1
|
Shin YJ, Lee DY, Kim JY, Heo K, Shim JJ, Lee JL, Kim DH. Effect of fermented red ginseng on gut microbiota dysbiosis- or immobilization stress-induced anxiety, depression, and colitis in mice. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:255-264. [PMID: 36926604 PMCID: PMC10014181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Red ginseng (RG) alleviates psychiatric disorders. Fermented red ginseng (fRG) alleviates stress-induced gut inflammation. Gut dysbiosis causes psychiatric disorders with gut inflammation. To understand the gut microbiota-mediated action mechanism of RG and fRG against anxiety/depression (AD), we investigated the effects of RG, fRG, ginsenoside Rd, and 20(S)-β-D-glucopyranosyl protopanaxadiol (CK) on gut microbiota dysbiosis-induced AD and colitis in mice. Methods Mice with AD and colitis were prepared by exposing to immobilization stress (IS) or transplanting the feces of patients with ulcerative colitis and depression (UCDF). AD-like behaviors were measured in the elevated plus maze, light/dark transition, forced swimming, and tail suspension tests. Results Oral gavage of UCDF increased AD-like behaviors and induced neuroinflammation, gastrointestinal inflammation, and gut microbiota fluctuation in mice. Oral administration of fRG or RG treatment reduced UCDF-induced AD-like behaviors, hippocampal and hypothalamic IL-6 expression, and blood corticosterone level, whereas UCDF-suppressed hippocampal BDNF+NeuN+ cell population and dopamine and hypothalamic serotonin levels increased. Furthermore, their treatments suppressed UCDF-induced colonic inflammation and partially restored UCDF-induced gut microbiota fluctuation. Oral administration of fRG, RG, Rd, or CK also decreased IS-induced AD-like behaviors, blood IL-6 and corticosterone and colonic IL-6 and TNF-α levels, and gut dysbiosis, while IS-suppressed hypothalamic dopamine and serotonin levels increased. Conclusion Oral gavage of UCDF caused AD, neuroinflammation, and gastrointestinal inflammation in mice. fRG mitigated AD and colitis in UCDF-exposed mice by the regulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and IS-exposed mice by the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Collapse
Key Words
- AD, anxiety/depression
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotropic factor
- CK, 20(S)-β-D-glucopyranosyl protopanaxadiol
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunoassay
- EPMT, elevated plus maze task
- FMT, fecal microbiota transplantation
- FST, forced swimming test
- HPA, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal
- IL, interleukin
- IS, immobilization stress
- LDTT, light/dark transition task
- RG, red ginseng
- TNBS, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TST, tail suspension test
- UCD, ulcerative colitis and depression
- UCDF, the feces of patients with ulcerative colitis and depression
- depression
- fRG, fermented red ginseng
- fermentation
- ginsenoside Rd
- gut microbiota
- red ginseng
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Jung Shin
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yun Lee
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Yun Kim
- R&BD Center, hy Co.Ltd., Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Heo
- R&BD Center, hy Co.Ltd., Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Concomitant Administration of Red Ginseng Extract with Lactic Acid Bacteria Increases the Plasma Concentration of Deglycosylated Ginsenosides in Healthy Human Subjects. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121896. [PMID: 36551324 PMCID: PMC9775652 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increased frequency of red ginseng extract (RGE) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) co-administration, we aimed to investigate the interactions between RGE and LAB with regard to in vitro and in vivo deglycosylation metabolism and the pharmacokinetics of ginsenosides. As a proof-of-concept study, five healthy humans were administered RGE (104.1 mg of total ginsenosides/day) with or without co-administration of LAB (2 g, 1 billion CFU/day) for 2 weeks, and the plasma concentrations of ginsenosides in human plasma were monitored. The plasma exposure to compound K (CK), ginsenoside Rh2 (GRh2), protopanaxadiol (PPD), and protopanaxatriol (PPT) in the concomitant administration RGE and LAB groups increased by 2.7-, 2.1-, 1.6-, and 3.5-fold, respectively, compared to those in the RGE administration group, without a significant change in Tmax. The plasma concentrations of GRb1, GRb2, and GRc remained unchanged, whereas the AUC values of