow milk (n=50), water buffalo (WB) milk (n=50) and fresh village cheese (n=50) samples. The 16S rDNA-RFLP method was used for the identification of Arcobacter spp. The disc diffusion method was used to investigate the susceptibility of all strains identified to 18 different antimicrobial substances. The most commonly isolated Arcobacter species were found to be Arcobacter butzleri (38.89%), Arcobacter cryaerophilus (22.23%) and Arcobacter skirrowii (11.12%) in cow milk; A. cryaerophilus (33.33%), Arcobacter cibarius (20.83%) and A. butzleri (12.50%) in WB milk; and A. skirrowii (28.57%), A. butzleri (21.43%) and A. cryaerophilus (14.29%) in fresh village cheese. This is the first study to identify the presence of Arcobacter nitrofigilis, Arcobacter cloacae, Arcobacter halophilus, Arcobacter bivalviorum and A. cibarius species in analyzed samples. It was found that all of the A. cryaerophilus (n:16) isolates were resistant to cefoperazone, cloxacillin and penicillin G; all of the A. skirrowii (n:12) and A. butzleri (n:10) isolates were resistant to cefoperazone, tetracycline, ampicillin, erythromycin, cloxacillin and penicillin G. It was concluded that cow milk, WB milk and fresh village cheese samples are an important source of Arcobacter species and pose a risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simten Yesilmen
- University of Dicle, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, 21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Aydin Vural
- University of Dicle, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, 21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Emin Erkan
- University of Dicle, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, 21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Halil Yildirim
- University of Dicle, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, 21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey
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González I, Fernández-Tomé S, García T, Martín R. Genus-specific PCR assay for screening Arcobacter spp. in chicken meat. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:1218-1224. [PMID: 24105785 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of emerging pathogenic species described within the genus Arcobacter has increased rapidly during the last few years. In this work a genus-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for detection of the species of Arcobacter most commonly associated with foods. The assay uses primers designed to amplify an 85 bp DNA fragment on the 16S rRNA gene and was applied to the detection of Arcobacter spp. in retail chicken meat. RESULTS Primer specificity was tested against a panel of Arcobacter spp., related Campylobacter and Helicobacter spp. and other food bacteria. Arcobacter primers consistently and selectively amplified the expected DNA fragment in all tested Arcobacter spp. Bacterial control primers confirmed the presence of amplifiable DNA in the samples. The applicability of the PCR assay to food was validated through screening of fresh retail chicken samples for the presence of Arcobacter spp., with a result of 45% (23 out of 51) positive samples. CONCLUSION The genus-specific PCR assay developed has the potential to be used as a quick and sensitive alternative method for the survey of Arcobacter contamination in meats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel González
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
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Serraino A, Giacometti F. Short communication: occurrence of Arcobacter species in industrial dairy plants. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:2061-5. [PMID: 24534515 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the presence of Arcobacter spp. in industrial dairy plants. Between February and September 2013, pasteurized milk used for cheesemaking, processing and cleaning water, cheese, and environmental samples from different plant sites, including surfaces in contact or not in contact with food, were sampled. A total of 126 samples were analyzed by the cultural method and isolates were identified by multiplex PCR. Arcobacter spp. were isolated from 22 of 75 environmental samples (29.3%): of them, 22.7% were surfaces in contact with food and 38.7% surfaces not in contact with food. A total of 135 Arcobacter spp. isolates were obtained; of these, 129 and 6 were identified as Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus, respectively. All food processing water and pasteurized milk samples were negative for Arcobacter species. We were not able to determine the primary source of contamination, but the isolation of both A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus in surfaces in contact with food before and during manufacturing suggests that Arcobacter spp. are not or are only partially affected by routine sanitizing procedures in the industrial dairy plants studied. The efficacy of sanitizing procedures should be evaluated and further studies are needed to determine whether certain Arcobacter strains persist for long periods of time in industrial dairy plants and whether they can survive in different types of cheese in cases of postprocessing contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - F Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy.
