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Huang Q, Lu H, Li J, Ying Q, Gao Y, Wang H, Guo S, Lu K, Qin M, Hu J. Modeling the molecular composition of secondary organic aerosol under highly polluted conditions: A case study in the Yangtze River Delta Region in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 938:173327. [PMID: 38761930 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
A near-explicit mechanism, the master chemical mechanism (MCMv3.3.1), coupled with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model (CMAQ-MCM-SOA), was applied to investigate the characteristics of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) during a pollution event in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region in summer 2018. Model performances in predicting explicit volatile organic compounds (VOCs), organic aerosol (OA), secondary organic carbon (SOC), and other related pollutants in Taizhou, as well as ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in multiple cities in this region, were evaluated against observations and model predictions by the CMAQ model coupled with a lumped photochemical mechanism (SAPRC07tic, S07). MCM and S07 exhibited similar performances in predicting gaseous species, while MCM better captured the observed PM2.5 and inorganic aerosols. Both models underpredicted OA concentrations. When excluding data during biomass burning events, SOC concentrations were underpredicted by the CMAQ-MCM-SOA model (-28.4 %) and overpredicted by the CMAQ-S07 model (134.4 %), with better agreement with observations in the trend captured by the CMAQ-MCM-SOA model. Dicarbonyl SOA accounted for a significant fraction of total SOA in the YRD, while organic nitrates originating from aromatics were the most abundant species contributing to the SOA formation from gas-particle partitioning. The oxygen-to‑carbon ratio (O/C) for SOA and OA were 0.68-0.75 and 0.20-0.65, respectively, indicating a higher oxidation state in the areas influenced by biogenic emissions. Finally, the phase state of SOA was examined by calculating the glass transition temperature (Tg) based on its molecular composition. It was found that semi-solid state characterized SOA in the YRD, which could potentially impact their chemical transformation and lifetimes along with those of their precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hutao Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yaqin Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Momei Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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2
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Bhowmik HS, Tripathi SN, Shukla AK, Lalchandani V, Murari V, Devaprasad M, Shivam A, Bhushan R, Prévôt ASH, Rastogi N. Contribution of fossil and biomass-derived secondary organic carbon to winter water-soluble organic aerosols in Delhi, India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168655. [PMID: 37992837 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Delhi, among the world's most polluted megacities, is a hotspot of particulate matter emissions, with high contribution from organic aerosol (OA), affecting health and climate in the entire northern India. While the primary organic aerosol (POA) sources can be effectively identified, an incomplete source apportionment of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) causes significant ambiguity in the management of air quality and the assessment of climate change. Present study uses positive matrix factorization analysis on the water-soluble organic aerosol (WSOA) data from the offline-aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS). It revealed POA as the dominant source of WSOA, with biomass-burning OA (31-34 %) and solid fuel combustion OA (∼21 %) being two major contributors. Here we use water-solubility fingerprints to track the SOA precursors, such as oxalates or organic nitrates, instead of identifying them based on their O:C ratio. Non-fossil precursors dominate in more oxidized oxygenated organic carbon (MO-OOC) (∼90 %), a proxy for aged secondary organic carbon (SOC), by coupling offline-AMS with 14C measurements. On the contrary, the oxidation of fossil fuel emissions produces a large quantity of fresh fossil SOC, which accounts for ∼75 % of less oxidized oxygenated organic carbon (LO-OOC). Our study reveals that apart from major POA contributions, large fractions of fossil (10-14 %) and biomass-derived SOA (23-30 %) contribute significantly to the total WSOA load, having impact on climate and air quality of the Delhi megacity. Our study reveals that large-scale unregulated biomass burning was not only found to dominate in POA but was also observed to be a significant contributor to SOA with implications on human health, highlighting the need for effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri S Bhowmik
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Sachchida N Tripathi
- Department of Civil Engineering and Sustainable Energy Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
| | - Ashutosh K Shukla
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Vipul Lalchandani
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Vishnu Murari
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India; Institut Mines Télécom (IMT) Nord, 941 rue Charles Bourseul, 59508 Douai, France
| | - M Devaprasad
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India; Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Ajay Shivam
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Ravi Bhushan
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - André S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
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3
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Gao Z, Zhou X. A review of the CAMx, CMAQ, WRF-Chem and NAQPMS models: Application, evaluation and uncertainty factors. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123183. [PMID: 38110047 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
With the gradual deepening of the research and governance of air pollution, chemical transport models (CTMs), especially the third-generation CTMs based on the "1 atm" theory, have been recognized as important tools for atmospheric environment research and air quality management. In this review article, we screened 2396 peer-reviewed manuscripts on the application of four pre-selected regional CTMs in the past five years. CAMx, CMAQ, WRF-Chem and NAQPMS models are well used in the simulation of atmospheric pollutants. In the simulation study of secondary pollutants such as O3, secondary organic aerosol (SOA), sulfates, nitrates, and ammonium (SNA), the CMAQ model has been widely applied. Secondly, model evaluation indicators are diverse, and the establishment of evaluation criteria has gone through the long-term efforts of predecessors. However, the model performance evaluation system still needs further specification. Furthermore, temporal-spatial resolution, emission inventory, meteorological field and atmospheric chemical mechanism are the main sources of uncertainty, and have certain interference with the simulation results. Among them, the inventory and mechanism are particularly important, and are also the top priorities in future simulation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqi Gao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xuehua Zhou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong Province, China.
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Zhu Y, Liu Y, Li S, Wang H, Lu X, Wang H, Shen C, Chen X, Chan P, Shen A, Wang H, Jin Y, Xu Y, Fan S, Fan Q. Assessment of tropospheric ozone simulations in a regional chemical transport model using GEOS-Chem outputs as chemical boundary conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167485. [PMID: 37802345 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Regional chemical transport models (e.g., Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System) are widely used to simulate the physical and chemical process of regional ozone (O3) pollution and its variation trend in recent years. However, chemical boundary condition (CBC) is an important input of these models and contributes to the model bias against observations. In this study, we develop a tool named GC2CMAQ that provides the CMAQ model with the CBCs from the GEOS-Chem simulation. Two experiments using different CBCs were conducted to evaluate their effect on seasonal O3 simulation in China. The Default experiment utilized the model-default static condition (the relatively clean atmosphere in the eastern United States), and the GC experiment employed the GEOS-Chem simulation results. Compared with the observation, the GC experiment has a much better performance in reproducing elevated O3 levels in the higher troposphere and lower stratosphere during different seasons. Near the earth's surface, the simulated concentrations of pollutants O3 (and PM2.5) in the GC experiment were also closer to the observation in April and July. The accuracy of simulation results in provinces close to the boundary was improved by approximately 20 %-30 % relative to the Default experiment. The CBCs provided by GEOS-Chem enabled a better simulation of stratosphere-troposphere O3 exchange in late spring and early summer, which then affected the pollutant concentration near surfaces through vertical transport. This finding was confirmed by a case study in southwestern Tibet on April 28, 2017, in which we quantified the contributions of different physical and chemical processes to O3 variations at different altitudes using the process analysis method. This study highlights the importance of using a reliable CBC for the regional chemical transport model to derive a better performance of O3 simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zhu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China.
| | - Siting Li
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Haolin Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Haichao Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Chong Shen
- Guangzhou Climate and Agrometeorology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Ao Shen
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Haofan Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Yinbao Jin
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Yifei Xu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Shaojia Fan
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Qi Fan
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China.
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5
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Morino Y, Iijima A, Chatani S, Sato K, Kumagai K, Ikemori F, Ramasamy S, Fujitani Y, Kimura C, Tanabe K, Sugata S, Takami A, Ohara T, Tago H, Saito Y, Saito S, Hoshi J. Source apportionment of anthropogenic and biogenic organic aerosol over the Tokyo metropolitan area from forward and receptor models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166034. [PMID: 37595930 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosol (OA) is a dominant component of PM2.5, and accurate knowledge of its sources is critical for identification of cost-effective measures to reduce PM2.5. For accurate source apportionment of OA, we conducted field measurements of organic tracers at three sites (one urban, one suburban, and one forest) in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area and numerical simulations of forward and receptor models. We estimated the source contributions of OA by calculating three receptor models (positive matrix factorization, chemical mass balance, and secondary organic aerosol (SOA)-tracer method) using the ambient concentrations, source profiles, and production yields of OA tracers. Sensitivity simulations of the forward model (chemical transport model) for precursor emissions and SOA formation pathways were conducted. Cross-validation between the receptor and forward models demonstrated that biogenic and anthropogenic SOA were better reproduced by the forward model with updated modules for emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC) and for SOA formation from biogenic VOC and intermediate-volatility organic compounds than by the default setup. The source contributions estimated by the forward model generally agreed with those of the receptor models for the major OA sources: mobile sources, biomass combustion, biogenic SOA, and anthropogenic SOA. The contributions of anthropogenic SOA, which are the main focus of this study, were estimated by the forward and receptor models to have been between 9 % and 15 % in summer 2019. The observed percent modern carbon data indicate that the amounts of anthropogenic SOA produced during daytime have substantially declined from 2007 to 2019. This trend is consistent with the decreasing trend of anthropogenic VOC, suggesting that reduction of anthropogenic VOC has been effective in reducing anthropogenic SOA in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Morino
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Iijima
- Takasaki City University of Economics, 1300 Kaminamie, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0801, Japan
| | - Satoru Chatani
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Kimiyo Kumagai
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 378 Kamioki, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan
| | - Fumikazu Ikemori
- Nagoya City Institute for Environmental Sciences, 5-16-8 Toyoda, Minami-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 457-0841, Japan
| | - Sathiyamurthi Ramasamy
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Yuji Fujitani
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Chisato Kimura
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Tanabe
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Seiji Sugata
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Akinori Takami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Ohara
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan; Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, 914 Kamitanadare, Kazo, Saitama 347-0115, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tago
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 378 Kamioki, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Saito
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 378 Kamioki, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan
| | - Shinji Saito
- Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental Protection, 1-7-5 Shinsuna, Koto-ku, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan
| | - Junya Hoshi
- Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental Protection, 1-7-5 Shinsuna, Koto-ku, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan
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6
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Huang L, Liu H, Yarwood G, Wilson G, Tao J, Han Z, Ji D, Wang Y, Li L. Modeling of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) based on two commonly used air quality models in China: Consistent S/IVOCs contribution but large differences in SOA aging. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166162. [PMID: 37574067 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is an important component of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5), with contributions from anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic compounds (AVOC and BVOC) and semi- (SVOC) and intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOC). Policymakers need to know which SOA precursors are important but accurate simulation of SOA magnitude and contributions remain uncertain. Findings from existing SOA modeling studies have many inconsistencies due to differing emission inventory methodologies/assumptions, air quality model (AQM) algorithms, and other aspects of study methodologies. To address some of the inconsistencies, we investigated the role of different AQM SOA algorithms by applying two commonly used models, CAMx and CMAQ, with consistent emission inventories to simulate SOA concentrations and contributions for July and November 2018 in China. Both models have a volatility basis set (VBS) SOA algorithm but with different parameters and treatments of SOA photochemical aging. SOA generated from BVOC (i.e., BSOA) is found to be more important in southern China. In contrast, SOA generated from anthropogenic precursors is more prevalent in the North China Plain (NCP), Yangtze River Delta (YRD), Sichuan Basin and Central China. Both models indicate negligible SOA formation from SVOC emissions compared to other precursors. In July, when BVOC emissions are abundant, SOA is predominantly contributed by BSOA (except for NCP), followed by IVOC-SOA (i.e., SOA produced from IVOC) and ASOA (i.e., SOA produced from anthropogenic VOC). In contrast, in November, IVOC became the leading SOA contributor for all selected regions except PRD, illustrating the important contribution of IVOC emissions to SOA formation. While both models generally agree in terms of the spatial distributions and seasonal variations of different SOA components, CMAQ tends to predict higher BSOA, while CAMx generates higher ASOA concentrations. As a result, CMAQ results suggest that BSOA concentration is always higher than ASOA in November, while CAMx emphasizes the importance of ASOA. Utilizing a conceptual model, we found that different treatment of SOA aging between the two models is a major cause of differences in simulated ASOA concentrations. The step-wise SOA aging scheme implemented in the CAMx VBS (based on gas-phase reactions with OH radical and similar to other models) exhibits a strong enhancement effect on simulated ASOA concentrations, and this effect increases with the ambient organic aerosol (OA) concentrations. The CMAQ aerosol module implements a different SOA aging scheme that represents particle-phase oligomerization and has smaller impacts on total OA. Different structures and/or parameters of the SOA aging schemes are being used in current models, which could greatly affect model simulations of OA in ways that are difficult to anticipate. Our results indicate that future control policies should aim at reducing IVOC emissions as well as traditional VOC emissions. In addition, aging schemes are the major driver in CMAQ vs. CAMx treatments of ASOA and their resulting predicted mass. More sophisticated measurement data (e.g., with resolved OA components) and/or chamber experiments (e.g., investigating how aging influences SOA yields) are needed to better characterize SOA aging and constrain model parameterizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hanqing Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | | | | | - Jun Tao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhiwei Han
