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Stezin A, Sathe GJ, Gajbhiye A, Bharadwaj S, Ghose V, Bellad A, Malo PK, Holla V, Hegde S, Bharath RD, Saini J, Jain S, Yadav R, Pandey A, Pal PK. Dysregulated Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteome of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2 and its Clinical Implications. Mov Disord 2024. [PMID: 38769639 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities in ataxin-2 associated with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) may lead to widespread disruptions in the proteome. This study was performed to identify dysregulated proteome in SCA2 and to explore its clinical-radiological correlations. METHODS Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 21 genetically confirmed SCA2 were subjected to shotgun proteome analysis using mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem mass tag (TMT)-based multiplexing. Proteins with at least 1.5-fold change in abundance were identified. Their relative abundance was measured using parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) and correlated against disease-related factors. RESULTS Eleven proteins were significantly upregulated in SCA2. They belonged to the family of cell adhesion molecules and granins. Their fold changes showed significant clinical, genetic, and radiological correlations. CONCLUSIONS Significant dysregulation of CSF proteome is seen in SCA2. The dysregulated protein may have potential use in clinical evaluation of patients with SCA2. © 2024 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Stezin
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
- Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Brain Research (CBR), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Sujas Bharadwaj
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Vivek Ghose
- Institute of Bioinformatics (IOB), Bangalore, India
| | | | - Palash Kumar Malo
- Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Brain Research (CBR), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
| | - Vikram Holla
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Shantala Hegde
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Rose Dawn Bharath
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Neuroimaging, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Jitender Saini
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Neuroimaging, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Sanjeev Jain
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Institute of Bioinformatics (IOB), Bangalore, India
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
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2
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Soucy JR, Aguzzi EA, Cho J, Gilhooley MJ, Keuthan C, Luo Z, Monavarfeshani A, Saleem MA, Wang XW, Wohlschlegel J, Baranov P, Di Polo A, Fortune B, Gokoffski KK, Goldberg JL, Guido W, Kolodkin AL, Mason CA, Ou Y, Reh TA, Ross AG, Samuels BC, Welsbie D, Zack DJ, Johnson TV. Retinal ganglion cell repopulation for vision restoration in optic neuropathy: a roadmap from the RReSTORe Consortium. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:64. [PMID: 37735444 PMCID: PMC10514988 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00655-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death in glaucoma and other optic neuropathies results in irreversible vision loss due to the mammalian central nervous system's limited regenerative capacity. RGC repopulation is a promising therapeutic approach to reverse vision loss from optic neuropathies if the newly introduced neurons can reestablish functional retinal and thalamic circuits. In theory, RGCs might be repopulated through the transplantation of stem cell-derived neurons or via the induction of endogenous transdifferentiation. The RGC Repopulation, Stem Cell Transplantation, and Optic Nerve Regeneration (RReSTORe) Consortium was established to address the challenges associated with the therapeutic repair of the visual pathway in optic neuropathy. In 2022, the RReSTORe Consortium initiated ongoing international collaborative discussions to advance the RGC repopulation field and has identified five critical areas of focus: (1) RGC development and differentiation, (2) Transplantation methods and models, (3) RGC survival, maturation, and host interactions, (4) Inner retinal wiring, and (5) Eye-to-brain connectivity. Here, we discuss the most pertinent questions and challenges that exist on the path to clinical translation and suggest experimental directions to propel this work going forward. Using these five subtopic discussion groups (SDGs) as a framework, we suggest multidisciplinary approaches to restore the diseased visual pathway by leveraging groundbreaking insights from developmental neuroscience, stem cell biology, molecular biology, optical imaging, animal models of optic neuropathy, immunology & immunotolerance, neuropathology & neuroprotection, materials science & biomedical engineering, and regenerative neuroscience. While significant hurdles remain, the RReSTORe Consortium's efforts provide a comprehensive roadmap for advancing the RGC repopulation field and hold potential for transformative progress in restoring vision in patients suffering from optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Soucy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass. Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erika A Aguzzi
- The Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Julie Cho
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Michael James Gilhooley
- The Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, England, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Casey Keuthan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ziming Luo
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Aboozar Monavarfeshani
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meher A Saleem
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Health System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Xue-Wei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Petr Baranov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass. Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Brad Fortune
- Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute and Legacy Research Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kimberly K Gokoffski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - William Guido
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Alex L Kolodkin
- The Solomon H Snyder, Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carol A Mason
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Neuroscience, and Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yvonne Ou
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ahmara G Ross
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian C Samuels
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Callahan Eye Hospital, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Derek Welsbie
- Shiley Eye Institute and Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Donald J Zack
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287 MD, USA
- Departments of Neuroscience, Molecular Biology & Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas V Johnson
- Departments of Neuroscience, Molecular Biology & Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Cellular & Molecular Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287 MD, USA.
