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Wrześniewska K, Madany J, Tobolski D, Żylińska B, Milczak A, Sobczyńska-Rak A. A Pilot Study of the Role of Selected Biomarkers of Kidney Injury in Dogs with Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1305. [PMID: 38731309 PMCID: PMC11083564 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Heart and kidney diseases are among the most frequent medical conditions diagnosed in small animals. Due to the functional interconnection between these organs, the concept of the cardio-renal axis has been developed. In this context, renal disease or dysfunction often occurs secondary to heart diseases, such as dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). DCM is the most common cardiomyopathy and a leading cause of mortality in large-breed dogs. Traditional biomarkers like creatinine or symmetric dimethylarginine concentration are not always effective, especially in the early stages of the disease, underscoring the need for more sensitive markers of renal impairment during heart failure (HF). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of selected biomarkers as indicators for early kidney damage in dogs with stage B2 DCM. We measured serum concentrations of cystatin C, KIM-1 (kidney injury molecule-1), and NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) and their ratios to creatinine, analyzing their diagnostic values. Cystatin C was quantified using a sandwich enzyme immunoassay, while KIM-1 and NGAL were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits designed for canine diagnostics. The concentrations were indexed against serum creatinine. The study included 26 dogs: 9 with HF and 17 healthy controls. The mean ± standard deviation for healthy dogs for cystatin C, cystatin C/creatinine ratio, KIM-1, KIM-1/creatinine ratio, NGAL, and NGAL/creatinine ratio were 0.24 ± 0.04, 0.26 ± 0.07, 0.61 ± 0.07, 0.67 ± 0.13, 2.76 ± 1.8, and 2.79 ± 1.81, respectively. For DCM dogs, these values were 0.27 ± 0.1, 0.32 ± 0.12, 0.61 ± 0.08, 0.69 ± 0.17, 6.46 ± 5.22 (p = 0.02), and 7.99 ± 6.53 (p = 0.04). This study's findings suggest that during the asymptomatic phase of DCM, only NGAL concentration and the NGAL/creatinine ratio may serve as diagnostic markers for early-stage kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Wrześniewska
- Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (K.W.); (J.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Jacek Madany
- Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (K.W.); (J.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Dawid Tobolski
- Department of Animal Reproduction with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 14 Oczapowskiego Street, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Beata Żylińska
- Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Milczak
- Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (K.W.); (J.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Aleksandra Sobczyńska-Rak
- Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
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Ruiz P, Durán Á, Duque FJ, González MA, Cristóbal JI, Nicolás P, Pérez-Merino EM, Macías-García B, Barrera R. Urinary cystatin C and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) as early biomarkers for renal disease in dogs with leishmaniosis. Vet Parasitol 2023; 318:109930. [PMID: 37030024 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a disease caused by Leishmania infantum that can vary from a subclinical infection to a severe disease. Dogs affected with CanL present varying degrees of renal dysfunction. Unfortunately, traditional biomarkers such as urea and creatinine detect renal damage in advanced stages of the disease, so more accurate biomarkers are needed. Hence, we aimed to study how urinary cystatin C (CysC) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), behave in dogs with CanL at different stages of the disease. Eighty-six CanL infected dogs were classified according to LeishVet stages: LI (16 dogs), LIIa (12 dogs), LIIb (12 dogs), LIII (16 dogs) and LIV (30 dogs); as a control, 17 healthy dogs were studied. Blood samples were collected for complete haematological and biochemistry analysis including plasma cystatin C. Urine analysis included urine specific gravity (USG), urine protein to creatinine ratio (UPC), CysC and NAG expressed as a ratio with creatinine uCysCc (μg/g) and uNAGc (IU/g). The haematological, biochemical and urinary analysis coincided with the LeishVet guidelines. The statistical study of the uCysCc ratio and the uNAGc, showed significant increase when compared against control starting from group LI (p < 0.05). Interestingly, when the cut-off values were calculated using the ROC curve, uCysCc (258.85 µg/g) and uNAGc (2.25 IU/g) 75 % of the dogs included in LI groups surpassed the threshold. Hence our study indicates that uCysCc and uNAGc, could help to detect early renal damage in CanL affected dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ruiz
- MINVET Research Group. Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Ángela Durán
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Duque
- MINVET Research Group. Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Mario Alberto González
- MINVET Research Group. Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Cristóbal
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Paloma Nicolás
- MINVET Research Group. Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Eva María Pérez-Merino
- Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Beatriz Macías-García
- MINVET Research Group. Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Rafael Barrera
- MINVET Research Group. Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
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Paes-Leme FDO, de Souza EM, Ceregatti MG, Campos MTG, Vaz de Melo PD, da Costa-Val AP. Cystatin C assay validation using the immunoturbidimetric method to evaluate the renal function of healthy dogs and dogs with acute renal injury. Vet World 2022; 15:1595-1600. [PMID: 35993081 PMCID: PMC9375203 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1595-1600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with a grave prognosis. A clinical assessment of kidney function can be performed based on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Cystatin C (CysC) can indicate the GFR or kidney function and its measurement is currently performed using immunological methods such as nephelometry, immunoturbidimetry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in human medicine. However, these techniques are not specific for use in veterinary medicine. This study aimed to validate an immunoturbidimetric assay for serum CysC (sCy) in dogs, determine the sCy reference intervals for healthy dogs, evaluate sCy stability in serum samples, and compare sCy with serum creatinine (sCr) in healthy dogs and dogs with AKI.
Materials and Methods: Forty-three dogs were divided into a control group (n = 19) and an AKI group (n = 24). An immunoturbidimetric method including commercially available human CysC calibrated with canine CysC was used to evaluate canine serum samples.
Results: An average recovery of 97% was observed for canine serum samples. The reference interval for CysC in healthy dogs was 0.57–1.29 mg/L. The sCy concentration in dogs with AKI was significantly higher (2.82 ± 1.46 mg/L) than in healthy dogs (0.93 ± 0.18 mg/L). Statistical analysis confirmed a strong correlation between sCy and sCr (r = 0.94; p < 0.05) in dogs with AKI.