GRd and GRg3 significantly decreased in the concomitant administration RGE and LAB groups. To understand the underlying mechanism, the in vitro metabolic activity of ginsenosides was measured during the fermentation of RGE or individual ginsenosides in the presence of LAB for 1 week. Consistent with the in vivo results, co-incubation with RGE and LAB significantly increased the formation rate of GRh2, CK, PPD, and PPT. These results may be attributed to the facilitated deglycosylation of GRd and GRg3 and the increased production of GRh2, CK, PPD, and PPT by the co-administration of LAB and RGE. In conclusion, LAB supplementation increased the plasma concentrations of deglycosylated ginsenosides, such as GRh2, CK, PPD, and PPT, through facilitated deglycosylation metabolism of ginsenosides in the intestine.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim JK, Lee EK, Bae CH, Park SD, Shim JJ, Lee JL, Yoo HH, Kim DH. The Impact of Gut Microbiome on the Pharmacokinetics of Ginsenosides Rd and Rg3 in Mice after Oral Administration of Red Ginseng. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2021; 49:1897-1912. [PMID: 34961415 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenosides of orally administered red ginseng (RG) extracts are metabolized and absorbed into blood. Here, we examined the pharmacokinetic profiles of ginsenosides Rd and Rg3 in mice orally gavaged with RG, then investigated the correlations between these and gut microbiota composition. RG water extract (RGw), RG ethanol extract (RGe), or fermented RGe (fRGe) was orally gavaged in mice. The plasma concentrations of the ginsenosides were determined, and the gut microbiota composition was analyzed. RGe and fRGe-treated mice showed higher plasma concentration levels of ginsenoside Rd compared with RGw-treated mice; particularly, ginsenoside Rd absorbed was substantially high in fRGe-treated mice. Oral administration of RG extracts modified the gut microbiota composition; the modified gut microbiota, such as Peptococcaceae, Rikenellaceae, and Hungateiclostridiaceae, were closely correlated with the absorption of ginsenosides, such as Rd and Rg3. These results suggest that oral administration of RG extracts can modify gut microbiome, which may consequently affect the bioavailability of RG ginsenosides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeon-Kyung Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Eun Kyu Lee
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cho SM, Kim S, Kim WJ, Suh HJ, Hong KB. The effect of explosive puffing process after fermentation on ginsenosides conversion. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
5
|
Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Ginsenosides in Mice. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091496. [PMID: 34575573 PMCID: PMC8469489 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on in vitro and in vivo metabolism and the pharmacokinetics of ginsenosides in mice. When the in vitro fermentation test of RGE with LAB was carried out, protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxadiol (PPD), which are final metabolites of ginsenosides but not contained in RGE, were greatly increased. Compound K (CK), ginsenoside Rh1 (GRh1), and GRg3 also increased by about 30%. Other ginsenosides with a sugar number of more than 2 showed a gradual decrease by fermentation with LAB for 7 days, suggesting the involvement of LAB in the deglycosylation of ginsenosides. Incubation of single ginsenoside with LAB produced GRg3, CK, and PPD with the highest formation rate and GRd, GRh2, and GF with the lower rate among PPD-type ginsenosides. Among PPT-type ginsenosides, GRh1 and PPT had the highest formation rate. The amoxicillin pretreatment (20 mg/kg/day, twice a day for 3 days) resulted in a significant decrease in the fecal recovery of CK, PPD, and PPT through the blockade of deglycosylation of ginsenosides after single oral administrations of RGE (2 g/kg) in mice. The plasma concentrations of CK, PPD, and PPT were not detectable without change in GRb1, GRb2, and GRc in this group. LAB supplementation (1 billion CFU/2 g/kg/day for 1 week) after the amoxicillin treatment in mice restored the ginsenoside metabolism and the plasma concentrations of ginsenosides to the control level. In conclusion, the alterations in the gut microbiota environment could change the ginsenoside metabolism and plasma concentrations of ginsenosides. Therefore, the supplementation of LAB with oral administrations of RGE would help increase plasma concentrations of deglycosylated ginsenosides such as CK, PPD, and PPT.
