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Voelker DK, Visek AJ, Fairhurst KE, Learner JL. Conforming to reforming: A systems understanding of aesthetic sport coaches' behaviors and practices toward female athletes' bodies. Body Image 2024; 51:101784. [PMID: 39197413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Coaches' role in athletes' eating pathology has been largely understood according to athletes' accounts of the coaching behaviors and practices that harmed them. Uniquely, this study engaged coaches as research participants to more fully inform future intervention efforts. Using a multiparadigm approach, this study explored how coaches' understood, constructed, and communicated sport-related body ideals with their female athletes through specific coaching behaviors and practices along with systems of influence and interaction that informed them. Ten coaches (Mage= 35.6) of female aesthetic sport athletes were interviewed. Data were analysed via interpretive description. Results indicated coaches' negative experiences as athletes themselves informed their intention to prevent harm with athletes they coached. Coaches nonetheless emphasized weight, shape, size, and appearance ideals steeped in sport tradition. Dissonance was salient between wanting to prevent harm using strategic approaches to body-related communication, while also reinforcing body ideals believed to promote high performance. Yet, neither athletes' performance goals nor prevention of harm were attained. Influences across coaches' ecosystems explained their behaviors and practices. A novel framework is proposed to describe five intersectional body ideal orientations embodied by the coaches, ranging from body ideal conformity to body diversity advocacy. This framework can inform coach-centered, systems-based education and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana K Voelker
- West Virginia University, School of Sport Sciences, USA.
| | - Amanda J Visek
- The George Washington University, Milken Institute School of Public Health, USA
| | | | - Jordyn L Learner
- University of Denver, Graduate School of Professional Psychology, USA
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2
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Fatt SJ, George E, Hay P, Jeacocke N, Day S, Mitchison D. A systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative research investigating disordered eating and help-seeking in elite athletes. Int J Eat Disord 2024; 57:1621-1641. [PMID: 38619220 DOI: 10.1002/eat.24205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elite athletes are at elevated risk for disordered eating and eating disorders; however, little is known about risk and maintaining factors, or barriers and facilitators of help-seeking in this cohort. This systematic review synthesized qualitative findings regarding possible risk and maintaining factors for disordered eating, as well as barriers to and facilitators of help-seeking in elite athletes. METHOD We conducted a search for qualitative studies that included experiences with body image concerns or disordered eating in elite athletes. A systematic search of CINAHL, PsychINFO, MEDLINE, and Scopus databases identified 828 articles, with 87 retained after title and abstract screening, and 38 included in the review. Quality appraisal was conducted using the checklist for appraising qualitative research (CASP). Data were extracted from each article, including demographic information (e.g., biological sex, age, sport type, level of competition, current, or former athlete) and the text under the "results" or "findings" section. Meta-themes were identified using inductive thematic meta-synthesis. RESULTS The extracted data indicated that most studies sampled female athletes from the United States and UK. Eight meta-themes were identified: (1) the power imbalance; (2) hyperfocus on body, food, and exercise; (3) rigidity; (4) the athlete's balance; (5) the athlete identity; (6) overvaluation and oversimplification; (7) shame, fear, and stigma; and (8) knowledge, education, and self-identification. DISCUSSION These findings highlighted gaps in the demographic representation of specific groups in this research (e.g., males, para-athletes, and ethnic diversity) and propose hypotheses of how sport pressure might contribute to athletes' experiences with disordered eating. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE Disordered eating and body image concerns are prevalent and can have debilitating impacts for elite athletes; however, help-seeking is rare for this population. It remains unclear what factors contribute to disordered eating and/or inhibit help-seeking among elite athletes versus the general population. Understanding athletes' perspectives will inform the modification of prevention and treatment strategies to address athlete-specific factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Fatt
- Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emma George
- Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Phillipa Hay
- Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
- Mental Health Services, SWSLHD, Camden and Campbelltown Hospital, Campbelltown, Australia
| | - Nikki Jeacocke
- AIS Performance, Australian Sports Commission, Canberra, Australia
| | - Sinead Day
- Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Deborah Mitchison
- Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
- Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Vancappel A, Gillet N, Fouquereau E, Chevalier S, Aubouin-Bonnaventure J, Coillot H, Mangolini A, Jansen E, Dicosimo C, El-Hage W. Development of a revised version of the transdiagnostic skills scale (T2S-R). Front Psychol 2024; 15:1290692. [PMID: 38410398 PMCID: PMC10895014 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1290692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The transdiagnostic approach has been shown to offer promising prospects in psychopathology, based on the observation that common factors may be involved in different psychiatric disorders. The transdiagnostic skills scale (T2S) was developed recently to assess the skills that are disrupted in these disorders. However, studies have shown that the T2S has lower predictive power for externalizing than internalizing disorders. This may be due to the fact that the skills assessed do not include the control of urges and cravings. The aims of the current study are thus to develop a revised version of the T2S (T2S-R) integrating this dimension, and to assess its factor structure and invariance across employment status (workers vs. students) and the level of psychopathology. Method We recruited 1,298 French participants online through social media. They completed the revised version of the T2S and the symptomatic transdiagnostic test (S2T), which evaluates 11 clusters of psychiatric symptoms. We assessed the factor structure, internal consistency, invariance, and predictive validity of the revised T2S. Results We found a good fit for a bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling (B-ESEM) approach including a global skills factor and seven specific factors. The results also indicate that the new dimension (i.e., control of urges and cravings) has good predictive value, especially for externalizing problems. We also found total invariance of the scale across employment status and partial invariance across the level of psychopathology. Conclusion The revised version of the T2S-R has good psychometric properties. It predicts better externalizing problems than the original version. However, the scale remains more correlated with internalizing than externalizing problems. We discuss the implications of the results on the transdiagnostic conceptualization and the interest of using a mixed approach combining transdiagnostic and diagnostic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Vancappel
