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Ren Z, Yang Z, Srinivasaraghavan Govindarajan R, Madiyar F, Cheng M, Kim D, Jiang Y. Two-Photon Polymerization of Butterfly Wing Scale Inspired Surfaces with Anisotropic Wettability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:9362-9370. [PMID: 38324407 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Wings of Morph aega butterflies are natural surfaces that exhibit anisotropic liquid wettability. The direction-dependent arrangement of the wing scales creates orientation-turnable microstructures with two distinct contact modes for liquid droplets. Enabled by recent developments in additive manufacturing, such natural surface designs coupled with hydrophobicity play a crucial role in applications such as self-cleaning, anti-icing, and fluidic manipulation. However, the interplay among resolution, architecture, and performance of bioinspired structures is barely achieved. Herein, inspired by the wing scales of the Morpho aega butterfly, full-scale synthetic surfaces with anisotropic wettability fabricated by two-photon polymerization are reported. The quality of the artificial butterfly scale is improved by optimizing the laser scanning strategy and the objective lens movement path. The corresponding contact angles of water on the fabricated architecture with various design parameters are measured, and the anisotropic fluidic wettability is investigated. Results demonstrate that tuning the geometrical parameters and spatial arrangement of the artificial wing scales enables anisotropic behaviors of the droplet's motion. The measured results also indicate a reverse phenomenon of the fabricated surfaces in contrast to their natural counterparts, possibly attributed to the significant difference in equilibrium wettability between the fabricated microstructures and the natural Morpho aega surface. These findings are utilized to design next-generation fluid-controllable interfaces for manipulating liquid mobility on synthetic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefu Ren
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, Florida 32114, United States
| | - Zhuoyuan Yang
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, Florida 32114, United States
| | | | - Foram Madiyar
- Department of Physical Science, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, Florida 32114, United States
| | - Meng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Equipment and Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
| | - Daewon Kim
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, Florida 32114, United States
| | - Yizhou Jiang
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, Florida 32114, United States
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Fu H, Yu B. 3D micro/nano hydrogel structures fabricated by two-photon polymerization for biomedical applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1339450. [PMID: 38433823 PMCID: PMC10904474 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1339450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are three-dimensional natural or synthetic cross-linked networks composed of polymer chains formed by hydrophilic monomers. Due to the ability to simulate many properties of natural extracellular matrix, hydrogels have been widely used in the biomedical field. Hydrogels can be obtained through a variety of polymerization strategies such as heating and redox. However, photochemistry is one of the most interesting methods for researchers in this field. Gelatin-methacryloyl (GelMA) inherits the biological activity of gelatin and has become one of the gold standards in the field of biomaterials. GelMA, as a photopolymerizable hydrogel precursor, can be used to fabricate 3D porous structures for biomedical applications through two-photon polymerization. We report a new formulation of GelMA-based photoresist and used it to manufacture a series of two-photon polymerization structures, with a maximum resolution less than 120 nm. The influence of process parameters on 3D structures manufacturing is studied by adjusting the scanning speed, laser power, and layer spacing values in two-photon polymerization processing. In vitro biological tests show that the 3D hydrogel produced by two-photon polymerization in this paper is biocompatible and suitable for MC3T3-E1 cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Baojun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano and Ultra-precision Manufacturing, School of Mechatronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Barzaghini B, Carelli S, Messa L, Rey F, Avanzini MA, Jacchetti E, Maghraby E, Berardo C, Zuccotti G, Raimondi MT, Cereda C, Calcaterra V, Pelizzo G. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Expanded Inside the Nichoid Micro-Scaffold: a Focus on Anti-Inflammatory Response. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37363698 PMCID: PMC10027280 DOI: 10.1007/s40883-023-00296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a promising source for stem cell therapies in numerous diseases, including pediatric respiratory system diseases. Characterized by low immunogenicity, high anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory features, MSCs demonstrated an excellent therapeutic profile in numerous in vitro and preclinical models. MSCs reside in a specialized physiologic microenvironment, characterized by a unique combination of biophysical, biochemical, and cellular properties. The exploitation of the 3D micro-scaffold Nichoid, which simulates the native niche, enhanced the anti-inflammatory potential of stem cells through mechanical stimulation only, overcoming the limitation of biochemical and xenogenic growth factors application. Materials and Methods In this work, we expanded pediatric bone marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs) inside the Nichoid and performed a complete cellular characterization with different approaches including viability assays, immunofluorescence analyses, RNA sequencing, and gene expression analysis. Results We demonstrated that BM-MSCs inside the scaffold remain in a stem cell quiescent state mimicking the condition of the in vivo environment. Moreover, the gene expression profile of these cells shows a significant up-regulation of genes involved in immune response when compared with the flat control. Conclusion The significant changes in the expression profile of anti-inflammatory genes could potentiate the therapeutic effect of BM-MSCs, encouraging the possible clinical translation for the treatment of pediatric congenital and acquired pulmonary disorders, including post-COVID lung manifestations. Lay Summary Regenerative medicine is the research field integrating medicine, biology, and biomedical engineering. In this context, stem cells, which are a fundamental cell source able to regenerate tissues and restore damage in the body, are the key component for a regenerative therapeutic approach. When expanded outside the body, stem cells tend to differentiate spontaneously and lose regenerative potential due to external stimuli. For this reason, we exploit the scaffold named Nichoid, which mimics the in vivo cell niche architecture. In this scaffold, mesenchymal stem cells "feel at home" due to the three-dimensional mechanical stimuli, and our findings could be considered as an innovative culture system for the in vitro expansion of stem cells for clinical translation. Future Perspective The increasing demand of safe and effective cell therapies projects our findings toward the possibility of improving cell therapies based on the use of BM-MSCs, particularly for their clinical translation in lung diseases. Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Barzaghini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stephana Carelli
- Pediatric Research Center “Romeo Ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Center of Functional Genomics and Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Messa
- Center of Functional Genomics and Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Electronic, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Rey
- Pediatric Research Center “Romeo Ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Center of Functional Genomics and Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Avanzini
- Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory, Cell Factory, Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Jacchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Erika Maghraby
- Pediatric Research Center “Romeo Ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Clarissa Berardo
- Pediatric Research Center “Romeo Ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Center of Functional Genomics and Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Pediatric Research Center “Romeo Ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Teresa Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Cereda
- Center of Functional Genomics and Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Calcaterra
- Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gloria Pelizzo
- Pediatric Surgery Unit, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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O'Halloran S, Pandit A, Heise A, Kellett A. Two-Photon Polymerization: Fundamentals, Materials, and Chemical Modification Strategies. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204072. [PMID: 36585380 PMCID: PMC9982557 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon polymerization (TPP) has become a premier state-of-the-art method for microscale fabrication of bespoke polymeric devices and surfaces. With applications ranging from the production of optical, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and microfluidic devices, TPP has grown immensely in the past two decades. Significantly, the field has expanded from standard acrylate- and epoxy-based photoresists to custom formulated monomers designed to change the hydrophilicity, surface chemistry, mechanical properties, and more of the resulting structures. This review explains the essentials of TPP, from its initial conception through to standard operating principles and advanced chemical modification strategies for TPP materials. At the outset, the fundamental chemistries of radical and cationic polymerization are described, along with strategies used to tailor mechanical and functional properties. This review then describes TPP systems and introduces an array of commonly used photoresists including hard polyacrylic resins, soft hydrogel acrylic esters, epoxides, and organic/inorganic hybrid materials. Specific examples of each class-including chemically modified photoresists-are described to inform the understanding of their applications to the fields of tissue-engineering scaffolds, micromedical, optical, and drug delivery devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seán O'Halloran
- CÚRAMthe SFI Research Centre for Medical DevicesSchool of Chemical SciencesDublin City UniversityGlasnevinDublin 9Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- CÚRAMthe SFI Research Centre for Medical DevicesUniversity of GalwayGalwayH91 W2TYIreland
| | - Andreas Heise
- RCSIUniversity of Medicine and Health SciencesDepartment of Chemistry123 St. Stephens GreenDublinDublin 2Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER)RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences and Trinity College DublinDublinDublin 2Ireland
- CÚRAMthe SFI Research Centre for Medical DevicesRCSI University of Medicine and Health SciencesDublin and National University of Ireland GalwayGalwayH91 W2TYIreland
| | - Andrew Kellett
- CÚRAMthe SFI Research Centre for Medical DevicesSchool of Chemical SciencesDublin City UniversityGlasnevinDublin 9Ireland
- SSPCthe SFI Research Centre for PharmaceuticalsDublin City UniversityGlasnevinDublinDublin 9Ireland
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Cheng Z, Zhang N, Chang L, Qi P, Zhang L, Lin L, Wang Y, Liu W. Two-photon collagen crosslinking in ex vivo human corneal lenticules induced by near-infrared femtosecond laser. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202200160. [PMID: 36153307 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Myopia and keratoconus have become common corneal diseases that threaten the quality of human vision, and keratoconus is one of the most common indications for corneal transplantation worldwide. Collagen crosslinking (CXL) using riboflavin and ultraviolet A (UVA) light is an effective approach for treating ophthalmic disorders and has been shown clinically not only to arrest further progression of keratoconus but also to improve refractive power for cornea. However, CXL surgery irradiated by UVA has various potential risks such as surface damage and endothelial cell damage. Here, near-infrared femtosecond laser-based two-photon CXL was first applied to ex vivo human corneal stroma, operating at low photon energy with high precision and stability. After two-photon CXL, the corneal stiffness can be enhanced by 300% without significantly reducing corneal transparency. These findings illustrate the optimized direction that depositing high pulses energy in corneal focal volume (not exceeding damage threshold), and pave the way to 3D CXL of in vivo human cornea with higher safety, precision, and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhou Cheng
