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Zhu Q, Schwantes RH, Coggon M, Harkins C, Schnell J, He J, Pye HOT, Li M, Baker B, Moon Z, Ahmadov R, Pfannerstill EY, Place B, Wooldridge P, Schulze BC, Arata C, Bucholtz A, Seinfeld JH, Warneke C, Stockwell CE, Xu L, Zuraski K, Robinson MA, Neuman A, Veres PR, Peischl J, Brown SS, Goldstein AH, Cohen RC, McDonald BC. A better representation of VOC chemistry in WRF-Chem and its impact on ozone over Los Angeles. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2024; 24:5265-5286. [PMID: 39318851 PMCID: PMC11417973 DOI: 10.5194/acp-24-5265-2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
The declining trend in vehicle emissions has underscored the growing significance of Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) emissions from Volatile Chemical Products (VCP). However, accurately representing VOC chemistry in simplified chemical mechanisms remains challenging due to its chemical complexity including speciation and reactivity. Previous studies have predominantly focused on VOCs from fossil fuel sources, leading to an underrepresentation of VOC chemistry from VCP sources. We developed an integrated chemical mechanism, RACM2B-VCP, that is compatible with WRF-Chem and is aimed to enhance the representation of VOC chemistry, particularly from VCP sources, within the present urban environment. Evaluation against the Air Quality System (AQS) network data demonstrates that our model configured with RACM2B-VCP reproduces both the magnitude and spatial variability of O3 as well as PM2.5 in Los Angeles. Furthermore, evaluation against comprehensive measurements of O3 and PM2.5 precursors from the Reevaluating the Chemistry of Air Pollutants in California (RECAP-CA) airborne campaign and the Southwest Urban NO x and VOC Experiment (SUNVEx) ground site and mobile laboratory campaign, confirm the model's accuracy in representing NOx and many VOCs and highlight remaining biases. Although there exists an underprediction in the total VOC reactivity of observed VOC species, our model with RACM2B-VCP exhibits good agreement for VOC markers emitted from different sectors, including biogenic, fossil fuel, and VCP sources. Through sensitivity analyses, we probe the contributions of VCP and fossil fuel emissions to total VOC reactivity and O3. Our results reveal that 52% of the VOC reactivity and 35% of the local enhancement of MDA8 O3 arise from anthropogenic VOC emissions in Los Angeles. Significantly, over 50% of this anthropogenic fraction of either VOC reactivity or O3 is attributed to VCP emissions. The RACM2B-VCP mechanism created, described, and evaluated in this work is ideally suited for accurately representing ozone for the right reasons in the present urban environment where mobile, biogenic, and VCP VOCs are all important contributors to ozone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qindan Zhu
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences - University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | | | - Matthew Coggon
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Colin Harkins
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences - University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Jordan Schnell
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences - University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Jian He
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences - University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Meng Li
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences - University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Barry Baker
- NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Zachary Moon
- NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, College Park, MD 20740, USA
- Earth Resources Technology (ERT), Inc., Laurel, MD 20707, USA
| | - Ravan Ahmadov
- NOAA Global Systems Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Eva Y. Pfannerstill
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Bryan Place
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Paul Wooldridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Benjamin C. Schulze
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Anthony Bucholtz
- Department of Meteorology, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA 93943, United States
| | - John H. Seinfeld
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Chelsea E. Stockwell
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences - University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Lu Xu
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences - University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Kristen Zuraski
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences - University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Michael A. Robinson
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences - University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Andy Neuman
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
| | | | - Jeff Peischl
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences - University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Steven S. Brown
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Univesity of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Ronald C. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
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Bates KH, Evans MJ, Henderson BH, Jacob DJ. Impacts of updated reaction kinetics on the global GEOS-Chem simulation of atmospheric chemistry. GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT 2024; 7:1511-1524. [PMID: 38510104 PMCID: PMC10953788 DOI: 10.5194/gmd-17-1511-2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
We updated the chemical mechanism of the GEOS-Chem global 3-D model of atmospheric chemistry to include new recommendations from the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) chemical kinetics Data Evaluation 19-5 and from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and to balance carbon and nitrogen. We examined the impact of these updates on the GEOS-Chem version 14.0.1 simulation. Notable changes include 11 updates to reactions of reactive nitrogen species, resulting in a 7% net increase in the stratospheric NOx (NO + NO2) burden; an updated CO + OH rate formula leading to a 2.7% reduction in total tropospheric CO; adjustments to the rate coefficient and branching ratios of propane + OH, leading to reduced tropospheric propane (-17%) and increased acetone (+3.5%) burdens; a 41% increase in the tropospheric burden of peroxyacetic acid due to a decrease in the rate coefficient for its reaction with OH, further contributing to reductions in peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN; -3.8%) and acetic acid (-3.4%); and a number of minor adjustments to halogen radical cycling. Changes to the global tropospheric burdens of other species include -0.7% for ozone, +0.3% for OH (-0.4% for methane lifetime against oxidation by tropospheric OH), +0.8% for formaldehyde, and -1.7% for NOx. The updated mechanism reflects the current state of the science, including complex chemical dependencies of key atmospheric species on temperature, pressure, and concentrations of other compounds. The improved conservation of carbon and nitrogen will facilitate future studies of their overall atmospheric budgets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin H. Bates
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Earth System Research Laboratories, and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Mathew J. Evans
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Daniel J. Jacob
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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3
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Chan JK, Parasurama S, Atlas R, Xu R, Jongebloed UA, Alexander B, Langenhan JM, Thornton JA, Riffell JA. Olfaction in the Anthropocene: NO 3 negatively affects floral scent and nocturnal pollination. Science 2024; 383:607-611. [PMID: 38330103 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi0858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
There is growing concern about sensory pollutants affecting ecological communities. Anthropogenically enhanced oxidants [ozone (O3) and nitrate radicals (NO3)] rapidly degrade floral scents, potentially reducing pollinator attraction to flowers. However, the physiological and behavioral impacts on pollinators and plant fitness are unknown. Using a nocturnal flower-moth system, we found that atmospherically relevant concentrations of NO3 eliminate flower visitation by moths, and the reaction of NO3 with a subset of monoterpenes is what reduces the scent's attractiveness. Global atmospheric models of floral scent oxidation reveal that pollinators in certain urban areas may have a reduced ability to perceive and navigate to flowers. These results illustrate the impact of anthropogenic pollutants on an animal's olfactory ability and indicate that such pollutants may be critical regulators of global pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Chan
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - S Parasurama
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - R Atlas
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - R Xu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - U A Jongebloed
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - B Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - J M Langenhan
- Department of Chemistry, Seattle University, Seattle, WA 98122, USA
| | - J A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - J A Riffell
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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4
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Li Y, Fu TM, Yu JZ, Yu X, Chen Q, Miao R, Zhou Y, Zhang A, Ye J, Yang X, Tao S, Liu H, Yao W. Dissecting the contributions of organic nitrogen aerosols to global atmospheric nitrogen deposition and implications for ecosystems. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad244. [PMID: 37954202 PMCID: PMC10634623 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric deposition of particulate organic nitrogen (ONp) is a significant process in the global nitrogen cycle and may be pivotally important for N-limited ecosystems. However, past models largely overlooked the spatial and chemical inhomogeneity of atmospheric ONp and were thus deficient in assessing global ONp impacts. We constructed a comprehensive global model of atmospheric gaseous and particulate organic nitrogen (ON), including the latest knowledge on emissions and secondary formations. Using this model, we simulated global atmospheric ONp abundances consistent with observations. Our estimated global atmospheric ON deposition was 26 Tg N yr-1, predominantly in the form of ONp (23 Tg N yr-1) and mostly from wildfires (37%), oceans (22%) and aqueous productions (17%). Globally, ONp contributed as much as 40% to 80% of the total N deposition downwind of biomass-burning regions. Atmospheric ONp deposition thus constituted the dominant external N supply to the N-limited boreal forests, tundras and the Arctic Ocean, and its importance may be amplified in a future warming climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Tzung-May Fu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- NationalCenter for Applied Mathematics Shenzhen, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Xu Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Ruqian Miao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao266100, China
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao266100, China
| | - Aoxing Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Jianhuai Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Department of Ocean Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Weiqi Yao
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
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5
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Jin X, Fiore AM, Cohen RC. Space-Based Observations of Ozone Precursors within California Wildfire Plumes and the Impacts on Ozone-NO x-VOC Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14648-14660. [PMID: 37703172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The frequency of wildfires in the western United States has escalated in recent decades. Here we examine the impacts of wildfires on ground-level ozone (O3) precursors and the O3-NOx-VOC chemistry from the source to downwind urban areas. We use satellite retrievals of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde (HCHO, an indicator of VOC) from the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) to track the evolution of O3 precursors from wildfires over California from 2018 to 2020. We improved these satellite retrievals by updating the a priori profiles and explicitly accounting for the effects of smoke aerosols. TROPOMI observations reveal that the extensive and intense fire smoke in 2020 led to an overall increase in statewide annual average HCHO and NO2 columns by 16% and 9%. The increase in the level of NO2 offsets the anthropogenic NOx emission reduction from the COVID-19 lockdown. The enhancement of NO2 within fire plumes is concentrated near the regions actively burning, whereas the enhancement of HCHO is far-reaching, extending from the source regions to urban areas downwind due to the secondary production of HCHO from longer-lived VOCs such as ethene. Consequently, a larger increase in NOx occurs in NOx-limited source regions, while a greater increase in HCHO occurs in VOC-limited urban areas, both contributing to more efficient O3 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Jin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Arlene M Fiore
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ronald C Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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6
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Jo DS, Nault BA, Tilmes S, Gettelman A, McCluskey CS, Hodzic A, Henze DK, Nawaz MO, Fung KM, Jimenez JL. Global Health and Climate Effects of Organic Aerosols from Different Sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13793-13807. [PMID: 37671787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
The impact of aerosols on human health and climate is well-recognized, yet many studies have only focused on total PM2.5 or changes from anthropogenic activities. This study quantifies the health and climate effects of organic aerosols (OA) from anthropogenic, biomass burning, and biogenic sources. Using two atmospheric chemistry models, CAM-chem and GEOS-Chem, our findings reveal that anthropogenic primary OA (POA) has the highest efficiency for health effects but the lowest for direct radiative effects due to spatial and temporal variations associated with population and surface albedo. The treatment of POA as nonvolatile or semivolatile also influences these efficiencies through different chemical processes. Biogenic OA shows moderate efficiency for health effects and the highest for direct radiative effects but has the lowest efficiency for indirect effects due to the reduced high cloud, caused by stabilized temperature profiles from aerosol-radiation interactions in biogenic OA-rich regions. Biomass burning OA is important for cloud radiative effect changes in remote atmospheres due to its ability to be transported further than other OAs. This study highlights the importance of not only OA characteristics such as toxicity and refractive index but also atmospheric processes such as transport and chemistry in determining health and climate impact efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duseong S Jo
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Benjamin A Nault
- Center for Aerosols and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Simone Tilmes
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Andrew Gettelman
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Christina S McCluskey
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Alma Hodzic
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Daven K Henze
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Muhammad Omar Nawaz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Ka Ming Fung
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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7
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Li C, Wang H, Chen X, Zhai T, Ma X, Yang X, Chen S, Li X, Zeng L, Lu K. Observation and modeling of organic nitrates on a suburban site in southwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160287. [PMID: 36410483 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the measurements of two types of organic nitrates (ONs), peroxy nitrates (PNs) and alkyl nitrates (ANs), in Chengdu, China, during summer 2019. The average concentrations of PNs and ANs were 1.3 ± 1.1 ppbv and 0.5 ± 0.3 ppbv during the day, with peaks of 7.7 ppbv and 1.9 ppbv, respectively, which were in the middle and upper end of the reported levels in China. Much higher PNs and ANs concentrations were found during the photochemical pollution period than during the clean period. Box model simulation was capable of reproducing PNs during photochemical pollution episodes but showed overestimation in other periods, which was likely caused by the simplification of PNs sinks. The OH oxidation of aldehydes and ketones was the most important source of the PNs precursors, PAs (peroxyacyl radicals), except for the thermal decomposition of PNs, which was further confirmed by the relative incremental reactivity (RIR) analysis. The model basically reproduced the observed ANs by the refinement of related mechanisms, with isoprene contributing to its formation by 29.2 %. The observed PNs and total oxidants (Ox = NO2 + O3) showed a good positive correlation, with a ratio of PNs to Ox of 0.079, indicating a strong suppression of PNs chemistry to ozone formation. The model quantified the suppression of PNs chemistry on the peak ozone production rate by 21.3 % on average and inhibited ozone formation up to 20 ppbv in total. The RIR analysis suggests that the production of both O3 and ANs was in the VOC-limited regime and highlights the importance of VOC control (especially aromatics) to mitigate photochemical pollution in Chengdu. The study deepens the understanding of photochemical pollution in urban areas of western China and further emphasizes the impacts of ONs chemistry on ozone pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmeng Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haichao Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China.