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim JK, Choi MS, Jeung W, Ra J, Yoo HH, Kim DH. Effects of gut microbiota on the pharmacokinetics of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides Rd, Rg3, F2, and compound K in healthy volunteers treated orally with red ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:611-618. [PMID: 32617041 PMCID: PMC7322745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is well recognized that gut microbiota is involved in the biotransformation of ginsenosides by converting the polar ginsenosides to nonpolar bioactive ginsenosides. However, the roles of the gut microbiota on the pharmacokinetics of ginsenosides in humans have not yet been fully elucidated. Methods Red ginseng (RG) or fermented red ginseng was orally administered to 34 healthy Korean volunteers, and the serum concentrations of the ginsenosides were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, the fecal ginsenoside Rd- and compound K (CK)-forming activities were measured. Then, the correlations between the pharmacokinetic profiles of the ginsenosides and the fecal ginsenoside-metabolizing activities were investigated. Results For the RG group, the area under the serum concentration-time curve values of ginsenosides Rd, F2, Rg3, and CK were 8.20 ± 11.95 ng·h/mL, 4.54 ± 3.70 ng·h/mL, 36.40 ± 19.68 ng·h/mL, and 40.30 ± 29.83 ng·h/mL, respectively. For the fermented red ginseng group, the the area under curve from zero to infinity (AUC∞) values of ginsenosides Rd, F2, Rg3, and CK were 187.90 ± 95.87 ng·h/mL, 30.24 ± 41.87 ng·h/mL, 28.68 ± 14.27 ng·h/mL, and 137.01 ± 96.16 ng·h/mL, respectively. The fecal CK-forming activities of the healthy volunteers were generally proportional to their ginsenoside Rd-forming activities. The area under the serum concentration-time curve value of CK exhibited an obvious positive correlation (r = 0.566, p < 0.01) with the fecal CK-forming activity. Conclusion The gut microbiota may play an important role in the bioavailability of the nonpolar RG ginsenosides by affecting the biotransformation of the ginsenosides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeon-Kyung Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sun Choi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Woonhee Jeung
- R&BD Center, Korea Yakult Co. Ltd., Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehyeon Ra
- R&BD Center, Korea Yakult Co. Ltd., Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Neurobiota Research Center and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim HI, Kim JK, Kim JY, Han MJ, Kim DH. Fermented red ginseng and ginsenoside Rd alleviate ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis in mice by suppressing IgE, interleukin-4, and interleukin-5 expression. J Ginseng Res 2019; 43:635-644. [PMID: 31695569 PMCID: PMC6823749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To increase the pharmacological effects of red ginseng (RG, the steamed root of Panax ginseng Meyer), RG products modified by heat process or fermentation have been developed. However, the antiallergic effects of RG and modified/fermented RG have not been simultaneously examined. Therefore, we examined the allergic rhinitis (AR)-inhibitory effects of water-extracted RG (wRG), 50% ethanol-extracted RG (eRG), and bifidobacteria-fermented eRG (fRG) in vivo. Methods RBL-2H3 cells were stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate/A23187. Mice with AR were prepared by treatment with ovalbumin. Allergic markers IgE, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-5 were assayed in the blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, nasal mucosa, and colon using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mast cells, eosinophils, and Th2 cell populations were assayed using a flow cytometer. Results RG products potently inhibited IL-4 expression in phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate/A23187-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells. Of tested RG products, fRG most potently inhibited IL-4 expression. RG products also alleviated ovalbumin-induced AR in mice. Of these, fRG most potently reduced nasal allergy symptoms and blood IgE levels. fRG treatment also reduced IL-4 and IL-5 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, nasal mucosa, and reduced mast cells, eosinophils, and Th2 cell populations. Furthermore, treatment with fRG reduced IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 levels in the colon and restored ovalbumin-suppressed Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria populations and ovalbumin-induced Firmicutes population in gut microbiota. Treatment with ginsenoside Rd significantly alleviated ovalbumin-induced AR in mice. Conclusion fRG and ginsenoside Rd may alleviate AR by suppressing IgE, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 expression and restoring the composition of gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye In Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeon-Kyung Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Joo Han