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Le Chang
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, China
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Pengfei Qi
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, China
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lie Lin
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, China
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, China
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Testa C, Oliveto S, Jacchetti E, Donnaloja F, Martinelli C, Pinoli P, Osellame R, Cerullo G, Ceri S, Biffo S, Raimondi MT. Whole transcriptomic analysis of mesenchymal stem cells cultured in Nichoid micro-scaffolds. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:945474. [PMID: 36686258 PMCID: PMC9852851 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.945474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to be ideal candidates for clinical applications where not only regenerative potential but also immunomodulation ability is fundamental. Over the last years, increasing efforts have been put into the design and fabrication of 3D synthetic niches, conceived to emulate the native tissue microenvironment and aiming at efficiently controlling the MSC phenotype in vitro. In this panorama, our group patented an engineered microstructured scaffold, called Nichoid. It is fabricated through two-photon polymerization, a technique enabling the creation of 3D structures with control of scaffold geometry at the cell level and spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit, down to 100 nm. The Nichoid's capacity to maintain higher levels of stemness as compared to 2D substrates, with no need for adding exogenous soluble factors, has already been demonstrated in MSCs, neural precursors, and murine embryonic stem cells. In this work, we evaluated how three-dimensionality can influence the whole gene expression profile in rat MSCs. Our results show that at only 4 days from cell seeding, gene activation is affected in a significant way, since 654 genes appear to be differentially expressed (392 upregulated and 262 downregulated) between cells cultured in 3D Nichoids and in 2D controls. The functional enrichment analysis shows that differentially expressed genes are mainly enriched in pathways related to the actin cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix (ECM), and, in particular, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), thus confirming the important role of cell morphology and adhesions in determining the MSC phenotype. In conclusion, our results suggest that the Nichoid, thanks to its exclusive architecture and 3D cell adhesion properties, is not only a useful tool for governing cell stemness but could also be a means for controlling immune-related MSC features specifically involved in cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Testa
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy,Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy,*Correspondence: Carolina Testa, ; Manuela T. Raimondi,
| | - Stefania Oliveto
- Department of Bioscience (DBS), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuela Jacchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Donnaloja
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Pietro Pinoli
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Osellame
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology (IFN)-CNR and Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology (IFN)-CNR and Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Ceri
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Biffo
- Department of Bioscience (DBS), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Manuela T. Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy,*Correspondence: Carolina Testa, ; Manuela T. Raimondi,
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A Review on Stimuli-Actuated 3D Micro/Nanostructures for Tissue Engineering and the Potential of Laser-Direct Writing via Two-Photon Polymerization for Structure Fabrication. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214270. [PMID: 36430752 PMCID: PMC9699325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we present the most recent and relevant research that has been done regarding the fabrication of 3D micro/nanostructures for tissue engineering applications. First, we make an overview of 3D micro/nanostructures that act as backbone constructs where the seeded cells can attach, proliferate and differentiate towards the formation of new tissue. Then, we describe the fabrication of 3D micro/nanostructures that are able to control the cellular processes leading to faster tissue regeneration, by actuation using topographical, mechanical, chemical, electric or magnetic stimuli. An in-depth analysis of the actuation of the 3D micro/nanostructures using each of the above-mentioned stimuli for controlling the behavior of the seeded cells is provided. For each type of stimulus, a particular recent application is presented and discussed, such as controlling the cell proliferation and avoiding the formation of a necrotic core (topographic stimulation), controlling the cell adhesion (nanostructuring), supporting the cell differentiation via nuclei deformation (mechanical stimulation), improving the osteogenesis (chemical and magnetic stimulation), controlled drug-delivery systems (electric stimulation) and fastening tissue formation (magnetic stimulation). The existing techniques used for the fabrication of such stimuli-actuated 3D micro/nanostructures, are briefly summarized. Special attention is dedicated to structures' fabrication using laser-assisted technologies. The performances of stimuli-actuated 3D micro/nanostructures fabricated by laser-direct writing via two-photon polymerization are particularly emphasized.
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Fu H, Jing X, Lin J, Wang L, Jiang H, Yu B, Sun M. Knowledge domain and hotspots analysis concerning applications of two-photon polymerization in biomedical field: A bibliometric and visualized study. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1030377. [PMID: 36246385 PMCID: PMC9561250 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1030377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Two-photon polymerization (TPP) utilizes an optical nonlinear absorption process to initiate the polymerization of photopolymerizable materials. To date, it is the only technique capable of fabricating complex 3D microstructures with finely adjusted geometry on the cell and sub-cell scales. TPP shows a very promising potential in biomedical applications related to high-resolution features, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, microfluidic devices, and so forth. Therefore, it is of high significance to grasp the global scientific achievements in this field. An analysis of publications concerning the applications of TPP in the biomedical field was performed, and the knowledge domain, research hotspots, frontiers, and research directions in this topic were identified according to the research results. Methods: The publications concerning TPP applications in biomedical field were retrieved from WoSCC between 2003 and 2022, Bibliometrics and visual analysis employing CiteSpace software and R-language package Bibliometrix were performed in this study. Results: A total of 415 publications regarding the TPP applications in the biomedical field were retrieved from WoSCC, including 377 articles, and 38 review articles. The studies pertaining to the biomedical applications of TPP began back in 2003 and showed an upward trend constantly. Especially in the recent 5 years, studies of TPP in biomedical field have increased rapidly, with the number of publications from 2017 to 2021 accounting for 52.29% of the total. In terms of output, China was the leading country and Chinese Acad Sci, Tech Inst Phys and Chem was the leading institution. The United States showed the closest cooperation with other countries. ACS applied materials and interfaces was the most prolific journal (n = 13), followed by Biofabrication (n = 11) and Optics express (n = 10). The journals having the top cited papers were Biomaterials, Advanced materials, and Applied physic letters. The most productive author was Aleksandr Ovsianikov (27 articles). Meanwhile, researchers who had close cooperation with other researchers were also prolific authors. “cell behavior”, " (tissue engineering) scaffolds”, “biomaterials,” and “hydrogel” were the main co-occurrence keywords and “additional manufacturing”, “3D printing,” and “microstructures” were the recent burst keywords. The Keyword clusters, “stem cells,” and “mucosal delivery”, appeared recently. A paper reporting unprecedented high-resolution bull models fabricated by TPP was the most locally cited reference (cited 60 times). “Magnetic actuation” and “additive manufacturing” were recently co-cited reference clusters and an article concerning ultracompact compound lens systems manufactured by TPP was the latest burst reference. Conclusion: The applications of TPP in biomedical field is an interdisciplinary research topic and the development of this field requires the active collaboration of researchers and experts from all relevant disciplines. Bringing up a better utilization of TPP as an additive manufacturing technology to better serve the biomedical development has always been the research focus in this field. Research on stem cells behaviors and mucosal delivery based on microstructures fabricated using TPP were becoming new hotspots. And it can be predicted that using TPP as a sourcing technique to fabricate biomedical-related structures and devices is a new research direction. In addition, the research of functional polymers, such as magnetic-driven polymers, was the frontier topic of TPP biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxun Fu
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano and Ultra-precision Manufacturing, School of Mechatronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xian Jing
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano and Ultra-precision Manufacturing, School of Mechatronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jieqiong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano and Ultra-precision Manufacturing, School of Mechatronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Liye Wang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hancheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano and Ultra-precision Manufacturing, School of Mechatronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Baojun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano and Ultra-precision Manufacturing, School of Mechatronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Baojun Yu, ; Meiyan Sun,
| | - Meiyan Sun
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Baojun Yu, ; Meiyan Sun,
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Reactive laser interference patterning on titanium and zinc in high pressure CO 2. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15770. [PMID: 36130964 PMCID: PMC9492726 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19916-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) is a versatile technique for surface patterning that enables formation of micro-nano sized periodic structures on top of the target material. In this study, DLIP in high pressure, supercritical and liquid CO2 by 4-beam DLIP was used to pattern titanium and zinc targets. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to characterize the patterned surfaces. Field emission SEM analysis showed presence of ordered uniform donut ring pattern with hollow centers for both titanium and zinc with a period slightly under 3 µm while topographical images from atomic force microscopy revealed donut rings protruding outwards typically around 200 nm from target surface and consisted of a crevice at the center with a depth typically around 300 nm and 250 nm for titanium and zinc target, respectively. Based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis, this is the first study to report formation of TiO2, TiC, ZnCO3, and zinc hydroxy carbonate on the pattern by DLIP in supercritical and liquid CO2 for titanium and zinc targets. Pressurized CO2 is demonstrated as a promising environment with mirror-based DLIP system for reactive patterning. Due to the superior transport properties and solvent power of supercritical CO2, the current study opens possibilities for reactive patterning in environments that may not have been previously possible.