| | - Xiaorui Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianyu Zhai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuefei Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinping Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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8
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Wang Y, Takeuchi M, Wang S, Nizkorodov SA, France S, Eris G, Ng NL. Photolysis of Gas-Phase Atmospherically Relevant Monoterpene-Derived Organic Nitrates. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:987-999. [PMID: 36651914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Organic nitrates (ONs) can impact spatial distribution of reactive nitrogen species and ozone formation in the atmosphere. While photolysis of ONs is known to result in the release of NO2 back to the atmosphere, the photolysis rate constants and mechanisms of monoterpene-derived ONs (MT-ONs) have not been well constrained. We investigated the gas-phase photolysis of three synthetic ONs derived from α-pinene, β-pinene, and d-limonene through chamber experiments. The measured photolysis rate constants ranged from (0.55 ± 0.10) × 10-5 to (2.3 ± 0.80) × 10-5 s-1 under chamber black lights. When extrapolated to solar spectral photon flux at a solar zenith angle of 28.14° in summer, the photolysis rate constants were in the range of (4.1 ± 1.4) × 10-5 to (14 ± 6.7) × 10-5 s-1 (corresponding to lifetimes of 2.0 ± 0.96 to 6.8 ± 2.4 h) and (1.7 ± 0.60) × 10-5 to (8.3 ± 4.0) ×10-5 s-1 (3.3 ± 1.6 to 17 ± 6.0 h lifetimes) by using wavelength-dependent and average quantum yields, respectively. Photolysis mechanisms were proposed based on major products detected during photolysis. A zero-dimensional box model was further employed to simulate the photolysis of α-pinene-derived ON under ambient conditions. We found that more than 99% of α-pinene-derived ON can be converted to inorganic nitrogen within 12 h of irradiation and ozone was formed correspondingly. Together, these findings show that photolysis is an important atmospheric sink for MT-ONs and highlight their role in NOx recycling and ozone chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- School of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Masayuki Takeuchi
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309-0216, United States.,National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California92697, United States
| | - Stefan France
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Gamze Eris
- School of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Nga Lee Ng
- School of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States.,School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States.,School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
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9
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Bilsback KR, He Y, Cappa CD, Chang RYW, Croft B, Martin RV, Ng NL, Seinfeld JH, Pierce JR, Jathar SH. Vapors Are Lost to Walls, Not to Particles on the Wall: Artifact-Corrected Parameters from Chamber Experiments and Implications for Global Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:53-63. [PMID: 36563184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric models of secondary organic aerosol (OA) (SOA) typically rely on parameters derived from environmental chambers. Chambers are subject to experimental artifacts, including losses of (1) particles to the walls (PWL), (2) vapors to the particles on the wall (V2PWL), and (3) vapors to the wall directly (VWL). We present a method for deriving artifact-corrected SOA parameters and translating these to volatility basis set (VBS) parameters for use in chemical transport models (CTMs). Our process involves combining a box model that accounts for chamber artifacts (Statistical Oxidation Model with a TwO-Moment Aerosol Sectional model (SOM-TOMAS)) with a pseudo-atmospheric simulation to develop VBS parameters that are fit across a range of OA mass concentrations. We found that VWL led to the highest percentage change in chamber SOA mass yields (high NOx: 36-680%; low NOx: 55-250%), followed by PWL (high NOx: 8-39%; low NOx: 10-37%), while the effects of V2PWL are negligible. In contrast to earlier work that assumed that V2PWL was a meaningful loss pathway, we show that V2PWL is an unimportant SOA loss pathway and can be ignored when analyzing chamber data. Using our updated VBS parameters, we found that not accounting for VWL may lead surface-level OA to be underestimated by 24% (0.25 μg m-3) as a global average or up to 130% (9.0 μg m-3) in regions of high biogenic or anthropogenic activity. Finally, we found that accurately accounting for PWL and VWL improves model-measurement agreement for fine mode aerosol mass concentrations (PM2.5) in the GEOS-Chem model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey R Bilsback
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado80523, United States
- PSE Healthy Energy, Oakland, California94612, United States
| | - Yicong He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado80523, United States
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing100084, China
| | - Christopher D Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California95616, United States
| | - Rachel Ying-Wen Chang
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova ScotiaB3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Betty Croft
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova ScotiaB3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Randall V Martin
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova ScotiaB3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri63130, United States
| | - Nga Lee Ng
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - John H Seinfeld
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California91125, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Pierce
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado80523, United States
| | - Shantanu H Jathar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado80523, United States
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10
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DeVault MP, Ziola AC, Ziemann PJ. Chemistry of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Reactions of Monoterpenes with OH Radicals in the Presence of NO x. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7719-7736. [PMID: 36251783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are emitted to the atmosphere from natural and anthropogenic sources, leads to the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles that impact air quality and climate. In the study reported here, we investigated the products of the reactions of five biogenic monoterpenes with OH radicals (an important daytime oxidant) under conditions that mimic the chemistry that occurs in polluted air, and developed mechanisms to explain their formation. Experiments were conducted in an environmental chamber, and information on the identity of gas-phase molecular products was obtained using online mass spectrometry, while liquid chromatography and two methods of functional group analysis were used to characterize the SOA composition. The gas-phase products of the reactions were similar to those formed in our previous studies of the reactions of these monoterpenes with NO3 radicals (an important nighttime oxidant), in that they all contained various combinations of nitrate, carbonyl, hydroxyl, ester, and ether groups. But in spite of this, less SOA was formed in OH/NOx reactions and it was composed of monomers, while SOA formed in NO3 radical reactions consisted of acetal and hemiacetal oligomers formed by particle-phase accretion reactions. In addition, it appeared that some monomers underwent particle-phase hydrolysis, whereas oligomers did not. These differences are due primarily to the arrangement of hydroxyl, carbonyl, nitrate, and ether groups in the monomers, which can in turn be explained by differences in OH and NO3 radical reaction mechanisms. The results provide insight into the impact of VOC structure on the amount and composition of SOA formed by atmospheric oxidation, which influence important aerosol properties such as volatility and hygroscopicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla P DeVault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Anna C Ziola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Paul J Ziemann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
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11
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Yue H, Yang X, Ji X, Wu X, Li G, Sang N. Time series of transcriptome analysis in entire lung development stages provide insights into the origin of NO 2 related lung diseases. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 168:107454. [PMID: 35963059 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lung growth is a critical window, when exposure to various pollutants can disturb the finely-tuned lung development and enhance risk of long-term structural and functional sequelae of lung. In this study, pregnant C57/6 mice were treated with NO2, and lungs of fetus/offspring were collected at different developmental windows and dynamic lung development was determined. The results showed that maternal NO2 exposure suppressed fetal weight, implying that fetal development can be disturbed. The time-series RNA-seq analysis of lungs showed that maternal NO2 exposure induced significant time-dependent changes in the expression profiles of genes associated with lung vein myocardium development in fetus/offspring. Most of these genes in NO2 exposure group were suppressed at middle gestation and at birth. Our results also indicated that the gene expressions of Nkx2.5 in NO2 exposure were suppressed to 0.27- and 0.44-fold of the corresponding Air group at E13.5 and PND1, and restored at later time points. This indicated that the transcription factor Nkx2.5 played an important role in abnormal lung development in fetus/offspring caused by maternal NO2 exposure. Importantly, gene expressions of lung vein myocardium development were related to transcription factors (TFs) and lung functions, and TFs showed similar trends with lung function. These results provide a comprehensive view of the adverse effects of maternal NO2 exposure on fetal lung development by uncovering molecular targets and related signaling pathways at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Yue
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Yang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Ji
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Guangke Li
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Nan Sang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China.
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12
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Schwantes RH, Lacey FG, Tilmes S, Emmons LK, Lauritzen PH, Walters S, Callaghan P, Zarzycki CM, Barth MC, Jo DS, Bacmeister JT, Neale RB, Vitt F, Kluzek E, Roozitalab B, Hall SR, Ullmann K, Warneke C, Peischl J, Pollack IB, Flocke F, Wolfe GM, Hanisco TF, Keutsch FN, Kaiser J, Bui TPV, Jimenez JL, Campuzano‐Jost P, Apel EC, Hornbrook RS, Hills AJ, Yuan B, Wisthaler A. Evaluating the Impact of Chemical Complexity and Horizontal Resolution on Tropospheric Ozone Over the Conterminous US With a Global Variable Resolution Chemistry Model. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2022; 14:e2021MS002889. [PMID: 35864945 PMCID: PMC9286600 DOI: 10.1029/2021ms002889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A new configuration of the Community Earth System Model (CESM)/Community Atmosphere Model with full chemistry (CAM-chem) supporting the capability of horizontal mesh refinement through the use of the spectral element (SE) dynamical core is developed and called CESM/CAM-chem-SE. Horizontal mesh refinement in CESM/CAM-chem-SE is unique and novel in that pollutants such as ozone are accurately represented at human exposure relevant scales while also directly including global feedbacks. CESM/CAM-chem-SE with mesh refinement down to ∼14 km over the conterminous US (CONUS) is the beginning of the Multi-Scale Infrastructure for Chemistry and Aerosols (MUSICAv0). Here, MUSICAv0 is evaluated and used to better understand how horizontal resolution and chemical complexity impact ozone and ozone precursors over CONUS as compared to measurements from five aircraft campaigns, which occurred in 2013. This field campaign analysis demonstrates the importance of using finer horizontal resolution to accurately simulate ozone precursors such as nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide. In general, the impact of using more complex chemistry on ozone and other oxidation products is more pronounced when using finer horizontal resolution where a larger number of chemical regimes are resolved. Large model biases for ozone near the surface remain in the Southeast US as compared to the aircraft observations even with updated chemistry and finer horizontal resolution. This suggests a need for adding the capability of replacing sections of global emission inventories with regional inventories, increasing the vertical resolution in the planetary boundary layer, and reducing model biases in meteorological variables such as temperature and clouds.