Conclusion: The immunoturbidimetric method of evaluating sCy yielded satisfactory results and can be used for canine samples when a species-specific calibrator is used. Furthermore, sCy is a reliable marker of renal dysfunction in dogs. It is best to store samples for sCy evaluation at temperatures between 4°C and 8°C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eliana Matias de Souza
- Department of Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mariah Gois Ceregatti
- Department of Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio Gomes Campos
- Department of Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Adriane Pimenta da Costa-Val
- Department of Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Kongtasai T, Paepe D, Meyer E, Mortier F, Marynissen S, Stammeleer L, Defauw P, Daminet S. Renal biomarkers in cats: A review of the current status in chronic kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:379-396. [PMID: 35218249 PMCID: PMC8965260 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum creatinine concentration, the classical biomarker of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats, has important limitations that decrease its value as a biomarker of early CKD. Recently, serum symmetric dimethylarginine concentration was introduced as a novel glomerular filtration rate biomarker for the early detection of CKD in cats. However, data on its specificity are still limited. The limitations of conventional biomarkers and the desire for early therapeutic intervention in cats with CKD to improve outcomes have prompted the discovery and validation of novel renal biomarkers to detect glomerular or tubular dysfunction. Changes in the serum or urinary concentrations of these biomarkers may indicate early kidney damage or predict the progression of kidney before changes in conventional biomarkers are detectable. This review summarizes current knowledge on renal biomarkers in CKD in cats, a field that has progressed substantially over the last 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirawut Kongtasai
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Dominique Paepe
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Femke Mortier
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sofie Marynissen
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lisa Stammeleer
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Pieter Defauw
- Lumbry Park Veterinary Specialists, Alton, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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5
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Effect of age, sex, and breed on serum cystatin C and creatinine concentrations in dogs. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:183-188. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09844-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Obert LA, Elmore SA, Ennulat D, Frazier KS. A Review of Specific Biomarkers of Chronic Renal Injury and Their Potential Application in Nonclinical Safety Assessment Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:996-1023. [PMID: 33576319 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320985045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A host of novel renal biomarkers have been developed over the past few decades which have enhanced monitoring of renal disease and drug-induced kidney injury in both preclinical studies and in humans. Since chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI) share similar underlying mechanisms and the tubulointerstitial compartment has a functional role in the progression of CKD, urinary biomarkers of AKI may provide predictive information in chronic renal disease. Numerous studies have explored whether the recent AKI biomarkers could improve upon the standard clinical biomarkers, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and urinary albumin to creatinine ratio, for predicting outcomes in CKD patients. This review is an introduction to alternative assays that can be utilized in chronic (>3 months duration) nonclinical safety studies to provide information on renal dysfunction and to demonstrate specific situations where these assays could be utilized in nonclinical drug development. Novel biomarkers such as symmetrical dimethyl arginine, dickkopf homolog 3, and cystatin C predict chronic renal injury in animals, act as surrogates for GFR, and may predict changes in GFR in patients over time, ultimately providing a bridge from preclinical to clinical renal monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Obert
- 549350GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Nonclinical Safety, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Susan A Elmore
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program (NTP), 6857National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Daniela Ennulat
- 549350GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Nonclinical Safety, Collegeville, PA, USA
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7
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MIYAGAWA Y, AKABANE R, OGAWA M, NAGAKAWA M, MIYAKAWA H, TAKEMURA N. Serum cystatin C concentration can be used to evaluate glomerular filtration rate in small dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 82:1828-1834. [PMID: 33177264 PMCID: PMC7804046 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum cystatin C levels (CysC) are used in human medicine to document progressive kidney failure. Although CysC are not thought to be useful for the diagnosis of kidney dysfunction in dogs, there has been no specific consideration of body weight as a confounding issue. The aim of this study was to assess that the utility of CysC for the diagnosis of decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in smaller vs. larger dogs. In clinically healthy dogs, serum creatinine (Cre) and CysC correlate directly with body weight; we found that dogs weighing <20 kg had significantly lower CysC than those weighing ≥20 kg (0.27 ± 0.07 vs. 0.34 ± 0.05 mg/l, respectively, P<0.001). In dogs weighing <20 kg, CysC had superior diagnostic accuracy for the detection of mildly decreased plasma iohexol clearance (PCio) (<1.8 ml/min/kg) compared with Cre (sensitivity 100% vs. 80.9% and specificity 100% vs. 85.7%); this was not true for dogs weighing ≥20 kg. Additionally, using a cut-off PCio of <1.8 ml/min/kg, the area under receiver-operating characteristics curve (AUC) of CysC was significantly higher than that of Cre in dogs weighing <20 kg (P<0.05); this was not true for dogs weighing ≥20 kg (P=0.695). In conclusion, CysC is a useful marker for the detection of a mild decreasing GFR compared with Cre in dogs weighing <20 kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi MIYAGAWA
- The Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine II, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan cho, Musashino-shi,
Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Ryota AKABANE
- The Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine II, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan cho, Musashino-shi,
Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Mizuki OGAWA
- The Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine II, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan cho, Musashino-shi,
Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Masayoshi NAGAKAWA
- The Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine II, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan cho, Musashino-shi,
Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Hirosumi MIYAKAWA
- The Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine II, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan cho, Musashino-shi,
Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Naoyuki TAKEMURA
- The Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine II, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan cho, Musashino-shi,
Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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8
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether serum symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA)
and cystatin C (CysC) levels can be utilized as more accurate markers of early kidney
dysfunction in dogs. Forty-one client-owned dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD), which
were clinically stable, and ten beagles as healthy controls were included. All dogs
underwent physical examination, systemic blood pressure measurement, complete blood cell
count, and plasma biochemistry analyses. Frozen serum was used for SDMA and CysC analyses.
Data analysis was performed using Kruskal Wallis, Pearson’s correlation, Bland-Altman
plots, and receiver operating characteristic curve. SDMA and CysC levels were
significantly higher in patients with CKD at various International Renal Interest Society
(IRIS) stages than in the healthy controls. In particular, CysC level was the only
biomarker that could indicate the earliest stage of CKD (IRIS stage I). Similar to these
results, CysC level showed better sensitivity and specificity compared to the other
biomarkers in early CKD dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonyoung Kim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77, Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Chang-Min Lee