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Chang L, Zhang L, Cheng Z, Zhang N, Wang C, Wang Y, Liu W. Effectiveness of collagen cross-linking induced by two-photon absorption properties of a femtosecond laser in ex vivo human corneal stroma. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:5067-5081. [PMID: 36187250 PMCID: PMC9484424 DOI: 10.1364/boe.468593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of two-photon induced collagen cross-linking (CXL) using femtosecond lasers in human corneal stroma. An 800-nm femtosecond laser optical path for CXL was established. Corneal samples that received two-photon induced CXL and ultraviolet-A (UVA) CXL underwent uniaxial stretching experiments, proteolytic resistance assays and observation of collagen fiber structure changes. Two-photon induced CXL can achieve corneal stiffening effects comparable to UVA CXL and showed better advantages at low strains. The cornea after two-photon induced CXL exhibited high enzymatic resistance and tight collagen fiber arrangement. Two-photon induced CXL promises to be a new option for keratoconus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Chang
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Meteorological Terrace Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Meteorological Terrace Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, No. 4 Gansu Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Zhenzhou Cheng
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Congzheng Wang
- Department of Mechanics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22 Meteorological Terrace Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, No. 4 Gansu Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
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11
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Jing X, Fu H, Yu B, Sun M, Wang L. Two-photon polymerization for 3D biomedical scaffolds: Overview and updates. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:994355. [PMID: 36072288 PMCID: PMC9441635 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.994355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The needs for high-resolution, well-defined and complex 3D microstructures in diverse fields call for the rapid development of novel 3D microfabrication techniques. Among those, two-photon polymerization (TPP) attracted extensive attention owing to its unique and useful characteristics. As an approach to implementing additive manufacturing, TPP has truly 3D writing ability to fabricate artificially designed constructs with arbitrary geometry. The spatial resolution of the manufactured structures via TPP can exceed the diffraction limit. The 3D structures fabricated by TPP could properly mimic the microenvironment of natural extracellular matrix, providing powerful tools for the study of cell behavior. TPP can meet the requirements of manufacturing technique for 3D scaffolds (engineering cell culture matrices) used in cytobiology, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this review, we demonstrated the development in 3D microfabrication techniques and we presented an overview of the applications of TPP as an advanced manufacturing technique in complex 3D biomedical scaffolds fabrication. Given this multidisciplinary field, we discussed the perspectives of physics, materials science, chemistry, biomedicine and mechanical engineering. Additionally, we dived into the principles of tow-photon absorption (TPA) and TPP, requirements of 3D biomedical scaffolders, developed-to-date materials and chemical approaches used by TPP and manufacturing strategies based on mechanical engineering. In the end, we draw out the limitations of TPP on 3D manufacturing for now along with some prospects of its future outlook towards the fabrication of 3D biomedical scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Jing
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano and Ultra-precision Manufacturing, School of Mechatronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongxun Fu
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano and Ultra-precision Manufacturing, School of Mechatronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Baojun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano and Ultra-precision Manufacturing, School of Mechatronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Baojun Yu,
| | - Meiyan Sun
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Liye Wang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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12
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Optical Fiber Probe Microcantilever Sensor Based on Fabry–Perot Interferometer. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22155748. [PMID: 35957304 PMCID: PMC9370988 DOI: 10.3390/s22155748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Optical fiber Fabry–Perot sensors have long been the focus of researchers in sensing applications because of their unique advantages, including highly effective, simple light path, low cost, compact size, and easy fabrication. Microcantilever-based devices have been extensively explored in chemical and biological fields while the interrogation methods are still a challenge. The optical fiber probe microcantilever sensor is constructed with a microcantilever beam on an optical fiber, which opens the door for highly sensitive, as well as convenient readout. In this review, we summarize a wide variety of optical fiber probe microcantilever sensors based on Fabry–Perot interferometer. The operation principle of the optical fiber probe microcantilever sensor is introduced. The fabrication methods, materials, and sensing applications of an optical fiber probe microcantilever sensor with different structures are discussed in detail. The performances of different kinds of fiber probe microcantilever sensors are compared. We also prospect the possible development direction of optical fiber microcantilever sensors.
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13
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Deroubaix A, Kramvis A. Imaging Techniques: Essential Tools for the Study of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:794264. [PMID: 35937687 PMCID: PMC9355083 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.794264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The world has seen the emergence of a new virus in 2019, SARS-CoV-2, causing the COVID-19 pandemic and millions of deaths worldwide. Microscopy can be much more informative than conventional detection methods such as RT-PCR. This review aims to present the up-to-date microscopy observations in patients, the in vitro studies of the virus and viral proteins and their interaction with their host, discuss the microscopy techniques for detection and study of SARS-CoV-2, and summarize the reagents used for SARS-CoV-2 detection. From basic fluorescence microscopy to high resolution techniques and combined technologies, this article shows the power and the potential of microscopy techniques, especially in the field of virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Deroubaix
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Life Sciences Imaging Facility, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anna Kramvis
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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14
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Jakkinapalli A, Baskar B, Wen SB. Femtosecond 3D photolithography through a digital micromirror device and a microlens array. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:4891-4899. [PMID: 36255974 DOI: 10.1364/ao.457847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Based on the microscale 3D point cloud projection with a digital micromirror device (DMD) and a microlens array (MLA) developed recently, we explore the capabilities of this specific type of 3D projection in 3D lithography with femtosecond light in this study. Unlike 3D point cloud projection with UV continuous light demonstrated before, high accuracy positioning between the DMD and the MLA is required to have rays simultaneously arrive at the designed voxel positions to induce two-photon absorption with femtosecond light. Because of this additional requirement, a new positioning method through direct microscope inspection of the relative positions of the DMD and the MLA is developed in this study. Because of the usage of a rectangular MLA, around four rays can arrive at each projecting voxel at the same time. Thus, to the best of our knowledge, a new algorithm for determining the pixel map on the DMD to the 3D point cloud projection with a femtosecond laser is also developed. It is observed that a very long exposure time is required to generate 3D patterns with the new 3D projection scheme because of the very limited number of rays used for projecting each voxel with the new algorithm. It is also found that 3D structures with desired shapes should be projected far away from the MLA (∼15f to 30f, with f being the focal distance of the MLA) in the 3D lithography with this femtosecond 3D point cloud projection. For patterns projected closer than 10f, shapes are distorted because of unwanted voxels cured with the 3D projection technique using a DMD and MLA.
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15
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Neural Precursor Cells Expanded Inside the 3D Micro-Scaffold Nichoid Present Different Non-Coding RNAs Profiles and Transcript Isoforms Expression: Possible Epigenetic Modulation by 3D Growth. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091120. [PMID: 34572306 PMCID: PMC8472193 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs show relevant implications in various biological and pathological processes. Thus, understanding the biological implications of these molecules in stem cell biology still represents a major challenge. The aim of this work is to study the transcriptional dysregulation of 357 non-coding genes, found through RNA-Seq approach, in murine neural precursor cells expanded inside the 3D micro-scaffold Nichoid versus standard culture conditions. Through weighted co-expression network analysis and functional enrichment, we highlight the role of non-coding RNAs in altering the expression of coding genes involved in mechanotransduction, stemness, and neural differentiation. Moreover, as non-coding RNAs are poorly conserved between species, we focus on those with human homologue sequences, performing further computational characterization. Lastly, we looked for isoform switching as possible mechanism in altering coding and non-coding gene expression. Our results provide a comprehensive dissection of the 3D scaffold Nichoid's influence on the biological and genetic response of neural precursor cells. These findings shed light on the possible role of non-coding RNAs in 3D cell growth, indicating that also non-coding RNAs are implicated in cellular response to mechanical stimuli.
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16
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Abstract
Implant-associated infections (IAIs) are among the most intractable and costly complications in implant surgery. They can lead to surgery failure, a high economic burden, and a decrease in patient quality of life. This manuscript is devoted to introducing current antimicrobial strategies for additively manufactured (AM) titanium (Ti) implants and fostering a better understanding in order to pave the way for potential modern high-throughput technologies. Most bactericidal strategies rely on implant structure design and surface modification. By means of rational structural design, the performance of AM Ti implants can be improved by maintaining a favorable balance between the mechanical, osteogenic, and antibacterial properties. This subject becomes even more important when working with complex geometries; therefore, it is necessary to select appropriate surface modification techniques, including both topological and chemical modification. Antibacterial active metal and antibiotic coatings are among the most commonly used chemical modifications in AM Ti implants. These surface modifications can successfully inhibit bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, and bacterial apoptosis, leading to improved antibacterial properties. As a result of certain issues such as drug resistance and cytotoxicity, the development of novel and alternative antimicrobial strategies is urgently required. In this regard, the present review paper provides insights into the enhancement of bactericidal properties in AM Ti implants.
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17
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Gardiner A, Daly P, Domingo-Roca R, Windmill JFC, Feeney A, Jackson-Camargo JC. Additive Manufacture of Small-Scale Metamaterial Structures for Acoustic and Ultrasonic Applications. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:634. [PMID: 34072508 PMCID: PMC8226526 DOI: 10.3390/mi12060634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic metamaterials are large-scale materials with small-scale structures. These structures allow for unusual interaction with propagating sound and endow the large-scale material with exceptional acoustic properties not found in normal materials. However, their multi-scale nature means that the manufacture of these materials is not trivial, often requiring micron-scale resolution over centimetre length scales. In this review, we bring together a variety of acoustic metamaterial designs and separately discuss ways to create them using the latest trends in additive manufacturing. We highlight the advantages and disadvantages of different techniques that act as barriers towards the development of realisable acoustic metamaterials for practical audio and ultrasonic applications and speculate on potential future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Gardiner
- Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK; (P.D.); (R.D.-R.); (J.F.C.W.); (J.C.J.-C.)