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yangjun Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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7
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El-Sayed MMH, Parida SS, Shekhar P, Sullivan A, Hennigan CJ. Predicting Atmospheric Water-Soluble Organic Mass Reversibly Partitioned to Aerosol Liquid Water in the Eastern United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18151-18161. [PMID: 37952161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) formed through aqueous processes contributes substantially to total atmospheric aerosol, however, the impact of water evaporation on particle concentrations is highly uncertain. Herein, we present a novel approach to predict the amount of evaporated organic mass induced by sample drying using multivariate polynomial regression and random forest (RF) machine learning models. The impact of particle drying on fine WSOM was monitored during three consecutive summers in Baltimore, MD (2015, 2016, and 2017). The amount of evaporated organic mass was dependent on relative humidity (RH), WSOM concentrations, isoprene concentrations, and NOx/isoprene ratios. Different models corresponding to each class were fitted (trained and tested) to data from the summers of 2015 and 2016 while model validation was performed using summer 2017 data. Using the coefficient of determination (R2) and the root-mean-square error (RMSE), it was concluded that an RF model with 100 decision trees had the best performance (R2 of 0.81) and the lowest normalized mean error (NME < 1%) leading to low model uncertainties. The relative feature importance for the RF model was calculated to be 0.55, 0.2, 0.15, and 0.1 for WSOM concentrations, RH levels, isoprene concentrations, and NOx/isoprene ratios, respectively. The machine learning model was thus used to predict summertime concentrations of evaporated organics in Yorkville, Georgia, and Centerville, Alabama in 2016 and 2013, respectively. Results presented herein have implications for measurements that rely on sample drying using a machine learning approach for the analysis and interpretation of atmospheric data sets to elucidate their complex behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M H El-Sayed
- Department of Civil Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, Florida 32114, United States
| | - Siddharth S Parida
- Department of Civil Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, Florida 32114, United States
| | - Prashant Shekhar
- Department of Mathematics, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, Florida 32114, United States
| | - Amy Sullivan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Christopher J Hennigan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
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8
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Cummings BE, Pothier MA, Katz EF, DeCarlo PF, Farmer DK, Waring MS. Model Framework for Predicting Semivolatile Organic Material Emissions Indoors from Organic Aerosol Measurements: Applications to HOMEChem Stir-Frying. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:17374-17383. [PMID: 37930106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Cooking activities emit myriad low-volatility, semivolatile, and highly volatile organic compounds that together form particles that can accumulate to large indoor concentrations. Absorptive partitioning thermodynamics governs the particle-phase organic aerosol concentration mainly via temperature and sorbing mass impacts. Cooking activities can increase the organic sorbing mass by 1-2 orders of magnitude, increasing particle-phase concentrations and affecting emission rate calculations. Although recent studies have begun to probe the volatility characteristics of indoor cooking particles, parametrizations of cooking particle mass emissions have largely neglected these thermodynamic considerations. Here, we present an improved thermodynamics-based model framework for estimating condensable organic material emission rates from a time series of observed concentrations, given that adequate measurements or assumptions can be made about the volatility of the emitted species. We demonstrate the performance of this methodology by applying data from stir-frying experiments performed during the House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry (HOMEChem) campaign to a two-zone box model representing the UTest House. Preliminary estimates of organic mass emitted on a per-stir-fry basis for three types of organic aerosol factors are presented. Our analysis highlights that using traditional nonvolatile particle models and emission characterizations for some organic aerosol emitting activities can incorrectly attribute concentration changes to emissions rather than thermodynamic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan E Cummings
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Matson A Pothier
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Erin F Katz
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Michael S Waring
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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9
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Yin L, Bai B, Zhang B, Zhu Q, Di Q, Requia WJ, Schwartz JD, Shi L, Liu P. Climate Penalty on Air Pollution Abated by Anthropogenic Emission Reductions in the United States. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3245771. [PMID: 37645994 PMCID: PMC10462239 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3245771/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Climate change poses direct and indirect threats to public health, including exacerbating air pollution. However, how a warmer temperature deteriorates air quality, known as the "climate penalty" effect, remains highly uncertain in the United States, particularly under rapid reduction in anthropogenic emissions. Here we examined the sensitivity of surface-level fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) to summer temperature anomalies in the contiguous US and their decadal changes using high-resolution datasets generated by machine learning models. Our findings demonstrate that, in the eastern US, efficient emission control strategies have significantly reduced the climate penalty effects on PM2.5 and O3, lowering the associated population exposure. In contrast, summer and annual PM2.5 in the western US became more sensitive to temperature, highlighting the urgent need for the management and mitigation of worsening wildfires. Our results have important implications for air quality management and risk assessments of future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifei Yin
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Bin Bai
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Bingqing Zhang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Qiao Zhu
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Qian Di
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Weeberb J. Requia
- School of Public Policy and Government, Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Joel D. Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Liuhua Shi
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Pengfei Liu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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10
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Hogrefe C, Bash JO, Pleim JE, Schwede DB, Gilliam RC, Foley KM, Appel KW, Mathur R. An Analysis of CMAQ Gas Phase Dry Deposition over North America Through Grid-Scale and Land-Use Specific Diagnostics in the Context of AQMEII4. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2023; 23:8119-8147. [PMID: 37942278 PMCID: PMC10631556 DOI: 10.5194/acp-23-8119-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The fourth phase of the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII4) is conducting a diagnostic intercomparison and evaluation of deposition simulated by regional-scale air quality models over North America and Europe. In this study, we analyze annual AQMEII4 simulations performed with the Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) version 5.3.1 over North America. These simulations were configured with both the M3Dry and Surface Tiled Aerosol and Gas Exchange (STAGE) dry deposition schemes available in CMAQ. A comparison of observed and modeled concentrations and wet deposition fluxes shows that the AQMEII4 CMAQ simulations perform similarly to other contemporary regional-scale modeling studies. During summer, M3Dry has higher ozone (O3) deposition velocities (Vd) and lower mixing ratios than STAGE for much of the eastern U.S. while the reverse is the case over eastern Canada and along the West Coast. In contrast, during winter STAGE has higher O3 Vd and lower mixing ratios than M3Dry over most of the southern half of the modeling domain while the reverse is the case for much of the northern U.S. and southern Canada. Analysis of the diagnostic variables defined for the AQMEII4 project, i.e. grid-scale and land-use (LU) specific effective conductances and deposition fluxes for the major dry deposition pathways, reveals generally higher summertime stomatal and wintertime cuticular grid-scale effective conductances for M3Dry and generally higher soil grid-scale effective conductances (for both vegetated and bare soil) for STAGE in both summer and winter. On a domain-wide basis, the stomatal grid-scale effective conductances account for about half of the total O3 Vd during daytime hours in summer for both schemes. Employing LU-specific diagnostics, results show that daytime Vd varies by a factor of 2 between LU categories. Furthermore, M3Dry vs. STAGE differences are most pronounced for the stomatal and vegetated soil pathway for the forest LU categories, with M3Dry estimating larger effective conductances for the stomatal pathway and STAGE estimating larger effective conductances for the vegetated soil pathway for these LU categories. Annual domain total O3 deposition fluxes differ only slightly between M3Dry (74.4 Tg/year) and STAGE (76.2 Tg/yr), but pathway-specific fluxes to individual LU types can vary more substantially on both annual and seasonal scales which would affect estimates of O3 damages to sensitive vegetation. A comparison of two simulations differing only in their LU classification scheme shows that the differences in LU cause seasonal mean O3 mixing ratio differences on the order of 1 ppb across large portions of the domain, with the differences generally largest during summer and in areas characterized by the largest differences in the fractional coverages of the forest, planted/cultivated, and grassland LU categories. These differences are generally smaller than the M3Dry vs. STAGE differences outside the summer season but have a similar magnitude during summer. Results indicate that the deposition impacts of LU differences are caused both by differences in the fractional coverages and spatial distributions of different LU categories as well as the characterization of these categories through variables like surface roughness and vegetation fraction in look-up tables used in the land-surface model and deposition schemes. Overall, the analyses and results presented in this study illustrate how the diagnostic grid-scale and LU-specific dry deposition variables adopted for AQMEII4 can provide insights into similarities and differences between the CMAQ M3Dry and STAGE dry deposition schemes that affect simulated pollutant budgets and ecosystem impacts from atmospheric pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hogrefe
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., P.O. Box 12055, RTP, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jesse O Bash
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., P.O. Box 12055, RTP, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jonathan E Pleim
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., P.O. Box 12055, RTP, NC 27711, USA
| | - Donna B Schwede
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., P.O. Box 12055, RTP, NC 27711, USA
| | - Robert C Gilliam
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., P.O. Box 12055, RTP, NC 27711, USA
| | - Kristen M Foley
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., P.O. Box 12055, RTP, NC 27711, USA
| | - K Wyat Appel
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., P.O. Box 12055, RTP, NC 27711, USA
| | - Rohit Mathur
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., P.O. Box 12055, RTP, NC 27711, USA
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11
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Wu K, Zhu S, Mac Kinnon M, Samuelsen S. Unexpected deterioration of O 3 pollution in the South Coast Air Basin of California: The role of meteorology and emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121728. [PMID: 37116566 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) pollution has long been a prominent environmental threat due to its adverse impacts on vulnerable populations and ecosystems. In recent years, an unexpected increase in O3 levels over the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) of California has been observed despite reduced precursor emissions and the driving factors behind this abnormal condition remain unclear. In this work, we combine ambient measurements, satellite data, and air quality modeling to investigate O3 and precursor emission trends and explore the impacts of meteorological variability and emission changes on O3 over the SoCAB from 2012 to 2020. Changes in O3 trends were characterized by declining O3 in 2012-2015, and increasing O3 afterwards with the most extreme O3 exceedances in 2020. Basin-wide increases of MDA8 O3 concentrations over warm season were depicted between 2012 and 2020, with the most significant enhancements (5-10 ppb) observed in San Bernardino County. Persistent heatwaves and weak ventilation on consecutive days were closely correlated with O3 exceedances (r2 above 0.6) over inland SoCAB. While decreasing trends in NOx (-4.1%/yr) and VOC emissions (-1.8%/yr) inferred from emission inventory and satellites during 2012-2020 resulted in a slow transition for O3 sensitivity from VOCs-limited to NOx-limited, model simulations performed with fixed meteorology indicate that unfavorable meteorological conditions could largely offset regulation benefits, with meteorology anomaly-induced monthly O3 changes reaching 20 ppb (May 2020) and the deterioration of O3 pollution in 2016, 2017, and 2020 was largely attributed to unfavorable meteorological conditions. Nevertheless, anthropogenic emission changes may act as the dominant factor in governing O3 variations across the SoCAB when net effects of meteorology are neutral (typically 2018). This work provides a comprehensive assessment of O3 pollution and contributes valuable insights into understanding the long-term changes of O3 and precursors in guiding future regulation efforts in the SoCAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- Advanced Power and Energy Program, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Shupeng Zhu
- Advanced Power and Energy Program, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Michael Mac Kinnon
- Advanced Power and Energy Program, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Scott Samuelsen
- Advanced Power and Energy Program, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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12
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Tong H, Wang Y, Tao S, Huang L, Jiang S, Bian J, Chen N, Kasemsan M, Yin H, Huang C, Chen H, Zhang K, Li L. Developed compositional source profile and estimated emissions of condensable particulate matter from coal-fired power plants: A case study of Yantai, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 869:161817. [PMID: 36708842 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The emission and environmental impact of condensable particulate matter (CPM) from coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) are of increasing concern worldwide. Many studies on the characteristics of CPM emission have been conducted in China, but its source profile remains unclear, and its emission inventory remains high uncertainty. In this work, the latest measurements reported in the latest 33 studies for CPM inorganic and organic species emitted from CFPPs in China were summarized, and then a compositional source profile of CPM for CFPPs was developed for the first time in China, which involved 10 inorganic species and 71 organic species. In addition, the CPM emission inventory of CFPPs in Yantai of China was developed based on surveyed activity data, continuous emission monitoring system (CEMS), and the latest measurement data. The results show that: (1) Inorganic species accounted for 77.64 % of CPM emitted from CFPPs in Yantai, among which SO42- had the highest content, accounting for 23.74 % of CPM, followed by Cl-, accounting for 11.95 %; (2) Organic matter accounted for 22.36 % of CPM, among which alkanes accounted for the largest proportion of organic fraction (72.7 %); (3) Emission concentration method (EC) and CEMS-based emission ratio method (ERFPM,CEMS) were recommended to estimate CPM emissions for CFPPs; (4) The estimated CPM emission inventories of Yantai CFPPs in 2020 by the EC method and the ERFPM,CEMS method were 1231 tons and 929 tons, respectively, with uncertainties of -34 % ∼ 33 % and -27 % ∼ 57 %, respectively; (5) CPM emissions were mainly distributed in the northern coastal areas of Yantai. This developed CPM source profile and emission inventory can provide basic data for assessing the impacts of CPM on air quality and health. In addition, this study can provide an important methodology for developing CPM emission inventories and CPM emission source profiles for stationary combustion sources in other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Tong
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yangjun Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Shikang Tao
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Ling Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Sen Jiang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jinting Bian
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Nan Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Manomaiphiboon Kasemsan
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut's University of Technology, Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Energy Technology and Environment, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - Haiyan Yin