- Département de Psychologie, QualiPsy, Qualité de Vie et santé Psychologique, Université de Tours, Tours, France
- CHRU de Tours, Pôle de Psychiatrie-Addictologie, Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Gillet
- Département de Psychologie, QualiPsy, Qualité de Vie et santé Psychologique, Université de Tours, Tours, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Evelyne Fouquereau
- Département de Psychologie, QualiPsy, Qualité de Vie et santé Psychologique, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Séverine Chevalier
- Département de Psychologie, QualiPsy, Qualité de Vie et santé Psychologique, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Julia Aubouin-Bonnaventure
- Département de Psychologie, QualiPsy, Qualité de Vie et santé Psychologique, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Hélène Coillot
- Département de Psychologie, QualiPsy, Qualité de Vie et santé Psychologique, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Anna Mangolini
- CHRU de Tours, Pôle de Psychiatrie-Addictologie, Tours, France
| | - Eline Jansen
- CHRU de Tours, Pôle de Psychiatrie-Addictologie, Tours, France
| | - Cinzia Dicosimo
- CHRU de Tours, Pôle de Psychiatrie-Addictologie, Tours, France
| | - Wissam El-Hage
- CHRU de Tours, Pôle de Psychiatrie-Addictologie, Tours, France
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
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Zaccagni L, Rosa L, Toselli S, Gualdi-Russo E. Sports Practice, Body Image Perception, and Factors Involved in Sporting Activity in Italian Schoolchildren. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1850. [PMID: 38136052 PMCID: PMC10742091 DOI: 10.3390/children10121850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Regular physical activity is generally deemed to positively affect health, but studies on children are scarce. Among the kinds of physical activity, sports practice is the most common and easiest to quantify and report by children. This cross-sectional study aimed to compare the two genders and evaluate the association between organized sports practice and body dissatisfaction in a sample of 214 Italian schoolchildren (55.6% males) aged 5 to 12. Body image perception and data on sports practice expectations and facilitators were collected in individual face-to-face interviews; weight and stature were directly measured. Girls tended to be sportier than boys (91.6% of girls vs. 86.3% of boys practiced sports), with an earlier start in sports (5.48 ± 1.47 vs. 5.72 ± 1.38 years) and a greater amount of weekly sports (3.41 ± 2.95 vs. 3.01 ± 2.11 h/week). In both genders, the ideal silhouette was more slender than the feel silhouette, and in girls more than in boys. According to the outcomes of multiple regression models, years of organized sports participation were a significant predictor of the weekly amount of sports in both genders, in addition to the feel weight status minus actual weight status inconsistency score, fun in sports, and parental support only in boys and teacher support only in girls. Children's needs and interests and sports facilitators should be considered to promote an early active lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Zaccagni
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.Z.); (L.R.)
- Center for Exercise Science and Sports, University of Ferrara, 44123 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Rosa
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.Z.); (L.R.)
| | - Stefania Toselli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Emanuela Gualdi-Russo
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.Z.); (L.R.)
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Ohashi YGB, Wang SB, Shingleton RM, Nock MK. Body dissatisfaction, ideals, and identity in the development of disordered eating among adolescent ballet dancers. Int J Eat Disord 2023; 56:1743-1751. [PMID: 37260249 PMCID: PMC10524937 DOI: 10.1002/eat.24005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little is known about how female adolescent ballet dancers-a group at high-risk for the development of body dissatisfaction and eating disorders-construct body ideals, and how their social identities interact with body ideals to confer risk for disordered eating. Using a novel body figure behavioral task, this study investigated (1) whether degree of body dissatisfaction corresponded to severity of disordered eating thoughts and behaviors, and (2) how ballet identity corresponded with ideal body figure size among adolescent ballet dancers. METHODS Participants were 188 female ballet dancers ages 13-18 years who completed self-report measures of study constructs and the behavioral task. RESULTS Linear regression models indicated that more severe body dissatisfaction was positively associated with increased disordered eating thoughts and behaviors (p < .19), except for muscle building (p = .32). We also found that identifying more strongly as a ballet dancer was correlated with having a smaller ideal body size (p = .017). CONCLUSION Findings from this study suggest desire to achieve smaller body sizes is correlated with more severe disordered eating endorsement and stronger ballet identity. Instructors and clinicians may consider assessing the extent to which individuals identify as a ballet dancer as a risk factor for disordered eating and encourage adolescent dancers to build and nurture other identities beyond ballet. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE Eating disorders are debilitating conditions that can lead to malnutrition, social isolation, and even premature death. Though disordered eating thoughts and behaviors can affect anyone, adolescents in physically demanding and body image-driven activities including ballet dance are particularly vulnerable. Investigating how factors like body dissatisfaction and strength of identity are associated with disordered eating among high-risk groups is crucial for developing effective prevention and intervention methods that minimize harm.