- Centre for Medical and Industrial Ultrasonics, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;
| | - Paul Daly
- Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK; (P.D.); (R.D.-R.); (J.F.C.W.); (J.C.J.-C.)
| | - Roger Domingo-Roca
- Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK; (P.D.); (R.D.-R.); (J.F.C.W.); (J.C.J.-C.)
| | - James F. C. Windmill
- Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK; (P.D.); (R.D.-R.); (J.F.C.W.); (J.C.J.-C.)
| | - Andrew Feeney
- Centre for Medical and Industrial Ultrasonics, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;
| | - Joseph C. Jackson-Camargo
- Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK; (P.D.); (R.D.-R.); (J.F.C.W.); (J.C.J.-C.)
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18
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Sala F, Ficorella C, Martínez Vázquez R, Eichholz HM, Käs JA, Osellame R. Rapid Prototyping of 3D Biochips for Cell Motility Studies Using Two-Photon Polymerization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:664094. [PMID: 33928074 PMCID: PMC8078855 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.664094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of cellular migration dynamics and strategies plays a relevant role in the understanding of both physiological and pathological processes. An important example could be the link between cancer cell motility and tumor evolution into metastatic stage. These strategies can be strongly influenced by the extracellular environment and the consequent mechanical constrains. In this framework, the possibility to study the behavior of single cells when subject to specific topological constraints could be an important tool in the hands of biologists. Two-photon polymerization is a sub-micrometric additive manufacturing technique that allows the fabrication of 3D structures in biocompatible resins, enabling the realization of ad hoc biochips for cell motility analyses, providing different types of mechanical stimuli. In our work, we present a new strategy for the realization of multilayer microfluidic lab-on-a-chip constructs for the study of cell motility which guarantees complete optical accessibility and the possibility to freely shape the migration area, to tailor it to the requirements of the specific cell type or experiment. The device includes a series of micro-constrictions that induce different types of mechanical stress on the cells during their migration. We show the realization of different possible geometries, in order to prove the versatility of the technique. As a proof of concept, we present the use of one of these devices for the study of the motility of murine neuronal cancer cells under high physical confinement, highlighting their peculiar migration mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Sala
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlotta Ficorella
- Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Hannah Marie Eichholz
- Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josef A. Käs
- Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roberto Osellame
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
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19
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Abstract
Hydrogels are polymeric networks highly swollen with water. Because of their versatility and properties mimicking biological tissues, they are very interesting for biomedical applications. In this aim, the control of porosity is of crucial importance since it governs the transport properties and influences the fate of cells cultured onto or into the hydrogels. Among the techniques allowing for the elaboration of hydrogels, photopolymerization or photo-cross-linking are probably the most powerful and versatile synthetic routes. This Review aims at giving an overview of the literature dealing with photopolymerized hydrogels for which the generation or characterization of porosity is studied. First, the materials (polymers and photoinitiating systems) used for synthesizing hydrogels are presented. The different ways for generating porosity in the photopolymerized hydrogels are explained, and the characterization techniques allowing adequate study of the porosity are presented. Finally, some applications in the field of controlled release and tissue engineering are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Nicol
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR 6283 CNRS Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Cedex 9 Le Mans, France
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20
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Abstract
The corneal endothelium is the innermost layer of the cornea that selectively pumps ions and metabolites and regulates the hydration level of the cornea, ensuring its transparency. Trauma or disease affecting human corneal endothelial cells (hCECs) can result in major imbalances of such transport activity with consequent deterioration or loss of vision. Since tissue transplantation from deceased donors is only available to a fraction of patients worldwide, alternative solutions are urgently needed. Cell therapy approaches, in particular by attempting to expand primary culture of hCECs in vitro, aim to tackle this issue. However, existing cell culture protocols result in limited expansion of this cell type. Recent studies in this field have shown that topographical features with specific dimensions and shapes could improve the efficacy of hCEC expansion. Therefore, potential solutions to overcome the limitation of the conventional culture of hCECs may include recreating nanometer scale topographies (nanotopographies) that mimic essential biophysical cues present in their native environment. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge and understanding of the effect of substrate topographies on the response of hCECs. Moreover, we also review the latest developments for the nanofabrication of such bio-instructive cell substrates.
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21
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Carelli S, Giallongo T, Rey F, Barzaghini B, Zandrini T, Pulcinelli A, Nardomarino R, Cerullo G, Osellame R, Cereda C, Zuccotti GV, Raimondi MT. Neural precursors cells expanded in a 3D micro-engineered niche present enhanced therapeutic efficacy in vivo. Nanotheranostics 2021; 5:8-26. [PMID: 33391972 PMCID: PMC7738947 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.50633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Stem Cells (SCs) show a great potential in therapeutics for restoring and regenerating native tissues. The clinical translation of SCs therapies is currently hindered by the inability to expand SCs in vitro in large therapeutic dosages, while maintaining their safety and potency. The use of biomaterials allows for the generation of active biophysical signals for directing SCs fate through 3D micro-scaffolds, such as the one named “Nichoid”, fabricated with two-photon laser polymerization with a spatial resolution of 100 nm. The aims of this study were: i) to investigate the proliferation, differentiation and stemness properties of neural precursor cells (NPCs) following their cultivation inside the Nichoid micro-scaffold; ii) to assess the therapeutic effect and safety in vivo of NPCs cultivated in the Nichoid in a preclinical experimental model of Parkinson's Disease (PD). Methods: Nichoids were fabricated by two photon laser polymerization onto circular glass coverslips using a home-made SZ2080 photoresist. NPCs were grown inside the Nichoid for 7 days, counted and characterized with RNA-Seq, Real Time PCR analysis, immunofluorescence and Western Blot. Then, NPCs were transplanted in a murine experimental model of PD, in which parkinsonism was induced by the intraperitoneal administration of the neurotoxin MPTP in C57/bl mice. The efficacy of engrafted Nichoid-expanded NPCs was evaluated by means of specific behavioral tests and, after animal sacrifice, with immunohistochemical studies in brain slices. Results: NPCs grown inside the Nichoid show a significantly higher cell viability and proliferation than in standard culture conditions in suspension. Furthermore, we report the mechanical conditioning of NPCs in 3D micro-scaffolds, showing a significant increase in the expression of pluripotency genes. We also report that such mechanical reprogramming of NPCs produces an enhanced therapeutic effect in the in vivo model of PD. Recovery of PD symptoms was significantly increased when animals were treated with Nichoid-grown NPCs, and this is accompanied by the recovery of dopaminergic markers expression in the striatum of PD affected mice. Conclusion: SCs demonstrated an increase in pluripotency potential when expanded inside the Nichoid, without the need of any genetic modification of cells, showing great promise for large-scale production of safe and functional cell therapies to be used in multiple clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephana Carelli
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi", L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, 20157, Italy
| | - Toniella Giallongo
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi", L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, 20157, Italy
| | - Federica Rey
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi", L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, 20157, Italy
| | - Bianca Barzaghini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Tommaso Zandrini
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN)-CNR and Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Pulcinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Riccardo Nardomarino
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN)-CNR and Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Roberto Osellame
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN)-CNR and Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Cristina Cereda
- Genomic and Postgenomic Lab, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi", L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, 20157, Italy
| | - Manuela Teresa Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
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22
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Nieto D, Marchal Corrales JA, Jorge de Mora A, Moroni L. Fundamentals of light-cell-polymer interactions in photo-cross-linking based bioprinting. APL Bioeng 2020; 4:041502. [PMID: 33094212 PMCID: PMC7553782 DOI: 10.1063/5.0022693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofabrication technologies that use light for polymerization of biomaterials have made
significant progress in the quality, resolution, and generation of precise complex tissue
structures. In recent years, the evolution of these technologies has been growing along
with the development of new photocurable resins and photoinitiators that are biocompatible
and biodegradable with bioactive properties. Such evolution has allowed the progress of a
large number of tissue engineering applications. Flexibility in the design, scale, and
resolution and wide applicability of technologies are strongly dependent on the
understanding of the biophysics involved in the biofabrication process. In particular,
understanding cell–light interactions is crucial when bioprinting using cell-laden
biomaterials. Here, we summarize some theoretical mechanisms, which condition cell
response during bioprinting using light based technologies. We take a brief look at the
light–biomaterial interaction for a better understanding of how linear effects
(refraction, reflection, absorption, emission, and scattering) and nonlinear effects
(two-photon absorption) influence the biofabricated tissue structures and identify the
different parameters essential for maintaining cell viability during and after
bioprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alberto Jorge de Mora
- SERGAS (Galician Health Service) and IDIS (Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Orthopaedic Department, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Dissecting the Effect of a 3D Microscaffold on the Transcriptome of Neural Stem Cells with Computational Approaches: A Focus on Mechanotransduction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186775. [PMID: 32942778 PMCID: PMC7555048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
3D cell cultures are becoming more and more important in the field of regenerative medicine due to their ability to mimic the cellular physiological microenvironment. Among the different types of 3D scaffolds, we focus on the Nichoid, a miniaturized scaffold with a structure inspired by the natural staminal niche. The Nichoid can activate cellular responses simply by subjecting the cells to mechanical stimuli. This kind of influence results in different cellular morphology and organization, but the molecular bases of these changes remain largely unknown. Through RNA-Seq approach on murine neural precursors stem cells expanded inside the Nichoid, we investigated the deregulated genes and pathways showing that the Nichoid causes alteration in genes strongly connected to mechanobiological functions. Moreover, we fully dissected this mechanism highlighting how the changes start at a membrane level, with subsequent alterations in the cytoskeleton, signaling pathways, and metabolism, all leading to a final alteration in gene expression. The results shown here demonstrate that the Nichoid influences the biological and genetic response of stem cells thorough specific alterations of cellular signaling. The characterization of these pathways elucidates the role of mechanical manipulation on stem cells, with possible implications in regenerative medicine applications.