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77, Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Ha-Jung Kim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77, Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
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Iwasa N, Takashima S, Iwasa T, Iwasa K, Suzuki T, Kumazawa R, Nomura S, Kobatake Y, Kitagawa H, Nishii N. Evaluation of monitoring methods in asymptomatic dogs with high serum cystatin C concentrations. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1730-1734. [PMID: 31611483 PMCID: PMC6943324 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the monitoring methods in asymptomatic dogs with high serum cystatin C (Cys-C) concentrations. Ten dogs with high serum Cys-C were divided into two groups based on the owner's choice; one receiving clinical pathology-based monitoring at an animal hospital specialised in chronic kidney disease, and the other receiving symptom-based monitoring at home, partly because they showed no clinical symptoms. The dogs that received the clinical pathology-based monitoring led to an early treatment intervention, resulted in a longer survival period than dogs received the symptom-based monitoring (P<0.05). It became clear that early treatment intervention by clinical pathology-based monitoring extends the renal survival period even in asymptomatic dogs with increased serum Cys-C concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Iwasa
- Hashima Animal Hospital, 2-17 Asahira, Hashima, Gifu 501-6255, Japan.,Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takashima
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Iwasa
- Hashima Animal Hospital, 2-17 Asahira, Hashima, Gifu 501-6255, Japan
| | - Kazuko Iwasa
- Hashima Animal Hospital, 2-17 Asahira, Hashima, Gifu 501-6255, Japan
| | - Tomomi Suzuki
- Hashima Animal Hospital, 2-17 Asahira, Hashima, Gifu 501-6255, Japan
| | - Rie Kumazawa
- Hashima Animal Hospital, 2-17 Asahira, Hashima, Gifu 501-6255, Japan
| | - Saki Nomura
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yui Kobatake
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kitagawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoi-no-oka, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Naohito Nishii
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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10
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Kasabalis D, Chatzis MK, Apostolidis K, Xenoulis PG, Buono A, Petanides T, Leontides LS, Polizopoulou ZS, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS, Saridomichelakis MN. Evaluation of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity of aminosidine (paromomycin)-allopurinol combination in dogs with leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum: A randomized, blinded, controlled study. Exp Parasitol 2019; 206:107768. [PMID: 31539540 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum is a widespread zoonotic disease. Although aminosidine can be an effective treatment, current therapeutic recommendations do not advocate its use, mainly due to concerns regarding the potential nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity of this drug. The aim of this randomized, blinded, controlled study was to evaluate the nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity of aminosidine-allopurinol combination and compare it with that of meglumine antimonate-allopurinol combination in non-azotemic dogs with leishmaniosis. Forty dogs with leishmaniosis were randomly assigned to be treated with either aminosidine at 15 mg/kg, subcutaneously, once daily for 28 days (group A) or with meglumine antimonate at 100 mg/kg, subcutaneously, once daily for 28 days (group B). In addition to either drug, dogs in both groups were administered allopurinol at 10 mg/kg per os twice daily for 2 months. Kidney function was evaluated through measurement of serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, inorganic phosphorus, and cystatin-c concentrations and complete urinalysis, including protein-to-creatinine ratio, at baseline and after 14, 28, and 60 days from the beginning of the treatment. At the same time points, vestibular and auditory functions were evaluated through neurological examination and brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) recordings of wave I, wave V, inter-wave I-V latencies, and minimum hearing thresholds. None of the dogs developed clinicopathological evidence of kidney disease during the study. Serum creatinine concentration increased >0.3 mg/dl over baseline in 2 dogs in group A and in 5 dogs in group B. Parameters of kidney function were not significantly different or were improved compared to baseline and the only difference between the two groups was the lower concentration of serum creatinine in group A. None of the dogs developed peripheral vestibular syndrome or hearing impairment. At the end of the study, parameters of auditory function were not significantly different or were improved compared to baseline and there were no differences between the two groups. The results of this study show that the nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity of aminosidine, when administered to non-azotemic dogs with leishmaniosis at 15 mg/kg subcutaneously once daily for 28 days along with allopurinol, is minimal and does not differ from that of meglumine antimonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kasabalis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece; Veterinary Clinic St. Modestos, Aerodromiou Str. 59A, GR-57013, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M K Chatzis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - K Apostolidis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - P G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - A Buono
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, 77843-4474, USA
| | - T Petanides
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - L S Leontides
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Animal Health Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Z S Polizopoulou
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, St. Voutira Str. 11, GR-54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, 77843-4474, USA
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, 77843-4474, USA
| | - M N Saridomichelakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece.
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11
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Daza González MA, Miró G, Fermín Rodríguez M, Rupérez Noguer C, Fragío Arnold C. Short term impacts of meglumine antimoniate treatment on kidney function in dogs with clinical leishmaniosis. Res Vet Sci 2019; 126:131-138. [PMID: 31491669 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study examines correlations among serum proteins, clinical score, body weight and kidney function biomarkers after a standard treatment course (meglumine antimoniate plus allopurinol) in twelve Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) patients at the three times points pre treatment, after treatment and after the end of treatment. The laboratory variables measured were those used for the follow-up of sick dogs along with biomarkers of kidney function: glomerular filtration rate (GFR), creatinine (Cr), urea, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, urine specific gravity (USG) and urine protein to creatinine ratio (UPC). Arterial blood pressure (systolic blood pressure, SBP), clinical score (CS) and weight were also monitored over the study period. At Tp0, GFR was within the normal range in most dogs. Hyperfiltration was detected in three patients and hypofiltration in one. In dogs showing hyperfiltration, this factor remained in the non-azotemic range over the whole study period. After treatment normal filtration values were recovered. Meglumine antimoniate did not modify GFR or USG. A significant reduction in UPC was recorded. In all dogs, clinical scores improved. Negative correlation was found between GFR and Cr, UPC and albumin (Alb) and CS and Alb, while positive correlation was detected between UPC and total globulins (GlobT), CS and GlobT, UPC and total solids (TS), SBP and CS and SBP and UPC. Our findings indicate no impacts on kidney function of the treatment of CanL with meglumine antimoniate, as no effects were produced on GFR or USG. Treatment was effective and found to reduce UPC which could suggest improved glomerular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Daza González
- Small Animal Emergency and ICU Service, Hospital Clínico Veterinario Complutense, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda Puerta Hierro sn., Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - G Miró
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda Puerta hierro sn., Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - M Fermín Rodríguez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda Puerta hierro sn., Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - C Rupérez Noguer
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda Puerta hierro sn., Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - C Fragío Arnold
- Small Animal Emergency and ICU Service, Hospital Clínico Veterinario Complutense, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda Puerta Hierro sn., Madrid 28040, Spain; Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda Puerta hierro sn., Madrid 28040, Spain
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12