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim YJ, Perumalsamy H, Markus J, Balusamy SR, Wang C, Ho Kang S, Lee S, Park SY, Kim S, Castro-Aceituno V, Kim SH, Yang DC. Development of Lactobacillus kimchicus DCY51T-mediated gold nanoparticles for delivery of ginsenoside compound K: in vitro photothermal effects and apoptosis detection in cancer cells. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:30-44. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1541900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Ju Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Haribalan Perumalsamy
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Josua Markus
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Chao Wang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ho Kang
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, College of Applied Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungah Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, College of Applied Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yong Park
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kim
- Center for Global Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Verónica Castro-Aceituno
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim DH. Gut microbiota-mediated pharmacokinetics of ginseng saponins. J Ginseng Res 2018; 42:255-263. [PMID: 29983606 PMCID: PMC6026358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Orally administered ginsengs come in contact with the gut microbiota, and their hydrophilic constituents, such as ginsenosides, are metabolized to hydrophobic compounds by gastric juice and gut microbiota: protopanxadiol-type ginsenosides are mainly transformed into compound K and ginsenoside Rh2; protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides to ginsenoside Rh1 and protopanaxatriol, and ocotillol-type ginsenosides to ocotillol. Although this metabolizing activity varies between individuals, the metabolism of ginsenosides to compound K by gut microbiota in individuals treated with ginseng is proportional to the area under the blood concentration curve for compound K in their blood samples. These metabolites such as compound K exhibit potent pharmacological effects, such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiallergic, and neuroprotective effects compared with the parent ginsenosides, such as Rb1, Rb2, and Re. Therefore, to monitor the potent pharmacological effects of ginseng, a novel probiotic fermentation technology has been developed to produce absorbable and bioactive metabolites. Based on these findings, it is concluded that gut microbiota play an important role in the pharmacological action of orally administered ginseng, and probiotics that can replace gut microbiota can be used in the development of beneficial and bioactive ginsengs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sharmila J, Aravinthan A, Shin DG, Seo JH, Kim B, Kim NS, Kang CW, Kim JH. GBCK25, fermented ginseng, attenuates cardiac dysfunction in high fat diet-induced obese mice. J Ginseng Res 2017; 42:356-360. [PMID: 29989028 PMCID: PMC6035385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fermentation of medicinal herbs facilitated by microbes is assumed to exert promising therapeutic efficacy on the absorption, bioavailability, and pharmacological effects by speeding up the making or conversion of active constituents into their metabolites. We examined the cardioprotective potential of fermented ginseng, GBCK25, against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic and functional illnesses as following the essential analysis such as electrocardiographic parameters, alterations of body and organ weights, and echocardiographic studies. The results exhibited that body weights were significantly reduced and the gain of different organ weights were partly eased by GBCK25 treatment. Echocardiography results proposed the amelioration of heart function through normalized levels of left ventricle systolic pressure, ejection fraction, and fractional shortening. These outcomes deliver straight confirmation that GBCK25 could be a potential nutraceutical source for the relief of HFD-induced obesity mediated cardiac dysfunctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Sharmila