- Yantai Environmental Engineering Consulting Design Institute Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong 264000, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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13
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Chang X, Zheng H, Zhao B, Yan C, Jiang Y, Hu R, Song S, Dong Z, Li S, Li Z, Zhu Y, Shi H, Jiang Z, Xing J, Wang S. Drivers of High Concentrations of Secondary Organic Aerosols in Northern China during the COVID-19 Lockdowns. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:5521-5531. [PMID: 36999996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 lockdown in early 2020, observations in Beijing indicate that secondary organic aerosol (SOA) concentrations increased despite substantial emission reduction, but the reasons are not fully explained. Here, we integrate the two-dimensional volatility basis set into a state-of-the-art chemical transport model, which unprecedentedly reproduces organic aerosol (OA) components resolved by the positive matrix factorization based on aerosol mass spectrometer observations. The model shows that, for Beijing, the emission reduction during the lockdown lowered primary organic aerosol (POA)/SOA concentrations by 50%/18%, while deteriorated meteorological conditions increased them by 30%/119%, resulting in a net decrease in the POA concentration and a net increase in the SOA concentration. Emission reduction and meteorological changes both led to an increased OH concentration, which accounts for their distinct effects on POA and SOA. SOA from anthropogenic volatile organic compounds and organics with lower volatility contributed 28 and 62%, respectively, to the net SOA increase. Different from Beijing, the SOA concentration decreased in southern Hebei during the lockdown because of more favorable meteorology. Our findings confirm the effectiveness of organic emission reductions and meanwhile reveal the challenge in controlling SOA pollution that calls for large organic precursor emission reductions to rival the adverse impact of OH increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
- Transport Planning and Research Institute, Ministry of Transport, Laboratory of Transport Pollution Control and Monitoring Technology, Beijing 100028, China
| | - Haotian Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00560, Finland
| | - Yueqi Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruolan Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shaojie Song
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhaoxin Dong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shengyue Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zeqi Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, College of Environment and Energy, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hongrong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Zhe Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Jia Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
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14
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Ohno PE, Brandão L, Rainone EM, Aruffo E, Wang J, Qin Y, Martin ST. Size Dependence of Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation by in Situ Study of Flowing Submicron Aerosol Particles. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:2967-2974. [PMID: 36947002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of atmospheric particles impacts a range of atmospheric processes. Driven by thermodynamics, LLPS occurs in mixed organic-inorganic particles when high inorganic salt concentrations exclude organic compounds, which develop into a separate phase. The effect of particle size on the thermodynamic and kinetic drivers of LLPS, however, remains incompletely understood. Here, the size dependence was studied for the separation relative humidity (SRH) of LLPS. Submicron organic-inorganic aerosol particles of ammonium sulfate mixed with 1,2,6-hexanetriol and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were studied. In a flow configuration, upstream size selection was coupled to a downstream fluorescence aerosol flow tube (F-AFT) at 293 ± 1 K. For both mixed particle types, the SRH values for submicron particle diameters of 260-410 nm agreed with previous measurements reported in the literature for supermicron particles. For smaller particles, the SRH values decreased by approximately 5% RH for diameters of 130-260 nm for PEG-sulfate particles and of 70-190 nm for hexanetriol-sulfate particles. From these observations, the nucleation rate in the hexanetriol-sulfate system was constrained, implying an activation barrier to nucleation of +1.4 to +2.0 × 10-19 J at 70% RH and 293 K. Quantifying the activation barrier is an approach for predicting size-dependent LLPS in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Ohno
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences & Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Harvard University Center for the Environment, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Lilliana Brandão
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences & Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Rainone
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences & Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Eleonora Aruffo
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences & Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department of Advanced Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Junfeng Wang
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences & Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Yiming Qin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences & Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Scot T Martin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences & Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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15
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Lu Y, Yang X, Wang H, Jiang M, Wen X, Zhang X, Meng L. Exploring the effects of land use and land cover changes on meteorology and air quality over Sichuan Basin, southwestern China. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1131389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate characterization of land use and land cover changes (LULCC) is essential for numerical models to capture LULCC-induced effects on regional meteorology and air quality, while outdated LULC dataset largely limits model capability in reproducing land surface parameters, particularly for complex terrain. In this study, we incorporate land cover data from MODIS in 2019 into the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to simulate the impacts of LULC on meteorological parameters over the Sichuan Basin (SCB). Further, we conduct Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) simulations with WRF default LULC and MODIS 2019 to probe the effects on regional air quality. Despite consistency found between meteorological observations and WRF-CMAQ simulations, the default WRF land cover data does not accurately capture rapid urbanization over time compared with MODIS. Modeling results indicate that magnitude changes trigged by LULCC are highly varied across SCB and the impacts of LULCC are more pronounced over extended metropolitan areas due to alteration by urbanization, featured by elevating 2-m temperature up to 2°C and increased planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) up to 400 m. For air quality implications, it is found that LULCC leads to basin-wide O3 enhancements with maximum reaching 21.6 μg/m3 and 57.2 μg/m3 in the daytime and nighttime, respectively, which is mainly attributed to weakening NOx titration effects at night. This work contributes modeling insights into quantitative assessment for impacts of LULCC on regional meteorology and air quality which pinpoints optimization of the meteorology-air quality model.
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16
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Chen L, Gao Y, Ma M, Wang L, Wang Q, Guan S, Yao X, Gao H. Striking impacts of biomass burning on PM 2.5 concentrations in Northeast China through the emission inventory improvement. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120835. [PMID: 36496070 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning exerts substantial influences on air quality and climate, which in turn to further aggravate air quality. The biomass burning emissions in particular of the agricultural burning may suffer large uncertainties which limits the understanding of their impact on air quality. Based on an improved emission inventory of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) relative to commonly used Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED), we thoroughly evaluate the impact of biomass burning on air quality and climate during the episodes of November 2017 in Northeast China which is rich in agriculture burning. The results first indicate substantial underestimates in simulated PM2.5 concentrations without the inclusion of biomass burning emission inventory, based on a regional air quality model Weather Research and Forecasting model and Community Multiscale Air Quality model (WRF-CMAQ). The addition of biomass burning emissions from GFED then reduces the bias to a certain extent, which is further reduced by replacing the agricultural fires data in GFED with VIIRS. Numerical sensitivity experiments show that based on the improved emission inventory, the contribution of biomass burning emissions to PM2.5 concentrations in Northeast China reaches 32%, contrasting to 15% based on GFED, during the episode from November 1 to 7, 2017. Aerosol direct radiative effects from biomass burning are finally elucidated, which not only reduce downward surface shortwave radiation and planetary boundary layer height, but also affect the vertical distribution of air temperature, wind speed and relative humidity, favorable to the accumulation of PM2.5. During November 1-7, 2017, the mean daily PM2.5 enhancement due to aerosol radiative effects from VIIRS_G is 16 μg m-3, a few times higher than that of 2.8 μg m-3 from GFED. The study stresses the critical role of biomass burning, particularly of small fires easily missed in the traditional low-resolution satellite products, on air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiao Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Mingchen Ma
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qinglu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shuhui Guan
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266100, China
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17
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Wang S, Zhao Y, Chan AWH, Yao M, Chen Z, Abbatt JPD. Organic Peroxides in Aerosol: Key Reactive Intermediates for Multiphase Processes in the Atmosphere. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1635-1679. [PMID: 36630720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic peroxides (POs) are organic molecules with one or more peroxide (-O-O-) functional groups. POs are commonly regarded as chemically labile termination products from gas-phase radical chemistry and therefore serve as temporary reservoirs for oxidative radicals (HOx and ROx) in the atmosphere. Owing to their ubiquity, active gas-particle partitioning behavior, and reactivity, POs are key reactive intermediates in atmospheric multiphase processes determining the life cycle (formation, growth, and aging), climate, and health impacts of aerosol. However, there remain substantial gaps in the origin, molecular diversity, and fate of POs due to their complex nature and dynamic behavior. Here, we summarize the current understanding on atmospheric POs, with a focus on their identification and quantification, state-of-the-art analytical developments, molecular-level formation mechanisms, multiphase chemical transformation pathways, as well as environmental and health impacts. We find that interactions with SO2 and transition metal ions are generally the fast PO transformation pathways in atmospheric liquid water, with lifetimes estimated to be minutes to hours, while hydrolysis is particularly important for α-substituted hydroperoxides. Meanwhile, photolysis and thermolysis are likely minor sinks for POs. These multiphase PO transformation pathways are distinctly different from their gas-phase fates, such as photolysis and reaction with OH radicals, which highlights the need to understand the multiphase partitioning of POs. By summarizing the current advances and remaining challenges for the investigation of POs, we propose future research priorities regarding their origin, fate, and impacts in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai200444, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Yue Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E5, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E8, Canada
| | - Min Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Zhongming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3H6, Canada
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18
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Yang X, Yang T, Lu Y, Jiang M, Zhang S, Shao P, Yuan L, Wang C, Wang L. Assessment of summertime ozone formation in the Sichuan Basin, southwestern China. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.931662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The alarming increase of ambient ozone (O3) levels across China raises an urgent need in understanding underlying mechanisms of regional O3 events for highly urbanized city clusters. Sichuan Basin (SCB) situated in southwestern China has experienced severe O3 pollution at times in summer from 2013 to 2020. Here, we use the WRF-CMAQ model with the Integrated Source Apportionment Method (ISAM) to investigate the evolution mechanism and conduct source attribution of an extreme O3 episode in the SCB from June 1 to 8, 2019. This typical summer O3 episode is associated with the synoptic-driven meteorological phenomenon and transboundary flow of O3 and precursors across the SCB. Weak ventilation in combination with stagnant conditions triggered the basin-wide high O3 concentrations and enhanced BVOC emissions substantially contribute up to 57.9 μg/m3 MDA8 O3. CMAQ-ISAM indicates that precursor emissions from industrial and transportation have the largest impacts on elevating ambient O3 concentrations, while power plant emissions exhibit insignificant contributions to basin-wide O3 episodes. These results improve the understanding of the summertime O3 episode in the SCB and contribute insights into designing O3 mitigation policy.
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19
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Decarbonization will lead to more equitable air quality in California. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5738. [PMID: 36180421 PMCID: PMC9525584 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33295-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Air quality associated public health co-benefit may emerge from climate and energy policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, the distribution of these co-benefits has not been carefully studied, despite the opportunity to tailor mitigation efforts so they achieve maximum benefits within socially and economically disadvantaged communities (DACs). Here, we quantify such health co-benefits from different long-term, low-carbon scenarios in California and their distribution in the context of social vulnerability. The magnitude and distribution of health benefits, including within impacted communities, is found to varies among scenarios which reduce economy wide GHG emissions by 80% in 2050 depending on the technology- and fuel-switching decisions in individual end-use sectors. The building electrification focused decarbonization strategy achieves ~15% greater total health benefits than the truck electrification focused strategy which uses renewable fuels to meet building demands. Conversely, the enhanced electrification of the truck sector is shown to benefit DACs more effectively. Such tradeoffs highlight the importance of considering environmental justice implications in the development of climate mitigation planning. Air quality is found to be more equitable through two salient decarbonization pathways for California in 2050 with the relative justice of decarbonization scenarios quantified at the neighborhood level and the tradeoffs between pathways evaluated.
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20
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Zhang S, Lyu Y, Yang X, Yuan L, Wang Y, Wang L, Liang Y, Qiao Y, Wang S. Modeling Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds Emissions and Subsequent Impacts on Ozone Air Quality in the Sichuan Basin, Southwestern China. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.924944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) impact atmospheric oxidation capacity and regional air quality through various biogeochemistry processes. Accurate estimation of BVOC emissions is crucial for modeling the fate and transport of air pollutants in chemical transport models. Previous modeling characterizes the spatial variability of BVOCs while estimated BVOC emissions show large uncertainties, and the impacts of BVOC emissions on ozone (O3) air quality are not well understood. In this study, we estimate the BVOC emissions by model of emissions of gases and aerosols from nature (MEGAN) v2.1 and MEGAN v3.1 over the Sichuan Basin (SCB) situated in southwestern China for 2017. Further, the critical role of BVOC emissions on regional O3 pollution is illustrated with a CMAQ modeled O3 episode in summer 2017. Annual BVOC emissions over the SCB in 2017 are estimated to be 1.8 × 106 tons with isoprene emissions as high as 7.3 × 105 tons. Abundant BVOC emissions are depicted over the southern and southeastern SCB, in contrast to the relatively low emissions of BVOC over the Chengdu Plain and northeastern SCB. CMAQ simulations depict a strong influence of BVOC on ambient O3 formation over densely forested regions including southern SCB and Chongqing city, accounting for 10% of daily maximum hourly O3 concentration (DM1h O3) and 6% of daily maximum 8-h average O3 (MDA8h O3) concentrations in July 2017. Over the severe O3 episode in summer 2017, sensitivity experiments indicate that enhanced BVOC emissions contribute substantially to basin-wide O3 concentrations and elevate peak O3 levels by 36.5 and 31.2 μg/m3 for the southern SCB and Chengdu Plain, respectively. This work identifies robustly important effects of BVOC emissions on O3 exceedance events over the SCB and contributes insight into pursuing an O3 abatement strategy with full consideration of potential contributions from BVOC emissions.