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Pelander L, Brunchault V, Buffin-Meyer B, Klein J, Breuil B, Zürbig P, Magalhães P, Mullen W, Elliott J, Syme H, Schanstra JP, Häggström J, Ljungvall I. Urinary peptidome analyses for the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease in dogs. Vet J 2019; 249:73-79. [PMID: 31239169 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is clinically important in canine medicine. Current diagnostic tools lack sensitivity for detection of subclinical CKD. The aim of the present study was to evaluate urinary peptidome analysis for diagnosis of CKD in dogs. Capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated presence of approximately 5400 peptides in dog urine. Comparison of urinary peptide abundance of dogs with and without CKD led to the identification of 133 differentially excreted peptides (adjusted P for each peptide <0.05). Sequence information was obtained for 35 of these peptides. This 35 peptide subset and the total group of 133 peptides were used to construct two predictive models of CKD which were subsequently validated by researchers masked to results in an independent cohort of 20 dogs. Both models diagnosed CKD with an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.88 (95% confidence intervals [CI], 0.72-1.0). Most differentially excreted peptides represented fragments of collagen I, indicating possible association with fibrotic processes in CKD (similar to the equivalent human urinary peptide CKD model, CKD273). This first study of the urinary peptidome in dogs identified peptides that were associated with presence of CKD. Future studies are needed to validate the utility of this model for diagnosis and prediction of progression of canine CKD in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pelander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls väg 12, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - V Brunchault
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Equipe 12, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier Toulouse, France
| | - B Buffin-Meyer
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Equipe 12, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier Toulouse, France
| | - J Klein
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Equipe 12, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier Toulouse, France
| | - B Breuil
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Equipe 12, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier Toulouse, France
| | - P Zürbig
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH, Hannover, Germany
| | - P Magalhães
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH, Hannover, Germany
| | - W Mullen
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - J Elliott
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - H Syme
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, UK
| | - J P Schanstra
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Equipe 12, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier Toulouse, France
| | - J Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls väg 12, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I Ljungvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls väg 12, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Pelander L, Häggström J, Larsson A, Syme H, Elliott J, Heiene R, Ljungvall I. Comparison of the diagnostic value of symmetric dimethylarginine, cystatin C, and creatinine for detection of decreased glomerular filtration rate in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:630-639. [PMID: 30791142 PMCID: PMC6430914 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early detection of decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in dogs is challenging. Current methods are insensitive and new biomarkers are required. OBJECTIVE To compare overall diagnostic performance of serum symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) and serum cystatin C to serum creatinine, for detection of decreased GFR in clinically stable dogs, with or without chronic kidney disease (CKD). ANIMALS Ninety-seven client-owned dogs: 67 dogs with a diagnosis or suspicion of CKD and 30 healthy dogs were prospectively included. METHODS Prospective diagnostic accuracy study. All dogs underwent physical examination, systemic arterial blood pressure measurement, urinalysis, hematology and blood biochemistry analysis, cardiac and urinary ultrasound examinations, and scintigraphy for estimation of glomerular filtration rate (mGFR). Frozen serum was used for batch analysis of SDMA and cystatin C. RESULTS The area under the curve of creatinine, SDMA, and cystatin C for detection of an mGFR <30.8 mL/min/L was 0.98 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.93-1.0), 0.96 (95% CI, 0.91-0.99), and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.79-0.93), respectively. The sensitivity of both creatinine and SDMA at their prespecified cutoffs (115 μmol/L [1.3 mg/dL] and 14 μg/dL) for detection of an abnormal mGFR was 90%. The specificity was 90% for creatinine and 87% for SDMA. When adjusting the cutoff for cystatin C to correspond to a diagnostic sensitivity of 90% (0.49 mg/L), specificity was lower (72%) than that of creatinine and SDMA. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Overall diagnostic performance of creatinine and SDMA for detection of decreased mGFR was similar. Overall diagnostic performance of cystatin C was inferior to both creatinine and SDMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Pelander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Harriet Syme
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Reidun Heiene
- ABC Dyreklinikk Lillehammer AS, Hamarvegen 68A, 26 13 Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Ingrid Ljungvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Biomarkers and renal arterial resistive index in dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3399-3405. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Iwasa N, Takashima S, Iwasa T, Iwasa K, Suzuki T, Kobatake Y, Kitagawa H, Nishii N. Serum cystatin C concentration measured routinely is a prognostic marker for renal disease in dogs. Res Vet Sci 2018; 119:122-126. [PMID: 29913326 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the predictive value of serum cystatin C (Cys-C) concentration, measured during routine periodic health examinations, in the renal prognosis of dogs. A cohort of 140 dogs weighing <15 kg whose serum Cys-C concentrations were measured during periodic health examinations from December 2013 to March 2016 were prospectively studied, with renal disease-related death the predicted end point. Of the 140 dogs, nine died from renal diseases during the follow-up period (539 ± 249 days). Serum Cys-C concentrations were higher in the dogs that subsequently died of renal disease than in the censored group (0.8 ± 0.25 vs. 0.3 ± 0.1 mg/dl, respectively; P < .01). Dogs with high serum Cys-C concentrations (>0.55 mg/dl) had a shorter (P < .01) renal disease-specific survival period than those with low serum Cys-C concentrations (≤0.55 mg/dl). In conclusion, high serum Cys-C concentrations in periodic health examinations in dogs <15 kg predicted poorer prognosis for renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Iwasa
- Hashima Animal Hospital, 2-17 Asahira, Hashima, Gifu 501-6255, Japan; Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takashima
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Tatsuo Iwasa
- Hashima Animal Hospital, 2-17 Asahira, Hashima, Gifu 501-6255, Japan
| | - Kazuko Iwasa
- Hashima Animal Hospital, 2-17 Asahira, Hashima, Gifu 501-6255, Japan
| | - Tomomi Suzuki
- Hashima Animal Hospital, 2-17 Asahira, Hashima, Gifu 501-6255, Japan
| | - Yui Kobatake
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kitagawa
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Naohito Nishii
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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16
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Muñoz J, Soblechero P, Duque FJ, Macías-García B, Ruiz P, Zaragoza C, Barrera R. Effects of Oral Prednisone Administration on Serum Cystatin C in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1765-1770. [PMID: 28921665 PMCID: PMC5697201 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral administration of glucocorticoid alters serum cystatin C (sCysC) concentration in humans. Objective To determine if oral administration of prednisone alters sCysC in dogs without pre‐existing renal disease. Animals Forty six dogs were included: 10 dogs diagnosed with steroid responsive meningitis arteritis (SRMA; group A), 20 dogs diagnosed of pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH; group B), and 16 healthy control dogs (group C). Methods Retrospective observational study. SRMA diagnosed dogs were administered prednisone 4 mg/kg/24 h PO 7 days, reducing the dose to 2 mg/kg/24 h 7 days before medication withdrawal. In group A, sampling was performed at days 0, 7, 14 and a final control at day 21. Blood and urine samples were collected in the 3 groups, and in group A, sampling was performed at all time points (days 1, 7, 14, and 21). Results In group A, sCysC was significantly higher at day 7 compared to the control group (0.4 ± 0.04 mg/L vs. 0.18 ± 0.03 mg/L mean ± SEM respectively P < 0.01); sCysC values decreased to basal at day 14 when the dose was decreased and after 1 week of withdrawal of prednisone (0.27 ± 0.03 mg/L for group A at day 14 and 0.15 ± 0.02 mg/L at day 21; P > 0.05). Dogs with PDH included in group B did not have significant differences in sCysC (0.22 ± 0.03 mg/L) compared to control (P > 0.05). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Oral administration of prednisone unlike altered endogenous glucocorticoid production, increases sCysC in dogs in a dose‐dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Muñoz
- Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - P Soblechero
- Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - F J Duque
- Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - B Macías-García
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre JesúsUsón, Cáceres, Spain
| | - P Ruiz
- Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - C Zaragoza
- Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - R Barrera
- Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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17
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Ghys LFE, Paepe D, Lefebvre HP, Reynolds BS, Croubels S, Meyer E, Delanghe JR, Daminet S. Evaluation of Cystatin C for the Detection of Chronic Kidney Disease in Cats. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 30:1074-82. [PMID: 27461722 PMCID: PMC5108422 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum cystatin C (sCysC) and urinary cystatin C (uCysC) are potential biomarkers for early detection of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats. An in-depth clinical validation is required. OBJECTIVES To evaluate CysC as a marker for CKD in cats and to compare assay performance of the turbidimetric assay (PETIA) with the previously validated nephelometric assay (PENIA). ANIMALS Ninety cats were included: 49 CKD and 41 healthy cats. METHODS Serum CysC and uCysC concentrations were prospectively evaluated in cats with CKD and healthy cats. Based on plasma exo-iohexol clearance test (PexICT), sCysC was evaluated to distinguish normal, borderline, and low GFR. Sensitivity and specificity to detect PexICT < 1.7 mL/min/kg were calculated. Serum CysC results of PENIA and PETIA were correlated with GFR. Statistical analysis was performed using general linear modeling. RESULTS Cats with CKD had significantly higher mean ± SD sCysC (1.4 ± 0.5 mg/L) (P < .001) and uCysC/urinary creatinine (uCr) (291 ± 411 mg/mol) (P < .001) compared to healthy cats (sCysC 1.0 ± 0.3 and uCysC/uCr 0.32 ± 0.97). UCysC was detected in 35/49 CKD cats. R(2) values between GFR and sCysC or sCr were 0.39 and 0.71, respectively (sCysC or sCr = μ + GFR + ε). Sensitivity and specificity were 22 and 100% for sCysC and 83 and 93% for sCr. Serum CysC could not distinguish healthy from CKD cats, nor normal from borderline or low GFR, in contrast with sCr. CONCLUSION Serum CysC is not a reliable marker of reduced GFR in cats and uCysC could not be detected in all CKD cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F E Ghys
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - D Paepe
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - H P Lefebvre
- Clinical Research Unit, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - B S Reynolds
- Clinical Research Unit, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - S Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J R Delanghe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - S Daminet
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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18
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Choi BS, Moon HS, Seo SH, Hyun C. Evaluation of serum cystatin-C and symmetric dimethylarginine concentrations in dogs with heart failure from chronic mitral valvular insufficiency. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 79:41-46. [PMID: 27725349 PMCID: PMC5289235 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a common complication in advanced stages of heart failure (HF). The convenient and precise assessment for GFR would be useful for early detection of renal impairment in HF dogs. Our hypothesis of this study was the GFR would be reduced in advanced stages of HF from chronic mitral valvular insufficiency (CMVI), as indicated by renal markers including serum cystatin-C (Cys-C) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) concentrations. Forty-three client-owned dogs consisting of 33 dogs with different stages of HF from CMVI and 10 age-matched healthy dogs were enrolled in this study. Serum Cys-C and SDMA concentrations along with other renal (i.e., urea nitrogen and creatinine) and echocardiographic markers were evaluated in healthy and CMVI dogs. Serum Cys-C concentrations were 1.4 ± 0.4 mg/l in control, 2.1 ± 0.9 mg/l in ISACHC I, 2.9 ± 0.8 mg/l in ISACHC II and 3.6 ± 0.6 mg/l in ISACHC III dogs, whereas serum SDMA concentrations were 8 ± 2 µg/dl in control, 14 ± 3 µg/dl in ISACHC I, 18 ± 6 µg/dl in ISACHC II and 22 ± 7 µg/dl in ISACHC III dogs. There was close correlation of serum Cys-C and SDMA concentrations to serum creatinine, urea nitrogen and the severity of HF. Our study demonstrated that the GFR was decreased in dogs with CMVI having earlier stages of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bom-Sul Choi
- Section of Small Animal Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
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19
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Martineau AS, Leray V, Lepoudere A, Blanchard G, Bensalem J, Gaudout D, Ouguerram K, Nguyen P. A mixed grape and blueberry extract is safe for dogs to consume. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:162. [PMID: 27487916 PMCID: PMC4973095 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Grape and blueberry extracts are known to protect against age-related cognitive decline. However, beneficial effects achieved by mixing grape and blueberry extracts have yet to be evaluated in dogs, or their bioavailability assessed. Of concern to us were cases of acute renal failure in dogs, after their ingestion of grapes or raisins. The European Pet Food Industry Federation (2013) considers only the grape or raisin itself to be potentially dangerous; grape-seed extracts per-se, are not considered to be a threat. Our aim was therefore to evaluate the renal and hepatic safety, and measure plasma derivatives of a polyphenol-rich extract from grape and blueberry (PEGB; from the Neurophenols Consortium) in dogs. Polyphenol expression was analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS over 8 hours, for dogs given PEGB at 4 mg/kg. Safety was evaluated using four groups of 6 dogs. These groups received capsules containing no PEGB (control), or PEGB at 4, 20, or 40 mg/kg BW/d, for 24 weeks. Blood and urine samples were taken the week prior to study commencement, then at the end of the 24-wk study period. Routine markers of renal and liver damage, including creatinine (Creat), blood urea nitrogen, albumin, minerals, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and alanine transaminase (ALT) were measured. Biomarkers for early renal damage were also evaluated in plasma (cystatin C (CysC), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)), and urine (CysC, clusterin (Clu), and NGAL). Ratios of urinary biomarkers to Creat were calculated, and compared with acceptable maximal values obtained for healthy dogs, as reported in the literature. Results While several PEGB-specific polyphenols and metabolites were detected in dog plasma, at the end of the PEGB consumption period, our biomarker analyses presented no evidence of either renal or liver damage (Creat, BUN, ionogram, albumin and ALT, ALP). Similarly, no indication of early renal damage could be detected. Plasma CysC, urinary CysC/Creat, Clu/Creat, and NGAL/Creat ratios were all beneath reported benchmarked maximums, with no evidence of PEGB toxicity. Conclusions Long-term consumption of a pet specific blend of a polyphenol-rich extract from grape and blueberry (PEGB; from the Neurophenols Consortium), was not associated with renal or hepatic injury, and can therefore be considered safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Martineau
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences and Engineering, Nutrition and Endocrinology Unit, C.S. 40706, 44307, Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Véronique Leray
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences and Engineering, Nutrition and Endocrinology Unit, C.S. 40706, 44307, Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Anne Lepoudere
- SPF-DIANA Pet Food Business, ZA du Gohélis, 56250, Elven, France
| | - Géraldine Blanchard
- Animal Nutrition Expertise, 33 avenue de l'Île-de-France, 92160, Antony, France
| | - Julien Bensalem
- Activ'Inside, Espace Legendre, 33 rue Max Linder, 33500, Libourne, France
| | - David Gaudout
- Activ'Inside, Espace Legendre, 33 rue Max Linder, 33500, Libourne, France
| | - Khadija Ouguerram
- UMR1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, INRA-Université de Nantes, CHU-Hôtel Dieu, Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44096, Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - Patrick Nguyen
- LUNAM University, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences and Engineering, Nutrition and Endocrinology Unit, C.S. 40706, 44307, Nantes Cedex 03, France.