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Stackeová D, Barešová T, Přibylová B. A pilot study of a modification EAT-26 questionnaire for screening pathological eating behavior in competitive athletes. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1166129. [PMID: 37333604 PMCID: PMC10272717 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1166129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study deals with pathological forms of eating behavior and disorders of athletes with the aim to verify a newly created questionnaire method focused on their screening. First, a detailed analysis of one of the most frequently used methods, EAT-26, was carried out, which was subsequently reworked into a newly created questionnaire that should meet the criteria for application to a group of competitive athletes. This new questionnaire was then verified on a group of athletes in risky sports disciplines. It was distributed among athletes of aesthetic sports, specifically among aerobics (gymnastic, sport, and fitness), gymnastics (modern and sport), professional dance, figure skating, and bodybuilding/fitness (classic bodybuilding, bikini fitness, and men's physique). In total, 100 respondents, 79 women and 21 men, with 20 persons from each sport branch, aged 16-26, participated in the research. The main results of the research investigation were determined using factor analysis, which yielded positive results. Five strong factors (dietary control, body weight control, training obsession, appetite, and calorie counting) were identified, which can be defined as common and well-known characteristics in the eating and training regime of competitive athletes. At the same time, the factors found can be defined as essential factors influencing the emergence of disturbed eating behavior or the later development of an eating disorder. Compared to the original EAT-26, the point score was adjusted, and its critical value was determined at 57 points. Of the respondents, 33%, i.e., 33 out of a possible 100, achieved this value or above. Respondents with a point score of 57 and above were found in every sport tested. Of the 33 respondents reaching this point limit, 6% were in aerobics, 24% in gymnastics, 15% in professional dance, 27% in figure skating, and 27% in bodybuilding/fitness. Respondents from the bodybuilding and fitness sports sector achieved the highest number of points on average and those were the only ones who exceeded the threshold of 57 points on average. The results of the work correspond with the opinion of many experts that the sports environment is ideal for covering up disturbed eating behavior or eating disorders, and diagnosis in this environment is difficult.
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Zaccagni L, Gualdi-Russo E. The Impact of Sports Involvement on Body Image Perception and Ideals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20065228. [PMID: 36982136 PMCID: PMC10049477 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20065228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about body image may affect athletes, mainly because of specific sports models to achieve successful performance. This systematic review reports on body image dissatisfaction (BID) in athletes following the guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. From a total of 887 articles identified through a systematic search of electronic databases, 15 articles conducted on 2412 athletes were included in this review. To be eligible for inclusion, the studies must have been published in the last ten years up until September 2022 and analyze body image perception using body figure drawings and anthropometric profiles. The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the adapted Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for observational studies. These studies were compared through thematic analysis of BID to develop four general issues, including gender, sport type and level, and weight status. According to the meta-analyses, the significant medium and small effect sizes found for gender and weight status, respectively, indicated that male athletes had lower BID than females and that, among the latter, normal-weight athletes had a higher BID than underweight ones. The implications and limitations of the included studies are discussed extensively in this review, highlighting the need for further research on BID examined both in the social and the sports contexts. Sports activity should be carried out following healthy lifestyles, and promoting positive BI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Zaccagni
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Center for Exercise Science and Sports, University of Ferrara, 44123 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Emanuela Gualdi-Russo