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Revez J, Huuskonen M, Ruusunen M, Lindström M, Hänninen ML. Arcobacter species and their pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotypes in Finnish raw milk during summer 2011. J Food Prot 2013; 76:1630-2. [PMID: 23992510 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Arcobacter species in raw milk in Finland. A total of 177 raw milk samples, each from a separate farm, were examined from June to August 2011. Arcobacter species were isolated using an enrichment and selective detection procedure. Overall, 26 (15 % ) of the 177 samples yielded Arcobacter spp. Samples from 25 farms were positive for Arcobacter butzleri and from 1 farm for Arcobacter cryaerophilus. Moreover, both Arcobacter butzleri and A. cryaerophilus were recovered from 1 positive sample. To evaluate a possible genetic variability, one strain of A. butzleri from each farm and the A. cryaerophilus sample were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Genotyping revealed that Arcobacter spp. populations are heterogeneous, and no dominant clone has spread in the investigated samples. Our study is the first report on the isolation of both A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus in raw milk in Finland. Based on our findings, the presence of Arcobacter species in raw milk may pose a potential hazard for human health, in particular for consumers who prefer drinking unpasteurized milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Revez
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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Nieva-Echevarria B, Martinez-Malaxetxebarria I, Girbau C, Alonso R, Fernández-Astorga A. Prevalence and genetic diversity of arcobacter in food products in the north of Spain. J Food Prot 2013; 76:1447-50. [PMID: 23905804 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial contamination of food products can cause serious public health problems. Interest in Arcobacter contamination has increased due to the relationship between these bacteria and human enteritis. We studied the prevalence and genetic diversity of Arcobacter species at the retail level in the province of Alava in Basque Country, Spain. The results showed a high genetic diversity and indicated the regular presence of the main Arcobacter spp. associated with human enteric illness in food products. Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and Arcobacter skirrowii were detected with an overall prevalence close to 40% and were isolated from 15 (42.8%) fresh cow's milk samples, 12 (73.3%) shellfish samples, 11 (55%) chicken samples, 2 (10%) pork samples, and 1 (5%) beef sample. The results indicate the need to investigate the impact of Arcobacter spp. on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nieva-Echevarria
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU, C/ Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Ahmed R, Balamurugan S. Evaluation of three Arcobacter selective agars for selective enumeration of Arcobacter butzleri in beef. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Serraino A, Giacometti F, Daminelli P, Losio MN, Finazzi G, Marchetti G, Zambrini AV, Rosmini R. Survival of Arcobacter butzleri during production and storage of artisan water buffalo mozzarella cheese. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:820-4. [PMID: 23806147 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Water buffalo mozzarella cheese (WBMC) is a fresh stretched cheese produced from whole chilled buffalo milk. Although pasteurization of milk and the use of defined starter cultures are recommended, traditional technology involving unpasteurized milk and natural whey cultures is still employed for WBMC production in Italy. The purpose of this study was to assess the behavior of Arcobacter butzleri during WBMC production and storage under different temperature conditions (5, 10, and 20 °C). Raw milk was experimentally inoculated with one reference strain and two isolates of A. butzleri, and the count was monitored during WBMC production and storage. The bacterial count of A. butzleri decreased during curd ripening (from 7.83 log colony-forming units (CFU)/g to 4.14 log CFU/g in about 4 h) and a further decrease (>4 log CFU/g) was observed at the end of curd stretching. During storage testing, A. butzleri was never detected by direct plating, whereas it was recovered from 12 of the total 162 WBMC until the end of storage testing by enrichment. The results revealed that A. butzleri is able to survive during WBMC production and storage at different temperature conditions. Consequently, traditional WBMC produced from raw milk could represent a potential source of Arcobacter infection for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Serraino A, Florio D, Giacometti F, Piva S, Mion D, Zanoni RG. Presence of Campylobacter and Arcobacter species in in-line milk filters of farms authorized to produce and sell raw milk and of a water buffalo dairy farm in Italy. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:2801-7. [PMID: 23453517 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the presence of Campylobacter spp. and Arcobacter spp. in dairy herds authorized for the production and sale of raw milk and in a water buffalo dairy farm, and to test the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. A total of 196 in-line milk filters were collected from 14 dairy farms (13 bovine and 1 water buffalo) for detection of Campylobacter spp. and Arcobacter spp. by microbiological culture. For each farm investigated, 1 isolate for each Campylobacter and Arcobacter species isolated was tested using the Etest method (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden) to evaluate the susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, erythromycin, and gentamicin. A total of 52 isolates were detected in 49 milk filters in 12 farms (85.7%) out of 14 and the isolates were identified as Campylobacter jejuni (6), Campylobacter hyointestinalis ssp. hyointestinalis (8), Campylobacter concisus (1), Campylobacter fetus ssp. fetus (1), Arcobacter butzleri (22), and Arcobacter cryaerophilus (14). The small number of isolates tested for antimicrobial susceptibility precludes any epidemiological consideration but highlights that all Campylobacter isolates were susceptible to macrolides, which are the first-choice drugs for the treatment of campylobacteriosis, and that resistance to fluoroquinolones and tetracycline was detected; for Arcobacter isolates, resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol was detected. The sale of raw milk for human consumption by self-service automatic vending machines has been allowed in Italy since 2004 and the presence of C. jejuni in in-line milk filters confirms that raw milk consumption is a significant risk factor for human infection. The high occurrence of emerging Campylobacter spp. and Arcobacter spp. discovered in dairy farms authorized for production and sale of raw milk represents an emerging hazard for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
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Kayman T, Atabay HI, Abay S, Hιzlιsoy H, Molva Ç, Aydin F. Human Acute Gastroenteritis Associated with Arcobacter butzleri. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Shah AH, Saleha AA, Murugaiyah M, Zunita Z, Memon AA. Prevalence and distribution of Arcobacter spp. in raw milk and retail raw beef. J Food Prot 2012; 75:1474-8. [PMID: 22856572 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A total of 106 beef samples which consisted of local (n = 59) and imported (n = 47) beef and 180 milk samples from cows (n = 86) and goats (n = 94) were collected from Selangor, Malaysia. Overall, 30.2% (32 of 106) of beef samples were found positive for Arcobacter species. Imported beef was significantly more contaminated (46.80%) than local beef (16.9%). Arcobacter butzleri was the species isolated most frequently from imported (81.8%) and local (60%) beef, followed by Arcobacter cryaerophilus in local (33.3%) and imported (18.2%) beef samples. Only one local beef sample (10%) yielded Arcobacter skirrowii. Arcobacter species were detected from cow's milk (5.8%), with A. butzleri as the dominant species (60%), followed by A. cryaerophilus (40%), whereas none of the goat's milk samples were found positive for Arcobacter. This is the first report of the detection of Arcobacter in milk and beef in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Shah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Kayman T, Abay S, Hizlisoy H, Atabay Hİ, Diker KS, Aydin F. Emerging pathogen Arcobacter spp. in acute gastroenteritis: molecular identification, antibiotic susceptibilities and genotyping of the isolated arcobacters. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:1439-1444. [PMID: 22700547 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.044594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were as follows: (i) to isolate Arcobacter spp. from the stool samples of patients with gastroenteritis; (ii) to identify them with molecular methods; (iii) to genotype them using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR; and (iv) to determine their antibiotic susceptibilities. For the study, a total of 3287 diarrhoeal stool samples submitted to the Microbiology Laboratory of the Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey, between 2010 and 2011 were analysed. Campylobacter blood-free selective medium supplemented with cefoperazone, amphotericin B and teicoplanin was used for isolation. Medium inoculated with stool samples was incubated microaerobically at 37 °C for 72-96 h. Phenotypic tests, a genus-specific PCR and a multiplex PCR were used to identify the arcobacters, whilst ERIC-PCR was used for genotyping and the antibiotic susceptibilities of the isolates were detected by E-test. Arcobacter spp. were isolated from nine of the 3287 samples. These nine isolates were identified as Arcobacter butzleri and all showed different ERIC-PCR profiles. All nine isolates were resistant to ampicillin and susceptible to gentamicin, tetracycline, erythromycin and ciprofloxacin. As far as is known, this is the first study in which A. butzleri has been isolated from human acute gastrointestinal infections in Turkey. According to these results, it is recommended that, when investigating the aetiology of infections of the digestive system in humans, Arcobacter spp. be considered for inclusion. The results of this study should contribute to our knowledge related to A. butzleri infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Kayman
- Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Seçil Abay
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Harun Hizlisoy
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - H İbrahim Atabay
- Sifa University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, İzmir, TurkeyI˙zmir
| | - K Serdar Diker
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fuat Aydin
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Kayseri, Turkey