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Adithan Aravinthan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gue Shin
- Research Center, GeneralBio Co. Ltd., Jeonbuk Technopark R&D Support Center, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Seo
- Research Center, GeneralBio Co. Ltd., Jeonbuk Technopark R&D Support Center, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Soo Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Won Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-do 54596 Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ahmed T, Raza SH, Maryam A, Setzer WN, Braidy N, Nabavi SF, de Oliveira MR, Nabavi SM. Ginsenoside Rb1 as a neuroprotective agent: A review. Brain Res Bull 2016; 125:30-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
12
|
Kho MC, Lee YJ, Park JH, Kim HY, Yoon JJ, Ahn YM, Tan R, Park MC, Cha JD, Choi KM, Kang DG, Lee HS. Fermented Red Ginseng Potentiates Improvement of Metabolic Dysfunction in Metabolic Syndrome Rat Models. Nutrients 2016; 8:E369. [PMID: 27322312 PMCID: PMC4924210 DOI: 10.3390/nu8060369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome including obesity, dyslipidemia and hypertension is a cluster of risk factors of cardiovascular disease. Fermentation of medicinal herbs improves their pharmacological efficacy. Red ginseng (RG), a widely used traditional herbal medicine, was reported with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity. Aim in the present study was to investigate that the effects of fermented red ginseng (FRG) on a high-fructose (HF) diet induced metabolic disorders, and those effects were compared to RG and losartan. Animals were divided into four groups: a control group fed a regular diet and tap water, and fructose groups that were fed a 60% high-fructose (HF) diet with/without RG 250 mg/kg/day or FRG 250 mg/kg/day for eight weeks, respectively. Treatment with FRG significantly suppressed the increments of body weight, liver weight, epididymal fat weight and adipocyte size. Moreover, FRG significantly prevented the development of metabolic disturbances such as hyperlipidemia and hypertension. Staining with Oil-red-o demonstrated a marked increase of hepatic accumulation of triglycerides, and this increase was prevented by FRG. FRG ameliorated endothelial dysfunction by downregulation of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and adhesion molecules in the aorta. In addition, FRG induced markedly upregulation of Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and glucose transporter type 4 (Glut4) in the muscle. These results indicate that FRG ameliorates obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and fatty liver in HF diet rats. More favorable pharmacological effects on HF diet induced metabolic disorders were observed with FRG, compared to an equal dose of RG. These results showed that the pharmacological activity of RG was enhanced by fermentation. Taken together, fermentated red ginseng might be a beneficial therapeutic approach for metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Chul Kho
- College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
- Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
| | - Yun Jung Lee
- College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
- Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
| | - Ji Hun Park
- Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
| | - Hye Yoom Kim
- College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
- Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
| | - Jung Joo Yoon
- College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
- Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
| | - You Mee Ahn
- College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
- Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
| | - Rui Tan
- College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
- Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
| | - Min Cheol Park
- Department of Oriental Medical Ophthalmology & Otolaryngology & Dermatology, College of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
| | - Jeong Dan Cha
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Korea.
| | - Kyung Min Choi
- Department of Research Development, Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, Jinan, Jeonbuk 55442, Korea.