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Polak E, Gardzińska A, Zadarko-Domaradzka M. Anorexic Readiness Syndrome in Elite Female Acrobatic Gymnasts-International Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13181. [PMID: 36293760 PMCID: PMC9603453 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Anorexic Readiness Syndrome (ARS) is a concept used in research for the early detection of disordered eating (DE). It is a set of indicators located primarily within the cognitive and behavioral sphere of an individual's functioning. The aim of this study was to examine whether among the elite acrobats there are girls showing a high level of anorexic tendency, and if so, what behaviors and attitudes are the most common. In addition, an attempt to determine what sport-related factors or other non-sport variables may increase the risk of ARS was conducted. The study group was made up of 133 acrobatic gymnasts aged 10-19, representing six countries that participated in the Acro World Cup competition held in Poland. The study procedures included surveys (personal questionnaire and the Eating Attitudes Questionnaire), anthropometric measurements such as weight, height, waist circumference (WC) and determination of the Body Mass Index (BMI), fat percentage (Fat%), and waist to height ratio (WHtR). A high level of ARS was found in 9.8% of acrobats. This group most often declared attitudes and behaviors indicative of anorexic tendencies. A strong relationship with the level of ARS was noted in the following: the use of fasting and diets (p ≤ 0.001; V = 0.54), limiting of fats and carbohydrates (p ≤ 0.001; V = 0.60), feeling angry after eating too much (p ≤ 0.001; V = 0.55), knowing the caloric value of many food products (p ≤ 0.001; V = 0.59), and the desire to improve the appearance of one's body (p ≤ 0.001; V = 0.52). The role played in the acrobatic partnership and the region of residence were considered as the sport-related risk factors. Among non-sport factors, the strongest predictor of ARS was the age of gymnasts (β = 0.516; p ≤ 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Polak
- Academic Sports Centre, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Adrianna Gardzińska
- Academic Sports Centre, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Maria Zadarko-Domaradzka
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College, Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
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Mikhaylova O. Mother blaming and anorexia: How ideological state apparatuses have informed my perception of my mother's role in the formation of my eating disorder. FEMINISM & PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09593535221101456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Autoethnographic research has described the tendency to ascribe blame to mothers for their daughters’ disordered eating patterns, but the mechanisms by which these attitudes develop have been insufficiently investigated. The literature on mother-blaming and mothers’ roles in the development of women's eating disorders has provided macro-level theoretical explanations for this attribution of blame but lacks depictions of women who subscribe to these macro narratives and yet subsequently attribute blame to their own mothers on the micro level. In this paper, I address these two gaps by conducting a feminist autoethnographic inquiry into my own history of blaming my mother for my anorexia and other disordered eating patterns. I use classical structuralist and post-structuralist theoretical concepts, as well as Althusser's proposed neo-Marxist idea of ideological state apparatuses (ISAs). Results indicate that my mother-blaming behavior was mainly influenced by apparatuses of medicine, church, education, family, and culture. Legal, political, civic, and media apparatuses were less involved in the construction of my perception in this area. All in all, my findings provide richer insight into mother-blaming internalization on the micro level and enlarge the “palette” of feminist approaches to eating disorder analysis.
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Weight Pressures and Eating Disorder Symptoms among Adolescent Female Gymnasts of Different Performance Levels in Greece. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9020254. [PMID: 35204974 PMCID: PMC8870309 DOI: 10.3390/children9020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the weight pressures within the gymnastics environment and explored associations between these pressures and eating disorder (ED) symptoms in adolescent female gymnasts. One hundred and forty-seven competitive gymnasts and 122 recreational-level gymnasts (11–17 years old) completed the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), the Weight-Pressures in Sport-Females (WPS-F), the Social Desirability Scale (SDS) and provided information on their training. It was found that 16.3% of competitive gymnasts and 7.4% of non-competitive gymnasts scored ≥20 in EAT-26, indicating disordered eating behavior. Competitive gymnasts scored higher than non-competitive in the total score of EAT-26 (p = 0.027), as well as in the total score of WPS-F, the sport and coaches weight pressures sub-scale and the appearance and performance weight pressures sub-scale (p < 0.001). Multiple regression analyses indicated that sport and coaches weight pressures, appearance and performance weight pressures and body mass index accounted for 30.3% of the variance of EAT-26 in competitive gymnasts, while the appearance and performance weight pressures sub-scale accounted for 16.3% of the variance of EAT-26 in non-competitive gymnasts. Sport and coaches weight pressures are associated with ED in competitive gymnasts, while body appearance and performance demands correlate with ED in female gymnasts irrespective of competitive level.