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21
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Wang H, Liu Z, Wu K, Qiu J, Zhang Y, Ye B, He M. Impact of Urbanization on Meteorology and Air Quality in Chengdu, a Basin City of Southwestern China. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.845801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid urbanization has the potential to fundamentally perturb energy budget and alter urban air quality. While it is clear that urban meteorological parameters are sensitive to urbanization-induced changes in landscapes, a gap exists in our knowledge about how changes in land use and land cover affect the dynamics of urban air quality. Herein, we simulated a severe O3 episode (10–16 July 2017) and a highly polluted PM2.5 episode (25–30 December 2017) and assessed the changes of meteorological phenomenon and evolution of air pollutants induced by urbanization. We found that the urban expansion area (i.e., land use transition from natural to urban surfaces between 2000 and 2017, UEA) has a significant increase in nocturnal 2-m temperature (T2) with maximum values reaching 3 and 4°C in summer and winter, respectively. In contrast, UEA experienced cooling in the daytime with stronger reductions of T2 in winter than in summer. The T2 variability is primarily attributed to the intense thermal inertia and high heat capacity of the urban canopy and the shadowing effect caused by urbanization. Owing to increased surface roughness and decreased surface albedo as well as shadowing effects, the ventilation index (VI) of UEA increased up to 1,200 m2/s in winter while decreased up to 950 m2/s in summer. Changes in meteorological phenomenon alter physical and chemical processes associated with variations in PM2.5 and O3 concentrations. Urbanization leads to enhanced vertical advection process and weakened aerosol production, subsequently causing PM2.5 levels to decrease by 33.2 μg/m3 during the day and 4.6 μg/m3 at night, respectively. Meanwhile, O3 levels increased by 61.4 μg/m3 at 20:00 due to the reduction of horizontal advection induced by urbanization, while O3 concentrations changed insignificantly at other times. This work provides valuable insights into the effects of urbanization on urban meteorology and air quality over typical megacities, which support informed decision-making for urban heat and air pollution mitigation.
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22
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Wu K, Wang Y, Qiao Y, Liu Y, Wang S, Yang X, Wang H, Lu Y, Zhang X, Lei Y. Drivers of 2013-2020 ozone trends in the Sichuan Basin, China: Impacts of meteorology and precursor emission changes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 300:118914. [PMID: 35124125 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Sichuan Basin (SCB) of China is known for excessive ozone (O3) pollution owing to high anthropogenic emissions combined with terrain-induced poor ventilation and weak wind fields against the surrounding mountains. While O3 pollution has emerged as a prominent concern in southwestern China yet variations in O3 levels during 2013-2020 are still unclear and the dominant factor in explaining the long-term O3 trend throughout the SCB remains elusive due to uncertainties in emission inventory and variability associated with meteorological conditions. Here, we use extensive basin-wide ambient measurements to examine the spatial pattern and trend of O3 and leverage OMI and TROPOMI satellites in conjunction with MEIC emission inventory to track emission changes. Sensitivity simulations are conducted by using WRF-CMAQ model to investigate the impacts of meteorological variability and emission changes on O3 changes over 2013-2020. O3 concentrations exhibit obvious interannual increases during 2013-2019 and a slight decrease in 2020. Both decreases in the MEIC emission inventory (-2.9% yr-1) and OMI NO2 column density (-3.1% yr-1) reflects the declining trend in NOx emissions over 2013-2020, while anthropogenic VOCs were not adequately regulated during 2013-2017, which explained the majority of deteriorated O3 pollution from 2013 to 2017. Furthermore, attribution analysis based on CMAQ simulations indicate that the unexpected aggravated O3 levels in 2019 is not only modulated by disproportional reductions in VOCs and NOx emissions, but also associated with unfavorable meteorological conditions featured by profound heatwaves and frequent stagnant conditions. In 2020, the abnormal meteorological conditions in May leads to substantial increase of O3 by 26.8 μg m-3 as compared to May 2019, while the considerable enhancement was fully offset by low O3 levels over the whole period which attributes to substantial emission reductions. This study reveals the long-term trend of O3 levels and precursor emissions and highlights the effects of meteorological variability and emission changes on O3 pollution over the SCB, with strong implications for designing effective O3 control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China; Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yurun Wang
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China; Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yuhong Qiao
- Sichuan Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Shigong Wang
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianyu Yang
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China.
| | - Haolin Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yaqiong Lu
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Lei
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
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23
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Campbell PC, Tang Y, Lee P, Baker B, Tong D, Saylor R, Stein A, Huang J, Huang HC, Strobach E, McQueen J, Pan L, Stajner I, Sims J, Tirado-Delgado J, Jung Y, Yang F, Spero TL, Gilliam RC. Development and evaluation of an advanced National Air Quality Forecasting Capability using the NOAA Global Forecast System version 16. GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT 2022; 15:3281-3313. [PMID: 35664957 PMCID: PMC9157742 DOI: 10.5194/gmd-15-3281-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A new dynamical core, known as the Finite-Volume Cubed-Sphere (FV3) and developed at both NASA and NOAA, is used in NOAA's Global Forecast System (GFS) and in limited-area models for regional weather and air quality applications. NOAA has also upgraded the operational FV3GFS to version 16 (GFSv16), which includes a number of significant developmental advances to the model configuration, data assimilation, and underlying model physics, particularly for atmospheric composition to weather feedback. Concurrent with the GFSv16 upgrade, we couple the GFSv16 with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to form an advanced version of the National Air Quality Forecasting Capability (NAQFC) that will continue to protect human and ecosystem health in the US. Here we describe the development of the FV3GFSv16 coupling with a "state-of-the-science" CMAQ model version 5.3.1. The GFS-CMAQ coupling is made possible by the seminal version of the NOAA-EPA Atmosphere-Chemistry Coupler (NACC), which became a major piece of the next operational NAQFC system (i.e., NACC-CMAQ) on 20 July 2021. NACC-CMAQ has a number of scientific advancements that include satellite-based data acquisition technology to improve land cover and soil characteristics and inline wildfire smoke and dust predictions that are vital to predictions of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations during hazardous events affecting society, ecosystems, and human health. The GFS-driven NACC-CMAQ model has significantly different meteorological and chemical predictions compared to the previous operational NAQFC, where evaluation of NACC-CMAQ shows generally improved near-surface ozone and PM2.5 predictions and diurnal patterns, both of which are extended to a 72 h (3 d) forecast with this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C. Campbell
- NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL), College Park, MD, USA
- Center for Spatial Information Science and Systems, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Youhua Tang
- NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL), College Park, MD, USA
- Center for Spatial Information Science and Systems, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Pius Lee
- NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL), College Park, MD, USA
| | - Barry Baker
- NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL), College Park, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Tong
- NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL), College Park, MD, USA
- Center for Spatial Information Science and Systems, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Rick Saylor
- NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL), College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ariel Stein
- NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL), College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jianping Huang
- NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), College Park, MD, USA
- I.M. Systems Group Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ho-Chun Huang
- NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), College Park, MD, USA
- I.M. Systems Group Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Edward Strobach
- NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), College Park, MD, USA
- I.M. Systems Group Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jeff McQueen
- NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), College Park, MD, USA
| | - Li Pan
- NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), College Park, MD, USA
- I.M. Systems Group Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ivanka Stajner
- NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Jose Tirado-Delgado
- NOAA NWS/STI, College Park, MD, USA
- Eastern Research Group, Inc. (ERG), College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Fanglin Yang
- NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), College Park, MD, USA
| | - Tanya L. Spero
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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24
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Lv S, Wang F, Wu C, Chen Y, Liu S, Zhang S, Li D, Du W, Zhang F, Wang H, Huang C, Fu Q, Duan Y, Wang G. Gas-to-Aerosol Phase Partitioning of Atmospheric Water-Soluble Organic Compounds at a Rural Site in China: An Enhancing Effect of NH 3 on SOA Formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3915-3924. [PMID: 35298139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Partitioning gaseous water-soluble organic compounds (WSOC) to the aerosol phase is a major formation pathway of atmospheric secondary organic aerosols (SOA). However, the fundamental mechanism of the WSOC-partitioning process remains elusive. By simultaneous measurements of both gas-phase WSOC (WSOCg) and aerosol-phase WSOC (WSOCp) and formic and acetic acids at a rural site in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region of China during winter 2019, we showed that WSOCg during the campaign dominantly partitioned to the organic phase in the dry period (relative humidity (RH) < 80%) but to aerosol liquid water (ALW) in the humid period (RH > 80%), suggesting two distinct SOA formation processes in the region. In the dry period, temperature was the driving factor for the uptake of WSOCg. In contrast, in the humid period, the factors controlling WSOCg absorption were ALW content and pH, both of which were significantly elevated by NH3 through the formation of NH4NO3 and neutralization with organic acids. Additionally, we found that the relative abundances of WSOCp and NH4NO3 showed a strong linear correlation throughout China with a spatial distribution consistent with that of NH3, further indicating a key role of NH3 in WSOCp formation at a national scale. Since WSOCp constitutes the major part of SOA, such a promoting effect of NH3 on SOA production by elevating ALW formation and WSOCg partitioning suggests that emission control of NH3 is necessary for mitigating haze pollution, especially SOA, in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Lv
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Fanglin Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Can Wu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yubao Chen
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Shijie Liu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Si Zhang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200232, China
| | - Yusen Duan
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200232, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, 20 Cuiniao Road, Chongming, Shanghai 202162, China
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25
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Li W, Teng X, Chen X, Liu L, Xu L, Zhang J, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Shi Z. Organic Coating Reduces Hygroscopic Growth of Phase-Separated Aerosol Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16339-16346. [PMID: 34894668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A large fraction of secondary aerosol particles are liquid-liquid phase-separated with an organic shell and an inorganic core. This has the potential to regulate the hygroscopicity of such particles, with significant implications for their optical properties, reactivity, and lifetime. However, it is unclear how this phase separation affects the hygroscopic growth of the particles. Here, we showed a large variation in hygroscopic growth (e.g., 1.14-1.32 under a relative humidity (RH) of 90%) of particles from the forest and urban atmosphere, which had different average core-shell ratios. For this reason, a controlled laboratory experiment further quantifies the impact of the organic shell on particle growth with different RH values. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that (NH4)2SO4 particles with thicker secondary organic shells have a lower growth factor at an RH below 94%. Organic shells started to deliquesce first (RH > 50%) and the phase changes of sulfate cores from solid to liquid took place at an RH higher than 80% as deliquescence relative humidity of pure (NH4)2SO4. Our study provides the first direct evidence on an individual particle basis that hygroscopic growth behavior of phase-separated particles is dependent on the thickness of organic shells, highlighting the importance of organic coating in water uptake and possible heterogeneous reactions of the phase-separated particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiaome Teng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiyao Chen
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Zongbo Shi
- School of Geography, Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
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26
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Pye HOT, Ward-Caviness CK, Murphy BN, Appel KW, Seltzer KM. Secondary organic aerosol association with cardiorespiratory disease mortality in the United States. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7215. [PMID: 34916495 PMCID: PMC8677800 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fine particle pollution, PM2.5, is associated with increased risk of death from cardiorespiratory diseases. A multidecadal shift in the United States (U.S.) PM2.5 composition towards organic aerosol as well as advances in predictive algorithms for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) allows for novel examinations of the role of PM2.5 components on mortality. Here we show SOA is strongly associated with county-level cardiorespiratory death rates in the U.S. independent of the total PM2.5 mass association with the largest associations located in the southeastern U.S. Compared to PM2.5, county-level variability in SOA across the U.S. is associated with 3.5× greater per capita county-level cardiorespiratory mortality. On a per mass basis, SOA is associated with a 6.5× higher rate of mortality than PM2.5, and biogenic and anthropogenic carbon sources both play a role in the overall SOA association with mortality. Our results suggest reducing the health impacts of PM2.5 requires consideration of SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havala O T Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Cavin K Ward-Caviness
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 104 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Ben N Murphy
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - K Wyat Appel
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Karl M Seltzer
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Postdoctoral Fellow in the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
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27
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Pennington EA, Seltzer KM, Murphy BN, Qin M, Seinfeld JH, Pye HO. Modeling secondary organic aerosol formation from volatile chemical products. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2021; 21:18247-18261. [PMID: 35087576 PMCID: PMC8788583 DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-18247-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Volatile chemical products (VCPs) are commonly-used consumer and industrial items that are an important source of anthropogenic emissions. Organic compounds from VCPs evaporate on atmospherically relevant time scales and include many species that are secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors. However, the chemistry leading to SOA, particularly that of intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs), has not been fully represented in regional-scale models such as the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, which tend to underpredict SOA concentrations in urban areas. Here we develop a model to represent SOA formation from VCP emissions. The model incorporates a new VCP emissions inventory and employs three new classes of emissions: siloxanes, oxygenated IVOCs, and nonoxygenated IVOCs. VCPs are estimated to produce 1.67 μg m-3 of noontime SOA, doubling the current model predictions and reducing the SOA mass concentration bias from -75% to -58% when compared to observations in Los Angeles in 2010. While oxygenated and nonoxygenated intermediate volatility VCP species are emitted in similar quantities, SOA formation is dominated by the nonoxygenated IVOCs. Formaldehyde and SOA show similar relationships to temperature and bias signatures indicating common sources and/or chemistry. This work suggests that VCPs contribute up to half of anthropogenic SOA in Los Angeles and models must better represent SOA precursors from VCPs to predict the urban enhancement of SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse A. Pennington