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Collagen/Chitosan Functionalization of Complex 3D Structures Fabricated by Laser Direct Writing via Two-Photon Polymerization for Enhanced Osteogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176426. [PMID: 32899318 PMCID: PMC7504713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fabrication of 3D microstructures is under continuous development for engineering bone substitutes. Collagen/chitosan (Col/CT) blends emerge as biomaterials that meet the mechanical and biological requirements associated with bone tissue. In this work, we optimize the osteogenic effect of 3D microstructures by their functionalization with Col/CT blends with different blending ratios. The structures were fabricated by laser direct writing via two-photons polymerization of IP-L780 photopolymer. They comprised of hexagonal and ellipsoidal units 80 µm in length, 40 µm in width and 14 µm height, separated by 20 µm pillars. Structures’ functionalization was achieved via dip coating in Col/CT blends with specific blending ratios. The osteogenic role of Col/CT functionalization of the 3D structures was confirmed by biological assays concerning the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin secretion as osteogenic markers and Alizarin Red (AR) as dye for mineral deposits in osteoblast-like cells seeded on the structures. The structures having ellipsoidal units showed the best results, but the trends were similar for both ellipsoidal and hexagonal units. The strongest osteogenic effect was obtained for Col/CT blending ratio of 20/80, as demonstrated by the highest ALP activity, osteocalcin secretion and AR staining intensity in the seeded cells compared to all the other samples.
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25
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Frassica MT, Grunlan MA. Perspectives on Synthetic Materials to Guide Tissue Regeneration for Osteochondral Defect Repair. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:4324-4336. [PMID: 33455185 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative engineering holds the potential to treat clinically pervasive osteochondral defects (OCDs). In a synthetic materials-guided approach, the scaffold's chemical and physical properties alone instruct cellular behavior in order to effect regeneration, referred to herein as "instructive" properties. While this alleviates the costs and off-target risks associated with exogenous growth factors, the scaffold must be potently instructive to achieve tissue growth. Moreover, toward achieving functionality, such a scaffold should also recapitulate the spatial complexity of the osteochondral tissues. Thus, in addition to the regeneration of the articular cartilage and underlying cancellous bone, the complex osteochondral interface, composed of calcified cartilage and subchondral bone, should also be restored. In this Perspective, we highlight recent synthetic-based, instructive osteochondral scaffolds that have leveraged new material chemistries as well as innovative fabrication strategies. In particular, scaffolds with spatially complex chemical and morphological features have been prepared with electrospinning, solvent-casting-particulate-leaching, freeze-drying, and additive manufacturing. While few synthetic scaffolds have advanced to clinical studies to treat OCDs, these recent efforts point to the promising use of the chemical and physical properties of synthetic materials for regeneration of osteochondral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Frassica
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2120, United States
| | - Melissa A Grunlan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2120, United States.,Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3003, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States
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26
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Lee M, Rizzo R, Surman F, Zenobi-Wong M. Guiding Lights: Tissue Bioprinting Using Photoactivated Materials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:10950-11027. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihyun Lee
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication HPL J22, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Rizzo
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication HPL J22, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - František Surman
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication HPL J22, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marcy Zenobi-Wong
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication HPL J22, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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27
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Rey F, Barzaghini B, Nardini A, Bordoni M, Zuccotti GV, Cereda C, Raimondi MT, Carelli S. Advances in Tissue Engineering and Innovative Fabrication Techniques for 3-D-Structures: Translational Applications in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071636. [PMID: 32646008 PMCID: PMC7407518 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of regenerative medicine applied to neurodegenerative diseases, one of the most important challenges is the obtainment of innovative scaffolds aimed at improving the development of new frontiers in stem-cell therapy. In recent years, additive manufacturing techniques have gained more and more relevance proving the great potential of the fabrication of precision 3-D scaffolds. In this review, recent advances in additive manufacturing techniques are presented and discussed, with an overview on stimulus-triggered approaches, such as 3-D Printing and laser-based techniques, and deposition-based approaches. Innovative 3-D bioprinting techniques, which allow the production of cell/molecule-laden scaffolds, are becoming a promising frontier in disease modelling and therapy. In this context, the specific biomaterial, stiffness, precise geometrical patterns, and structural properties are to be considered of great relevance for their subsequent translational applications. Moreover, this work reports numerous recent advances in neural diseases modelling and specifically focuses on pre-clinical and clinical translation for scaffolding technology in multiple neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rey
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, Via Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy; (F.R.); (G.V.Z.)
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, University of Milano, Via Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Bianca Barzaghini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (B.B.); (A.N.)
| | - Alessandra Nardini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (B.B.); (A.N.)
| | - Matteo Bordoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, Via Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy; (F.R.); (G.V.Z.)
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, University of Milano, Via Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Cereda
- Genomic and post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Manuela Teresa Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (B.B.); (A.N.)
- Correspondence: (M.T.R.); (S.C.); Tel.: +390-223-994-306 (M.T.R.); +390-250-319-825 (S.C.)
| | - Stephana Carelli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, Via Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy; (F.R.); (G.V.Z.)
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, University of Milano, Via Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.T.R.); (S.C.); Tel.: +390-223-994-306 (M.T.R.); +390-250-319-825 (S.C.)
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28
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Raimondi MT, Donnaloja F, Barzaghini B, Bocconi A, Conci C, Parodi V, Jacchetti E, Carelli S. Bioengineering tools to speed up the discovery and preclinical testing of vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 and therapeutic agents for COVID-19. Theranostics 2020; 10:7034-7052. [PMID: 32641977 PMCID: PMC7330866 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides an update for the international research community on the cell modeling tools that could accelerate the understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanisms and could thus speed up the development of vaccines and therapeutic agents against COVID-19. Many bioengineering groups are actively developing frontier tools that are capable of providing realistic three-dimensional (3D) models for biological research, including cell culture scaffolds, microfluidic chambers for the culture of tissue equivalents and organoids, and implantable windows for intravital imaging. Here, we review the most innovative study models based on these bioengineering tools in the context of virology and vaccinology. To make it easier for scientists working on SARS-CoV-2 to identify and apply specific tools, we discuss how they could accelerate the discovery and preclinical development of antiviral drugs and vaccines, compared to conventional models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Teresa Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Donnaloja
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Bianca Barzaghini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Bocconi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudio Conci
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Parodi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuela Jacchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Stephana Carelli
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milano, Italy
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Abstract
Multiphoton 3D lithography is becoming a tool of choice in a wide variety of fields. Regenerative medicine is one of them. Its true 3D structuring capabilities beyond diffraction can be exploited to produce structures with diverse functionality. Furthermore, these objects can be produced from unique materials allowing expanded performance. Here, we review current trends in this research area. We pay particular attention to the interplay between the technology and materials used. Thus, we extensively discuss undergoing light-matter interactions and peculiarities of setups needed to induce it. Then, we continue with the most popular resins, photoinitiators, and general material functionalization, with emphasis on their potential usage in regenerative medicine. Furthermore, we provide extensive discussion of current advances in the field as well as prospects showing how the correct choice of the polymer can play a vital role in the structure’s functionality. Overall, this review highlights the interplay between the structure’s architecture and material choice when trying to achieve the maximum result in the field of regenerative medicine.
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Balčiūnas E, Dreižė N, Grubliauskaitė M, Urnikytė S, Šimoliūnas E, Bukelskienė V, Valius M, Baldock SJ, Hardy JG, Baltriukienė D. Biocompatibility Investigation of Hybrid Organometallic Polymers for Sub-Micron 3D Printing via Laser Two-Photon Polymerisation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E3932. [PMID: 31783647 PMCID: PMC6926539 DOI: 10.3390/ma12233932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid organometallic polymers are a class of functional materials which can be used to produce structures with sub-micron features via laser two-photon polymerisation. Previous studies demonstrated the relative biocompatibility of Al and Zr containing hybrid organometallic polymers in vitro. However, a deeper understanding of their effects on intracellular processes is needed if a tissue engineering strategy based on these materials is to be envisioned. Herein, primary rat myogenic cells were cultured on spin-coated Al and Zr containing polymer surfaces to investigate how each material affects the viability, adhesion strength, adhesion-associated protein expression, rate of cellular metabolism and collagen secretion. We found that the investigated surfaces supported cellular growth to full confluency. A subsequent MTT assay showed that glass and Zr surfaces led to higher rates of metabolism than did the Al surfaces. A viability assay revealed that all surfaces supported comparable levels of cell viability. Cellular adhesion strength assessment showed an insignificantly stronger relative adhesion after 4 h of culture than after 24 h. The largest amount of collagen was secreted by cells grown on the Al-containing surface. In conclusion, the materials were found to be biocompatible in vitro and have potential for bioengineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evaldas Balčiūnas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.B.); (N.D.); (M.G.); (S.U.); (E.Š.); (V.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Nadežda Dreižė
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.B.); (N.D.); (M.G.); (S.U.); (E.Š.); (V.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Monika Grubliauskaitė
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.B.); (N.D.); (M.G.); (S.U.); (E.Š.); (V.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Silvija Urnikytė
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.B.); (N.D.); (M.G.); (S.U.); (E.Š.); (V.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Egidijus Šimoliūnas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.B.); (N.D.); (M.G.); (S.U.); (E.Š.); (V.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Virginija Bukelskienė
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.B.); (N.D.); (M.G.); (S.U.); (E.Š.); (V.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Mindaugas Valius
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.B.); (N.D.); (M.G.); (S.U.); (E.Š.); (V.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Sara J. Baldock
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK;
- Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
| | - John G. Hardy
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK;
- Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Daiva Baltriukienė
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.B.); (N.D.); (M.G.); (S.U.); (E.Š.); (V.B.); (M.V.)