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13
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Choi J, Henze DK, Cao H, Nowlan CR, González Abad G, Kwon H, Lee H, Oak YJ, Park RJ, Bates KH, Maasakkers JD, Wisthaler A, Weinheimer AJ. An Inversion Framework for Optimizing Non-Methane VOC Emissions Using Remote Sensing and Airborne Observations in Northeast Asia During the KORUS-AQ Field Campaign. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2021JD035844. [PMID: 35865789 PMCID: PMC9285978 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd035844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We aim to reduce uncertainties in CH2O and other volatile organic carbon (VOC) emissions through assimilation of remote sensing data. We first update a three-dimensional (3D) chemical transport model, GEOS-Chem with the KORUSv5 anthropogenic emission inventory and inclusion of chemistry for aromatics and C2H4, leading to modest improvements in simulation of CH2O (normalized mean bias (NMB): -0.57 to -0.51) and O3 (NMB: -0.25 to -0.19) compared against DC-8 aircraft measurements during KORUS-AQ; the mixing ratio of most VOC species are still underestimated. We next constrain VOC emissions using CH2O observations from two satellites (OMI and OMPS) and the DC-8 aircraft during KORUS-AQ. To utilize data from multiple platforms in a consistent manner, we develop a two-step Hybrid Iterative Finite Difference Mass Balance and four-dimensional variational inversion system (Hybrid IFDMB-4DVar). The total VOC emissions throughout the domain increase by 47%. The a posteriori simulation reduces the low biases of simulated CH2O (NMB: -0.51 to -0.15), O3 (NMB: -0.19 to -0.06), and VOCs. Alterations to the VOC speciation from the 4D-Var inversion include increases of biogenic isoprene emissions in Korea and anthropogenic emissions in Eastern China. We find that the IFDMB method alone is adequate for reducing the low biases of VOCs in general; however, 4D-Var provides additional refinement of high-resolution emissions and their speciation. Defining reasonable emission errors and choosing optimal regularization parameters are crucial parts of the inversion system. Our new hybrid inversion framework can be applied for future air quality campaigns, maximizing the value of integrating measurements from current and upcoming geostationary satellite instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyul Choi
- Environmental Engineering ProgramUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | - Daven K. Henze
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | - Hansen Cao
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | | | | | | | - Hyung‐Min Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringEwha Womans UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Yujin J. Oak
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Rokjin J. Park
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Kelvin H. Bates
- School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | | | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied PhysicsUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Andrew J. Weinheimer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling LaboratoryNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
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14
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Condensed Phase Kinetic Studies of Hydroxynitrates Derived from the Photooxidation of Carene, Limonene, trans-Carveol, and Perillic Alcohol. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13040592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Organic hydroxynitrates (HNs) are key products of hydrocarbon oxidation in the atmosphere. Understanding the fate and processing of these molecules is critical due to their function in the sequestration of NOx species from the atmosphere and in the formation of secondary organic aerosol. However, the direct study of individual HNs’ reactivity has been largely hindered by the lack of authentic standards which has further limited the ability to deconvolute the role of structural features. Herein, we report the kinetic stabilities of six biogenic volatile organic compound-derived HN in acidified single-phase organic/water matrices. Lifetimes for tertiary HNs ranged from 15 min to 6.4 h, whereas secondary HN varied from 56 days to 2.1 years. Product analysis highlights the role that additional non-hydrolysis reactions have in the condensed phase conversion of HNs. This work provides the first evidence for the structural dependence of HN stability in bulk mixed media.
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15
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Palmer PI, Marvin MR, Siddans R, Kerridge BJ, Moore DP. Nocturnal survival of isoprene linked to formation of upper tropospheric organic aerosol. Science 2022; 375:562-566. [PMID: 35113698 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg4506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Isoprene is emitted mainly by terrestrial vegetation and is the dominant volatile organic compound (VOC) in Earth's atmosphere. It plays key roles in determining the oxidizing capacity of the troposphere and the formation of organic aerosol. Daytime infrared satellite observations of isoprene reported here broadly agree with emission inventories, but we found substantial differences in the locations and magnitudes of isoprene hotspots, consistent with a recent study. The corresponding nighttime infrared observations reveal unexpected hotspots over tropical South America, the Congo basin, and Southeast Asia. We used an atmospheric chemistry model to link these nighttime isoprene measurements to low-NOx regions with high biogenic VOC emissions; at sunrise the remaining isoprene can lead to the production of epoxydiols and subsequently to the widespread seasonal production of organic aerosol in the tropical upper troposphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul I Palmer
- National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Margaret R Marvin
- National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard Siddans
- National Centre for Earth Observation, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, UK.,Remote Sensing Group, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, UK
| | - Brian J Kerridge
- National Centre for Earth Observation, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, UK.,Remote Sensing Group, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, UK
| | - David P Moore
- National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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16
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Kenagy HS, Romer Present PS, Wooldridge PJ, Nault BA, Campuzano-Jost P, Day DA, Jimenez JL, Zare A, Pye HOT, Yu J, Song CH, Blake DR, Woo JH, Kim Y, Cohen RC. Contribution of Organic Nitrates to Organic Aerosol over South Korea during KORUS-AQ. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16326-16338. [PMID: 34870986 PMCID: PMC8759034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The role of anthropogenic NOx emissions in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production is not fully understood but is important for understanding the contribution of emissions to air quality. Here, we examine the role of organic nitrates (RONO2) in SOA formation over the Korean Peninsula during the Korea-United States Air Quality field study in Spring 2016 as a model for RONO2 aerosol in cities worldwide. We use aircraft-based measurements of the particle phase and total (gas + particle) RONO2 to explore RONO2 phase partitioning. These measurements show that, on average, one-fourth of RONO2 are in the condensed phase, and we estimate that ≈15% of the organic aerosol (OA) mass can be attributed to RONO2. Furthermore, we observe that the fraction of RONO2 in the condensed phase increases with OA concentration, evidencing that equilibrium absorptive partitioning controls the RONO2 phase distribution. Lastly, we model RONO2 chemistry and phase partitioning in the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system. We find that known chemistry can account for one-third of the observed RONO2, but there is a large missing source of semivolatile, anthropogenically derived RONO2. We propose that this missing source may result from the oxidation of semi- and intermediate-volatility organic compounds and/or from anthropogenic molecules that undergo autoxidation or multiple generations of OH-initiated oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah S Kenagy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Paul S Romer Present
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Paul J Wooldridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Benjamin A Nault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Douglas A Day
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Azimeh Zare
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94710, United States
| | - Havala O T Pye
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jinhyeok Yu
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61105, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul H Song
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61105, Republic of Korea
| | - Donald R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jung-Hun Woo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Younha Kim
- Energy, Climate, and Environment (ECE) Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg A-2361, Austria
| | - Ronald C Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley CA 94 720, United States
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17
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Shen H, Zhao D, Pullinen I, Kang S, Vereecken L, Fuchs H, Acir IH, Tillmann R, Rohrer F, Wildt J, Kiendler-Scharr A, Wahner A, Mentel TF. Highly Oxygenated Organic Nitrates Formed from NO 3 Radical-Initiated Oxidation of β-Pinene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15658-15671. [PMID: 34807606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) with the nitrate radicals (NO3) are major night-time sources of organic nitrates and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in regions influenced by BVOC and anthropogenic emissions. In this study, the formation of gas-phase highly oxygenated organic molecules-organic nitrates (HOM-ON) from NO3-initiated oxidation of a representative monoterpene, β-pinene, was investigated in the SAPHIR chamber (Simulation of Atmosphere PHotochemistry In a large Reaction chamber). Six monomer (C = 7-10, N = 1-2, O = 6-16) and five accretion product (C = 17-20, N = 2-4, O = 9-22) families were identified and further classified into first- or second-generation products based on their temporal behavior. The time lag observed in the peak concentrations between peroxy radicals containing odd and even number of oxygen atoms, as well as between radicals and their corresponding termination products, provided constraints on the HOM-ON formation mechanism. The HOM-ON formation can be explained by unimolecular or bimolecular reactions of peroxy radicals. A dominant portion of carbonylnitrates in HOM-ON was detected, highlighting the significance of unimolecular termination reactions by intramolecular H-shift for the formation of HOM-ON. A mean molar yield of HOM-ON was estimated to be 4.8% (-2.6%/+5.6%), suggesting significant HOM-ON contributions to the SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongru Shen
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Defeng Zhao
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
- Big Data Institute for Carbon Emission and Environmental Pollution, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), 20 Cuiniao Road, Chenjia Zhen, Chongming, Shanghai 202162, China
| | - Iida Pullinen
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Sungah Kang
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Luc Vereecken
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Hendrik Fuchs
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Ismail-Hakki Acir
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Ralf Tillmann
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Franz Rohrer
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wildt
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Astrid Kiendler-Scharr
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Andreas Wahner
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Thomas F Mentel
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
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18
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Reactivity of a Carene-Derived Hydroxynitrate in Mixed Organic/Aqueous Matrices: Applying Synthetic Chemistry to Product Identification and Mechanistic Implications. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12121617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
β-hydroxynitrates (HN) are a major class of products formed during OH and NO3 initiated oxidation of terpenes. Their production contributes significantly to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation and NOx sequestration. However, studying the condensed phase reactions of this important class of molecules has been hindered by the lack of commercially available authentic standards. The goal of this work was to examine the influence of water concentration and solvent identity on product yields of a tertiary HN derived from 3-carene prepared in house. To assess the role of water on conversion chemistry, bulk-phase reactions were conducted in DMSO-d6, a non-nucleophilic solvent, with a gradient of water concentrations, and analyzed with 1H NMR. Product identifications were made by comparison with authentic standards prepared in house. Four major products were identified, including an unexpected diol produced from carbocation rearrangement, diol diastereomers, and trans-3-carene oxide, with varying yields as a function of water concentration. Product yields were also measured in two protic, nucleophilic solvents, MeOD-d4 and EtOD-d6. Finally, reactions with added chloride formed alkyl chloride products in yields approaching 30%. These results are among the first to highlight the complexities of nucleophilic reactions of hydroxynitrates in bulk, mixed aqueous/organic media and to identify new, unexpected products.