| | - Dae Gill Kang
- College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
- Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
| | - Ho Sub Lee
- College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
- Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chang YH, Kwak HS, Yoo B, Lee Y. Rheological properties, ginsenosides contents, sensory evaluations of Korean red ginseng extracts. Int J Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Hyuk Chang
- Department of Food and Nutrition; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Korea
| | - Han Sub Kwak
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition; Dankook University; Yongin-si 448-701 Korea
| | - Byoungseung Yoo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology; Dongguk University; Goyang-si 410-820 Korea
| | - Youngseung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition; Dankook University; Yongin-si 448-701 Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lee JH, Choi KH, Sohn EH, Jang KH. Quality characteristics and ginsenosides composition of ginseng-yakju according to the particle size of ginseng powder. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2014; 18:234-41. [PMID: 24551824 PMCID: PMC3925212 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2013.18.4.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop rice wine (Yakju) containing various amounts and particle sizes of ginseng powder and to analyze the physicochemical characteristics and content of ginsenosides in ginseng-Yakju. Soluble solid content, pH, ethanol concentration, acidity, amino acid content, and evaluation of preference showed no difference between four kinds of Yakju groups, regardless of ginseng supplementation and particle size of the ginseng powder. During fermentation of Yakju containing ginseng, the contents of ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, and Rc were decreased. Otherwise, the content of ginsenoside Rh1 was increased highly by brewing microorganisms in Yakju. Recovery ratios of ginsenosides in ginseng-Yakju were approximately 25.4% (coarse ginseng power) and 23.8% (fine ginseng powder), which were superior to the recovery ratio of ginsenosides in Yakju containing ginseng slices (5%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Je-Hyuk Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kongju National University, Chungnam 340-702, Korea
| | - Kang Hyun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kangwon National University, Gangwon 245-710, Korea
| | - Eun-Hwa Sohn
- Department of Herbal Medicine Resource, Kangwon National University, Gangwon 245-710, Korea
| | - Ki-Hyo Jang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kangwon National University, Gangwon 245-710, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim DH. Chemical Diversity of Panax ginseng, Panax quinquifolium, and Panax notoginseng. J Ginseng Res 2013; 36:1-15. [PMID: 23717099 PMCID: PMC3659563 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2012.36.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The major commercial ginsengs are Panax ginseng Meyer (Korean ginseng), P. quinquifolium L. (American ginseng), and P. notoginseng (Burk.) FH Chen (Notoginseng). P. ginseng is the most commonly used as an adaptogenic agent and has been shown to enhance physical performance, promote vitality, increase resistance to stress and aging, and have immunomodulatory activity. These ginsengs contain saponins, which can be classified as dammarane-type, ocotillol-type and oleanane-type oligoglycosides, and polysaccharides as main constituents. Dammarane ginsenosides are transformed into compounds such as the ginsenosides Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1 by steaming and heating and are metabolized into metabolites such as compound K, ginsenoside Rh1, protoand panaxatriol by intestinal microflora. These metabolites are nonpolar, pharmacologically active and easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. However, the activities metabolizing these constituents into bioactive compounds differ significantly among individuals because all individuals possess characteristic indigenous strains of intestinal bacteria. To overcome this difference, ginsengs fermented with enzymes or microbes have been developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cho YK, Jung Y, Sung H, Joo CH. Frequent Genetic Defects in the HIV-1 5' LTR/gag Gene in Hemophiliacs Treated with Korean Red Ginseng: Decreased Detection of Genetic Defects by Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. J Ginseng Res 2013; 35:413-20. [PMID: 23717086 PMCID: PMC3659557 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2011.35.4.