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31
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Boeri L, Albani D, Raimondi MT, Jacchetti E. Mechanical regulation of nucleocytoplasmic translocation in mesenchymal stem cells: characterization and methods for investigation. Biophys Rev 2019; 11:817-831. [PMID: 31628607 PMCID: PMC6815268 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-019-00594-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have immune-modulatory and tissue-regenerative properties that make them a suitable and promising tool for cell-based therapy application. Since the bio-chemo-mechanical environment influences MSC fate and behavior, the understanding of the mechanosensors involved in the transduction of mechanical inputs into chemical signals could be pivotal. In this context, the nuclear pore complex is a molecular machinery that is believed to have a key role in force transmission and in nucleocytoplasmic shuttling regulation. To fully understand the nuclear pore complex role and the nucleocytoplasmic transport dynamics, recent advancements in fluorescence microscopy provided the possibility to study passive and facilitated nuclear transports also in mechanically stimulated cell culture conditions. Here, we review the current available methods for the investigation of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, including photo-perturbation-based approaches, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, and single-particle tracking techniques. For each method, we analyze the advantages, disadvantages, and technical limitations. Finally, we summarize the recent knowledge on mechanical regulation of nucleocytoplasmic translocation in MSC, the relevant progresses made so far, and the future perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Boeri
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20123, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Albani
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Teresa Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20123, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Jacchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20123, Milan, Italy.
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32
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Grebenyuk S, Ranga A. Engineering Organoid Vascularization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:39. [PMID: 30941347 PMCID: PMC6433749 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of increasingly biomimetic human tissue analogs has been a long-standing goal in two important biomedical applications: drug discovery and regenerative medicine. In seeking to understand the safety and effectiveness of newly developed pharmacological therapies and replacement tissues for severely injured non-regenerating tissues and organs, there remains a tremendous unmet need in generating tissues with both functional complexity and scale. Over the last decade, the advent of organoids has demonstrated that cells have the ability to reorganize into complex tissue-specific structures given minimal inductive factors. However, a major limitation in achieving truly in vivo-like functionality has been the lack of structured organization and reasonable tissue size. In vivo, developing tissues are interpenetrated by and interact with a complex network of vasculature which allows not only oxygen, nutrient and waste exchange, but also provide for inductive biochemical exchange and a structural template for growth. Conversely, in vitro, this aspect of organoid development has remained largely missing, suggesting that these may be the critical cues required for large-scale and more reproducible tissue organization. Here, we review recent technical progress in generating in vitro vasculature, and seek to provide a framework for understanding how such technologies, together with theoretical and developmentally inspired insights, can be harnessed to enhance next generation organoid development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Grebenyuk
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Morphogenesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian Ranga
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Morphogenesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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33
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Laser Additive Manufacturing Processes for Near Net Shape Components. MATERIALS FORMING, MACHINING AND TRIBOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-10579-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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34
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Pan D, Cai Z, Ji S, Fan S, Wang P, Lao Z, Yang L, Ni J, Wang C, Li J, Hu Y, Wu D, Chen S, Chu J. Microtubes with Complex Cross Section Fabricated by C-Shaped Bessel Laser Beam for Mimicking Stomata That Opens and Closes Rapidly. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:36369-36376. [PMID: 30226741 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a new method for fabricating complex cross-sectional microtubes with a high aspect ratio at micro/nanoscale. The microtubes are directly written in a photoresist using a femtosecond pulsed laser combined with a spatial light modulator (SLM). A new method for generating a C-shaped Bessel beam by modifying the Bessel beams with a SLM is reported for the first time. Using this gap-ring-shaped light field, microtubes with special cross section (trefoil-shaped, clover-shaped, spiral, etc.) have been first achieved through two-photo polymerization rapidly. The microtube wall can reach about 800 nm and the diameter of the gap-ring structure is only a few micrometers. As a demonstration, artificial stomata were manufactured with the same size as actual plants stomata consisting of gap-ring microtubes. This artificial stomata can mimic the function of the real stomata with rapid opening and closing, demonstrating its ability to trap and release microparticles regulated by rinse solvent.
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35
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Abstract
The conjugation of biomolecules can impart materials with the bioactivity necessary to modulate specific cell behaviors. While the biological roles of particular polypeptide, oligonucleotide, and glycan structures have been extensively reviewed, along with the influence of attachment on material structure and function, the key role played by the conjugation strategy in determining activity is often overlooked. In this review, we focus on the chemistry of biomolecule conjugation and provide a comprehensive overview of the key strategies for achieving controlled biomaterial functionalization. No universal method exists to provide optimal attachment, and here we will discuss both the relative advantages and disadvantages of each technique. In doing so, we highlight the importance of carefully considering the impact and suitability of a particular technique during biomaterial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Spicer
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Scheeles Väg 2, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E. Thomas Pashuck
- NJ
Centre for Biomaterials, Rutgers University, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey United States
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Scheeles Väg 2, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, United Kingdom
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36
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Miri AK, Khalilpour A, Cecen B, Maharjan S, Shin SR, Khademhosseini A. Multiscale bioprinting of vascularized models. Biomaterials 2018; 198:204-216. [PMID: 30244825 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A basic prerequisite for the survival and function of three-dimensional (3D) engineered tissue constructs is the establishment of blood vessels. 3D bioprinting of vascular networks with hierarchical structures that resemble in vivo structures has allowed blood circulation within thick tissue constructs to accelerate vascularization and enhance tissue regeneration. Successful rapid vascularization of tissue constructs requires synergy between fabrication of perfusable channels and functional bioinks that induce angiogenesis and capillary formation within constructs. Combinations of 3D bioprinting techniques and four-dimensional (4D) printing concepts through patterning proangiogenic factors may offer novel solutions for implantation of thick constructs. In this review, we cover current bioprinting techniques for vascularized tissue constructs with vasculatures ranging from capillaries to large blood vessels and discuss how to implement these approaches for patterning proangiogenic factors to maintain long-term, stimuli-controlled formation of new capillaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir K Miri
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
| | - Akbar Khalilpour
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Berivan Cecen
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sushila Maharjan
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Center for Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia.
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37
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You S, Li J, Zhu W, Yu C, Mei D, Chen S. Nanoscale 3D printing of hydrogels for cellular tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:2187-2197. [PMID: 30319779 PMCID: PMC6178227 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb00301g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogel scaffolds that mimic the native extracellular matrix (ECM) environment is a crucial part of tissue engineering. It has been demonstrated that cell behaviors can be affected by not only the hydrogel's physical and chemical properties, but also its three dimensional (3D) geometrical structures. In order to study the influence of 3D geometrical cues on cell behaviors as well as the maturation and function of engineered tissues, it is imperative to develop 3D fabrication techniques to create micro and nanoscale hydrogel constructs. Among existing techniques that can effectively pattern hydrogels, two-photon polymerization (2PP)-based femtosecond laser 3D printing technology allows one to produce hydrogel structures with 100 nm resolution. This article reviews the basics of this technique as well as some of its applications in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangting You
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448, USA
| | - Jiawen Li
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448, USA
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448, USA
| | - Claire Yu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448, USA
| | - Deqing Mei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shaochen Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448, USA
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38
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Zyla G, Kovalev A, Grafen M, Gurevich EL, Esen C, Ostendorf A, Gorb S. Generation of bioinspired structural colors via two-photon polymerization. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17622. [PMID: 29247180 PMCID: PMC5732289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17914-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Colors of crystals, pigments, metals, salt solutions and bioluminescence occur in nature due to the optical properties of electrons in atoms and molecules. However, colors can also result from interference effects on nanostructures. In contrast to artificial coloration, which are caused by well-defined regular structures, the structural colors of living organisms are often more intense and almost angle-independent. In this paper, we report the successful manufacturing of a lamellar nanostructure that mimics the ridge shape of the Morpho butterfly using a 3d-direct laser writing technique. The viewing angle dependency of the color was analyzed via a spectrometer and the structure was visualized using a scanning electron microscope. The generated nano- and micro-structures and their optical properties were comparable to those observed in the Morpho butterfly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Zyla
- Applied Laser Technologies, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Alexander Kovalev
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Grafen
- Applied Laser Technologies, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Evgeny L Gurevich
- Applied Laser Technologies, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Cemal Esen
- Applied Laser Technologies, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Ostendorf
- Applied Laser Technologies, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stanislav Gorb
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24098, Kiel, Germany
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Elomaa L, Yang YP. Additive Manufacturing of Vascular Grafts and Vascularized Tissue Constructs. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2017; 23:436-450. [PMID: 27981886 PMCID: PMC5652978 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is a great need for engineered vascular grafts among patients with cardiovascular diseases who are in need of bypass therapy and lack autologous healthy blood vessels. In addition, because of the severe worldwide shortage of organ donors, there is an increasing need for engineered vascularized tissue constructs as an alternative to organ transplants. Additive manufacturing (AM) offers great advantages and flexibility of fabrication of cell-laden, multimaterial, and anatomically shaped vascular grafts and vascularized tissue constructs. Various inkjet-, extrusion-, and photocrosslinking-based AM techniques have been applied to the fabrication of both self-standing vascular grafts and porous, vascularized tissue constructs. This review discusses the state-of-the-art research on the use of AM for vascular applications and the key criteria for biomaterials in the AM of both acellular and cellular constructs. We envision that new smart printing materials that can adapt to their environment and encourage rapid endothelialization and remodeling will be the key factor in the future for the successful AM of personalized and dynamic vascular tissue applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Elomaa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Yunzhi Peter Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University School of Engineering, Stanford, California
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Engineering, Stanford, California
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Demina TS, Bardakova KN, Minaev NV, Svidchenko EA, Istomin AV, Goncharuk GP, Vladimirov LV, Grachev AV, Zelenetskii AN, Timashev PS, Akopova TA. Two-Photon-Induced Microstereolithography of Chitosan-g-Oligolactides as a Function of Their Stereochemical Composition. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E302. [PMID: 30970980 PMCID: PMC6432183 DOI: 10.3390/polym9070302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan-g-oligolactide copolymers with relatively long oligolactide grafted chains of various stereochemical compositions have been synthetized via a solvent-free mechanochemical technique and tailored to fabricate three-dimensional hydrogels using two-photon induced microstereolithography. An effect of the characteristics of chitosan and oligolactide used for the synthesis on the grafting yield and copolymer's behavior were evaluated using fractional analysis, FTIR-spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and UV-spectrophotometry. The lowest copolymer yield was found for the system based on chitosan with higher molecular weight, while the samples consisting of low-molecular weight chitosan showed higher grafting degrees, which were comparable in both the cases of l,l- or l,d-oligolactide grafting. The copolymer processability in the course of two-photon stereolithography was evaluated as a function of the copolymer's characteristics and stereolithography conditions. The structure and mechanical properties of the model film samples and fabricated 3D hydrogels were studied using optical and scanning electron microscopy, as well as by using tensile and nanoindenter devices. The application of copolymer with oligo(l,d-lactide) side chains led to higher processability during two-photon stereolithography in terms of the response to the laser beam, reproduction of the digital model, and the mechanical properties of the fabricated hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana S Demina
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymer Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 70 Profsoyuznaya str., Moscow 117393, Russia.