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Santo André HC, Pinto AJ, Mazzolani BC, Smaira FI, Ulian MD, Gualano B, Benatti FB. " Can A Ballerina Eat Ice Cream?": A Mixed-Method Study on Eating Attitudes and Body Image in Female Ballet Dancers. Front Nutr 2022; 8:665654. [PMID: 35071286 PMCID: PMC8770265 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.665654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We aimed to explore how a group of classical ballet dancers perceived their eating attitudes and their bodies, with special attention to the potential presence of eating disorders (EDs) symptoms and body image (dis)satisfaction. Methods: A cross-sectional, mixed-method study was conducted on fourteen trained classical ballet dancers (18–30 years old). Their experiences, perceptions, and feelings regarding eating attitudes and body image concerning classical ballet were acquired through qualitative focus groups. The presence of EDs symptoms and perception and (dis)satisfaction with body image was analyzed quantitatively through self-report questionnaires. Results: Participants reported concerning eating attitudes during the focus groups, such as the regular practice of several restrictive popular diets, constant restriction of foods considered “heavy” or “fatty,” meal skipping and ignoring signs of hunger, presence of overeating episodes due to stress and anxiety, feeling guilty about breaking their usual diet, classifying foods as “good” and “bad” or “lean” and “fat,” and excluding some of those foods from their usual diets. These reports were partially reflected in the questionnaires, with 50% of the ballerinas showing bulimic symptoms indicative of an unusual eating pattern (only two of them with a significant risk index), 7.1% showing symptoms of moderate binge eating, and 14.3% symptoms of EDs in general. Additionally, when considering their bodies in the context of everyday life, participants were satisfied; however, in the “classical ballet” context, they reported feeling dissatisfied with their shape. These findings were in line with results from the Stunkard's Scale, which revealed that 50% of the sample was dissatisfied with their current body shape and 57.1% indicated that their desired body shape was a leaner figure than one they considered healthy. Conclusions: The constant practice of restrictive diets and other weight-loss strategies to achieve a leaner body were associated with symptoms of EDs and body dissatisfaction in this sample. Importantly, the questionnaires used seemed to underestimate the presence of a disordered eating pattern reported by the participants during focus groups. These data could help to inform psychological and nutritional strategies aimed at improving performance, physical and psychological well-being, and quality of life of ballet dancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Jessica Pinto
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Caruso Mazzolani
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Infante Smaira
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Dimitrov Ulian
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Braga Benatti
- School of Applied Science (FCA), State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Doria N, Numer M. Dancing in a culture of disordered eating: A feminist poststructural analysis of body and body image among young girls in the world of dance. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0247651. [PMID: 35020720 PMCID: PMC8754298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders among adolescent girls are a public health concern. Adolescent girls that participate in aesthetic sport, such as dance, are of particular concern as they experience the highest rates of clinical eating disorders. The purpose of this study is to explore the experiences of young girls in the world of competitive dance and examine how these experiences shape their relationship with the body; feminist poststructural discourse analysis was employed to critically explore this relationship. Interviews were conducted across Canada with twelve young girls in competitive dance (14–18 years of age) to better understand how the dominant discourses in the world of competitive dance constitute the beliefs, values and practices about body and body image. Environment, parents, coaches, and peers emerged as the largest influencers in shaping the young dancers’ relationship with their body. These influencers were found to generate and perpetuate body image discourses that reinforce the ideal dancer’s body and negative body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Doria
- School of Health and Human Performance, Stairs House, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthew Numer
- School of Health and Human Performance, Stairs House, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Sweeney E, Howell DR, Seehusen CN, Tilley D, Casey E. Health outcomes among former female collegiate gymnasts: the influence of sport specialization, concussion, and disordered eating. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2021; 49:438-444. [PMID: 33186080 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2020.1850150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Gymnastics is a popular sport with high injury rates, especially at the collegiate level. There is limited evidence, however, regarding the risks of early specialization in this sport, the rate of concussions in gymnasts, and the long-term effects of disordered eating in gymnasts. We sought to describe health-related outcomes of former collegiate gymnasts and the association with early sport specialization, concussion history, and disordered eating.Methods: We distributed an online survey through social media outlets. A total of 473 former female collegiate gymnasts completed the survey and were grouped according to early (<14 years) specialization, presence or absence of concussion history, and history of disordered eating. We determined the number of participants who had time-loss injuries, injuries requiring surgery, and injuries resulting in retirement. We also evaluated menstrual history, reasons for sport retirement, functional outcome measures, and mental health.Results: The median age of gymnastics specialization was 8 years [interquartile range = 6-11 years]. The proportion of injuries sustained during college did not significantly differ by specialization age. A significantly greater proportion of early specializers required surgery for college sports-related injuries (60% vs. 44%; p = 0.02). Forty-two percent of the respondents reported concussion history, and a greater proportion of those with concussion history reported seeking mental health treatment during college (32% vs. 23%; p = 0.03), and anxiety disorder diagnosis (16% vs. 9%; p = 0.01). Disordered eating history was reported by 34% of the respondents, and this group had a higher proportion of time-loss injury (78% vs 65%; p = 0.004), and osteoporosis (4% vs 0%; p = 0.003) during college, and worse current pain (11.5 vs 10.2; p = 0.007) and physical function (12.2 vs 11.0; p = 0.01) than those without disordered eating.Conclusion: Athletes and clinicians should be aware of the long-term effects of early specialization, concussions, and disordered eating in gymnastics as these issues are common in female collegiate gymnasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Sweeney
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Sports Medicine Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David R Howell
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Sports Medicine Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - David Tilley
- Champion Physical Therapy and Performance, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Ellen Casey
- Department of Physiatry, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Remmel L, Jürimäe J, Tamm AL, Purge P, Tillmann V. The Associations of Body Image Perception with Serum Resistin Levels in Highly Trained Adolescent Estonian Rhythmic Gymnasts. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093147. [PMID: 34579022 PMCID: PMC8471672 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhythmic gymnasts (RGs) are more likely to be dissatisfied with their body mass and shape compared to untrained controls (UCs). However, due to the lack of information, the aim of this study was to investigate the associations of body image perception (BIP) with body composition, daily energy consumption and different blood biochemical markers in adolescent RGs compared to UCs. Thirty-three highly trained RG girls and 20 UC girls aged 14–18 years participated in this cross-sectional study. Height, body mass, body composition, energy intake, resting energy expenditure, training volume and different blood biochemical markers were measured. The body attitude test (BAT) was used to evaluate the BIP of the participants. There were no differences in the total BAT scores between the groups. In RGs, the BAT score correlated positively with the serum resistin level (r = 0.35; p = 0.047). A stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that 40.8% of the variability in the BAT score was determined by resistin and BMI. The association of BIP with resistin values was observed only in RGs. In conclusion, our findings add to the increasing evidence that resistin may be a link between BIP and body composition, most likely through fat mass, in adolescent female RGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liina Remmel
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 51008 Tartu, Estonia; (J.J.); (P.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +372-7375372; Fax: +372-7375373
| | - Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 51008 Tartu, Estonia; (J.J.); (P.P.)