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19
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DeVault MP, Ziemann PJ. Gas- and Particle-Phase Products and Their Mechanisms of Formation from the Reaction of Δ-3-Carene with NO 3 Radicals. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:10207-10222. [PMID: 34791878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c07763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monoterpenes are a major component of the large quantities of biogenic volatile organic compounds that are emitted to the atmosphere each year. They have a variety of structures, which influences their subsequent reactions with OH radicals, O3, or NO3 radicals and the tendency for these reactions to form secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Here we report the results of an environmental chamber study of the reaction of Δ-3-carene, an abundant unsaturated C10 bicyclic monoterpene, with NO3 radicals, a major nighttime oxidant. Gas- and particle-phase reaction products were analyzed in real time and offline by using mass spectrometry, gas and liquid chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, and derivatization-spectrophotometric methods. The results were used to identify and quantify functional groups and molecular products and to develop gas- and particle-phase reaction mechanisms to explain their formation. Identified gas-phase products were all first-generation ring-retaining and ring-opened compounds (ten C10 and one C9 monomers) with 2-4 functional groups and one C20 dinitrooxydialkyl peroxide dimer. Upon partitioning to the particle phase, the monomers reacted further to form oligomers consisting almost entirely of C20 acetal and hemiacetal dimers, with those formed from a hydroxynitrate and hydroxycarbonyl nitrate comprising more than 50% of the SOA mass. The SOA contained an average of 0.94, 0.71, 0.15, 0.11, 0.16, 0.13, and 7.80 nitrate, carbonyl, hydroxyl, carboxyl, ester, peroxide, and methylene groups per C10 monomer and was formed with a mass yield of 56%. These results have important similarities and differences to those obtained from a previous similar study of the reaction of β-pinene and yield new insights into the effects of monoterpene structure on gas- and particle-phase reactions that can lead to the formation of a large variety of multifunctional products and significant amounts of SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla P DeVault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Paul J Ziemann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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20
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Wang Y, Piletic IR, Takeuchi M, Xu T, France S, Ng NL. Synthesis and Hydrolysis of Atmospherically Relevant Monoterpene-Derived Organic Nitrates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:14595-14606. [PMID: 34668375 PMCID: PMC8863268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- School of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ivan R. Piletic
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Masayuki Takeuchi
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Tianchang Xu
- School of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Stefan France
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Nga Lee Ng
- School of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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21
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Li J, Wang Y, Zhang R, Smeltzer C, Weinheimer A, Herman J, Boersma KF, Celarier EA, Long RW, Szykman JJ, Delgado R, Thompson AM, Knepp TN, Lamsal LN, Janz SJ, Kowalewski MG, Liu X, Nowlan CR. Comprehensive evaluations of diurnal NO 2 measurements during DISCOVER-AQ 2011: effects of resolution-dependent representation of NO x emissions. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2021; 21:11133-11160. [PMID: 35949546 PMCID: PMC9359208 DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-11133-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen oxides (NO x =NO+NO2) play a crucial role in the formation of ozone and secondary inorganic and organic aerosols, thus affecting human health, global radiation budget, and climate. The diurnal and spatial variations in NO2 are functions of emissions, advection, deposition, vertical mixing, and chemistry. Their observations, therefore, provide useful constraints in our understanding of these factors. We employ a Regional chEmical and trAnsport model (REAM) to analyze the observed temporal (diurnal cycles) and spatial distributions of NO2 concentrations and tropospheric vertical column densities (TVCDs) using aircraft in situ measurements and surface EPA Air Quality System (AQS) observations as well as the measurements of TVCDs by satellite instruments (OMI: the Ozone Monitoring Instrument; GOME-2A: Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment - 2A), ground-based Pandora, and the Airborne Compact Atmospheric Mapper (ACAM) instrument in July 2011 during the DISCOVER-AQ campaign over the Baltimore-Washington region. The model simulations at 36 and 4 km resolutions are in reasonably good agreement with the regional mean temporospatial NO2 observations in the daytime. However, we find significant overestimations (underestimations) of model-simulated NO2 (O3) surface concentrations during night-time, which can be mitigated by enhancing nocturnal vertical mixing in the model. Another discrepancy is that Pandora-measured NO2 TVCDs show much less variation in the late afternoon than simulated in the model. The higher-resolution 4 km simulations tend to show larger biases compared to the observations due largely to the larger spatial variations in NO x emissions in the model when the model spatial resolution is increased from 36 to 4 km. OMI, GOME-2A, and the high-resolution aircraft ACAM observations show a more dispersed distribution of NO2 vertical column densities (VCDs) and lower VCDs in urban regions than corresponding 36 and 4 km model simulations, likely reflecting the spatial distribution bias of NO x emissions in the National Emissions Inventory (NEI) 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Li
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ruixiong Zhang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Charles Smeltzer
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jay Herman
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of
Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - K. Folkert Boersma
- Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, the
Netherlands
- Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University,
Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Edward A. Celarier
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD,
USA
| | - Russell W. Long
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research
and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
USA
| | - James J. Szykman
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research
and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
USA
| | - Ruben Delgado
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of
Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Travis N. Knepp
- NASA Langley Research Center, Virginia, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA,
USA
| | - Lok N. Lamsal
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Scott J. Janz
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | | | - Xiong Liu
- Atomic and Molecular Physics Division,
Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caroline R. Nowlan
- Atomic and Molecular Physics Division,
Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
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22
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Xu L, Yang Z, Tsona NT, Wang X, George C, Du L. Anthropogenic-Biogenic Interactions at Night: Enhanced Formation of Secondary Aerosols and Particulate Nitrogen- and Sulfur-Containing Organics from β-Pinene Oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7794-7807. [PMID: 34044541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mixing of anthropogenic gaseous pollutants and biogenic volatile organic compounds impacts the formation of secondary aerosols, but still in an unclear manner. The present study explores secondary aerosol formation via the interactions between β-pinene, O3, NO2, SO2, and NH3 under dark conditions. Results showed that aerosol yield can be largely enhanced by more than 330% by NO2 or SO2 but slightly enhanced by NH3 by 39% when the ratio of inorganic gases to β-pinene ranged from 0 to 1.3. Joint effects of NO2 and SO2 and SO2 and NH3 existed as aerosol yields increased with NO2 but decreased with NH3 when SO2 was kept constant. Infrared spectra showed nitrogen-containing aerosol components derived from NO2 and NH3 and sulfur-containing species derived from SO2. Several particulate organic nitrates (MW 215, 229, 231, 245), organosulfates (MW 250, 264, 280, 282, 284), and nitrooxy organosulfates (MW 295, 311, 325, 327, and 343) were identified using high-resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry in NO2 and SO2 experiments, and their formation mechanism is discussed. Most of these nitrogen- and sulfur-containing species have been reported in ambient particles. Our results suggest that the complex interactions among β-pinene, O3, NO2, SO2, and NH3 during the night might serve as a potential pathway for the formation of particulate nitrogen- and sulfur-containing organics, especially in polluted regions with both anthropogenic and biogenic influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zhaomin Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T Tsona
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xinke Wang
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christian George
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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23
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Qu Z, Jacob DJ, Silvern RF, Shah V, Campbell PC, Valin LC, Murray LT. US COVID-19 Shutdown Demonstrates Importance of Background NO 2 in Inferring NO x Emissions From Satellite NO 2 Observations. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 48:e2021GL092783. [PMID: 34149109 PMCID: PMC8206743 DOI: 10.1029/2021gl092783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Satellite nitrogen dioxide (NO2) measurements are used extensively to infer nitrogen oxide emissions and their trends, but interpretation can be complicated by background contributions to the NO2 column sensed from space. We use the step decrease of US anthropogenic emissions from the COVID-19 shutdown to compare the responses of NO2 concentrations observed at surface network sites and from satellites (Ozone Monitoring Instrument [OMI], Tropospheric Ozone Monitoring Instrument [TROPOMI]). After correcting for differences in meteorology, surface NO2 measurements for 2020 show decreases of 20% in March-April and 10% in May-August compared to 2019. The satellites show much weaker responses in March-June and no decrease in July-August, consistent with a large background contribution to the NO2 column. Inspection of the long-term OMI trend over remote US regions shows a rising summertime NO2 background from 2010 to 2019 potentially attributable to wildfires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Qu
- School of Engineering and Applied ScienceHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Daniel J. Jacob
- School of Engineering and Applied ScienceHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Rachel F. Silvern
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
- Now at The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and MedicineWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Viral Shah
- School of Engineering and Applied ScienceHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Patrick C. Campbell
- Center for Spatial Information Science and Systems/Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System StudiesGeorge Mason UniversityFairfaxVAUSA
- Office of Air and Radiation, Air Resources LaboratoryNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Lukas C. Valin
- Office of Research and DevelopmentUnited States Environmental Protection Agency, Triangle Research ParkDurhamNCUSA
| | - Lee T. Murray
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of RochesterRochesterNYUSA
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24
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Reductions in NO 2 burden over north equatorial Africa from decline in biomass burning in spite of growing fossil fuel use, 2005 to 2017. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2002579118. [PMID: 33558224 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002579118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Socioeconomic development in low- and middle-income countries has been accompanied by increased emissions of air pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides [NOx: nitrogen dioxide (NO2) + nitric oxide (NO)], which affect human health. In sub-Saharan Africa, fossil fuel combustion has nearly doubled since 2000. At the same time, landscape biomass burning-another important NOx source-has declined in north equatorial Africa, attributed to changes in climate and anthropogenic fire management. Here, we use satellite observations of tropospheric NO2 vertical column densities (VCDs) and burned area to identify NO2 trends and drivers over Africa. Across the northern ecosystems where biomass burning occurs-home to hundreds of millions of people-mean annual tropospheric NO2 VCDs decreased by 4.5% from 2005 through 2017 during the dry season of November through February. Reductions in burned area explained the majority of variation in NO2 VCDs, though changes in fossil fuel emissions also explained some variation. Over Africa's biomass burning regions, raising mean GDP density (USD⋅km-2) above its lowest levels is associated with lower NO2 VCDs during the dry season, suggesting that economic development mitigates net NO2 emissions during these highly polluted months. In contrast to the traditional notion that socioeconomic development increases air pollutant concentrations in low- and middle-income nations, our results suggest that countries in Africa's northern biomass-burning region are following a different pathway during the fire season, resulting in potential air quality benefits. However, these benefits may be lost with increasing fossil fuel use and are absent during the rainy season.
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25
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Rapid hydrolysis of tertiary isoprene nitrate efficiently removes NO x from the atmosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:33011-33016. [PMID: 33303653 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017442117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of a suite of isoprene-derived hydroxy nitrate (IHN) isomers during the OH-initiated oxidation of isoprene affects both the concentration and distribution of nitrogen oxide free radicals (NOx). Experiments performed in an atmospheric simulation chamber suggest that the lifetime of the most abundant isomer, 1,2-IHN, is shortened significantly by a water-mediated process (leading to nitric acid formation), while the lifetime of a similar isomer, 4,3-IHN, is not. Consistent with these chamber studies, NMR kinetic experiments constrain the 1,2-IHN hydrolysis lifetime to less than 10 s in deuterium oxide (D2O) at 298 K, whereas the 4,3-IHN isomer has been observed to hydrolyze much less efficiently. These laboratory findings are used to interpret observations of the IHN isomer distribution in ambient air. The IHN isomer ratio (1,2-IHN to 4,3-IHN) in a high NOx environment decreases rapidly in the afternoon, which is not explained using known gas-phase chemistry. When simulated with an observationally constrained model, we find that an additional loss process for the 1,2-IHN isomer with a time constant of about 6 h best explains our atmospheric measurements. Using estimates for 1,2-IHN Henry's law constant and atmospheric liquid water volume, we show that condensed-phase hydrolysis of 1,2-IHN can account for this loss process. Simulations from a global chemistry transport model show that the hydrolysis of 1,2-IHN accounts for a substantial fraction of NOx lost (and HNO3 produced), resulting in large impacts on oxidant formation, especially over forested regions.