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20
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Ghys LFE, Paepe D, Taffin ERL, Vandermeulen E, Duchateau L, Smets PMY, Delanghe J, Daminet S. Serum and urinary cystatin C in cats with feline immunodeficiency virus infection and cats with hyperthyroidism. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:658-65. [PMID: 26101237 PMCID: PMC10816382 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15592343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to investigate serum cystatin C (sCysC) and urinary cystatin C (uCysC) in cats with hyperthyroidism and cats with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). METHODS Thirty cats with FIV, 26 hyperthyroid cats and 28 healthy cats were included. sCysC and uCysC:creatinine (uCysC/uCr) ratio were measured with a human particle-enhanced nephelometric immunoassay, previously validated for feline CysC measurement. Routine renal variables (serum creatinine [sCr], urine specific gravity, urinary protein:creatinine ratio [UPC]) were also measured in the three groups. RESULTS Cats with hyperthyroidism had significantly higher sCysC and higher uCysC/uCr ratio, lower sCr and a higher UPC than healthy cats. Cats with FIV infection did not show a significantly higher sCysC concentration but had a significantly higher sCr and UPC than healthy cats. uCysC could be detected in only four of them. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study demonstrated that sCysC is increased in cats with hyperthyroidism, in contrast with sCr, but not in cats with FIV. Many hyperthyroid cats, but only four cats with FIV, had an elevated uCysC/uCr ratio. Further studies may reveal if uCysC might be a valuable marker for tubular dysfunction in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth F E Ghys
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominique Paepe
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Elien R L Taffin
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Eva Vandermeulen
- Department of Medical Imaging and Orthopaedics of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke
| | - Pascale M Y Smets
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Joris Delanghe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Marynissen SJJ, Smets PMY, Ghys LFE, Paepe D, Delanghe J, Galac S, Meyer E, Lefebvre HP, Daminet S. Long-term follow-up of renal function assessing serum cystatin C in dogs with diabetes mellitus or hyperadrenocorticism. Vet Clin Pathol 2016; 45:320-9. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofie J. J. Marynissen
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Pascale M. Y. Smets
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Liesbeth F. E. Ghys
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Dominique Paepe
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Joris Delanghe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Sara Galac
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Hervé P. Lefebvre
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Clinical Research Unit; INRA; École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT); Toulouse France
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
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Cianciolo R, Hokamp J, Nabity M. Advances in the evaluation of canine renal disease. Vet J 2016; 215:21-9. [PMID: 27198066 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Many recent advances in the evaluation of dogs with kidney disease have improved our diagnostic algorithms and have impacted our therapeutic strategies. Non-invasive techniques, such as urinary and serologic biomarker evaluation, can help a clinician diagnose and treat a patient that cannot undergo a renal biopsy for clinical or financial reasons. Some biomarkers might help localize the affected structure (glomerulus vs. tubule) and indicate the type or severity of injury present. Although more research is needed, studies indicate that some biomarkers (e.g. urine protein to creatinine ratio and urinary immunoglobulins) can be useful in predicting adverse outcomes. Importantly, the sensitivity and specificity of biomarkers for renal injury should be established and clinicians need to understand the limitations of these assays. If a renal biopsy is performed, then it should be evaluated by a specialty diagnostic service with expertise in nephropathology. A panel of special stains, immunofluorescence for the detection of immunoglobulins and complement factors, and transmission electron microscopy can be routinely employed in cases of glomerular disease. These advanced diagnostics can be used to detect immune deposits in order to definitively diagnose immune complex mediated glomerular disease. Integrating the results of biomarker assays and comprehensive renal biopsy evaluation, the clinician can make informed therapeutic decisions, such as whether or not to immunosuppress a patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Cianciolo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Jessica Hokamp
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mary Nabity
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Hokamp
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - Mary B. Nabity
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
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24
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Ghys L, Paepe D, Lefebvre H, Taffin E, Hesta M, Delanghe J, Smets P, Vandendriessche V, Daminet S. The effect of feeding, storage and anticoagulant on feline serum cystatin C. Vet J 2015; 206:91-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ghys LFE, Paepe D, Duchateau L, Taffin ERL, Marynissen S, Delanghe J, Daminet S. Biological validation of feline serum cystatin C: The effect of breed, age and sex and establishment of a reference interval. Vet J 2015; 204:168-73. [PMID: 25900195 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common in cats, but the routine renal markers, serum creatinine (sCr) and urea, are not sensitive or specific enough to detect early CKD. Serum cystatin C (sCysC) has advantages over sCr, both in humans and dogs, and sCysC concentration is significantly higher in cats with CKD than in healthy cats. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of age, sex and breed on feline sCysC and to establish a reference interval for feline sCysC. In total, 130 healthy cats aged 1-16 years were included. sCysC was determined using a validated particle-enhanced nephelometric immunoassay. sCr, urea, urine specific gravity, urinary protein:creatinine ratio (UPC) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were also measured. No significant differences in sCysC concentration were observed among young, middle-aged and geriatric cats, female intact, female neutered cats, male intact and male neutered cats, or among purebred and domestic short-or longhaired cats. The 95% reference interval for feline sCysC was determined to be 0.58-1.95 mg/L. sCr was significantly higher in geriatric cats than young cats. Serum urea in geriatric cats was significantly higher than in middle-aged and young cats (P = 0.004 and P <0.001, respectively). SBP in geriatric cats was significantly higher than in both middle-aged and young cats (P = 0.004 and P = 0.040, respectively). Male neutered and female neutered cats had significantly higher serum urea concentrations than female intact cats (P = 0.003 and P = 0.006, respectively). Male intact cats had a significantly higher UPC than female intact and female neutered cats (P = 0.02 for each comparison). There were no significant differences among sex groups for USG. It is of concern that sCysC in the majority of cats with CKD in previous studies falls within the reference interval calculated in this study. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the diagnostic value of sCysC as a renal marker in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F E Ghys
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - D Paepe
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E R L Taffin
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Marynissen
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J Delanghe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 184, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Daminet
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Urinary ferritin and cystatin C concentrations at different stages of kidney disease in leishmaniotic dogs. Res Vet Sci 2015; 99:204-7. [PMID: 25639693 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traditional analytes do not detect early renal disease; therefore there is a need to find new early markers of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in dogs to avoid the progression to irreversible renal damage. Our objective was to evaluate the presence of ferritin and cystatin C in urine of dogs with CKD and to relate their concentrations with the severity of the disease. Samples obtained from dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum were classified into four groups on the basis of the results of urinary protein/creatinine ratio and serum creatinine. This study shows that ferritin and cystatin C concentrations were increased in the urine of dogs with renal damage. Cystatin C value in urine only increased in severe stages of CKD with serum creatinine values >1.4 mg/dL, while the urinary ferritin concentration increased in dogs with proteinuria and serum creatinine <1.4 mg/dL, being, therefore, a renal biomarker earlier than creatinemia.