| | - Anna-Liisa Tamm
- Department of Physiotherapy and Environmental Health, Tartu Health Care College, 50411 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Priit Purge
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 51008 Tartu, Estonia; (J.J.); (P.P.)
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 50406 Tartu, Estonia;
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Children’s Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
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15
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Di Corrado D, Coco M, Guarnera M, Maldonato NM, Quartiroli A, Magnano P. The Influence of Self-Efficacy and Locus of Control on Body Image: A Path-Analysis in Aspiring Fashion Models, Athletes and Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18116128. [PMID: 34204114 PMCID: PMC8201046 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18116128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
It is widely documented that negative body image is a significant public health concern due to its association with symptoms of disordered eating and worse psychological well-being. The purpose of the study was to develop a path model of intrapersonal dimensions (self-efficacy and internal locus of control) as antecedents of perceived stress toward females’ body dissatisfaction and eating attitude disorders. A total of 300 females, including 100 aspiring fashion models, 100 athletes and 100 students (controls), between 15 and 24 years of age (M = 19.6, SD = 1.85) participated in the study. Measures included level of psychological stress, self-efficacy and locus of control dimensions, body dissatisfaction and eating attitude disorder indices. A path analysis confirmed our research hypothesis. Comparing the three subsamples, we found better fit indexes in the two subgroups with elevated investment on their body image with respect the control group. More specifically, the model in the group of aspiring fashion models showed the best fit index. These results indicated that aspiring fashion models have a strong desire to maintain their low body mass or to become thinner. For this reason, a suitable involvement of expert health workers in the nutritional and psychological field could be extremely essential in the fashion world to maintain a healthier well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Di Corrado
- Department of Sport Sciences, Kore University, Cittadella Universitaria, 94100 Enna, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Marinella Coco
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Maria Guarnera
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Kore University, 94100 Enna, Italy; (M.G.); (P.M.)
| | - Nelson Mauro Maldonato
- Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Quartiroli
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA;
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2UP, UK
| | - Paola Magnano
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Kore University, 94100 Enna, Italy; (M.G.); (P.M.)
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16
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Amato A, Proia P, Caldara GF, Alongi A, Ferrantelli V, Baldassano S. Analysis of Body Perception, Preworkout Meal Habits and Bone Resorption in Child Gymnasts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18042184. [PMID: 33672264 PMCID: PMC7926894 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of physical activity on body image perception and bone are debated among artistic gymnasts. Gymnasts seem to be at greater risk of developing body dissatisfaction, eating disorders and osteoporosis due to inadequate nutrition and attention to the appearance of the body. The objective of this work was to investigate the association between the artistic gymnast and a more favorable body image compared to their sedentary peers and if a preworkout high-carbohydrate meal (HCM; 300 kcal, 88% carbohydrates, 9% protein, 3% fat) or high-protein meal (HPM; 300 kcal, 55% carbohydrates, 31% protein, 13% fat) is able to attenuate bone resorption in young rhythmic gymnasts. Twenty-eight preadolescent female gymnasts were examined. Self-esteem tests were used to analyze body image perception. Preworkout eating habits were examined by short food frequency questions (FFQ) validated for children. The biomarker of the bone resorption C-terminal telopeptide region of collagen type 1 (CTX) was measured in the urine (fasting, postmeal and postworkout). Gymnasts reported higher satisfaction with their body appearance compared to sedentary peers. Of the gymnasts, 30% did not have a preworkout meal regularly, and the timing of the consumption was variable. Bone resorption was decreased by the HCM, consumed 90 min before the training, with respect to the HPM. The study suggests that playing artistic gymnastics is associated with a positive body self-perception in a child. The variability in preworkout meal frequency and timing need attention to prevent inadequate eating habits in light of the ability of the HCM to reduce acute bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Amato
- Department of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (A.A.); (P.P.)
| | - Patrizia Proia
- Department of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (A.A.); (P.P.)
| | - Gaetano Felice Caldara
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.F.C.); (A.A.); (V.F.)