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26
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Canaval E, Millet DB, Zimmer I, Nosenko T, Georgii E, Partoll EM, Fischer L, Alwe HD, Kulmala M, Karl T, Schnitzler JP, Hansel A. Rapid conversion of isoprene photooxidation products in terrestrial plants. COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 1:44. [PMID: 33615239 PMCID: PMC7894407 DOI: 10.1038/s43247-020-00041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is emitted from the biosphere into the atmosphere, and may strengthen the defense mechanisms of plants against oxidative and thermal stress. Once in the atmosphere, isoprene is rapidly oxidized, either to isoprene-hydroxy-hydroperoxides (ISOPOOH) at low levels of nitrogen oxides, or to methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) and methacrolein at high levels. Here we combine uptake rates and deposition velocities that we obtained in laboratory experiments with observations in natural forests to show that 1,2-ISOPOOH deposits rapidly into poplar leaves. There, it is converted first to cytotoxic MVK and then most probably through alkenal/ one oxidoreductase (AOR) to less toxic methyl ethyl ketone (MEK). This detoxification process is potentially significant globally because AOR enzymes are ubiquitous in terrestrial plants. Our simulations with a global chemistry-transport model suggest that around 6.5 Tg yr- of MEK are re-emitted to the atmosphere. This is the single largest MEK source presently known, and recycles 1.5% of the original isoprene flux. Eddy covariance flux measurements of isoprene and MEK over different forest ecosystems confirm that MEK emissions can reach 1-2% those of isoprene. We suggest that detoxification processes in plants are one of the most important sources of oxidized volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Canaval
- Department of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dylan B Millet
- Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, 439 Borlaug Hall, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Ina Zimmer
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tetyana Nosenko
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Georgii
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eva Maria Partoll
- Department of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas Fischer
- Department of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hariprasad D Alwe
- Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, 439 Borlaug Hall, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas Karl
- Department of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52f, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Armin Hansel
- Department of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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27
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Zhang Y, Sun Y. Mechanistic and kinetics study on the reaction of CF
3
CBrCH
2
with OH: A theoretical study. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunju Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photoinduced Functional Materials Mianyang Normal University Mianyang China
| | - Yuxi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Photoinduced Functional Materials Mianyang Normal University Mianyang China
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28
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Christiansen AE, Carlton AG, Porter WC. Changing Nature of Organic Carbon over the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10524-10532. [PMID: 32464056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Total organic carbon (TOC) mass concentrations are decreasing across the contiguous United States (CONUS). We investigate decadal trends in organic carbon (OC) thermal fractions [OC1 (volatilizes at 140 °C), OC2 (280 °C), OC3 (480 °C), OC4 (580 °C)] and pyrolyzed carbon (PC), reported at 121 locations in the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network from 2005 to 2015 for 23 regions across the CONUS. Reductions in PC and OC2 drive decreases in TOC (TOC = OC1 + OC2 + OC3 + OC4 + PC) mass concentrations. OC2 decreases by 40% from 2005 to 2015, and PC decreases by 34%. The largest absolute mass decreases occur in the eastern United States, and relative changes normalized to local concentrations are more uniform across the CONUS. OC is converted to organic mass (OM) using region- and season-specific OM:OC ratios. Simulations with GEOS-Chem reproduce OM trends and suggest that decreases across the CONUS are due to aerosol liquid water (ALW) chemistry. Individual model species, notably aerosol derived from isoprene oxidation products and formed in ALW, correlate significantly (p < 0.05) with OM2, even in arid regions. These findings contribute to literature that suggests air quality rules aimed at SO2 and NOx emissions induce the cobenefit of reducing organic particle mass through ALW chemistry, and these benefits extend beyond the eastern United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Christiansen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Annmarie G Carlton
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - William C Porter
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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29
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Wells KC, Millet DB, Payne VH, Deventer MJ, Bates KH, de Gouw JA, Graus M, Warneke C, Wisthaler A, Fuentes JD. Satellite isoprene retrievals constrain emissions and atmospheric oxidation. Nature 2020; 585:225-233. [PMID: 32908268 PMCID: PMC7490801 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Isoprene is the dominant non-methane organic compound emitted to the atmosphere1-3. It drives ozone and aerosol production, modulates atmospheric oxidation and interacts with the global nitrogen cycle4-8. Isoprene emissions are highly uncertain1,9, as is the nonlinear chemistry coupling isoprene and the hydroxyl radical, OH-its primary sink10-13. Here we present global isoprene measurements taken from space using the Cross-track Infrared Sounder. Together with observations of formaldehyde, an isoprene oxidation product, these measurements provide constraints on isoprene emissions and atmospheric oxidation. We find that the isoprene-formaldehyde relationships measured from space are broadly consistent with the current understanding of isoprene-OH chemistry, with no indication of missing OH recycling at low nitrogen oxide concentrations. We analyse these datasets over four global isoprene hotspots in relation to model predictions, and present a quantification of isoprene emissions based directly on satellite measurements of isoprene itself. A major discrepancy emerges over Amazonia, where current underestimates of natural nitrogen oxide emissions bias modelled OH and hence isoprene. Over southern Africa, we find that a prominent isoprene hotspot is missing from bottom-up predictions. A multi-year analysis sheds light on interannual isoprene variability, and suggests the influence of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley C Wells
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Dylan B Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA.
| | - Vivienne H Payne
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - M Julian Deventer
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
- Bioclimatology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kelvin H Bates
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joost A de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Martin Graus
- Department of Atmospheric and Cryogenic Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jose D Fuentes
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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30
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Zhang Y, Wang H, Han Y, Wang D, Zhu G, Lu X. Shale gas development in China: Implications for indoor and outdoor air quality and greenhouse gas emissions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 141:105727. [PMID: 32371251 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Holding the largest recoverable reserves over the world, China makes an ambitious plan to increase shale gas production. Here we use an integrated approach to quantify its impact on indoor and outdoor air quality and greenhouse gas emissions. This approach includes emission estimation, three-dimensional atmospheric chemistry modeling, and human health assessment. Although the production of shale gas generates PM2.5, this risk is outweighed by the benefits of the decreased PM2.5 resulted from coal combustion when shale gas replaces coal as a fuel source. The total avoided premature deaths are 14,000 (10,650-17,160 as 95% confidence interval) and 13,400 (10,350-17,100) in 2017, resulted from the outdoor and indoor pathways, respectively. Future scenario analysis suggests deploying shale gas in the residential sector, but the greenhouse gas emission reductions are minimal if replacing biomass fuel. In production regions, a net deterioration of air quality is predicted if deploying shale gas in the power and industrial sectors, but a net benefit is calculated if deploying in the residential sector. Our study calls for more stringent emission control during upstream processes, and comprehensive consideration of the cost and benefits in both the production and consumption regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxu Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Haikun Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yun Han
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Danhan Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Ge Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xi Lu
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, PR China
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Travis KR, Heald CL, Allen HM, Apel EC, Arnold SR, Blake DR, Brune WH, Chen X, Commane R, Crounse JD, Daube BC, Diskin GS, Elkins JW, Evans MJ, Hall SR, Hintsa EJ, Hornbrook RS, Kasibhatla PS, Kim MJ, Luo G, McKain K, Millet DB, Moore FL, Peischl J, Ryerson TB, Sherwen T, Thames AB, Ullmann K, Wang X, Wennberg PO, Wolfe GM, Yu F. Constraining remote oxidation capacity with ATom observations. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2020; 20:7753-7781. [PMID: 33688335 PMCID: PMC7939060 DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-7753-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The global oxidation capacity, defined as the tropospheric mean concentration of the hydroxyl radical (OH), controls the lifetime of reactive trace gases in the atmosphere such as methane and carbon monoxide (CO). Models tend to underestimate the methane lifetime and CO concentrations throughout the troposphere, which is consistent with excessive OH. Approximately half of the oxidation of methane and non-methane volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is thought to occur over the oceans where oxidant chemistry has received little validation due to a lack of observational constraints. We use observations from the first two deployments of the NASA ATom aircraft campaign during July-August 2016 and January-February 2017 to evaluate the oxidation capacity over the remote oceans and its representation by the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. The model successfully simulates the magnitude and vertical profile of remote OH within the measurement uncertainties. Comparisons against the drivers of OH production (water vapor, ozone, and NO y concentrations, ozone photolysis frequencies) also show minimal bias, with the exception of wintertime NO y . The severe model overestimate of NO y during this period may indicate insufficient wet scavenging and/or missing loss on sea-salt aerosols. Large uncertainties in these processes require further study to improve simulated NO y partitioning and removal in the troposphere, but preliminary tests suggest that their overall impact could marginally reduce the model bias in tropospheric OH. During the ATom-1 deployment, OH reactivity (OHR) below 3 km is significantly enhanced, and this is not captured by the sum of its measured components (cOHRobs) or by the model (cOHRmod). This enhancement could suggest missing reactive VOCs but cannot be explained by a comprehensive simulation of both biotic and abiotic ocean sources of VOCs. Additional sources of VOC reactivity in this region are difficult to reconcile with the full suite of ATom measurement constraints. The model generally reproduces the magnitude and seasonality of cOHRobs but underestimates the contribution of oxygenated VOCs, mainly acetaldehyde, which is severely underestimated throughout the troposphere despite its calculated lifetime of less than a day. Missing model acetaldehyde in previous studies was attributed to measurement uncertainties that have been largely resolved. Observations of peroxyacetic acid (PAA) provide new support for remote levels of acetaldehyde. The underestimate in both model acetaldehyde and PAA is present throughout the year in both hemispheres and peaks during Northern Hemisphere summer. The addition of ocean sources of VOCs in the model increases cOHRmod by 3% to 9% and improves model-measurement agreement for acetaldehyde, particularly in winter, but cannot resolve the model summertime bias. Doing so would require 100 Tg yr-1 of a long-lived unknown precursor throughout the year with significant additional emissions in the Northern Hemisphere summer. Improving the model bias for remote acetaldehyde and PAA is unlikely to fully resolve previously reported model global biases in OH and methane lifetime, suggesting that future work should examine the sources and sinks of OH over land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Travis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Colette L. Heald
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hannah M. Allen
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Eric C. Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Stephen R. Arnold
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - William H. Brune
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- University of Minnesota, Department of Soil, Water and Climate, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Róisín Commane
- Dept. of Earth & Environmental Sciences of Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - John D. Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Bruce C. Daube
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - James W. Elkins
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Mathew J. Evans
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories (WACL), Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), University of York, York, UK
| | - Samuel R. Hall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Eric J. Hintsa
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, CO, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Michelle J. Kim
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Gan Luo
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University of Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Kathryn McKain
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, CO, USA
| | - Dylan B. Millet
- University of Minnesota, Department of Soil, Water and Climate, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Fred L. Moore
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, CO, USA
| | - Jeffrey Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas B. Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Tomás Sherwen
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories (WACL), Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), University of York, York, UK
| | - Alexander B. Thames
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Xuan Wang
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul O. Wennberg
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Glenn M. Wolfe
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Fangqun Yu
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University of Albany, Albany, NY, USA
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Di Q, Amini H, Shi L, Kloog I, Silvern R, Kelly J, Sabath MB, Choirat C, Koutrakis P, Lyapustin A, Wang Y, Mickley LJ, Schwartz J. Assessing NO 2 Concentration and Model Uncertainty with High Spatiotemporal Resolution across the Contiguous United States Using Ensemble Model Averaging. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1372-1384. [PMID: 31851499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03358/asset/images/large/es9b03358_0004.jpeg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
NO2 is a combustion byproduct that has been associated with multiple adverse health outcomes. To assess NO2 levels with high accuracy, we propose the use of an ensemble model to integrate multiple machine learning algorithms, including neural network, random forest, and gradient boosting, with a variety of predictor variables, including chemical transport models. This NO2 model covers the entire contiguous U.S. with daily predictions on 1-km-level grid cells from 2000 to 2016. The ensemble produced a cross-validated R2 of 0.788 overall, a spatial R2 of 0.844, and a temporal R2 of 0.729. The relationship between daily monitored and predicted NO2 is almost linear. We also estimated the associated monthly uncertainty level for the predictions and address-specific NO2 levels. This NO2 estimation has a very high spatiotemporal resolution and allows the examination of the health effects of NO2 in unmonitored areas. We found the highest NO2 levels along highways and in cities. We also observed that nationwide NO2 levels declined in early years and stagnated after 2007, in contrast to the trend at monitoring sites in urban areas, where the decline continued. Our research indicates that the integration of different predictor variables and fitting algorithms can achieve an improved air pollution modeling framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Di
- Research Center for Public Health , Tsinghua University , Beijing , China , 100084
- Department of Environmental Health , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Heath , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Heresh Amini
- Department of Environmental Health , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Heath , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Liuhua Shi
- Department of Environmental Health , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Heath , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health , Emory University , Atlanta Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Itai Kloog
- Department of Geography and Environmental Development , Ben-Gurion University of the Negevy , Beer Sheva , Israel , P.O. Box 653
| | - Rachel Silvern
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - James Kelly
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27711 , United States
| | - M Benjamin Sabath
- Department of Biostatistics , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Heath , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Christine Choirat