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Hall JA, Yerramilli M, Obare E, Yerramilli M, Jewell DE. Comparison of serum concentrations of symmetric dimethylarginine and creatinine as kidney function biomarkers in cats with chronic kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1676-83. [PMID: 25231385 PMCID: PMC4895610 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) has been shown to be an accurate and precise biomarker for calculating estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in humans, as well as a more sensitive biomarker than serum creatinine concentration (sCr) for assessing renal dysfunction. Objectives The purpose of this retrospective study was to report on the utility of measuring serum SDMA concentrations in cats for detection of chronic kidney disease (CKD) before diagnosis by conventional measurement of sCr. Animals Chronic kidney disease cats (n = 21) included those persistently azotemic for ≥3 months (n = 15), nonazotemic cats with GFR >30% decreased from median GFR of normal cats (n = 4), and nonazotemic cats with calcium oxalate kidney stones (n = 2). Healthy geriatric cats (n = 21) were selected from the same colony. Methods Symmetric dimethylarginine concentrations (liquid chromatography‐mass spectroscopy) and sCr (enzymatic colorimetry) were determined retrospectively from historical data or banked serum samples in azotemic cats or at the time GFR (iohexol clearance) was measured in nonazotemic cats. Results Serum SDMA (r = −0.79) and sCr (r = −0.77) concentrations were significantly correlated to GFR (both P < .0001). Symmetric dimethylarginine became increased before sCr in 17/21 cats (mean, 17.0 months; range, 1.5–48 months). Serum SDMA had higher sensitivity (100%) compared with sCr (17%), but lower specificity (91% versus 100%) and positive predictive value (86% versus 100%). Conclusion and Clinical Importance Using serum SDMA as a biomarker for CKD allows earlier detection of CKD in cats compared with sCr, which may be desirable for initiating renoprotective interventions that slow progression of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
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Ghys L, Paepe D, Smets P, Lefebvre H, Delanghe J, Daminet S. Cystatin C: a new renal marker and its potential use in small animal medicine. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1152-64. [PMID: 24814357 PMCID: PMC4857948 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of chronic kidney disease is underestimated in both human and veterinary medicine. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is considered the gold standard for evaluating kidney function. However, GFR assessment is time-consuming and labor-intensive and therefore not routinely used in practice. The commonly used indirect GFR markers, serum creatinine (sCr) and urea, are not sufficiently sensitive or specific to detect early renal dysfunction. Serum cystatin C (sCysC), a proteinase inhibitor, has most of the properties required for an endogenous GFR marker. In human medicine, numerous studies have evaluated its potential use as a GFR marker in several populations. In veterinary medicine, this marker is gaining interest. The measurement is easy, which makes it an interesting parameter for clinical use. This review summarizes current knowledge about cystatin C (CysC) in humans, dogs, and cats, including its history, assays, relationship with GFR, and biological and clinical variations in both human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Ghys
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - D. Paepe
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - P. Smets
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - H. Lefebvre
- Clinical Research UnitNational Veterinary School of ToulouseToulouse Cedex 3France
| | - J. Delanghe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and ImmunologyFaculty of Health Medicine and Life SciencesGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - S. Daminet
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
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Ghys LFE, Meyer E, Paepe D, Delanghe J, Daminet S. Analytical validation of a human particle-enhanced nephelometric assay for cystatin C measurement in feline serum and urine. Vet Clin Pathol 2014; 43:226-34. [PMID: 24773065 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In people and dogs, Cystatin C (CysC), a renal glomerular and tubular marker, seems superior to serum creatinine to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). A particle-enhanced nephelometric immunoassay is available to measure human CysC, but there are no reports in cats. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was the validation of the human CysC nephelometric assay with feline serum and urine, and to perform a pilot study comparing serum and urine CysC between healthy cats and cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS Western blot analysis was used to assess cross-reactivity between the polyclonal rabbit anti-human CysC antibody and feline CysC. Imprecision and linearity were determined for feline serum and urine CysC. Serum and urine CysC were measured in 10 healthy and 10 CKD cats. RESULTS Cross-reactivity between the polyclonal rabbit anti-human CysC antibody and feline CysC was demonstrated. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation in feline serum and urine were 1.3% and 0.4%, and 12.5%, and 4.1%, respectively. Cats with CKD had a significantly higher serum CysC concentration (1.24 [0.63-2.99] vs 0.79 [0.43-1.05] mg/L; P = .02) and urine CysC/urinary Creatinine (uCr) ratio (565.6 [0-1311] vs < 0.049/uCr mg/mol; P = .005) compared with healthy cats. CONCLUSIONS The human nephelometric assay showed satisfactory validation results for feline CysC. Cats with CKD had a significantly higher sCysC concentration and uCysC/uCr ratio compared with healthy cats. Additional studies are necessary to evaluate CysC as an early marker of renal damage in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth F E Ghys
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Cobrin AR, Blois SL, Kruth SA, Abrams-Ogg ACG, Dewey C. Biomarkers in the assessment of acute and chronic kidney diseases in the dog and cat. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:647-55. [PMID: 24152019 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In both human and veterinary medicine, diagnosing and staging renal disease can be difficult. Measurement of glomerular filtration rate is considered the gold standard for assessing renal function but methods for its assessment can be technically challenging and impractical. The main parameters used to diagnose acute and chronic kidney disease include circulating creatinine and urea concentrations, and urine-specific gravity. However, these parameters can be insensitive. Therefore, there is a need for better methods to diagnose and monitor patients with renal disease. The use of renal biomarkers is increasing in human and veterinary medicine for the diagnosis and monitoring of acute and chronic kidney diseases. An ideal biomarker would identify site and severity of injury, and correlate with renal function, among other qualities. This article will review the advantages and limitations of renal biomarkers that have been used in dogs and cats, as well as some markers used in humans that may be adapted for veterinary use. In the future, measuring a combination of biomarkers will likely be a useful approach in the diagnosis of kidney disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Cobrin
- Ontario Veterinary College Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
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Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Feline chronic kidney disease (CKD) is frequently encountered by veterinarians. Timely diagnosis and staging may facilitate the initiation of adequate therapy and improve the prognosis for patients. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Feline CKD is diagnosed based on the presence of compatible clinical signs and renal azotaemia, which implies that urinalysis (particularly urine specific gravity) is mandatory to confirm the diagnosis. Although the diagnosis of advanced feline CKD and associated complications is usually straightforward, based on complete blood and urine examination, all routine blood and urine tests have their limitations in detecting early CKD. Therefore, diagnosing early or non-azotaemic CKD is much more challenging. Although determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) would be ideal to identify early kidney dysfunction, practical limitations hamper its routine use in clinical practice. PATIENT GROUP CKD is typically a disease of aged cats, but may affect cats of all ages. Conclusive breed and sex predispositions for feline CKD are not reported. AUDIENCE This review is directed at practising veterinarians and provides an overview of the required diagnostic tests, the classification system established by the International Renal Interest Society, and the importance of and possible techniques for early detection of CKD. EVIDENCE BASE Staging of cats with CKD is essential as it directs management and provides a prognostic guide. Given that diagnosis at early disease stages is associated with more prolonged survival times, simple, inexpensive and accurate methods for early CKD diagnosis are needed. Techniques currently under investigation include limited sampling strategies to estimate GFR, clearance marker cut-off concentrations to identify cats with low GFR, new indirect GFR markers and urinary biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Paepe
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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De Loor J, Daminet S, Smets P, Maddens B, Meyer E. Urinary biomarkers for acute kidney injury in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:998-1010. [PMID: 23952327 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Routinely, kidney dysfunction and decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are diagnosed by the evaluation of changes in the serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations. However, neither of these tests is sensitive or specific enough for the early diagnosis of impaired kidney function because they are both affected by other renal and nonrenal factors. Furthermore, kidney injury can be present in the absence of kidney dysfunction. Renal reserve enables normal GFR even when nephrons are damaged. Renal biomarkers, especially those present in urine, may be useful for the study of both acute and chronic nephropathies. The aim of this review is to describe the current status of urinary biomarkers as diagnostic tools for kidney injury in dogs with particular focus on acute kidney injury (AKI). The International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) canine AKI grading system and the implementation of urinary biomarkers in this system also are discussed. The discovery of novel urinary biomarkers has emerged from hypotheses about the pathophysiology of kidney injury, but few proteomic urine screening approaches have been described in dogs. Lack of standardization of biomarker assays further complicates the comparison of novel canine urinary biomarker validation results among studies. Future research should focus on novel biomarkers of renal origin and evaluate promising biomarkers in different clinical conditions. Validation of selected urinary biomarkers in the diagnosis of canine kidney diseases must include dogs with both renal and nonrenal diseases to evaluate their sensitivity, specificity as well as their negative and positive predictive values.