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Angelina Alongi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.F.C.); (A.A.); (V.F.)
| | - Vincenzo Ferrantelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.F.C.); (A.A.); (V.F.)
| | - Sara Baldassano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence:
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17
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Anthropometric Indicators of Body Image Dissatisfaction and Perception Inconsistency in Young Rhythmic Gymnastics. Asian J Sports Med 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.87871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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18
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Dantas AG, Alonso DA, Sánchez-Miguel PA, Del Río Sánchez C. Factors Dancers Associate with their Body Dissatisfaction. Body Image 2018; 25:40-47. [PMID: 29475190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Body dissatisfaction constitutes an important factor in the development of eating pathologies, particularly among dancers. The aim of this research was to test the factors that dancers identified as relevant to their body dissatisfaction using an exploratory mixed method design. Participants were 369 dancers from two Spanish dance conservatories. Questionnaires assessed body dissatisfaction, abnormal eating attitudes and behaviors, and risk factors to eating disorders in the dance domain. Nine factors were found; the "teacher", the "uniform", and the "mirrors" were the most common. Individuals with a greater likelihood of developing an eating disorder identified teacherś influence as a key factor in their body dissatisfaction. Specifically, ballet dancers were more likely to indicate that teachers were a negative influence compared to students in other dance genres (contemporary, flamenco, and Spanish dance). Programs to reduce negative body image and improve positive body image in dance conservatories are needed, specifically focusing on teachers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana García Dantas
- Psychologist at Reina Sofia Hospital, Córdoba, Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Sevilla, Spain
| | - Diana Amado Alonso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Physical Education Area, King Juan Carlos University, Faculty of Juridical and Social Sciences, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pedro Antonio Sánchez-Miguel
- Department of Didactic of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, Faculty of Teacher Training, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Carmen Del Río Sánchez
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Sevilla, Spain
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19
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Arthur-Cameselle J, Sossin K, Quatromoni P. A qualitative analysis of factors related to eating disorder onset in female collegiate athletes and non-athletes. Eat Disord 2017; 25:199-215. [PMID: 27897463 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2016.1258940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Female athletes are at risk for clinical eating disorders, yet their onset experiences have rarely been studied with qualitative methods. This study, which included interviews with 12 collegiate female athletes and 17 non-athletes, identified factors that contributed to eating disorder onset for both subgroups. Inductive content analysis revealed that low self-worth, peer issues, and comorbid psychological disorders were common in both groups. However, athletes reported sport-specific factors including performance pressure, team weigh-ins, and injuries, whereas family dysfunction, bullying, and puberty were more commonly reported triggers for non-athletes. Findings support prevention and treatment programs customized for unique vulnerabilities for each subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessyca Arthur-Cameselle
- a Department of Health and Human Development , Western Washington University , Bellingham , Washington , USA
| | - Kayla Sossin
- b Department of International Affairs , University of St. Andrews , Fife , Scotland , UK
| | - Paula Quatromoni
- c Department of Health Sciences, College of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
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20
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Tan JOA, Calitri R, Bloodworth A, McNamee MJ. Understanding Eating Disorders in Elite Gymnastics: Ethical and Conceptual Challenges. Clin Sports Med 2016; 35:275-92. [PMID: 26832977 DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Eating disorders and disordered eating are more common in high performance sports than the general population, and particularly so in high performance aesthetic sports. This paper presents some of the conceptual difficulties in understanding and diagnosing eating disorders in high performance gymnasts. It presents qualitative and quantitative data from a study designed to ascertain the pattern of eating disorder symptoms, depressive symptoms and levels of self-esteem among national and international level gymnasts from the UK in the gymnastic disciplines of sport acrobatics, tumbling, and rhythmic gymnastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Oon Ai Tan
- Institute of Life Sciences 2, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Room 306, Floor 3, Singleton Campus, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Raff Calitri
- Psychology Applied to Health, College House, University of Exeter Medical School, St. Luke's Campus, Magdalen Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Andrew Bloodworth
- Interprofessional Studies, College of Human and Health Sciences, Floor 7, Vivian Tower, Swansea University Singleton Campus, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Michael J McNamee
- College of Engineering, Swansea University Bay Campus, Fabian Way, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
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21
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Neves CM, Filgueiras Meireles JF, Berbert de Carvalho PH, Schubring A, Barker-Ruchti N, Caputo Ferreira ME. Body dissatisfaction in women's artistic gymnastics: A longitudinal study of psychosocial indicators. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1745-1751. [PMID: 27690759 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1235794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Body dissatisfaction is prevalent in women's artistic gymnastics (WAG). Cross-sectional research points to social and individual risk factors, however it does not account for potential changes in body dissatisfaction during an athletic season. This study aimed to determine how gymnasts' body dissatisfaction, risk factors for eating disorders, media internalisation, perfectionism and mood state change during pre-competition, competition and post-competition seasons and to identify how these psychosocial indicators impact on body dissatisfaction during the athletic year. The sample consisted of 20 Brazilian elite women's artistic gymnasts aged 10-16 years. Data were obtained from a 9-month study using: Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ); Eating Attitude Test-26; Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3); Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS); Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) and triceps and subscapular skinfolds. Body dissatisfaction was higher during the competition season and disordered eating, perfectionism and vigour values were higher in the pre-competition season. Disordered eating has been found as the strongest predictor of body dissatisfaction during all seasons, and mood state partly contributed to body dissatisfaction in the competitive season. Stakeholders should understand that body dissatisfaction and the prevalence of disordered eating may change over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Mockdece Neves