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow in the Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Karl M. Seltzer
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow in the Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Benjamin N. Murphy
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Momei Qin
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow in the Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - John H. Seinfeld
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Havala O.T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
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Gao L, Liu Z, Chen D, Yan P, Zhang Y, Hu H, Liang H, Liang X. GPS-ZTD data assimilation and its impact on wintertime haze prediction over North China Plain using WRF 3DVAR and CMAQ modeling system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:68523-68538. [PMID: 34273077 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Severe haze frequently hits the North China Plain (NCP), especially in winter during recent years. Meteorological factors affect aerosol formation and its optical properties, and accurate meteorological fields are imperative for accurate aerosol simulations. The impacts of Global Positioning System Zenith Total Delay (GPS-ZTD) data assimilation on meteorology and aerosol simulations were evaluated in this study using the WRF-CMAQ (the Weather Research and Forecasting model and Community Multiscale Air Quality) modelling system over the NCP during 01-31 December 2019. After bias correction, GSP-ZTD data were assimilated into the WRF model using the 3DVAR technique. Two sensitivity tests (CTR and ZTD) were conducted. The WRF model had generally acceptable performance for surface and upper air meteorological variables, PM2.5 and visibility. From the aspect of BIAS, STDE, RMSE, and R, the assimilation of ZTD data improved the underestimation of ground relative humidity (RH). The improvement was more pronounced in the first 18 forecast hours. The mean RH BIAS decreased by 8%. Surface pressure was also improved in ZTD. The influence of ZTD data assimilation on ground temperature and wind tended to be neutral. The BIAS of ZTD decreased by 3% after data assimilation while STED or RMSE increased slightly. After ZTD data assimilation, the PM2.5 underestimation decreased by 3.4% over NCP. And station mean BIAS or RMSE of PM2.5 decreased at more than 70% stations. After ZTD data assimilation, the visibility overestimation was reduced by 2.5%. And more than 81% stations over had lower visibility BIAS or RMSE. Station mean PM2.5 mass concentration increased by 1.5% in ZTD. The primary aerosol species increased by approximately 1%, and most secondary aerosol species increased by greater than 2% affected by both aerosol physical and chemical process. Although the improvement of PM2.5 seems marginal from the perspective of regional or temporal average, the contribution of ZTD data assimilation on specific pollution episodes at specific stations can be great. The improvement of PM2.5 troughs was in the range of 1-5 μg/m3, while the overestimation of PM2.5 peaks was reduced by few up to dozens μg/m3. This will contribute to the extreme value prediction during pollution episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Gao
- Meteorological Observation Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100081, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Sever Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Science, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Zhiquan Liu
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - Dan Chen
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Peng Yan
- Meteorological Observation Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Meteorological Observation Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Heng Hu
- Meteorological Observation Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hong Liang
- Meteorological Observation Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xudong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Sever Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Science, Beijing, 100081, China
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29
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Wang K, Zhang Y, Yu S, Wong DC, Pleim J, Mathur R, Kelly JT, Bell M. A comparative study of two-way and offline coupled WRF v3.4 and CMAQ v5.0.2 over the contiguous US: performance evaluation and impacts of chemistry-meteorology feedbacks on air quality. GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 14:7189-7221. [PMID: 35237388 DOI: 10.5194/gmd-2020-218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The two-way coupled Weather Research and Forecasting and Community Multiscale Air Quality (WRF-CMAQ) model has been developed to more realistically represent the atmosphere by accounting for complex chemistry-meteorology feedbacks. In this study, we present a comparative analysis of two-way (with consideration of both aerosol direct and indirect effects) and offline coupled WRF v3.4 and CMAQ v5.0.2 over the contiguous US. Long-term (5 years from 2008 to 2012) simulations using WRF-CMAQ with both offline and two-way coupling modes are carried out with anthropogenic emissions based on multiple years of the U.S. National Emission Inventory and chemical initial and boundary conditions derived from an advanced Earth system model (i.e., a modified version of the Community Earth System Model/Community Atmospheric Model). The comprehensive model evaluations show that both two-way WRF-CMAQ and WRF-only simulations perform well for major meteorological variables such as temperature at 2 m, relative humidity at 2 m, wind speed at 10 m, precipitation (except for against the National Climatic Data Center data), and shortwave and longwave radiation. Both two-way and offline CMAQ also show good performance for ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Due to the consideration of aerosol direct and indirect effects, two-way WRF-CMAQ shows improved performance over offline coupled WRF and CMAQ in terms of spatiotemporal distributions and statistics, especially for radiation, cloud forcing, O3, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, elemental carbon, tropospheric O3 residual, and column nitrogen dioxide (NO2). For example, the mean biases have been reduced by more than 10 W m-2 for shortwave radiation and cloud radiative forcing and by more than 2 ppb for max 8 h O3. However, relatively large biases still exist for cloud predictions, some PM2.5 species, and PM10 that warrant follow-up studies to better understand those issues. The impacts of chemistry-meteorological feedbacks are found to play important roles in affecting regional air quality in the US by reducing domain-average concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), O3, nitrogen oxide (NO x ), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and PM2.5 by 3.1% (up to 27.8%), 4.2% (up to 16.2%), 6.6% (up to 50.9%), 5.8% (up to 46.6%), and 8.6% (up to 49.1%), respectively, mainly due to reduced radiation, temperature, and wind speed. The overall performance of the two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ model achieved in this work is generally good or satisfactory and the improved performance for two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ should be considered along with other factors in developing future model applications to inform policy making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shaocai Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environment and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - David C Wong
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jonathan Pleim
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Rohit Mathur
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - James T Kelly
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Michelle Bell
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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Wang K, Zhang Y, Yu S, Wong DC, Pleim J, Mathur R, Kelly JT, Bell M. A comparative study of two-way and offline coupled WRF v3.4 and CMAQ v5.0.2 over the contiguous US: performance evaluation and impacts of chemistry-meteorology feedbacks on air quality. GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 14:7189-7221. [PMID: 35237388 PMCID: PMC8883479 DOI: 10.5194/gmd-14-7189-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The two-way coupled Weather Research and Forecasting and Community Multiscale Air Quality (WRF-CMAQ) model has been developed to more realistically represent the atmosphere by accounting for complex chemistry-meteorology feedbacks. In this study, we present a comparative analysis of two-way (with consideration of both aerosol direct and indirect effects) and offline coupled WRF v3.4 and CMAQ v5.0.2 over the contiguous US. Long-term (5 years from 2008 to 2012) simulations using WRF-CMAQ with both offline and two-way coupling modes are carried out with anthropogenic emissions based on multiple years of the U.S. National Emission Inventory and chemical initial and boundary conditions derived from an advanced Earth system model (i.e., a modified version of the Community Earth System Model/Community Atmospheric Model). The comprehensive model evaluations show that both two-way WRF-CMAQ and WRF-only simulations perform well for major meteorological variables such as temperature at 2 m, relative humidity at 2 m, wind speed at 10 m, precipitation (except for against the National Climatic Data Center data), and shortwave and longwave radiation. Both two-way and offline CMAQ also show good performance for ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Due to the consideration of aerosol direct and indirect effects, two-way WRF-CMAQ shows improved performance over offline coupled WRF and CMAQ in terms of spatiotemporal distributions and statistics, especially for radiation, cloud forcing, O3, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, elemental carbon, tropospheric O3 residual, and column nitrogen dioxide (NO2). For example, the mean biases have been reduced by more than 10 W m-2 for shortwave radiation and cloud radiative forcing and by more than 2 ppb for max 8 h O3. However, relatively large biases still exist for cloud predictions, some PM2.5 species, and PM10 that warrant follow-up studies to better understand those issues. The impacts of chemistry-meteorological feedbacks are found to play important roles in affecting regional air quality in the US by reducing domain-average concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), O3, nitrogen oxide (NO x ), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and PM2.5 by 3.1% (up to 27.8%), 4.2% (up to 16.2%), 6.6% (up to 50.9%), 5.8% (up to 46.6%), and 8.6% (up to 49.1%), respectively, mainly due to reduced radiation, temperature, and wind speed. The overall performance of the two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ model achieved in this work is generally good or satisfactory and the improved performance for two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ should be considered along with other factors in developing future model applications to inform policy making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shaocai Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environment and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - David C. Wong
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jonathan Pleim
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Rohit Mathur
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - James T. Kelly
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Michelle Bell
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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31
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Zhang S, Sarwar G, Xing J, Chu B, Xue C, Sarav A, Ding D, Zheng H, Mu Y, Duan F, Ma T, He H. Improving the representation of HONO chemistry in CMAQ and examining its impact on haze over China. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2021; 21:15809-15826. [PMID: 34804135 PMCID: PMC8597575 DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-15809-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We compare Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model predictions with measured nitrous acid (HONO) concentrations in Beijing, China for December 2015. The model with the existing HONO chemistry in CMAQ severely under-estimates the observed HONO concentrations with a normalized mean bias of -97%. We revise the HONO chemistry in the model by implementing six additional heterogeneous reactions in the model: reaction of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on ground surfaces, reaction of NO2 on aerosol surfaces, reaction of NO2 on soot surfaces, photolysis of aerosol nitrate, nitric acid displacement reaction, and hydrochloric acid displacement reaction. The model with the revised chemistry substantially increases HONO predictions and improves the comparison with observed data with a normalized mean bias of -5%. The photolysis of HONO enhances day-time hydroxyl radical by almost a factor of two. The enhanced hydroxyl radical concentrations compare favourably with observed data and produce additional sulfate via the reaction with sulfur dioxide, aerosol nitrate via the reaction with nitrogen dioxide, and secondary organic aerosols via the reactions with volatile organic compounds. The additional sulfate stemming from revised HONO chemistry improves the comparison with observed concentration; however, it does not close the gap between model prediction and the observation during polluted days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Golam Sarwar
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Jia Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Arunachalam Sarav
- Institute for the Environment, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 100 Eurpoa Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Dian Ding
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haotian Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Fengkui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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32
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Liu Y, Wang T, Stavrakou T, Elguindi N, Doumbia T, Granier C, Bouarar I, Gaubert B, Brasseur GP. Diverse response of surface ozone to COVID-19 lockdown in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147739. [PMID: 34323848 PMCID: PMC8123531 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is a key oxidant and pollutant in the lower atmosphere. Significant increases in surface O3 have been reported in many cities during the COVID-19 lockdown. Here we conduct comprehensive observation and modeling analyses of surface O3 across China for periods before and during the lockdown. We find that daytime O3 decreased in the subtropical south, in contrast to increases in most other regions. Meteorological changes and emission reductions both contributed to the O3 changes, with a larger impact from the former especially in central China. The plunge in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission contributed to O3 increases in populated regions, whereas the reduction in volatile organic compounds (VOC) contributed to O3 decreases across the country. Due to a decreasing level of NOx saturation from north to south, the emission reduction in NOx (46%) and VOC (32%) contributed to net O3 increases in north China; the opposite effects of NOx decrease (49%) and VOC decrease (24%) balanced out in central China, whereas the comparable decreases (45-55%) in these two precursors contributed to net O3 declines in south China. Our study highlights the complex dependence of O3 on its precursors and the importance of meteorology in the short-term O3 variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | | | | | - Claire Granier
- Laboratoire d'Aérologie, Toulouse, France; NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory and CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Idir Bouarar
- Environmental Modeling Group, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Gaubert
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Guy P Brasseur
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Environmental Modeling Group, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany; Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
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33
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Chen X, Zhang Y, Wang K, Tong D, Lee P, Tang Y, Huang J, Campbell PC, Mcqueen J, Pye HOT, Murphy BN, Kang D. Evaluation of the offline-coupled GFSv15-FV3-CMAQv5.0.2 in support of the next-generation National Air Quality Forecast Capability over the contiguous United States. GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 14:10.5194/gmd-14-3969-2021. [PMID: 34367521 PMCID: PMC8340608 DOI: 10.5194/gmd-14-3969-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