- Department of Biostatistics , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Heath , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Heath , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Alexei Lyapustin
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt , Maryland 20771 , United States
| | - Yujie Wang
- University of Maryland , Baltimore County , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Loretta J Mickley
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Heath , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
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Di Q, Amini H, Shi L, Kloog I, Silvern R, Kelly J, Sabath MB, Choirat C, Koutrakis P, Lyapustin A, Wang Y, Mickley LJ, Schwartz J. Assessing NO 2 Concentration and Model Uncertainty with High Spatiotemporal Resolution across the Contiguous United States Using Ensemble Model Averaging. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1372-1384. [PMID: 31851499 PMCID: PMC7065654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
NO2 is a combustion byproduct that has been associated with multiple adverse health outcomes. To assess NO2 levels with high accuracy, we propose the use of an ensemble model to integrate multiple machine learning algorithms, including neural network, random forest, and gradient boosting, with a variety of predictor variables, including chemical transport models. This NO2 model covers the entire contiguous U.S. with daily predictions on 1-km-level grid cells from 2000 to 2016. The ensemble produced a cross-validated R2 of 0.788 overall, a spatial R2 of 0.844, and a temporal R2 of 0.729. The relationship between daily monitored and predicted NO2 is almost linear. We also estimated the associated monthly uncertainty level for the predictions and address-specific NO2 levels. This NO2 estimation has a very high spatiotemporal resolution and allows the examination of the health effects of NO2 in unmonitored areas. We found the highest NO2 levels along highways and in cities. We also observed that nationwide NO2 levels declined in early years and stagnated after 2007, in contrast to the trend at monitoring sites in urban areas, where the decline continued. Our research indicates that the integration of different predictor variables and fitting algorithms can achieve an improved air pollution modeling framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Di
- Research Center for Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Heath, Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02215
- Corresponding author: Qian Di ()
| | - Heresh Amini
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Heath, Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02215
| | - Liuhua Shi
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Heath, Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02215
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 30322
| | - Itai Kloog
- Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel, P.O.Box 653
| | - Rachel Silvern
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, 02138
| | - James Kelly
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States, 27711
| | - M. Benjamin Sabath
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Heath, Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02115
| | - Christine Choirat
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Heath, Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02115
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Heath, Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02215
| | - Alexei Lyapustin
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, United States, 20771
| | - Yujie Wang
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21250
| | - Loretta J. Mickley
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge Massachusetts, United States, 02138
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Heath, Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02215
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34
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Walker JT, Beachley G, Zhang L, Benedict KB, Sive BC, Schwede DB. A review of measurements of air-surface exchange of reactive nitrogen in natural ecosystems across North America. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 698:133975. [PMID: 31499348 PMCID: PMC7032654 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the state of the science of measurements of dry deposition of reactive nitrogen (Nr) compounds in North America, beginning with current understanding of the importance of dry deposition at the U.S. continental scale followed by a review of micrometeorological flux measurement methods. Measurements of Nr air-surface exchange in natural ecosystems of North America are then summarized, focusing on the U.S. and Canada. Drawing on this synthesis, research needed to address the incompleteness of dry deposition budgets, more fully characterize temporal and geographical variability of fluxes, and better understand air-surface exchange processes is identified. Our assessment points to several data and knowledge gaps that must be addressed to advance dry deposition budgets and air-surface exchange modeling for North American ecosystems. For example, recent studies of particulate (NO3-) and gaseous (NOx, HONO, peroxy nitrates) oxidized N fluxes challenge the fundamental framework of unidirectional flux from the atmosphere to the surface employed in most deposition models. Measurements in forest ecosystems document the importance of in-canopy chemical processes in regulating the net flux between the atmosphere and biosphere, which can result in net loss from the canopy. These results emphasize the need for studies to quantify within- and near-canopy sources and sinks of the full suite of components of the Nr chemical system under study (e.g., NOy or HNO3-NH3-NH4NO3). With respect to specific ecosystems and geographical locations, additional flux measurements are needed particularly in agricultural regions (NH3), coastal zones (NO3- and organic N), and arid ecosystems and along urban to rural gradients (NO2). Measurements that investigate non-stomatal exchange processes (e.g., deposition to wet surfaces) and the biogeochemical drivers of bidirectional exchange (e.g., NH3) are considered high priority. Establishment of long-term sites for process level measurements of reactive chemical fluxes should be viewed as a high priority long-term endeavor of the atmospheric chemistry and ecological communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Walker
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, USA.
| | | | - Leiming Zhang
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine B Benedict
- Colorado State University, Department of Atmospheric Science, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Barkley C Sive
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, CO, USA
| | - Donna B Schwede
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, USA
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Walker JT, Beachley G, Amos HM, Baron JS, Bash J, Baumgardner R, Bell MD, Benedict KB, Chen X, Clow DW, Cole A, Coughlin JG, Cruz K, Daly RW, Decina SM, Elliott EM, Fenn ME, Ganzeveld L, Gebhart K, Isil SS, Kerschner BM, Larson RS, Lavery T, Lear GG, Macy T, Mast MA, Mishoe K, Morris KH, Padgett PE, Pouyat RV, Puchalski M, Pye HOT, Rea AW, Rhodes MF, Rogers CM, Saylor R, Scheffe R, Schichtel BA, Schwede DB, Sexstone GA, Sive BC, Sosa Echeverría R, Templer PH, Thompson T, Tong D, Wetherbee GA, Whitlow TH, Wu Z, Yu Z, Zhang L. Toward the improvement of total nitrogen deposition budgets in the United States. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:1328-1352. [PMID: 31466212 PMCID: PMC7724633 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Frameworks for limiting ecosystem exposure to excess nutrients and acidity require accurate and complete deposition budgets of reactive nitrogen (Nr). While much progress has been made in developing total Nr deposition budgets for the U.S., current budgets remain limited by key data and knowledge gaps. Analysis of National Atmospheric Deposition Program Total Deposition (NADP/TDep) data illustrates several aspects of current Nr deposition that motivate additional research. Averaged across the continental U.S., dry deposition contributes slightly more (55%) to total deposition than wet deposition and is the dominant process (>90%) over broad areas of the Southwest and other arid regions of the West. Lack of dry deposition measurements imposes a reliance on models, resulting in a much higher degree of uncertainty relative to wet deposition which is routinely measured. As nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions continue to decline, reduced forms of inorganic nitrogen (NHx = NH3 + NH4+) now contribute >50% of total Nr deposition over large areas of the U.S. Expanded monitoring and additional process-level research are needed to better understand NHx deposition, its contribution to total Nr deposition budgets, and the processes by which reduced N deposits to ecosystems. Urban and suburban areas are hotspots where routine monitoring of oxidized and reduced Nr deposition is needed. Finally, deposition budgets have incomplete information about the speciation of atmospheric nitrogen; monitoring networks do not capture important forms of Nr such as organic nitrogen. Building on these themes, we detail the state of the science of Nr deposition budgets in the U.S. and highlight research priorities to improve deposition budgets in terms of monitoring and flux measurements, leaf- to regional-scale modeling, source apportionment, and characterization of deposition trends and patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Walker
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America.
| | - G Beachley
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - H M Amos
- AAAS Science and Technology Policy Fellow hosted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - J S Baron
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - J Bash
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - R Baumgardner
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - M D Bell
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, CO, United States of America
| | - K B Benedict
- Colorado State University, Department of Atmospheric Science, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - X Chen
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - D W Clow
- U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Water Science Center, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - A Cole
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Air Quality Research Division, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J G Coughlin
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 5, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - K Cruz
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - R W Daly
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - S M Decina
- University of California, Department of Chemistry, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - E M Elliott
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Geology & Environmental Science, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - M E Fenn
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - L Ganzeveld
- Meteorology and Air Quality (MAQ), Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - K Gebhart
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - S S Isil
- Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions, Inc., Newberry, FL, United States of America
| | - B M Kerschner
- Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, United States of America
| | - R S Larson
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - T Lavery
- Environmental Consultant, Cranston, RI, United States of America
| | - G G Lear
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - T Macy
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - M A Mast
- U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Water Science Center, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - K Mishoe
- Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions, Inc., Newberry, FL, United States of America
| | - K H Morris
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, CO, United States of America
| | - P E Padgett
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - R V Pouyat
- U.S. Forest Service, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - M Puchalski
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - H O T Pye
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - A W Rea
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - M F Rhodes
- D&E Technical, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - C M Rogers
- Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions, Inc., Newberry, FL, United States of America
| | - R Saylor
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Air Resources Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - R Scheffe
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - B A Schichtel
- National Park Service, Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - D B Schwede
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - G A Sexstone
- U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Water Science Center, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - B C Sive
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, CO, United States of America
| | - R Sosa Echeverría
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmosfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - P H Templer
- Boston University, Department of Biology, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - T Thompson
- AAAS Science and Technology Policy Fellow hosted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Policy, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - D Tong
- George Mason University. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Air Resources Laboratory, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - G A Wetherbee
- U.S. Geological Survey, Hydrologic Networks Branch, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - T H Whitlow
- Cornell University, Department of Horticulture, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Z Wu
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Z Yu
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Geology & Environmental Science, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - L Zhang
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Air Quality Research Division, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Møller KH, Kurtén T, Bates KH, Thornton JA, Kjaergaard HG. Thermalized Epoxide Formation in the Atmosphere. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:10620-10630. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b09364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian H. Møller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, POB 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kelvin H. Bates
- Center for the Environment, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Joel A. Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Henrik G. Kjaergaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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37
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Chaliyakunnel S, Millet DB, Chen X. Constraining Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds Over the Indian Subcontinent Using Space-Based Formaldehyde Measurements. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2019; 124:10525-10545. [PMID: 33614368 PMCID: PMC7894393 DOI: 10.1029/2019jd031262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
India is an air pollution mortality hot spot, but regional emissions are poorly understood. We present a high-resolution nested chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) simulation for the Indian subcontinent and use it to interpret formaldehyde (HCHO) observations from two satellite sensors (OMI and GOME-2A) in terms of constraints on regional volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. We find modeled biogenic VOC emissions to be overestimated by ~30-60% for most locations and seasons, and derive a best estimate biogenic flux of 16 Tg C/year subcontinent-wide for year 2009. Terrestrial vegetation provides approximately half the total VOC flux in our base-case inversions (full uncertainty range: 44-65%). This differs from prior understanding, in which biogenic emissions represent >70% of the total. Our derived anthropogenic VOC emissions increase slightly (13-16% in the base case, for a subcontinent total of 15 Tg C/year in 2009) over RETRO year 2000 values, with some larger regional discrepancies. The optimized anthropogenic emissions agree well with the more recent CEDS inventory, both subcontinent-wide (within 2%) and regionally. An exception is the Indo-Gangetic Plain, where we find an underestimate for both RETRO and CEDS. Anthropogenic emissions thus constitute 37-50% of the annual regional VOC source in our base-case inversions and exceed biogenic emissions over the Indo-Gangetic Plain, West India, and South India, and over the entire subcontinent during winter and post-monsoon. Fires are a minor fraction (<7%) of the total regional VOC source in the prior and optimized model. However, evidence suggests that VOC emissions in the fire inventory used here (GFEDv4) are too low over the Indian subcontinent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreelekha Chaliyakunnel
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Dylan B Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, USA
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38
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Fu D, Millet DB, Wells KC, Payne VH, Yu S, Guenther A, Eldering A. Direct retrieval of isoprene from satellite-based infrared measurements. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3811. [PMID: 31444348 PMCID: PMC6707292 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11835-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoprene is the atmosphere's most important non-methane organic compound, with key impacts on atmospheric oxidation, ozone, and organic aerosols. In-situ isoprene measurements are sparse, and satellite-based constraints have employed an indirect approach using its oxidation product formaldehyde, which is affected by non-isoprene sources plus uncertainty and spatial smearing in the isoprene-formaldehyde relationship. Direct global isoprene measurements are therefore needed to better understand its sources, sinks, and atmospheric impacts. Here we show that the isoprene spectral signatures are detectable from space using the satellite-borne Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS), develop a full-physics retrieval methodology for quantifying isoprene abundances from these spectral features, and apply the algorithm to CrIS measurements over Amazonia. The results are consistent with model output and in-situ data, and establish the feasibility of direct global space-based isoprene measurements. Finally, we demonstrate the potential for combining space-based measurements of isoprene and formaldehyde to constrain atmospheric oxidation over isoprene source regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejian Fu
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA.