| | - Kseniia N Bardakova
- Institute of Photonic Technologies, Research center "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Pionerskaya str., Troitsk, Moscow 142190, Russia.
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 8-2 Trubetskaya st., Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Nikita V Minaev
- Institute of Photonic Technologies, Research center "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Pionerskaya str., Troitsk, Moscow 142190, Russia.
| | - Eugenia A Svidchenko
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymer Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 70 Profsoyuznaya str., Moscow 117393, Russia.
| | - Alexander V Istomin
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymer Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 70 Profsoyuznaya str., Moscow 117393, Russia.
| | - Galina P Goncharuk
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymer Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 70 Profsoyuznaya str., Moscow 117393, Russia.
| | - Leonid V Vladimirov
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina str., Moscow 119334, Russia.
| | - Andrey V Grachev
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina str., Moscow 119334, Russia.
| | - Alexander N Zelenetskii
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymer Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 70 Profsoyuznaya str., Moscow 117393, Russia.
| | - Peter S Timashev
- Institute of Photonic Technologies, Research center "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Pionerskaya str., Troitsk, Moscow 142190, Russia.
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 8-2 Trubetskaya st., Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Tatiana A Akopova
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymer Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 70 Profsoyuznaya str., Moscow 117393, Russia.
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Silva KR, Rezende RA, Pereira FDAS, Gruber P, Stuart MP, Ovsianikov A, Brakke K, Kasyanov V, da Silva JVL, Granjeiro JM, Baptista LS, Mironov V. Delivery of Human Adipose Stem Cells Spheroids into Lockyballs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166073. [PMID: 27829016 PMCID: PMC5102388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose stem cells (ASCs) spheroids show enhanced regenerative effects compared to single cells. Also, spheroids have been recently introduced as building blocks in directed self-assembly strategy. Recent efforts aim to improve long-term cell retention and integration by the use of microencapsulation delivery systems that can rapidly integrate in the implantation site. Interlockable solid synthetic microscaffolds, so called lockyballs, were recently designed with hooks and loops to enhance cell retention and integration at the implantation site as well as to support spheroids aggregation after transplantation. Here we present an efficient methodology for human ASCs spheroids biofabrication and lockyballs cellularization using micro-molded non-adhesive agarose hydrogel. Lockyballs were produced using two-photon polymerization with an estimated mechanical strength. The Young’s modulus was calculated at level 0.1362 +/-0.009 MPa. Interlocking in vitro test demonstrates high level of loading induced interlockability of fabricated lockyballs. Diameter measurements and elongation coefficient calculation revealed that human ASCs spheroids biofabricated in resections of micro-molded non-adhesive hydrogel had a more regular size distribution and shape than spheroids biofabricated in hanging drops. Cellularization of lockyballs using human ASCs spheroids did not alter the level of cells viability (p › 0,999) and gene fold expression for SOX-9 and RUNX2 (p › 0,195). The biofabrication of ASCs spheroids into lockyballs represents an innovative strategy in regenerative medicine, which combines solid scaffold-based and directed self-assembly approaches, fostering opportunities for rapid in situ biofabrication of 3D building-blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina R. Silva
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Nucleus of Multidisciplinary Research in Biology (Numpex-Bio), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro-Xerém, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A. Rezende
- Division of 3D Technologies, Renato Archer Center for Information Technology (CTI), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederico D. A. S. Pereira
- Division of 3D Technologies, Renato Archer Center for Information Technology (CTI), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Peter Gruber
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien (Technische Universität Wien), Vienna, Austria
| | - Mellannie P. Stuart
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aleksandr Ovsianikov
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien (Technische Universität Wien), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ken Brakke
- Mathematics Department, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Kasyanov
- Riga Stradins University and Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Jorge V. L. da Silva
- Division of 3D Technologies, Renato Archer Center for Information Technology (CTI), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José M. Granjeiro
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leandra S. Baptista
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Nucleus of Multidisciplinary Research in Biology (Numpex-Bio), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro-Xerém, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: (LSB); (VM)
| | - Vladimir Mironov
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Division of 3D Technologies, Renato Archer Center for Information Technology (CTI), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (LSB); (VM)
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Nava MM, Piuma A, Figliuzzi M, Cattaneo I, Bonandrini B, Zandrini T, Cerullo G, Osellame R, Remuzzi A, Raimondi MT. Two-photon polymerized "nichoid" substrates maintain function of pluripotent stem cells when expanded under feeder-free conditions. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:132. [PMID: 27613598 PMCID: PMC5016857 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of pluripotent cells in stem cell therapy has major limitations, mainly related to the high costs and risks of exogenous conditioning and the use of feeder layers during cell expansion passages. Methods We developed an innovative three-dimensional culture substrate made of “nichoid” microstructures, nanoengineered via two-photon laser polymerization. The nichoids limit the dimension of the adhering embryoid bodies during expansion, by counteracting cell migration between adjacent units of the substrate by its microarchitecture. We expanded mouse embryonic stem cells on the nichoid for 2 weeks. We compared the expression of pluripotency and differentiation markers induced in cells with that induced by flat substrates and by a culture layer made of kidney-derived extracellular matrix. Results The nichoid was found to be the only substrate, among those tested, that maintained the expression of the OCT4 pluripotency marker switched on and, simultaneously, the expression of the differentiation markers GATA4 and α-SMA switched off. The nichoid promotes pluripotency maintenance of embryonic stem cells during expansion, in the absence of a feeder layer and exogenous conditioning factors, such as the leukocyte inhibitory factor. Conclusions We hypothesized that the nichoid microstructures induce a genetic reprogramming of cells by controlling their cytoskeletal tension. Further studies are necessary to understand the exact mechanism by which the physical constraint provided by the nichoid architecture is responsible for cell reprogramming. The nichoid may help elucidate mechanisms of pluripotency maintenance, while potentially cutting the costs and risks of both feed-conditioning and exogenous conditioning for industrial-scale expansion of stem cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-016-0387-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Nava
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, 32, piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessio Piuma
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, 32, piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Figliuzzi
- IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Bergamo, Italy
| | - Irene Cattaneo
- IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - Tommaso Zandrini
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN) - CNR and Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN) - CNR and Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Osellame
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN) - CNR and Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Remuzzi
- Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering, University of Bergamo, Dalmine, Italy
| | - Manuela T Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, 32, piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 20133, Milan, Italy
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The effect of scaffold pore size in cartilage tissue engineering. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2016; 14:e223-9. [PMID: 27444061 DOI: 10.5301/jabfm.5000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The effect of scaffold pore size and interconnectivity is undoubtedly a crucial factor for most tissue engineering applications. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of pore size and porosity on cartilage construct development in different scaffolds seeded with articular chondrocytes. METHODS We fabricated poly-L-lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate scaffolds with different pore sizes, using a solvent-casting/particulate-leaching technique. We seeded primary bovine articular chondrocytes on these scaffolds, cultured the constructs for 2 weeks and examined cell proliferation, viability and cell-specific production of cartilaginous extracellular matrix proteins, including GAG and collagen. RESULTS Cell density significantly increased up to 50% with scaffold pore size and porosity, likely facilitated by cell spreading on the internal surface of bigger pores, and by increased mass transport of gases and nutrients to cells, and catabolite removal from cells, allowed by lower diffusion barriers in scaffolds with a higher porosity. However, both the cell metabolic activity and the synthesis of cartilaginous matrix proteins significantly decreased by up to 40% with pore size. We propose that the association of smaller pore diameters, causing 3-dimensional cell aggregation, to a lower oxygenation caused by a lower porosity, could have been the condition that increased the cell-specific synthesis of cartilaginous matrix proteins in the scaffold with the smallest pores and the lowest porosity among those tested. CONCLUSIONS In the initial steps of in vitro cartilage engineering, the combination of small scaffold pores and low porosity is an effective strategy with regard to the promotion of chondrogenesis.