- a Faculty of Physical Education and Sport , Federal University of Juiz de Fora , Juiz de Fora , Brazil
| | | | | | - Astrid Schubring
- c Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Natalie Barker-Ruchti
- c Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
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22
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Sabato TM, Walch TJ, Caine DJ. The elite young athlete: strategies to ensure physical and emotional health. Open Access J Sports Med 2016; 7:99-113. [PMID: 27621677 PMCID: PMC5012846 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s96821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This article presents a current review of the risk of physical and psychological injury associated with participation in elite youth sport, and suggests strategies to ensure the physical and emotional health of these young athletes. Although there is lack of epidemiological data, especially with regard to psychological injury, preliminary data suggest that the risk of injury is high in this population. While there is lack of incident and follow-up data, there is also concern regarding burnout, disordered eating, and the long-term consequences of injury. Modifiable injury risk factors identified include postural control, competition anxiety, life events, previous injury, and volume of training. There are presently no studies designed to determine the effectiveness of injury prevention measures in elite youth sports. However, there is adequate evidence arising from injury prevention studies of youth sports participants - including neuromuscular training, protective equipment, mental training to enhance self-esteem, and sport rules modification - to prevent injuries in elite youth sports settings. Although not tested, psychosocial prevention strategies such as adoption of task-oriented coping mechanisms, autonomous support from parents, and a proactive organizational approach also show promise in injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Sabato
- Department of Kinesiology and Public Health Education, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Tanis J Walch
- Department of Kinesiology and Public Health Education, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Dennis J Caine
- Department of Kinesiology and Public Health Education, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
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23
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Mitchell SB, Haase AM, Malina RM, Cumming SP. The role of puberty in the making and breaking of young ballet dancers: Perspectives of dance teachers. J Adolesc 2016; 47:81-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Harriger JA, Witherington DC, Bryan AD. Eating pathology in female gymnasts: potential risk and protective factors. Body Image 2014; 11:501-8. [PMID: 25173666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although participation in sports that emphasize aestheticism, such as women's gymnastics, are associated with higher rates of eating pathology, little is known about the risk and protective factors involved in this process. We established and tested a model proposing that body surveillance and body shame are processes by which pubertal development and training may uniquely contribute to pathological eating by sampling 100 competitive female gymnasts via questionnaires. We further tested whether self-esteem moderated several model relationships. Results demonstrated that pubertal development was associated with higher levels of body surveillance, body shame and disordered eating; whereas greater time spent training was associated with lower levels of body shame and disordered eating. Finally higher self-esteem was associated with lower levels of disordered eating, less body surveillance, and less body shame. Potential risk and protective factors for the development of eating pathology in female gymnasts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angela D Bryan
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
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25
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Goodwin H, Arcelus J, Marshall S, Wicks S, Meyer C. Critical comments concerning shape and weight: associations with eating psychopathology among full-time dance students. Eat Weight Disord 2014; 19:115-8. [PMID: 24097346 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-013-0075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Huw Goodwin
- Loughborough University Centre for Research into Eating Disorders, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK,
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26
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Individual and relational risk factors for the development of eating disorders in adolescent aesthetic athletes and general adolescents. Eat Weight Disord 2013; 18:403-11. [PMID: 23943379 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-013-0055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared potential risk and protective factors, levels of disordered eating (DE), and their relationship among young aesthetic athletes (elite and non-elite) and controls (N = 725; 62.5 % females; mean age = 15.3, SD = 2.1). The participants completed self-report measures (McKnight Risk Factor Survey-IV, Contour Drawing Rating Scale and Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire). Female elite athletes showed a greater risk of developing eating disorders than non-elite athletes and controls, with no difference between the three groups of males. Multiple group analyses revealed important differences in DE predictors. Although social pressure is the strongest DE predictor in non-elite athletes and controls, in elite athletes, the strongest DE predictor is body image dissatisfaction. Parental influences, rather than self-esteem, are predictors of DE in elite athletes, unlike the other two groups. These results show that the risk and protective factors involved in the development of DE are not universally valid. The results highlight the importance of studying specific characteristics associated with DE in aesthetic athletes. Some implications for ED risk assessment and prevention are discussed.
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