As a candidate for the next-generation National Air Quality Forecast Capability (NAQFC), the meteorological forecast from the Global Forecast System with the new Finite Volume Cube-Sphere dynamical core (GFS-FV3) will be applied to drive the chemical evolution of gases and particles described by the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system. CMAQv5.0.2, a historical version of CMAQ, has been coupled with the North American Mesoscale Forecast System (NAM) model in the current operational NAQFC. An experimental version of the NAQFC based on the offline-coupled GFS-FV3 version 15 with CMAQv5.0.2 modeling system (GFSv15-CMAQv5.0.2) has been developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to provide real-time air quality forecasts over the contiguous United States (CONUS) since 2018. In this work, comprehensive region-specific, time-specific, and categorical evaluations are conducted for meteorological and chemical forecasts from the offline-coupled GFSv15-CMAQv5.0.2 for the year 2019. The forecast system shows good overall performance in forecasting meteorological variables with the annual mean biases of -0.2 °C for temperature at 2 m, 0.4% for relative humidity at 2 m, and 0.4 m s-1 for wind speed at 10 m compared to the METeorological Aerodrome Reports (METAR) dataset. Larger biases occur in seasonal and monthly mean forecasts, particularly in spring. Although the monthly accumulated precipitation forecasts show generally consistent spatial distributions with those from the remote-sensing and ensemble datasets, moderate-to-large biases exist in hourly precipitation forecasts compared to the Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET) and METAR. While the forecast system performs well in forecasting ozone (O3) throughout the year and fine particles with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5) for warm months (May-September), it significantly overpredicts annual mean concentrations of PM2.5. This is due mainly to the high predicted concentrations of fine fugitive and coarse-mode particle components. Underpredictions in the southeastern US and California during summer are attributed to missing sources and mechanisms of secondary organic aerosol formation from biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semivolatile or intermediate-volatility organic compounds. This work demonstrates the ability of FV3-based GFS in driving the air quality forecasting. It identifies possible underlying causes for systematic region- and time-specific model biases, which will provide a scientific basis for further development of the next-generation NAQFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Tong
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Earth Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
- IM Systems Group, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Pius Lee
- Center for Spatial Information Science and System, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
- Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Youhua Tang
- Center for Spatial Information Science and System, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
- Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Jianping Huang
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Environmental Modeling Center, College Park, MD 20740, USA
- IM Systems Group, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Patrick C. Campbell
- Center for Spatial Information Science and System, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
- Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Jeff Mcqueen
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Environmental Modeling Center, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Benjamin N. Murphy
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Daiwen Kang
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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Appel KW, Bash JO, Fahey KM, Foley KM, Gilliam RC, Hogrefe C, Hutzell WT, Kang D, Mathur R, Murphy BN, Napelenok SL, Nolte CG, Pleim JE, Pouliot GA, Pye HOT, Ran L, Roselle SJ, Sarwar G, Schwede DB, Sidi FI, Spero TL, Wong DC. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model versions 5.3 and 5.3.1: system updates and evaluation. GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 14:2867-2897. [PMID: 34676058 PMCID: PMC8525427 DOI: 10.5194/gmd-14-2867-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 5.3 (CMAQ53), released to the public in August 2019 and followed by version 5.3.1 (CMAQ531) in December 2019, contains numerous science updates, enhanced functionality, and improved computation efficiency relative to the previous version of the model, 5.2.1 (CMAQ521). Major science advances in the new model include a new aerosol module (AERO7) with significant updates to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) chemistry, updated chlorine chemistry, updated detailed bromine and iodine chemistry, updated simple halogen chemistry, the addition of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) chemistry in the CB6r3 chemical mechanism, updated M3Dry bidirectional deposition model, and the new Surface Tiled Aerosol and Gaseous Exchange (STAGE) bidirectional deposition model. In addition, support for the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model's hybrid vertical coordinate (HVC) was added to CMAQ53 and the Meteorology-Chemistry Interface Processor (MCIP) version 5.0 (MCIP50). Enhanced functionality in CMAQ53 includes the new Detailed Emissions Scaling, Isolation and Diagnostic (DESID) system for scaling incoming emissions to CMAQ and reading multiple gridded input emission files. Evaluation of CMAQ531 was performed by comparing monthly and seasonal mean daily 8 h average (MDA8) O3 and daily PM2.5 values from several CMAQ531 simulations to a similarly configured CMAQ521 simulation encompassing 2016. For MDA8 O3, CMAQ531 has higher O3 in the winter versus CMAQ521, due primarily to reduced dry deposition to snow, which strongly reduces wintertime O3 bias (2-4 ppbv monthly average). MDA8 O3 is lower with CMAQ531 throughout the rest of the year, particularly in spring, due in part to reduced O3 from the lateral boundary conditions (BCs), which generally increases MDA8 O3 bias in spring and fall ( 0.5 μg m-3). For daily 24 h average PM2.5, CMAQ531 has lower concentrations on average in spring and fall, higher concentrations in summer, and similar concentrations in winter to CMAQ521, which slightly increases bias in spring and fall and reduces bias in summer. Comparisons were also performed to isolate updates to several specific aspects of the modeling system, namely the lateral BCs, meteorology model version, and the deposition model used. Transitioning from a hemispheric CMAQ (HCMAQ) version 5.2.1 simulation to a HCMAQ version 5.3 simulation to provide lateral BCs contributes to higher O3 mixing ratios in the regional CMAQ simulation in higher latitudes during winter (due to the decreased O3 dry deposition to snow in CMAQ53) and lower O3 mixing ratios in middle and lower latitudes year-round (due to reduced O3 over the ocean with CMAQ53). Transitioning from WRF version 3.8 to WRF version 4.1.1 with the HVC resulted in consistently higher (1.0-1.5 ppbv) MDA8 O3 mixing ratios and higher PM2.5 concentrations (0.1-0.25 μg m-3) throughout the year. Finally, comparisons of the M3Dry and STAGE deposition models showed that MDA8 O3 is generally higher with M3Dry outside of summer, while PM2.5 is consistently higher with STAGE due to differences in the assumptions of particle deposition velocities to non-vegetated surfaces and land use with short vegetation (e.g., grasslands) between the two models. For ambient NH3, STAGE has slightly higher concentrations and smaller bias in the winter, spring, and fall, while M3Dry has higher concentrations and smaller bias but larger error and lower correlation in the summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Wyat Appel
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jesse O. Bash
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Fahey
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kristen M. Foley
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Robert C. Gilliam
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christian Hogrefe
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - William T. Hutzell
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Daiwen Kang
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Rohit Mathur
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin N. Murphy
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sergey L. Napelenok
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christopher G. Nolte
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan E. Pleim
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - George A. Pouliot
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Limei Ran
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Shawn J. Roselle
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Golam Sarwar
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Donna B. Schwede
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Fahim I. Sidi
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Tanya L. Spero
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David C. Wong
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Kucinski TM, Ott EJE, Freedman MA. Dynamics of Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation in Submicrometer Aerosol. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4446-4453. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c01985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M. Kucinski
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Emily-Jean E. Ott
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Miriam Arak Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Huang C, Wang T, Niu T, Li M, Liu H, Ma C. Study on the variation of air pollutant concentration and its formation mechanism during the COVID-19 period in Wuhan. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2021; 251:118276. [PMID: 33642917 PMCID: PMC7900775 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
To prevent the spread of COVID-19 (2019 novel coronavirus), from January 23 to April 8 in 2020, the highest Class 1 Response was ordered in Wuhan, requiring all residents to stay at home unless absolutely necessary. This action was implemented to cut down all unnecessary human activities, including industry, agriculture and transportation. Reducing these activities to a very low level during these hard times meant that some unprecedented naturally occurring measures of controlling emissions were executed. Ironically, however, after these measures were implemented, ozone levels increased by 43.9%. Also worthy of note, PM2.5 decreased 31.7%, which was found by comparing the observation data in Wuhan during the epidemic from 8th Feb. to 8th Apr. in 2020 with the same periods in 2019. Utilizing CMAQ (The Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system), this article investigated the reason for these phenomena based on four sets of numerical simulations with different schemes of emission reduction. Comparing the four sets of simulations with observation, it was deduced that the emissions should decrease to approximately 20% from the typical industrial output, and 10% from agriculture and transportation sources, attributed to the COVID-19 lockdown in Wuhan. More importantly, through the CMAQ process analysis, this study quantitatively analyzed differences of the physical and chemical processes that were affected by the COVID-19 lockdown. It then examined the differences of the COVID-19 lockdown impact and determined the physical and chemical processes between when the pollution increased and decreased, determining the most affected period of the day. As a result, this paper found that (1) PM2.5 decreased mainly due to the reduction of emission and the contrary contribution of aerosol processes. The North-East wind was also in favor of the decreasing of PM2.5. (2) O3 increased mainly due to the slowing down of chemical consumption processes, which made the concentration change of O3 pollution higher at about 4 p.m.-7 p.m. of the day, while increasing the concentration of O3 at night during the COVID-19 lockdown in Wuhan. The higher O3 concentration in the North-East of the main urban area also contributed to the increasing of O3 with unfavorable wind direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congwu Huang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Tijian Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Tao Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hongli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chaoqun Ma
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Huang C, Wang T, Niu T, Li M, Liu H, Ma C. Study on the variation of air pollutant concentration and its formation mechanism during the COVID-19 period in Wuhan. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2021; 251:118276. [PMID: 33642917 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To prevent the spread of COVID-19 (2019 novel coronavirus), from January 23 to April 8 in 2020, the highest Class 1 Response was ordered in Wuhan, requiring all residents to stay at home unless absolutely necessary. This action was implemented to cut down all unnecessary human activities, including industry, agriculture and transportation. Reducing these activities to a very low level during these hard times meant that some unprecedented naturally occurring measures of controlling emissions were executed. Ironically, however, after these measures were implemented, ozone levels increased by 43.9%. Also worthy of note, PM2.5 decreased 31.7%, which was found by comparing the observation data in Wuhan during the epidemic from 8th Feb. to 8th Apr. in 2020 with the same periods in 2019. Utilizing CMAQ (The Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system), this article investigated the reason for these phenomena based on four sets of numerical simulations with different schemes of emission reduction. Comparing the four sets of simulations with observation, it was deduced that the emissions should decrease to approximately 20% from the typical industrial output, and 10% from agriculture and transportation sources, attributed to the COVID-19 lockdown in Wuhan. More importantly, through the CMAQ process analysis, this study quantitatively analyzed differences of the physical and chemical processes that were affected by the COVID-19 lockdown. It then examined the differences of the COVID-19 lockdown impact and determined the physical and chemical processes between when the pollution increased and decreased, determining the most affected period of the day. As a result, this paper found that (1) PM2.5 decreased mainly due to the reduction of emission and the contrary contribution of aerosol processes. The North-East wind was also in favor of the decreasing of PM2.5. (2) O3 increased mainly due to the slowing down of chemical consumption processes, which made the concentration change of O3 pollution higher at about 4 p.m.-7 p.m. of the day, while increasing the concentration of O3 at night during the COVID-19 lockdown in Wuhan. The higher O3 concentration in the North-East of the main urban area also contributed to the increasing of O3 with unfavorable wind direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congwu Huang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Tijian Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Tao Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hongli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chaoqun Ma
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Wang X, Qin Y, Qin J, Yang Y, Qi T, Chen R, Tan J, Xiao K. The interaction laws of atmospheric heavy metal ions and water-soluble organic compounds in PM 2.5 based on the excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123497. [PMID: 32707462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy was used to characterize the fluorescence properties of water-soluble organic compounds (WSOCs) in PM2.5 coupled with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Three main components of WSOCs were extracted from PM2.5, i.e., humic-like (fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like) substances (HULIS), and soluble microbial by-product-like or aromatic protein-like, respectively. A fluorescence quenching experiment was designed to systematically analyze the interaction laws of atmospheric heavy metal ions and WSOCs in PM2.5. Our study revealed HULIS, especially the humic acid-like substances, might be principal substances binding with metal ions and the strength of interactions was related to the types and concentrations of metal ions. Furthermore, EEM was a powerful tool to understand the interaction laws of atmospheric heavy metal ions and WSOCs in PM2.5. This work implied that the interactions of atmospheric heavy metal ions and WSOCs might directly or indirectly play a significant role in atmospheric environment and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qin
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Juanjuan Qin
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanrong Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ting Qi
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rongzhi Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jihua Tan
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Kang Xiao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Zhang Y, Bash JO, Roselle SJ, Shatas A, Repinsky A, Mathur R, Hogrefe C, Piziali J, Jacobs T, Gilliland A. Unexpected air quality impacts from implementation of green infrastructure in urban environments: A Kansas City case study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 744:140960. [PMID: 32711327 PMCID: PMC7802588 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Green infrastructure (GI) implementation can benefit an urban environment by reducing the impacts of urban stormwater on aquatic ecosystems and human health. However, few studies have systematically analyzed the biophysical effects on regional meteorology and air quality that are triggered by changes in the urban vegetative coverage. In this study we use a state-of-the-art high-resolution air quality model to simulate the effects of a hypothetically feasible vegetation-focused GI implementation scenario in Kansas City, MO/KS on regional meteorology and air quality. Full year simulations are conducted for both the base case and GI land use scenarios using two different land surface models (LSMs) schemes inside the meteorological model. While the magnitudes of the changes in air quality due to the GI implementation differ using the two LSMs, the model outputs consistently showed increases in summertime PM2.5 (1.1 μg m-3, approximately 10% increase using NOAH LSM), which occurred mostly during the night and arose from the primary components, due to the cooler surface temperatures and the decreased planetary boundary layer height (PBLH). Both the maximum daily 8-hour average ozone and 1 h daily maximum O3 during summertime, decreased over the downtown areas (maximum decreases of 0.9 and 1.4 ppbv respectively). The largest ozone decreases were simulated to happen during the night, mainly caused by the titration effect of increased NOx concentration from the lower PBLH. These results highlight the region-specific non-linear process feedback from GI on regional air quality, and further demonstrate the need for comprehensive coupled meteorological-air quality modeling systems and necessity of accurate land surface model for studying these impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiang Zhang
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Fellowship Participant at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States of America.