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Nava MM, Di Maggio N, Zandrini T, Cerullo G, Osellame R, Martin I, Raimondi MT. Synthetic niche substrates engineered via two-photon laser polymerization for the expansion of human mesenchymal stromal cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 11:2836-2845. [PMID: 27296669 PMCID: PMC5697673 DOI: 10.1002/term.2187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports on the development of an innovative culture substrate, micro-fabricated by two-photon laser polymerization (2PP) in a hybrid organic-inorganic photoresin. It was previously demonstrated that this substrate is able to guide spontaneous homing and colonization of mesenchymal stromal cells by the presence of synthetic microniches. Here, the number of niches covering the culture substrate was increased up to 10% of the total surface. Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells were expanded for 3 weeks and then their proliferation, clonogenic capacity and bilineage differentiation potential towards the osteogenic and adipogenic lineage were evaluated, both by colorimetric assays and by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Compared with cells cultured on glass substrates, cells expanded on 2PP substrates showed a greater colony diameter, which is an index of clonogenic potential. Following medium conditioning on 2PP-cultured cells, the expression of RUNX2 and BSP genes, as well as PPAR-gamma, was significantly greater than that measured on glass controls. Thus, human cells expanded on the synthetic niche substrate maintained their proliferative potential, clonogenic capacity and bilineage differentiation potential more effectively than cells expanded on glass substrates and in some aspects were comparable to non-expanded cells. © 2016 The Authors Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Nava
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'Giulio Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Nunzia Di Maggio
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tommaso Zandrini
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie - CNR and Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie - CNR and Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Osellame
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie - CNR and Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Ivan Martin
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuela T Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'Giulio Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Marino A, Barsotti J, de Vito G, Filippeschi C, Mazzolai B, Piazza V, Labardi M, Mattoli V, Ciofani G. Two-Photon Lithography of 3D Nanocomposite Piezoelectric Scaffolds for Cell Stimulation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:25574-9. [PMID: 26548588 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b08764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this letter, we report on the fabrication, the characterization, and the in vitro testing of structures suitable for cell culturing, prepared through two-photon polymerization of a nanocomposite resist. More in details, commercially available Ormocomp has been doped with piezoelectric barium titanate nanoparticles, and bioinspired 3D structures resembling trabeculae of sponge bone have been fabricated. After an extensive characterization, preliminary in vitro testing demonstrated that both the topographical and the piezoelectric cues of these scaffolds are able to enhance the differentiation process of human SaOS-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attilio Marino
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics @SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
- The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna , Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Jonathan Barsotti
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics @SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
- The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna , Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Giuseppe de Vito
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore , Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlo Filippeschi
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics @SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Barbara Mazzolai
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics @SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Piazza
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics @SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Gianni Ciofani
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics @SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino , Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
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Jungst T, Smolan W, Schacht K, Scheibel T, Groll J. Strategies and Molecular Design Criteria for 3D Printable Hydrogels. Chem Rev 2015; 116:1496-539. [PMID: 26492834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Jungst
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg , Pleicherwall 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Willi Smolan
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg , Pleicherwall 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kristin Schacht
- Chair of Biomaterials, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth , Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheibel
- Chair of Biomaterials, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth , Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jürgen Groll
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg , Pleicherwall 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
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Abstract
The modeling, fabrication, cell loading, and mechanical and in vitro biological testing of biomimetic, interlockable, laser-made, concentric 3D scaffolds are presented. The scaffolds are made by multiphoton polymerization of an organic-inorganic zirconium silicate. Their mechanical properties are theoretically modeled using finite elements analysis and experimentally measured using a Microsquisher(®). They are subsequently loaded with preosteoblastic cells, which remain live after 24 and 72 h. The interlockable scaffolds have maintained their ability to fuse with tissue spheroids. This work represents a novel technological platform, enabling the rapid, laser-based, in situ 3D tissue biofabrication.
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Koroleva A, Deiwick A, Nguyen A, Schlie-Wolter S, Narayan R, Timashev P, Popov V, Bagratashvili V, Chichkov B. Osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in 3-D Zr-Si organic-inorganic scaffolds produced by two-photon polymerization technique. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118164. [PMID: 25706270 PMCID: PMC4338222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-photon polymerization (2PP) is applied for the fabrication of 3-D Zr-Si scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Zr-Si scaffolds with 150, 200, and 250 μm pore sizes are seeded with human bone marrow stem cells (hBMSCs) and human adipose tissue derived stem cells (hASCs) and cultured in osteoinductive and control media for three weeks. Osteogenic differentiation of hASCs and hBMSCs and formation of bone matrix is comparatively analyzed via alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), calcium quantification, osteocalcin staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It is observed that the 150 μm pore size Zr-Si scaffolds support the strongest matrix mineralization, as confirmed by calcium deposition. Analysis of ALP activity, osteocalcin staining and SEM observations of matrix mineralization reveal that mesenchymal stem cells cultured on 3-D scaffolds without osteogenic stimulation spontaneously differentiate towards osteogenic lineage. Nanoindentation measurements show that aging of the 2PP-produced Zr-Si scaffolds in aqueous or alcohol media results in an increase in the scaffold Young's modulus and hardness. Moreover, accelerated formation of bone matrix by hASCs is noted, when cultured on the scaffolds with lower Young's moduli and hardness values (non aged scaffolds) compared to the cells cultured on scaffolds with higher Young's modulus and hardness values (aged scaffolds). Presented results support the potential application of Zr-Si scaffolds for autologous bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Deiwick
- Nanotechnology Department of Laser Zentrum Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Nguyen
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Roger Narayan
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute of Laser and Information Technologies, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Popov
- Institute of Laser and Information Technologies, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Boris Chichkov
- Nanotechnology Department of Laser Zentrum Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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McHugh KJ, Saint-Geniez M, Tao SL. Topographical control of ocular cell types for tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2013; 101:1571-84. [PMID: 23744715 PMCID: PMC4090092 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Visual impairment affects over 285 million people worldwide and has a major impact on an individual's quality of life. Tissue engineering has the potential to increase the quality of life for many of these patients by preventing vision loss or restoring vision using cell-based therapies. However, these strategies will require an understanding of the microenvironmental factors that influence cell behavior. The eye is a well-organized organ whose structural complexity is essential for proper function. Interactions between ocular cells and their highly ordered extracellular matrix are necessary for maintaining key tissue properties including corneal transparency and retinal lamination. Therefore, it is not surprising that culturing these cells in vitro on traditional flat substrates result in irregular morphology. Instead, topographically patterned biomaterials better mimic native extracellular matrix and have been shown to elicit in vivo-like morphology and gene expression which is essential for tissue engineering. Herein we review multiple methods for producing well-controlled topography and discuss optimal biomaterial scaffold design for cells of the cornea, retina, and lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. McHugh
- The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, MA
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Magali Saint-Geniez
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sarah L. Tao
- The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, MA
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50
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Müller M, Becher J, Schnabelrauch M, Zenobi-Wong M. Printing thermoresponsive reverse molds for the creation of patterned two-component hydrogels for 3D cell culture. J Vis Exp 2013:e50632. [PMID: 23892955 PMCID: PMC3732096 DOI: 10.3791/50632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioprinting is an emerging technology that has its origins in the rapid prototyping industry. The different printing processes can be divided into contact bioprinting(1-4) (extrusion, dip pen and soft lithography), contactless bioprinting(5-7) (laser forward transfer, ink-jet deposition) and laser based techniques such as two photon photopolymerization(8). It can be used for many applications such as tissue engineering(9-13), biosensor microfabrication(14-16) and as a tool to answer basic biological questions such as influences of co-culturing of different cell types(17). Unlike common photolithographic or soft-lithographic methods, extrusion bioprinting has the advantage that it does not require a separate mask or stamp. Using CAD software, the design of the structure can quickly be changed and adjusted according to the requirements of the operator. This makes bioprinting more flexible than lithography-based approaches. Here we demonstrate the printing of a sacrificial mold to create a multi-material 3D structure using an array of pillars within a hydrogel as an example. These pillars could represent hollow structures for a vascular network or the tubes within a nerve guide conduit. The material chosen for the sacrificial mold was poloxamer 407, a thermoresponsive polymer with excellent printing properties which is liquid at 4 °C and a solid above its gelation temperature ~20 °C for 24.5% w/v solutions(18). This property allows the poloxamer-based sacrificial mold to be eluted on demand and has advantages over the slow dissolution of a solid material especially for narrow geometries. Poloxamer was printed on microscope glass slides to create the sacrificial mold. Agarose was pipetted into the mold and cooled until gelation. After elution of the poloxamer in ice cold water, the voids in the agarose mold were filled with alginate methacrylate spiked with FITC labeled fibrinogen. The filled voids were then cross-linked with UV and the construct was imaged with an epi-fluorescence microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Müller
- Department of Health Science & Technology, Cartilage Engineering & Regeneration
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