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether Korean red ginseng (KRG) and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) affect the frequency of gross deletion in 5’LTR/gag in 20 hemophiliacs. This study is a prospective study in 20 hemophiliacs who were infected with Korean subclade B of HIV-1 from two cash-paid plasma donors in 1990. Over a 13-year period, we obtained 436 amplicons of 5’LTR/gag genes by nested polymerase chain reaction using 147 peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Of the 436 amplicons, 92 (21.1%) showed gross deletion in 5’LTR/gag. Despite of a 2.3-fold higher monthly dose of KRG intake, the frequency of gross deletion in 5’LTR/gag (16.4%) was significantly decreased during HAART compared with 28.1% prior to HAART (p<0.01). Gross deletion in 5’LTR/gag was 10% more detected on KRG-therapy than prior to KRG-therapy (p<0.05). In addition, we also obtained 28 amplicons containing premature stop codon or isoleucine at initiation codon of 254 amplicons sequenced on KRG intake (7.5%) or HAART (13.6%) compared with 0% before KRG intake. These findings indicate that high frequency of gross deletion in 5’LTR/gag and genetic defects prior to HAART are significantly associated with KRG intake and the detection of gross deletion in 5’LTR/gag is decreased by HAART.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Keol Cho
- Department of Microbiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-076, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lactobacillus ginsenosidimutans sp. nov., isolated from kimchi with the ability to transform ginsenosides. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2012; 103:867-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-012-9868-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
18
|
Liu QM, Jung HM, Cui CH, Sung BH, Kim JK, Kim SG, Lee ST, Kim SC, Im WT. Bioconversion of ginsenoside Rc into Rd by a novel α-L-arabinofuranosidase, Abf22-3 from Leuconostoc sp. 22-3: cloning, expression, and enzyme characterization. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2012; 103:747-54. [PMID: 23224374 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-012-9856-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel α-L-arabinofuranosidase (Abf22-3) that could biotransform ginsenoside Rc into Rd was obtained from the ginsenoside converting Leuconostoc sp. strain 22-3, isolated from the Korean fermented food kimchi. The gene, termed abf22-3, consisting of 1,527 bp and encoding a protein with a predicted molecular mass of 58,486 Da was cloned into the pMAL-c2x (TEV) vector. A BLAST search using the Abf22-3's amino acid sequence revealed significant homology to that of family 51 glycoside hydrolases. The over-expressed recombinant Abf22-3 in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) catalyzed the hydrolysis of the arabinofuranoside moiety attached to the C-20 position of ginsenoside Rc under optimal conditions of pH 6.0 and 30 °C. This result indicated that Abf22-3 selectively converts ginsenoside Rc into Rd, but did not catalyze the hydrolysis of glucopyranosyl groups from Rc or other ginsenosides such as Rb1 and Rb2. Over-expressed recombinant enzymes were purified by two steps with amylose-affinity and DEAE-cellulose chromatography and then characterized. The kinetic parameters for α-L-arabinofuranosidase showed apparent Km and Vmax values of 0.95 ± 0.02 μM and 1.2 ± 0.1 μmol min(-1) mg of protein(-1) against p-nitrophenyl-α-L-arabinofuranoside, respectively. Using a purified MBP-Abf22-3 (10 μg/ml), 0.1 % of ginsenoside Rc was completely converted to ginsenoside Rd within 20 min.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Mei Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jang SE, Jung IH, Joh EH, Han MJ, Kim DH. Antibiotics attenuate anti-scratching behavioral effect of ginsenoside Re in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 142:105-112. [PMID: 22855946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The root of Panax ginseng CA Meyer (ginseng) has been used for diabetes, cancer, stress and allergic diseases in the traditional Chinese medicine. AIM OF THE STUDY To understand the role of intestinal microflora in the pharmacological effect of ginsenoside Re, which is a main constituent of ginseng, we investigated its anti-scratching behavioral effect in the mice treated with or without antibiotics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ginsenoside Re was orally administered to the mice treated with antibiotics (cefadroxil, oxytetracycline and erythromycin mixture (COE), streptomycin or/and tetracycline) and then investigated the relationship between ginsenoside Re-metabolizing β-glucosidase and α-rhamnosidase activities of intestinal microflora and its antiscratching behavioral effect. The anti-scratching behavioral effects of ginsenosides were investigated in the increments of 1 h and 6 h after their oral administrations. The scratching behavioral frequency was measured for 1 h after treatment with histamine. RESULTS Ginsenoside Re inhibited histamine-induced scratching behavior in mice. The anti-scratching behavioral effect of ginsenoside Re was more potent 6 h after its oral administration than 1 h after. However, its inhibitory effect was significantly attenuated in mice treated with COE, but it nearly was not affected in mice treated with streptomycin and/or tetracycline. Treatment with COE also significantly lowered fecal ginsenoside Re-metabolizing β-glucosidase and α-rhamnosidase activities