| | | | | | - Vivienne H Payne
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | | | - Annmarie Eldering
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
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39
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Zare A, Fahey KM, Sarwar G, Cohen RC, Pye HOT. Vapor-pressure pathways initiate but hydrolysis products dominate the aerosol estimated from organic nitrates. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2019; 3:1426-1437. [PMID: 31667449 PMCID: PMC6820051 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.9b00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Organic nitrates contribute significantly to the total organic aerosol burden. However, the formation and loss mechanisms of particulate organic nitrates (PONs) remain poorly understood. In this study, with the CMAQ modeling system, we implement a detailed biogenic volatile organic carbon gas phase oxidation mechanism and an explicit representation of multiphase organic nitrate formation and loss, including both aqueous-phase uptake and vapor-pressure driven partitioning into organic aerosol as well as condensed-phase reactions. We find vapor-pressure dependent partitioning is the leading mechanism for formation of PONs and hydrolysis is a major loss mechanism for PON resulting in substantial amounts of organic aerosol that originate as an organic nitrate. Partitioning and hydrolysis together can produce high concentrations (up to 5 μg/m3) of PON-derived aerosols over the southeast United States. The main source of PON-derived aerosols is monoterpene nitrates that have been chemically processed to lose their nitrate functionality through aqueous chemistry. In contrast, the major portion of aqueous aerosol and in-cloud PON, which retains its nitrate moiety, are soluble isoprene nitrates. We evaluate the model using the observations from the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) campaign in the Southeast US in summer 2013 and show implementing aerosol-phase pathways for organic nitrates dramatically improves the magnitude of total alkyl nitrates (ANs) in CMAQ. The contribution of PONs to the total ANs at the SOAS site is estimated to be ~20%, a value in the range of the measurements. The predicted AN composition is shifted from monoterpene to isoprene and anthropogenic organic nitrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azimeh Zare
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kathleen M. Fahey
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Golam Sarwar
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Ronald C. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
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40
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Chen X, Millet DB, Singh HB, Wisthaler A, Apel EC, Atlas EL, Blake DR, Bourgeois I, Brown SS, Crounse JD, de Gouw JA, Flocke FM, Fried A, Heikes BG, Hornbrook RS, Mikoviny T, Min KE, Müller M, Neuman JA, O'Sullivan DW, Peischl J, Pfister GG, Richter D, Roberts JM, Ryerson TB, Shertz SR, Thompson CR, Treadaway V, Veres PR, Walega J, Warneke C, Washenfelder RA, Weibring P, Yuan B. On the sources and sinks of atmospheric VOCs: an integrated analysis of recent aircraft campaigns over North America. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2019; 19:9097-9123. [PMID: 33688334 PMCID: PMC7939023 DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-9097-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We apply a high-resolution chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem CTM) with updated treatment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and a comprehensive suite of airborne datasets over North America to (i) characterize the VOC budget and (ii) test the ability of current models to capture the distribution and reactivity of atmospheric VOCs over this region. Biogenic emissions dominate the North American VOC budget in the model, accounting for 70 % and 95 % of annually emitted VOC carbon and reactivity, respectively. Based on current inventories anthropogenic emissions have declined to the point where biogenic emissions are the dominant summertime source of VOC reactivity even in most major North American cities. Methane oxidation is a 2x larger source of nonmethane VOCs (via production of formaldehyde and methyl hydroperoxide) over North America in the model than are anthropogenic emissions. However, anthropogenic VOCs account for over half of the ambient VOC loading over the majority of the region owing to their longer aggregate lifetime. Fires can be a significant VOC source episodically but are small on average. In the planetary boundary layer (PBL), the model exhibits skill in capturing observed variability in total VOC abundance (R 2 = 0:36) and reactivity (R 2 = 0:54). The same is not true in the free troposphere (FT), where skill is low and there is a persistent low model bias (~ 60 %), with most (27 of 34) model VOCs underestimated by more than a factor of 2. A comparison of PBL: FT concentration ratios over the southeastern US points to a misrepresentation of PBL ventilation as a contributor to these model FT biases. We also find that a relatively small number of VOCs (acetone, methanol, ethane, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, isoprene C oxidation products, methyl hydroperoxide) drive a large fraction of total ambient VOC reactivity and associated model biases; research to improve understanding of their budgets is thus warranted. A source tracer analysis suggests a current overestimate of biogenic sources for hydroxyacetone, methyl ethyl ketone and glyoxal, an underestimate of biogenic formic acid sources, and an underestimate of peroxyacetic acid production across biogenic and anthropogenic precursors. Future work to improve model representations of vertical transport and to address the VOC biases discussed are needed to advance predictions of ozone and SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis-Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Dylan B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis-Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eric C. Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Elliot L. Atlas
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ilann Bourgeois
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Steven S. Brown
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John D. Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Joost A. de Gouw
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Frank M. Flocke
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Alan Fried
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Brian G. Heikes
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Tomas Mikoviny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kyung-Eun Min
- School of Earth Science and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Markus Müller
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J. Andrew Neuman
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Jeff Peischl
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Gabriele G. Pfister
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Dirk Richter
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James M. Roberts
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas B. Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Stephen R. Shertz
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Chelsea R. Thompson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Victoria Treadaway
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Patrick R. Veres
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James Walega
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Petter Weibring
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Bin Yuan
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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41
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Luecken DJ, Yarwood G, Hutzell WT. Multipollutant modeling of ozone, reactive nitrogen and HAPs across the continental US with CMAQ-CB6. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2019; 201:62-72. [PMID: 33981178 PMCID: PMC8112378 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The accuracy of atmospheric chemical mechanisms used in air quality models is critical for robustly predicting the production and decay of air pollutants and thus to develop strategies to reduce concentrations that are above levels harmful to humans and ecosystems. In this study we document, evaluate and analyze the implementation of the CB6r3 chemical mechanism used in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, including changes that have been to the standard version, and demonstrate the impact of this update on predictions. In general, CB6r3 slightly improves the predictions of ozone and oxides of nitrogen, while providing more consistency with current scientific understanding. Nitric acid is generally overpredicted in both winter and summer, and ongoing work continues to address this overprediction and update other aspects of the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Luecken
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - G Yarwood
- Ramboll Environ, Novato CA 94998, USA
| | - W T Hutzell
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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42
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Huang W, Saathoff H, Shen X, Ramisetty R, Leisner T, Mohr C. Chemical Characterization of Highly Functionalized Organonitrates Contributing to Night-Time Organic Aerosol Mass Loadings and Particle Growth. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:1165-1174. [PMID: 30615422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) with NO3 radicals and of reactive intermediates of oxidized VOC with NO x can lead to the formation of highly functionalized organonitrates (ON). We present quantitative and chemical information on ON contributing to high night-time organic aerosol (OA) mass concentrations measured during July-August 2016 in a rural area in southwest Germany. A filter inlet for gases and aerosols coupled to a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (FIGAERO-HR-ToF-CIMS) was used to analyze the molecular composition of ON in both the gas and particle phase. We find larger contributions of ON to OA mass during the night. Identified ON are highly functionalized, with 4 to 12 oxygen atoms. The diel patterns of ON compounds with 5, 7, 10, or 15 carbon atoms per molecule vary, indicating a corresponding behavior of their potential precursor VOC. The temporal behavior of ON after sunset correlates with that of the number concentration of ultrafine particles, indicating a potential role of ON in night-time new particle formation (NPF) regularly observed at this location. We estimate an ON contribution of 18-25% to the mass increase of newly formed particles after sunset. Our study provides insights into the chemical composition of highly functionalized ON in the rural atmosphere and the role of anthropogenic emissions for night-time SOA formation in an area where biogenic VOC emissions dominate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , 76344 , Germany
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Working Group for Environmental Mineralogy and Environmental System Analysis , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe , 76131 , Germany
| | - Harald Saathoff
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , 76344 , Germany
| | - Xiaoli Shen
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , 76344 , Germany
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Working Group for Environmental Mineralogy and Environmental System Analysis , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe , 76131 , Germany
| | - Ramakrishna Ramisetty
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , 76344 , Germany
| | - Thomas Leisner
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , 76344 , Germany
- Institute of Environmental Physics , Heidelberg University , Heidelberg , 69120 , Germany
| | - Claudia Mohr
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry , Stockholm University , Stockholm , 11418 , Sweden
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43
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Zhu J, Penner JE, Yu F, Sillman S, Andreae MO, Coe H. Decrease in radiative forcing by organic aerosol nucleation, climate, and land use change. Nat Commun 2019; 10:423. [PMID: 30679429 PMCID: PMC6345905 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08407-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic nucleation is an important source of atmospheric aerosol number concentration, especially in pristine continental regions and during the preindustrial period. Here, we improve on previous simulations that overestimate boundary layer nucleation in the tropics and add changes to climate and land use to evaluate climate forcing. Our model includes both pure organic nucleation and heteromolecular nucleation of sulfuric acid and organics and reproduces the profile of aerosol number concentration measured in the Amazon. Organic nucleation decreases the sum of the total aerosol direct and indirect radiative forcing by 12.5%. The addition of climate and land use change decreases the direct radiative forcing (-0.38 W m-2) by 6.3% and the indirect radiative forcing (-1.68 W m-2) by 3.5% due to the size distribution and number concentration change of secondary organic aerosol and sulfate. Overall, the total radiative forcing associated with anthropogenic aerosols is decreased by 16%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialei Zhu
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Joyce E Penner
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Fangqun Yu
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, 12203, USA
| | - Sanford Sillman
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Meinrat O Andreae
- Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hugh Coe
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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44
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Møller KH, Bates KH, Kjaergaard HG. The Importance of Peroxy Radical Hydrogen-Shift Reactions in Atmospheric Isoprene Oxidation. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:920-932. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b10432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian H. Møller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kelvin H. Bates
- Center for the Environment, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Henrik G. Kjaergaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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45
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Romer PS, Wooldridge PJ, Crounse JD, Kim MJ, Wennberg PO, Dibb JE, Scheuer E, Blake DR, Meinardi S, Brosius AL, Thames AB, Miller DO, Brune WH, Hall SR, Ryerson TB, Cohen RC. Constraints on Aerosol Nitrate Photolysis as a Potential Source of HONO and NO x. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:13738-13746. [PMID: 30407797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of nitrogen oxides (NO x) plays a central role in controlling air quality. On a global scale, the primary sink of NO x is oxidation to form HNO3. Gas-phase HNO3 photolyses slowly with a lifetime in the troposphere of 10 days or more. However, several recent studies examining HONO chemistry have proposed that particle-phase HNO3 undergoes photolysis 10-300 times more rapidly than gas-phase HNO3. We present here constraints on the rate of particle-phase HNO3 photolysis based on observations of NO x and HNO3 collected over the Yellow Sea during the KORUS-AQ study in summer 2016. The fastest proposed photolysis rates are inconsistent with the observed NO x to HNO3 ratios. Negligible to moderate enhancements of the HNO3 photolysis rate in particles, 1-30 times faster than in the gas phase, are most consistent with the observations. Small or moderate enhancement of particle-phase HNO3 photolysis would not significantly affect the HNO3 budget but could help explain observations of HONO and NO x in highly aged air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Romer