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Shah AH, Saleha AA, Zunita Z, Cheah YK, Murugaiyah M, Korejo NA. Genetic characterization of Arcobacter isolates from various sources. Vet Microbiol 2012; 160:355-61. [PMID: 22739058 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Arcobacter is getting more attention due to its detection from wide host-range and foods of animal origin. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in various sources at farm level and beef retailed in markets in Malaysia and to assess the genetic relatedness among them. A total of 273 samples from dairy cattle including cattle (n=120), floor (n=30), water (n=18) and milk (n=105) as well as 148 beef samples collected from retail markets were studied. The overall prevalence of Arcobacter in various sources was 15% (63/421). However, source-wise detection rate of Arcobacter spp. was recorded as 26.66% (8/30) in floor, 26.3% (39/148) in beef, 11.11% (2/18) in water, 7.6% (8/105) in milk and 6.66% (8/120) in cattle. Arcobacter butzleri was the frequently isolated species however, a total of 75%, 66.7%, 53.8%, 50% and 12.5%% samples from floor, milk, beef, water and cattle, respectively, were carrying more than one species simultaneously. One (12.5%) cattle and beef sample (2.5%) found to be carrying one Arcobacter spp., A. skirrowii, only. Typing of Arcobacter isolates was done though pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) after digested with Eag1 restriction endonuclease (RE). Digestion of genomic DNA of Arcobacter from various sources yielded 12 major clusters (≥ 50% similarity) which included 29 different band patterns. A number of closely related A. butzleri isolates were found from beef samples which indicate cross contamination of common type of Arcobacter. Fecal shedding of Arcobacter by healthy animals can contaminate water and milk which may act as source of infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Shah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Arcobacter in Lake Erie beach waters: an emerging gastrointestinal pathogen linked with human-associated fecal contamination. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:5511-9. [PMID: 22660704 DOI: 10.1128/aem.08009-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Arcobacter has been associated with human illness and fecal contamination by humans and animals. To better characterize the health risk posed by this emerging waterborne pathogen, we investigated the occurrence of Arcobacter spp. in Lake Erie beach waters. During the summer of 2010, water samples were collected 35 times from the Euclid, Villa Angela, and Headlands (East and West) beaches, located along Ohio's Lake Erie coast. After sample concentration, Arcobacter was quantified by real-time PCR targeting the Arcobacter 23S rRNA gene. Other fecal genetic markers (Bacteroides 16S rRNA gene [HuBac], Escherichia coli uidA gene, Enterococcus 23S rRNA gene, and tetracycline resistance genes) were also assessed. Arcobacter was detected frequently at all beaches, and both the occurrence and densities of Arcobacter spp. were higher at the Euclid and Villa Angela beaches (with higher levels of fecal contamination) than at the East and West Headlands beaches. The Arcobacter density in Lake Erie beach water was significantly correlated with the human-specific fecal marker HuBac according to Spearman's correlation analysis (r = 0.592; P < 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that most of the identified Arcobacter sequences were closely related to Arcobacter cryaerophilus, which is known to cause gastrointestinal diseases in humans. Since human-pathogenic Arcobacter spp. are linked to human-associated fecal sources, it is important to identify and manage the human-associated contamination sources for the prevention of Arcobacter-associated public health risks at Lake Erie beaches.
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Shah AH, Saleha AA, Zunita Z, Murugaiyah M, Aliyu AB, Jafri N. Prevalence, distribution and antibiotic resistance of emergent Arcobacter spp. from clinically healthy cattle and goats. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 60:9-16. [PMID: 22280210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence, distribution and antibiotic resistance of Arcobacter spp. were investigated in cattle, goats, floor and treated water samples in this study. The prevalence of Arcobacter in adult and young was recorded as 8/110 (7.27%) and 4/83 (4.81%), respectively, which showed insignificant difference (P = 0.3503) in detection rates between adult and young cattle. A total of 33.33% of the floor samples and 11.11% of the treated water samples analysed were determined as positive for Arcobacter. Among the species isolated, over all, A. butzleri (45%) was the most frequently detected species, followed by A. skirrowii (5%). A. butzleri was isolated from adult cattle, floor and water samples at the rates of 75.0%, 33.4% and 50%, respectively. Co-colonization of species was not uncommon, and 50% of the samples were carrying more than one Arcobacter species. Only 12.5% sample from cattle (adult) was detected positive for only A. skirrowii. All samples from young animals, floor and water contained mixed isolates. None of the samples from goat farm was found to be carrying Arcobacter species. On profiling of antimicrobial resistance patterns, it was found that only one A. butzleri isolate (3.7%) was sensitive to all nine antibiotics tested. A. butzleri was found highly resistant to ampicillin (55.6%), followed by cefotaxime (33.4%) and ciprofloxacin (33.4%). Overall, 20% of the isolates showed multidrug resistance (resistant ≥4 antibiotics). Gentamicin and enrofloxacin can be used as drugs of choice for the treatment for Arcobacter infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Shah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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ABAY S, KAYMAN T, HIZLISOY H, AYDIN F. In vitro Antibacterial Susceptibility of Arcobacter butzleri Isolated from Different Sources. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:613-6. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seçil ABAY
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, 38090, Kayseri Turkey
| | - Tuba KAYMAN
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kayseri Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Harun HIZLISOY
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, 38090, Kayseri Turkey
| | - Fuat AYDIN
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, 38090, Kayseri Turkey
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