| | - Jesse O Bash
- Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America
| | - Shawn J Roselle
- Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America
| | - Angie Shatas
- Outreach Information Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America
| | - Andrea Repinsky
- Research Services Department, Mid-America Regional Council, Kansas City, MO 64105, United States of America
| | - Rohit Mathur
- Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America
| | - Christian Hogrefe
- Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America
| | - Jamie Piziali
- Water Permits Division, Office of Wastewater Management, Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460, United States of America
| | - Tom Jacobs
- Transportation and Environment, Mid-America Regional Council, Kansas City, MO 64105, United States of America
| | - Alice Gilliland
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States of America
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Zhao J, Sarwar G, Gantt B, Foley K, Henderson BH, Pye HOT, Fahey K, Kang D, Mathur R, Zhang Y, Li Q, Saiz-Lopez A. Impact of dimethylsulfide chemistry on air quality over the Northern Hemisphere. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2020; 244:117961. [PMID: 33132736 PMCID: PMC7592702 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We implement oceanic dimethylsulfide (DMS) emissions and its atmospheric chemical reactions into the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQv53) model and perform annual simulations without and with DMS chemistry to quantify its impact on tropospheric composition and air quality over the Northern Hemisphere. DMS chemistry enhances both sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfate (S O 4 2 - ) over seawater and coastal areas. It enhances annual mean surface SO2 concentration by +46 pptv andS O 4 2 - by +0.33 μg/m3 and decreases aerosol nitrate concentration by -0.07 μg/m3 over seawater compared to the simulation without DMS chemistry. The changes decrease with altitude and are limited to the lower atmosphere. Impacts of DMS chemistry onS O 4 2 - are largest in the summer and lowest in the fall due to the seasonality of DMS emissions, atmospheric photochemistry and resultant oxidant levels. Hydroxyl and nitrate radical-initiated pathways oxidize 75% of the DMS while halogen-initiated pathways oxidize 25%. DMS chemistry leads to more acidic particles over seawater by decreasing aerosol pH. IncreasedS O 4 2 - from DMS enhances atmospheric extinction while lower aerosol nitrate reduces the extinction so that the net effect of DMS chemistry on visibility tends to remain unchanged over most of the seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junri Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Golam Sarwar
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brett Gantt
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - Kristen Foley
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Barron H. Henderson
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kathleen Fahey
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daiwen Kang
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rohit Mathur
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
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Qin M, Murphy BN, Isaacs KK, McDonald BC, Lu Q, McKeen SA, Koval L, Robinson AL, Efstathiou C, Allen C, Pye HO. Criteria pollutant impacts of volatile chemical products informed by near-field modeling. NATURE SUSTAINABILITY 2020; N/A:1-57. [PMID: 33134558 PMCID: PMC7592713 DOI: 10.1038/s41893-020-00614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Consumer, industrial, and commercial product usage is a source of exposure to potentially hazardous chemicals. In addition, cleaning agents, personal care products, coatings, and other volatile chemical products (VCPs), evaporate and react in the atmosphere producing secondary pollutants. Here, we show high air emissions from VCP usage (≥ 14 kg person-1 yr-1, at least 1.7× higher than current operational estimates) are supported by multiple estimation methods and constraints imposed by ambient levels of ozone, hydroxyl radical (OH) reactivity, and the organic component of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Pasadena, California. A near-field model, which estimates human chemical exposure during or in the vicinity of product use, indicates these high air emissions are consistent with organic product usage up to ~75 kg person-1 yr-1, and inhalation of consumer products could be a non-negligible exposure pathway. After constraining the PM2.5 yield to 5% by mass, VCPs produce ~41% of the photochemical organic PM2.5 (1.1 ± 0.3 μg m-3) and ~17% of maximum daily 8-hr average ozone (9 ± 2 ppb) in summer Los Angeles. Therefore, both toxicity and ambient criteria pollutant formation should be considered when organic substituents are developed for VCPs in pursuit of safer and sustainable products and cleaner air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momei Qin
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Research Participant at the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
- Correspondence to: Momei Qin () and Havala Pye ()
| | - Benjamin N. Murphy
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kristin K. Isaacs
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian C. McDonald
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratories, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Quanyang Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stuart A. McKeen
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratories, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Lauren Koval
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Research Participant at the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Allen L. Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christos Efstathiou
- General Dynamics Information Technology Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chris Allen
- General Dynamics Information Technology Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Havala O.T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Correspondence to: Momei Qin () and Havala Pye ()
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Cummings BE, Li Y, DeCarlo PF, Shiraiwa M, Waring MS. Indoor aerosol water content and phase state in U.S. residences: impacts of relative humidity, aerosol mass and composition, and mechanical system operation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:2031-2057. [PMID: 33084679 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00122h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hygroscopic particulate matter (PM) constituents promote uptake of aerosol water (AW), depending on relative humidity (RH), which can constrain qualities such as organic aerosol (OA) phase state and inorganic aerosol (IA) deliquescence and efflorescence. This work provides a first incorporation of AW predictions into residential indoor PM simulations. The indoor model, IMAGES, which simulates factored OA concentrations and thermodynamics using the 2D-volatility basis set, was expanded to predict speciated IA concentrations, AW with κ-Köhler theory of hygroscopic growth, and OA phase state with glass transition temperatures. Since RH is the largest driver of AW and varies with meteorology, simulations were conducted using a database of historical ambient weather and pollution records spanning the sixteen U.S. climate zones, facilitating assessment of seasonal and regional trends. Over this diverse simulation set, the residential indoor AW mass was ∼10 to 100 times smaller than dry PM mass. This relative AW amount indoors was about ∼10 times smaller than outdoors, since indoor-emitted aerosol is likely less hygroscopic. The indoor OA phase state was typically semisolid, suggesting kinetic limitations might inhibit thermodynamic OA partitioning equilibrium from being established indoors. Residences in hot and humid climates during the summertime may have liquid indoor OA, while amorphous solid indoor OA can exist in cold climates. Deliquescence and efflorescence of recirculated IA within HVAC systems during cooling or heating, respectively, was also modeled. Oftentimes, two IA populations with different histories existing as wet or dry aerosol were generated by HVAC operation depending on indoor and outdoor environmental conditions and the HVAC operating mode.
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Carlton AG, Christiansen AE, Flesch MM, Hennigan CJ, Sareen N. Mulitphase Atmospheric Chemistry in Liquid Water: Impacts and Controllability of Organic Aerosol. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1715-1723. [PMID: 32803954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Liquid water is a dominant and critical tropospheric constituent. Over polluted land masses low level cumulus clouds interact with boundary layer aerosol. The planetary boundary layer (PBL) is the lowest atmospheric layer and is directly influenced by Earth's surface. Water-aerosol interactions are critical to processes that govern the fate and transport of trace species in the Earth system and their impacts on air quality, radiative forcing, and regional hydrological cycling. In the PBL, air parcels rise adiabatically from the surface, and anthropogenically influenced hygroscopic aerosols take up water and serve as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) to form clouds. Water-soluble gases partition to liquid water in wet aerosols and cloud droplets and undergo aqueous-phase photochemistry. Most cloud droplets evaporate, and low volatility material formed during aqueous phase chemistry remains in the condensed phase and adds to aerosol mass. The resulting cloud-processed aerosol has different physicochemical properties compared to the original CCN. Organic species that undergo multiphase chemistry in atmospheric liquid water transform gases to highly concentrated, nonideal ionic aqueous solutions and form secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In recent years, SOA formation modulated by atmospheric waters has received considerable interest.Key uncertainties are related to the chemical nature of hygroscopic aerosols that become CCN and their interaction with organic species. Gas-to-droplet or gas-to-aqueous aerosol partitioning of organic compounds is affected by the intrinsic chemical properties of the organic species in addition to the pre-existing condensed phase. Environmentally relevant conditions for atmospheric aerosol are nonideal. Salt identity and concentration, in addition to aerosol phase state, can dramatically affect organic gas miscibility for many compounds, in particular when ionic strength and salt molality are outside the bounds of limiting laws. For example, Henry's law and Debye-Hückel theory are valid only for dilute aqueous systems uncharacteristic of real atmospheric conditions. Chemical theory is incomplete, and at ambient conditions, this chemistry plays a determining role in total aerosol mass and particle size, controlling factors for air quality and climate-relevant aerosol properties.Accurate predictive skill to understand the impacts of societal choices and policies on air quality and climate requires that models contain correct chemical mechanisms and appropriate feedbacks. Globally, SOA is a dominant contributor to the atmospheric organic aerosol burden, and most mass can be traced back to precursor gas-phase volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from the biosphere. However, organic aerosol concentrations in the Amazon Rainforest, the largest emitter of biogenic VOCs, are generally lower than in U.S. national parks. The Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) air quality network, with sites located predominantly in national parks, provides the longest continuous record of organic aerosol measurements in the U.S. Analysis of IMPROVE data provides a useful chemical climatology of changing air resources in response to environmental rules and shifting economic trends. IMPROVE data provides an excellent test bed for case studies to assess model skill to accurately predict changes in organic aerosol concentrations in the context of a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annmarie G. Carlton
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Amy E. Christiansen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Madison M. Flesch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Christopher J. Hennigan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Neha Sareen
- U.S. EPA-Region 2, 290 Broadway, New York, NY 10007, United States
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Regional and Urban-Scale Environmental Influences of Oceanic DMS Emissions over Coastal China Seas. ATMOSPHERE 2020; 11:1-849. [PMID: 33014437 PMCID: PMC7529109 DOI: 10.3390/atmos11080849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Marine biogenic dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is an important natural source of sulfur in the atmosphere, which may play an important role in air quality. In this study, the WRF-CMAQ model is employed to assess the impact of DMS on the atmospheric environment at the regional scale of eastern coastal China and urban scale of Shanghai in 2017. A national scale database of DMS concentration in seawater is established based on the historical DMS measurements in the Yellow Sea, the Bohai Sea and the East China Sea in different seasons during 2009~2017. Results indicate that the sea-to-air emission flux of DMS varies greatly in different seasons, with the highest in summer, followed by spring and autumn, and the lowest in winter. The annual DMS emissions from the Yellow Sea, the Bohai Sea and the East China Sea are 0.008, 0.059, and 0.15 Tg S a−1, respectively. At the regional scale, DMS emissions increase atmospheric sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfate (SO42−) concentrations over the East China seas by a maximum of 8% in summer and a minimum of 2% in winter, respectively. At the urban scale, the addition of DMS emissions increase the SO2 and SO42− levels by 2% and 5%, respectively, and reduce ozone (O3) in the air of Shanghai by 1.5%~2.5%. DMS emissions increase fine-mode ammonium particle concentration distribution by 4% and 5%, and fine-mode nss-SO42− concentration distributions by 4% and 9% in the urban and marine air, respectively. Our results indicate that although anthropogenic sources are still the dominant contributor of atmospheric sulfur burden in China, biogenic DMS emissions source cannot be ignored.