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Affiliation(s)
- J De Loor
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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34
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Pressler BM. Clinical approach to advanced renal function testing in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2013; 43:1193-208, v. [PMID: 24144085 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Serum creatinine concentration is insensitive for detecting kidney injury and does not assist in differentiation between glomerular versus tubular damage. Advanced renal function tests, including glomerular filtration rate testing, determining fractional excretion of electrolytes, and assay of urine biomarkers, may allow earlier detection of reduced renal function mass, differentiation of renal from non-renal causes of azotemia, and assist with localization of damage. This article reviews the principles, indications, and limitations of these tests and describes their use in sample clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barrak M Pressler
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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35
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Tvarijonaviciute A, Ceron J, Holden S, Biourge V, Morris P, German A. Effect of Weight Loss in Obese Dogs on Indicators of Renal Function or Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 27:31-8. [PMID: 23278113 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Tvarijonaviciute
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; Veterinary School; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - J.J. Ceron
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; Veterinary School; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - S.L. Holden
- Department of Obesity and Endo-crinology; University of Liverpool; Leahurst Campus; Chester High Road Neston Wirral UK
| | - V. Biourge
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition; Waltham-on-the-Wolds Melton Mowbray UK
| | - P.J. Morris
- Royal Canin Research Center; Aimargues France
| | - A.J. German
- Department of Obesity and Endo-crinology; University of Liverpool; Leahurst Campus; Chester High Road Neston Wirral UK
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Monti P, Benchekroun G, Berlato D, Archer J. Initial evaluation of canine urinary cystatin C as a marker of renal tubular function. J Small Anim Pract 2012; 53:254-9. [PMID: 22489749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2012.01198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the performance of a particle-enhanced turbidimetric assay for measuring canine urinary cystatin C and to investigate if the urinary cystatin C to creatinine ratio is higher in dogs with renal disease than in non-renal disease dogs. METHODS Urinary cystatin C was measured by particle-enhanced turbidimetric assay using an avian antihuman cystatin C antibody and the performance of this assay was evaluated. Clinical relevance was tested in 46 dogs that were divided into three groups: healthy dogs (n=14), non-renal disease dogs (n=17) and dogs with renal disease (n=15). RESULTS The assay was linear (R(2)=0·99) and precise (mean intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 2·3 and 2·9%, respectively). The recovery was 111·5% and the limit of blank was 0·02 mg/L. Urinary cystatin C and urinary cystatin C to creatinine ratio differed significantly (P<0·001) between the three cohorts of dogs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Measurement of cystatin C by particle-enhanced turbidimetric assay performed with high precision and linearity. This assay can be processed on automated clinical chemistry analysers making it widely available to commercial laboratories. Urinary cystatin C to creatinine ratio can differentiate dogs with renal disease from dogs without renal disease. These preliminary results suggest that urinary cystatin C to creatinine ratio is a promising marker for evaluating renal tubular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Monti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
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37
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Von Hendy-Willson VE, Pressler BM. An overview of glomerular filtration rate testing in dogs and cats. Vet J 2011; 188:156-65. [PMID: 20541957 PMCID: PMC2980797 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a valuable, yet underused, diagnostic tool for evaluating renal function in dogs and cats. This article first reviews the hormonal and hemodynamic factors which contribute to GFR, followed by a description of considerations when selecting a pharmacokinetic model and methods of animal-to-animal standardization. The best-characterized existing GFR markers, including creatinine, radiolabeled markers, and iohexol, are reviewed in depth, as well as alternative but lesser used techniques. A weighted means analysis of reported GFR measurements in healthy dogs and cats and a review of selected studies that have examined GFR alterations in animals with naturally occurring and experimental diseases provide the reader with preliminary guidelines on expected GFR results in these species and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barrak M. Pressler
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
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Nakata J, Nakahari A, Takahashi C, Chikazawa S, Hori Y, Kanai K, Ito N, Higuchi S, Hoshi F. Molecular cloning, expression in Escherichia coli, and development of monoclonal antibodies to feline cystatin C. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 138:231-4. [PMID: 20739069 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cystatin C is a member of the cystatin superfamily of low-molecular-weight proteins that inhibit the activity of cysteine protease. The full-length cDNA that encodes feline cystatin C (FeCysC) has been cloned from feline white blood cells by the oligo-capping method. The cDNA consists of 796 nucleotides and includes an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 146 amino acids. Next, we developed several mouse anti-FeCysC monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The recombinant FeCysC (rFeCysC) was expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) BL21 and used as an antigen to immunise mice. The reactivity of the mAbs to native FeCysC was examined by western blot analysis against the urinary protein from cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The three anti-rFeCysC mAbs (3-9G, 7-7C, and 9-12F) were able to recognise native FeCysC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Nakata
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Kitasato University, Higashi-23-35-1, Towada-shi, Aomori 034, Japan
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Jonkisz P, Kungl K, Sikorska A, Kurosad A, Nicpoń J. Cystatin C analysis in the dog: a comparison of turbidimetric and nephelometric assay results. Acta Vet Hung 2010; 58:59-67. [PMID: 20159739 DOI: 10.1556/avet.58.2010.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cystatin C is a serum protein with low molecular mass, which has been suggested as a marker to assess renal function in the dog. This protein is regularly assessed using particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay (PETIA) and particle-enhanced nephelometric immunoassay (PENIA), in which rabbit anti-human cystatin C antibodies are used. The purpose of this work was to compare the results of cystatin C analysis obtained by PETIA and PENIA assays in the dog. Forty dogs of different genders and breeds were classified into four groups of 10 animals each based on serum creatinine concentrations (4 stages of chronic kidney disease). Serum cystatin C concentration was measured using PETIA and PENIA assays, the results were compared, and correlation with serum urea and creatinine concentrations was established. The correlation coefficient for results obtained using PETIA and PENIA assays was r = 0.706. Serum cystatin C concentrations obtained in PETIA had a lower correlation coefficient with creatinine concentrations than those found in PENIA (r = 0.614 and r = 0.904, respectively); similarly, serum cystatin C was less correlated with serum urea concentration in PETIA than in PENIA (r = 0.463 and r = 0.636, respectively). The results obtained in this study suggest that the nephelometric assay is more sensitive and was shown to be more closely correlated with other renal function indicators than the PETIA assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Jonkisz
- 1 Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences Department of Internal and Parasitic Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs And Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Pl. Grunwaldzki 47 50-366 Wrocław Poland
| | - Krisztina Kungl
- 2 Szent István University Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science István u. 2 H-1078 Budapest Hungary
| | - Agnieszka Sikorska
- 1 Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences Department of Internal and Parasitic Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs And Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Pl. Grunwaldzki 47 50-366 Wrocław Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kurosad
- 1 Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences Department of Internal and Parasitic Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs And Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Pl. Grunwaldzki 47 50-366 Wrocław Poland
| | - Józef Nicpoń
- 1 Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences Department of Internal and Parasitic Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs And Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Pl. Grunwaldzki 47 50-366 Wrocław Poland
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MIYAGAWA Y, TAKEMURA N, HIROSE H. Evaluation of the Measurement of Serum Cystatin C by an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Humans as a Marker of the Glomerular Filtration Rate in Dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:1169-76. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi MIYAGAWA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Naoyuki TAKEMURA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Hisashi HIROSE
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
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