in mice, as well as fecal metabolic activity of ginsenoside Re to ginsenoside Rh1. The anti-scratching behavioral effect of ginsenoside Rh1, a metabolite of ginsenoside Re by intestinal microflora, was superior to that of ginsenoside Re. Ginsenoside Rh1 potently inhibited the expression of IL-4 and TNF-α, as well as the activation of NF-κB and c-jun activation in histamine-stimulated scratching behavioral mice. CONCLUSION Ginsenoside Re may be metabolized to ginsenoside Rh1 by intestinal microflora, which enhances its anti-scratching behavioral effect by inhibiting NF-κB and c-jun activations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Se-Eun Jang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Korean Red Ginseng Suppresses Metastasis of Human Hepatoma SK-Hep1 Cells by Inhibiting Matrix Metalloproteinase-2/-9 and Urokinase Plasminogen Activator. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:965846. [PMID: 22570673 PMCID: PMC3337628 DOI: 10.1155/2012/965846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Korean red ginseng and ginsenosides have been claimed to possess wide spectrum of medicinal effects, of which anticancer effect is one. The present study was undertaken to investigate the antimetastatic effect of Korean red ginseng on human hepatoma as well as possible mechanisms. The inhibitory effect of the water extract of Korean red ginseng (WKRG) on the invasion and motility of SK-Hep1 cells was evaluated by the Boyden chamber assay in vitro. Without causing cytotoxicity, WKRG exerted a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the invasion and motility, but not adhesion, of highly metastatic SK-Hep1 cells. Zymography analyses revealed significant downregulating effects on MMP-2, MMP-9, and uPA activities in SK-Hep1 cells. Western blot analyses also showed that WKRG treatment caused dose-dependent decreases in MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein expressions. Moreover, WKRG increased the levels of TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and PAI-1. The present study not only demonstrated that invasion and motility of cancer cells were inhibited by WKRG, but also indicated that such effects were likely associated with the decrease in MMP-2/-9 and uPA expressions of SK-Hep1 cells.
Collapse
|
21
|
Kim HJ, Lee SG, Chae IG, Kim MJ, Im NK, Yu MH, Lee EJ, Lee IS. Antioxidant effects of fermented red ginseng extracts in streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats. J Ginseng Res 2011; 35:129-37. [PMID: 23717054 PMCID: PMC3659529 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2011.35.2.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant activities of fermented red ginseng (FRG) were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The contents of total polyphenol and total flavonoid in FRG extracts were 17.01±2.00 μg/mg and 18.42±3.97 μg/mg, respectively. These extracts were capable of directly scavenging α, α-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl free radicals. The antioxidative effects of the FRG extracts in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were also investigated. The activities of plasma alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and γ-glutamyltransferase were significantly decreased by extract administration as compared to an STZ control group. Hepatic glutathione content depleted by STZ treatment was significantly increased by treatment of the FRG extracts, but the elevation of lipid peroxide content induced by STZ was significantly decreased by the extracts. Activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase decreased after STZ-treatment were recovered by the treatment of the FRG extracts. These results indicate that FRG extracts have antioxidative effets in STZ-induced diabetic rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jeong Kim
- The Center for Traditional Microorganism Resources, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Korea
| | - Sung-Gyu Lee
- Department of Food and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Korea
- Bio Research Institute, NUC Electronics Co. Ltd., Daegu 702-053, Korea
| | - In-Gyeong Chae
- Department of Food and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Kim
- Department of Food and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Korea
| | - Nam-Kyung Im
- Department of Food and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Korea
| | - Mi-Hee Yu
- Department of Food and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Lee
- Bio Research Institute, NUC Electronics Co. Ltd., Daegu 702-053, Korea
| | - In-Seon Lee
- The Center for Traditional Microorganism Resources, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Korea
- Department of Food and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
The Effect of Korean Ginseng and Coptidis rhizome on Plasma Acute Phase Substances and mRNA Expression of Proin.ammatory Cytokines in Spleen of Growing Chicks Following Lipopolysaccharide Injection. J Poult Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.011039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|