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Paul J Wooldridge
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - John D Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Michelle J Kim
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Paul O Wennberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Jack E Dibb
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space , University of New Hampshire , Durham, New Hampshire 03824 , United States
| | - Eric Scheuer
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space , University of New Hampshire , Durham, New Hampshire 03824 , United States
| | - Donald R Blake
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Irvine , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Simone Meinardi
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Irvine , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Alexandra L Brosius
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Alexander B Thames
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - David O Miller
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - William H Brune
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Samuel R Hall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, NCAR , Boulder , Colorado 80301 , United States
| | - Thomas B Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Ronald C Cohen
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences , University of California Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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46
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Baker KR, Woody MC, Valin L, Szykman J, Yates EL, Iraci LT, Choi HD, Soja AJ, Koplitz SN, Zhou L, Campuzano-Jost P, Jimenez JL, Hair JW. Photochemical model evaluation of 2013 California wild fire air quality impacts using surface, aircraft, and satellite data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 637-638:1137-1149. [PMID: 29801207 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Rim Fire was one of the largest wildfires in California history, burning over 250,000 acres during August and September 2013 affecting air quality locally and regionally in the western U.S. Routine surface monitors, remotely sensed data, and aircraft based measurements were used to assess how well the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) photochemical grid model applied at 4 and 12 km resolution represented regional plume transport and chemical evolution during this extreme wildland fire episode. Impacts were generally similar at both grid resolutions although notable differences were seen in some secondary pollutants (e.g., formaldehyde and peroxyacyl nitrate) near the Rim fire. The modeling system does well at capturing near-fire to regional scale smoke plume transport compared to remotely sensed aerosol optical depth (AOD) and aircraft transect measurements. Plume rise for the Rim fire was well characterized as the modeled plume top was consistent with remotely sensed data and the altitude of aircraft measurements, which were typically made at the top edge of the plume. Aircraft-based lidar suggests O3 downwind in the Rim fire plume was vertically stratified and tended to be higher at the plume top, while CMAQ estimated a more uniformly mixed column of O3. Predicted wildfire ozone (O3) was overestimated both at the plume top and at nearby rural and urban surface monitors. Photolysis rates were well characterized by the model compared with aircraft measurements meaning aerosol attenuation was reasonably estimated and unlikely contributing to O3 overestimates at the top of the plume. Organic carbon was underestimated close to the Rim fire compared to aircraft data, but was consistent with nearby surface measurements. Periods of elevated surface PM2.5 at rural monitors near the Rim fire were not usually coincident with elevated O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Baker
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - M C Woody
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - L Valin
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - J Szykman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - E L Yates
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - L T Iraci
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - H D Choi
- National Institute of Aerospace, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - A J Soja
- National Institute of Aerospace, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - S N Koplitz
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - L Zhou
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J W Hair
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
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47
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Wennberg PO, Bates KH, Crounse JD, Dodson LG, McVay RC, Mertens LA, Nguyen TB, Praske E, Schwantes RH, Smarte MD, St Clair JM, Teng AP, Zhang X, Seinfeld JH. Gas-Phase Reactions of Isoprene and Its Major Oxidation Products. Chem Rev 2018. [PMID: 29522327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Isoprene carries approximately half of the flux of non-methane volatile organic carbon emitted to the atmosphere by the biosphere. Accurate representation of its oxidation rate and products is essential for quantifying its influence on the abundance of the hydroxyl radical (OH), nitrogen oxide free radicals (NO x), ozone (O3), and, via the formation of highly oxygenated compounds, aerosol. We present a review of recent laboratory and theoretical studies of the oxidation pathways of isoprene initiated by addition of OH, O3, the nitrate radical (NO3), and the chlorine atom. From this review, a recommendation for a nearly complete gas-phase oxidation mechanism of isoprene and its major products is developed. The mechanism is compiled with the aims of providing an accurate representation of the flow of carbon while allowing quantification of the impact of isoprene emissions on HO x and NO x free radical concentrations and of the yields of products known to be involved in condensed-phase processes. Finally, a simplified (reduced) mechanism is developed for use in chemical transport models that retains the essential chemistry required to accurately simulate isoprene oxidation under conditions where it occurs in the atmosphere-above forested regions remote from large NO x emissions.
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48
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Mao J, Carlton A, Cohen RC, Brune WH, Brown SS, Wolfe GM, Jimenez JL, Pye HOT, Ng NL, Xu L, McNeill VF, Tsigaridis K, McDonald BC, Warneke C, Guenther A, Alvarado MJ, de Gouw J, Mickley LJ, Leibensperger EM, Mathur R, Nolte CG, Portmann RW, Unger N, Tosca M, Horowitz LW. Southeast Atmosphere Studies: learning from model-observation syntheses. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:2615-2651. [PMID: 29963079 PMCID: PMC6020695 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-2615-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of atmospheric trace species in the United States have changed dramatically over the past several decades in response to pollution control strategies, shifts in domestic energy policy and economics, and economic development (and resulting emission changes) elsewhere in the world. Reliable projections of the future atmosphere require models to not only accurately describe current atmospheric concentrations, but to do so by representing chemical, physical and biological processes with conceptual and quantitative fidelity. Only through incorporation of the processes controlling emissions and chemical mechanisms that represent the key transformations among reactive molecules can models reliably project the impacts of future policy, energy and climate scenarios. Efforts to properly identify and implement the fundamental and controlling mechanisms in atmospheric models benefit from intensive observation periods, during which collocated measurements of diverse, speciated chemicals in both the gas and condensed phases are obtained. The Southeast Atmosphere Studies (SAS, including SENEX, SOAS, NOMADSS and SEAC4RS) conducted during the summer of 2013 provided an unprecedented opportunity for the atmospheric modeling community to come together to evaluate, diagnose and improve the representation of fundamental climate and air quality processes in models of varying temporal and spatial scales. This paper is aimed at discussing progress in evaluating, diagnosing and improving air quality and climate modeling using comparisons to SAS observations as a guide to thinking about improvements to mechanisms and parameterizations in models. The effort focused primarily on model representation of fundamental atmospheric processes that are essential to the formation of ozone, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and other trace species in the troposphere, with the ultimate goal of understanding the radiative impacts of these species in the southeast and elsewhere. Here we address questions surrounding four key themes: gas-phase chemistry, aerosol chemistry, regional climate and chemistry interactions, and natural and anthropogenic emissions. We expect this review to serve as a guidance for future modeling efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqiu Mao
- Geophysical Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Annmarie Carlton
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ronald C. Cohen
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - William H. Brune
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Steven S. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Glenn M. Wolfe
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jose L. Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Nga Lee Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lu Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Kostas Tsigaridis
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian C. McDonald
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Alex Guenther
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Joost de Gouw
- Department of Chemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Loretta J. Mickley
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Rohit Mathur
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christopher G. Nolte
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Robert W. Portmann
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Nadine Unger
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Mika Tosca
- School of the Art Institute of Chicago (SAIC), Chicago, IL 60603, USA
| | - Larry W. Horowitz
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory–National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, NJ, USA
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49
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Henneman LRF, Shen H, Liu C, Hu Y, Mulholland JA, Russell AG. Responses in Ozone and Its Production Efficiency Attributable to Recent and Future Emissions Changes in the Eastern United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13797-13805. [PMID: 29112386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ozone production efficiency (OPE), a measure of the number of ozone (O3) molecules produced per emitted NOX (NO + NO2) molecule, helps establish the relationship between NOX emissions and O3 formation. We estimate long-term OPE variability across the eastern United States using two novel approaches: an observation-based empirical method and a chemical transport model (CTM) method. The CTM approach explicitly controls for differing O3 and NOX reaction product (NOZ) deposition rates and separately estimates OPEs from on-road mobile and electricity generating unit sources across a broad spatial scale. We find lower OPEs in urban areas and that average July OPE increased over the eastern United States domain between 2001 and 2011 from 11 to 14. CTM and empirical approaches agree at low NOZ concentrations, but CTM OPEs are greater than empirical OPEs at high NOZ. Our results support that NOX emissions reductions become more effective at reducing O3 at lower NOZ concentrations. Electricity generating unit OPEs are higher than mobile OPEs except near emissions locations, meaning further utility NOX emissions reductions will have greater per unit impacts on O3 regionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R F Henneman
- Harvard University , T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02445, United States
| | - Huizhong Shen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Cong Liu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University , Nanjing, China
| | - Yongtao Hu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - James A Mulholland
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Armistead G Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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50
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Piletic IR, Edney EO, Bartolotti LJ. Barrierless Reactions with Loose Transition States Govern the Yields and Lifetimes of Organic Nitrates Derived from Isoprene. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:8306-8321. [PMID: 28976756 PMCID: PMC6061928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b08229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The chemical reaction mechanism of NO addition to two β and δ isoprene hydroxy-peroxy radical isomers is examined in detail using density functional theory, coupled cluster methods, and the energy resolved master equation formalism to provide estimates of rate constants and organic nitrate yields. At the M06-2x/aug-cc-pVTZ level, the potential energy surfaces of NO reacting with β-(1,2)-HO-IsopOO• and δ-Z-(1,4)-HO-IsopOO• possess barrierless reactions that produce alkoxy radicals/NO2 and organic nitrates. The nudged elastic band method was used to discover a loosely bound van der Waals (vdW) complex between NO2 and the alkoxy radical that is present in both exit reaction channels. Semiempirical master equation calculations show that the β organic nitrate yield is 8.5 ± 3.7%. Additionally, a relatively low barrier to C-C bond scission was discovered in the β-vdW complex that leads to direct HONO formation in the gas phase with a yield of 3.1 ± 1.3%. The δ isomer produces a looser vdW complex with a smaller dissociation barrier and a larger isomerization barrier, giving a 2.4 ± 0.8% organic nitrate yield that is relatively pressure and temperature insensitive. By considering all of these pathways, the first-generation NOx recycling efficiency from isoprene organic nitrates is estimated to be 21% and is expected to increase with decreasing NOx concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan R. Piletic
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Edward O. Edney
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
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