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Strongly and Loosely Bound Water in Ambient Particulate Matter—Qualitative and Quantitative Determination by Karl Fischer Coulometric Method. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12156196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Simple physical characterization of water evaporation can provide detailed information regarding its component distribution in particulate matter (PM) samples. The water presence in PM can greatly influence its polarity and subsequent reaction activity, for example, in secondary inorganic and organic matter formation. In this study, the presence of PM-bound water is detected using the Karl Fischer titration method in a temperature gradient with an aim to quantitatively assess different types of water occurrence. The analyses were initiated by testing two reference materials, namely urban particulate matter 1648a and urban dust 1649b (NIST). Four different types of water were found in both NIST materials, which helped to optimize the temperature ramp program and its adjustment for real PM samples. It was found that water contents in total suspended particles (TSP) are similar to those typically occurring in urban background stations—approximately 7.12–45.13% of the TSP mass, differentiated into the following water mass contributions: 48.5% of the total water found was loosely bound water; 23.3% was attributed to the absorption water; while the missing 20% could be probably attributed to crystal water removed only above 180 °C and artifacts connected with the drift correction problem. By comparing water release curves for single PM-compounds like pure SiO2; Al2O3; NH4NO3; (NH4)2SO4 and NH4Cl with water spectra obtained for real PM samples, it was found that water in particulate matter mainly comes from the dehydration of TSP-bound crystalline like Al2O3, SiO2 and to a lesser extent from salts like NH4NO3; (NH4)2SO4 and NH4Cl. A newly used thermal ramp method was able to assess water contents from Teflon–polypropylene baked filters characterized by low melting points and therefore filter degradation even under temperatures oscillating around 200 °C. The advantage of this new work is the separation of different types of TSP-bound water contributions, facilitating and promoting further research on the origin of PM-bound water and its role in atmospheric chemistry, secondary aerosol formation and visibility.
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Schmedding R, Rasool QZ, Zhang Y, Pye HOT, Zhang H, Chen Y, Surratt JD, Lopez-Hilfiker FD, Thornton JA, Goldstein AH, Vizuete W. Predicting secondary organic aerosol phase state and viscosity and its effect on multiphase chemistry in a regional-scale air quality model. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2020; 20:8201-8225. [PMID: 32983235 PMCID: PMC7510956 DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-8201-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols are a significant public health hazard and have substantial impacts on the climate. Secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) have been shown to phase separate into a highly viscous organic outer layer surrounding an aqueous core. This phase separation can decrease the partitioning of semi-volatile and low-volatile species to the organic phase and alter the extent of acid-catalyzed reactions in the aqueous core. A new algorithm that can determine SOA phase separation based on their glass transition temperature (T g), oxygen to carbon (O : C) ratio and organic mass to sulfate ratio, and meteorological conditions was implemented into the Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling (CMAQ) system version 5.2.1 and was used to simulate the conditions in the continental United States for the summer of 2013. SOA formed at the ground/surface level was predicted to be phase separated with core-shell morphology, i.e., aqueous inorganic core surrounded by organic coating 65.4 % of the time during the 2013 Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) on average in the isoprene-rich southeastern United States. Our estimate is in proximity to the previously reported ~ 70 % in literature. The phase states of organic coatings switched between semi-solid and liquid states, depending on the environmental conditions. The semi-solid shell occurring with lower aerosol liquid water content (western United States and at higher altitudes) has a viscosity that was predicted to be 102-1012 Pa s, which resulted in organic mass being decreased due to diffusion limitation. Organic aerosol was primarily liquid where aerosol liquid water was dominant (eastern United States and at the surface), with a viscosity < 102 Pa s. Phase separation while in a liquid phase state, i.e., liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), also reduces reactive uptake rates relative to homogeneous internally mixed liquid morphology but was lower than aerosols with a thick viscous organic shell. The sensitivity cases performed with different phase-separation parameterization and dissolution rate of isoprene epoxydiol (IEPOX) into the particle phase in CMAQ can have varying impact on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) organic mass, in terms of bias and error compared to field data collected during the 2013 SOAS. This highlights the need to better constrain the parameters that govern phase state and morphology of SOA, as well as expand mechanistic representation of multiphase chemistry for non-IEPOX SOA formation in models aided by novel experimental insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Schmedding
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - Quazi Z. Rasool
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
- Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Haofei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - Jason D. Surratt
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | | | - Joel A. Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - William Vizuete
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
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Freedman MA. Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation in Supermicrometer and Submicrometer Aerosol Particles. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1102-1110. [PMID: 32432453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusThe interactions of aerosol particles with light and clouds are among the most uncertain aspects of anthropogenic climate forcings. The effects of aerosol particles on climate depend on their optical properties, heterogeneous chemistry, water uptake behavior, and ice nucleation activity. These properties in turn depend on aerosol physics and chemistry including composition, size, shape, internal structure (morphology), and phase state. The greatest numbers of particles are found at small, submicrometer sizes, and the properties of aerosol particles can differ on the nanoscale compared with measurements of bulk materials. As a result, our focus has been on characterizing the phase transitions of aerosol particles in both supermicrometer and submicrometer particles. The phase transition of particular interest for us has been liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), which occurs when components of a solution phase separate due to a difference in solubilities. For example, organic compounds can have limited solubility in salt solutions especially as the water content decreases, increasing the concentration of the salt solution, and causing phase separation between organic-rich and inorganic-rich phases. To characterize the systems of interest, we primarily use optical microscopy for supermicrometer particles and cryogenic-transmission microscopy for submicrometer particles.This Account details our main results to date for the phase transitions of supermicrometer particles and the morphology of submicrometer aerosol. We have found that the relative humidity (RH) at which LLPS occurs (separation RH; SRH) is highly sensitive to the composition of the particles. For supermicrometer particles, SRH decreases as the pH is lowered to atmospherically relevant values. SRH also decreases when non-phase-separating organic compounds are added to the particles. For submicrometer particles, a size dependence of morphology is observed in systems that undergo LLPS in supermicrometer particles. In the limit of slow drying rates, particles <30 nm are homogeneous and larger particles are phase-separated. This size dependence of aerosol morphology arises because small particles cannot overcome the activation barrier needed to form a new phase when phase separation occurs by a nucleation and growth mechanism. The inhibition of LLPS in small particles is observed for mixtures of ammonium sulfate with single organic compounds as well as complex organics like α-pinene secondary organic matter. The morphology of particles affects activation diameters for the formation of cloud condensation nuclei. These results more generally have implications for aerosol properties that affect the climate system. In addition, LLPS is also widely studied in materials and biological chemistry, and our results could potentially translate to implications for these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Arak Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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48
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Lu Q, Murphy BN, Qin M, Adams PJ, Zhao Y, Pye HOT, Efstathiou C, Allen C, Robinson AL. Simulation of organic aerosol formation during the CalNex study: updated mobile emissions and secondary organic aerosol parameterization for intermediate-volatility organic compounds. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2020; 20:4313-4332. [PMID: 32461753 PMCID: PMC7252505 DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-4313-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We describe simulations using an updated version of the Community Multiscale Air Quality model version 5.3 (CMAQ v5.3) to investigate the contribution of intermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in southern California during the CalNex study. We first derive a model-ready parameterization for SOA formation from IVOC emissions from mobile sources. To account for SOA formation from both diesel and gasoline sources, the parameterization has six lumped precursor species that resolve both volatility and molecular structure (aromatic versus aliphatic). We also implement new mobile-source emission profiles that quantify all IVOCs based on direct measurements. The profiles have been released in SPECIATE 5.0. By incorporating both comprehensive mobile-source emission profiles for semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and IVOCs and experimentally constrained SOA yields, this CMAQ configuration best represents the contribution of mobile sources to urban and regional ambient organic aerosol (OA). In the Los Angeles region, gasoline sources emit 4 times more non-methane organic gases (NMOGs) than diesel sources, but diesel emits roughly 3 times more IVOCs on an absolute basis. The revised model predicts all mobile sources (including on- and off-road gasoline, aircraft, and on- and off-road diesel) contribute ~ 1 μgm-3 to the daily peak SOA concentration in Pasadena. This represents a ~ 70% increase in predicted daily peak SOA formation compared to the base version of CMAQ. Therefore, IVOCs in mobile-source emissions contribute almost as much SOA as traditional precursors such as single-ring aromatics. However, accounting for these emissions in CMAQ does not reproduce measurements of either ambient SOA or IVOCs. To investigate the potential contribution of other IVOC sources, we performed two exploratory simulations with varying amounts of IVOC emissions from nonmobile sources. To close the mass balance of primary hydrocarbon IVOCs, IVOCs would need to account for 12% of NMOG emissions from nonmobile sources (or equivalently 30.7 t d-1 in the Los Angeles-Pasadena region), a value that is well within the reported range of IVOC content from volatile chemical products. To close the SOA mass balance and also explain the mildly oxygenated IVOCs in Pasadena, an additional 14.8% of nonmobile-source NMOG emissions would need to be IVOCs (assuming SOA yields from the mobile IVOCs apply to nonmobile IVOCs). However, an IVOC-to-NMOG ratio of 26.8% (or equivalently 68.5 t d-1 in the Los Angeles-Pasadena region) for nonmobile sources is likely unrealistically high. Our results highlight the important contribution of IVOCs to SOA production in the Los Angeles region but underscore that other uncertainties must be addressed (multigenerational aging, aqueous chemistry and vapor wall losses) to close the SOA mass balance. This research also highlights the effectiveness of regulations to reduce mobile-source emissions, which have in turn increased the relative importance of other sources, such as volatile chemical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanyang Lu
- Center of Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Research Participation Program at the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin N Murphy
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Momei Qin
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Research Participation Program at the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Peter J Adams
- Center of Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yunliang Zhao
- Center of Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Havala O T Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christos Efstathiou
- General Dynamics Information Technology Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chris Allen
- General Dynamics Information Technology Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Allen L Robinson
- Center of Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Brüggemann M, Xu R, Tilgner A, Kwong KC, Mutzel A, Poon HY, Otto T, Schaefer T, Poulain L, Chan MN, Herrmann H. Organosulfates in Ambient Aerosol: State of Knowledge and Future Research Directions on Formation, Abundance, Fate, and Importance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3767-3782. [PMID: 32157872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates (OSs), also referred to as organic sulfate esters, are well-known and ubiquitous constituents of atmospheric aerosol particles. Commonly, they are assumed to form upon mixing of air masses of biogenic and anthropogenic origin, that is, through multiphase reactions between organic compounds and acidic sulfate particles. However, in contrast to this simplified picture, recent studies suggest that OSs may also originate from purely anthropogenic precursors or even directly from biomass and fossil fuel burning. Moreover, besides classical OS formation pathways, several alternative routes have been discovered, suggesting that OS formation possibly occurs through a wider variety of formation mechanisms in the atmosphere than initially expected. During the past decade, OSs have reached a constantly growing attention within the atmospheric science community with evermore studies reporting on large numbers of OS species in ambient aerosol. Nonetheless, estimates on OS concentrations and implications on atmospheric physicochemical processes are still connected to large uncertainties, calling for combined field, laboratory, and modeling studies. In this Critical Review, we summarize the current state of knowledge in atmospheric OS research, discuss unresolved questions, and outline future research needs, also in view of reductions of anthropogenic sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions. Particularly, we focus on (1) field measurements of OSs and measurement techniques, (2) formation pathways of OSs and their atmospheric relevance, (3) transformation, reactivity, and fate of OSs in atmospheric particles, and (4) modeling efforts of OS formation and their global abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Brüggemann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rongshuang Xu
- Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kai Chung Kwong
- Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anke Mutzel
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hon Yin Poon
- Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tobias Otto
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Laurent Poulain
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Man Nin Chan
- Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- The Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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50
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Lee BH, D’Ambro EL, Lopez-Hilfiker FD, Schobesberger S, Mohr C, Zawadowicz MA, Liu J, Shilling JE, Hu W, Palm BB, Jimenez JL, Hao L, Virtanen A, Zhang H, Goldstein AH, Pye HOT, Thornton JA. Resolving ambient organic aerosol formation and aging pathways with simultaneous molecular composition and volatility observations. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2020; 4:391-402. [PMID: 32328536 PMCID: PMC7180062 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.9b00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosol (OA) constitutes a significant fraction of atmospheric fine particle mass. However, the precursors and chemical processes responsible for a majority of OA are rarely conclusively identified. We use online observations of hundreds of simultaneously measured molecular components obtained from 15 laboratory OA formation experiments with constraints on their effective saturation vapor concentrations to attribute the VOC precursors and subsequent chemical pathways giving rise to the vast majority of OA mass measured in two forested regions. We find that precursors and chemical pathways regulating OA composition and volatility are dynamic over hours to days, with their variations driven by coupled interactions between multiple oxidants. The extent of physical and photochemical aging, and its modulation by NOx, were key to a uniquely comprehensive combined composition-volatility description of OA. Our findings thus provide some of the most complete mechanistic-level guidance to the development of OA descriptions in air quality and Earth system models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben H. Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Emma L. D’Ambro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Claudia Mohr
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Maria A. Zawadowicz
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, U.S.A
| | - Jiumeng Liu
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, U.S.A
| | - John E. Shilling
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, U.S.A
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, U.S.A
| | - Brett B. Palm
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, U.S.A
| | - Jose L. Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, U.S.A
| | - Liqing Hao
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annele Virtanen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Haofei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, U.S.A
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, U.S.A
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle, NC, U.S.A
| | - Joel A. Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
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