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Velnar T, Kocivnik N, Bosnjak R. Clinical infections in neurosurgical oncology: An overview. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:3418-3433. [PMID: 37383906 PMCID: PMC10294202 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i15.3418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) infections are urgent conditions with high morbidity and mortality. Bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi can cause them. Intracranial infections after craniotomies are an important complication of treatment, especially in oncological patients that are already immunologically compromised due to the disease and treatment. The consequence of CNS infections in oncological patients includes longer treatment with antibiotics, additional surgical procedures, higher treatment costs and poorer treatment outcomes. Additionally, the management of primary pathology may be prolonged or postponed as a result of the active infection. By introducing new and improved protocols, tightening controls on their implementation, constantly educating the entire team involved in patient treatment and educating both patients and relatives, the incidence of infections can be reduced effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomaz Velnar
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
- Alma Mater Europaea - ECM Maribor, Maribor 2000, Slovenia
| | - Nina Kocivnik
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Roman Bosnjak
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
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Thompson C, Evans B, Zhao D, Purcell E. Spatiotemporal Expression of RNA-Seq Identified Proteins at the Electrode Interface. Acta Biomater 2023; 164:209-222. [PMID: 37116634 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Implantation of electrodes in the brain can be used to record from or stimulate neural tissues to treat neurological disease and injury. However, the tissue response to implanted devices can limit their functional longevity. Recent RNA-seq datasets identify hundreds of genes associated with gliosis, neuronal function, myelination, and cellular metabolism that are spatiotemporally expressed in neural tissues following the insertion of microelectrodes. To validate mRNA as a predictor of protein expression, this study evaluates a sub-set of RNA-seq identified proteins (RSIP) at 24-hours, 1-week, and 6-weeks post-implantation using quantitative immunofluorescence methods. This study found that expression of RSIPs associated with glial activation (Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Polypyrmidine tract binding protein-1 (Ptbp1)), neuronal structure (Neurofilament heavy chain (Nefh), Proteolipid protein-1 (Plp1), Myelin Basic Protein (MBP)), and iron metabolism (Transferrin (TF), Ferritin heavy chain-1 (Fth1)) reinforce transcriptional data. This study also provides additional context to the cellular distribution of RSIPs using a MATLAB-based approach to quantify immunofluorescence intensity within specific cell types. Ptbp1, TF, and Fth1 were found to be spatiotemporally distributed within neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes at the device interface relative to distal and contralateral tissues. The altered distribution of RSIPs relative to distal tissue is largely localized within 100µm of the device injury, which approaches the functional recording range of implanted electrodes. This study provides evidence that RNA-sequencing can be used to predict protein-level changes in cortical tissues and that RSIPs can be further investigated to identify new biomarkers of the tissue response that influence signal quality. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: : Microelectrode arrays implanted into the brain are useful tools that can be used to study neuroscience and to treat pathological conditions in a clinical setting. The tissue response to these devices, however, can severely limit their functional longevity. Transcriptomics has deepened the understandings of the tissue response by revealing numerous genes which are differentially expressed following device insertion. This manuscript provides validation for the use of transcriptomics to characterize the tissue response by evaluating a subset of known differentially expressed genes at the protein level around implanted electrodes over time. In additional to validating mRNA-to-protein relationships at the device interface, this study has identified emerging trends in the spatiotemporal distribution of proteins involved with glial activation, neuronal remodeling, and essential iron binding proteins around implanted silicon devices. This study additionally provides a new MATLAB based methodology to quantify protein distribution within discrete cell types at the device interface which may be used as biomarkers for further study or therapeutic intervention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cort Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
| | - Blake Evans
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
| | - Dorothy Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
| | - Erin Purcell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America.
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5
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Ahdoot-Levi H, Croitoru O, Bareli T, Sudai E, Peér-Nissan H, Jacob A, Gispan I, Maayan R, Weizman A, Yadid G. The Effect of Dehydroepiandrosterone Treatment on Neurogenesis, Astrogliosis and Long-Term Cocaine-Seeking Behavior in a Cocaine Self-Administration Model in Rats. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:773197. [PMID: 34899172 PMCID: PMC8662380 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.773197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is an acquired behavioral state developed in vulnerable individuals after cocaine exposure. It is characterized by compulsive drug-seeking and high vulnerability to relapse even after prolonged abstinence, associated with decreased neurogenesis in the hippocampus. This addictive state is hypothesized to be a form of “memory disease” in which the drug exploits the physiological neuroplasticity mechanisms that mediate regular learning and memory processes. Therefore, a major focus of the field has been to identify the cocaine-induced neuroadaptations occurring in the usurped brain’s reward circuit. The neurosteroid dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) affects brain cell morphology, differentiation, neurotransmission, and memory. It also reduces drug-seeking behavior in an animal model of cocaine self-administration. Here, we examined the long-lasting effects of DHEA treatment on the attenuation of cocaine-seeking behavior. We also examined its short- and long-term influence on hippocampal cells architecture (neurons and astrocytes). Using a behavioral examination, immunohistochemical staining, and diffusion tensor imaging, we found an immediate effect on tissue density and activation of astrocytes, which has a continuous beneficial effect on neurogenesis and tissue organization. This research emphasizes the requites concert between astrocytes and neurons in the rehabilitation from addiction behavior. Thus, DHEA may serve as a treatment that corrects brain damage following exposure to and abstinence from cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Ahdoot-Levi
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ofri Croitoru
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Tzofnat Bareli
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Einav Sudai
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Hilla Peér-Nissan
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Avi Jacob
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Iris Gispan
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Rachel Maayan
- The Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Abraham Weizman
- The Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Research Unit, Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Gal Yadid
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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6
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Gradišnik L, Bošnjak R, Bunc G, Ravnik J, Maver T, Velnar T. Neurosurgical Approaches to Brain Tissue Harvesting for the Establishment of Cell Cultures in Neural Experimental Cell Models. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6857. [PMID: 34832259 PMCID: PMC8624371 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, cell biology has made rapid progress. Cell isolation and cultivation techniques, supported by modern laboratory procedures and experimental capabilities, provide a wide range of opportunities for in vitro research to study physiological and pathophysiological processes in health and disease. They can also be used very efficiently for the analysis of biomaterials. Before a new biomaterial is ready for implantation into tissues and widespread use in clinical practice, it must be extensively tested. Experimental cell models, which are a suitable testing ground and the first line of empirical exploration of new biomaterials, must contain suitable cells that form the basis of biomaterial testing. To isolate a stable and suitable cell culture, many steps are required. The first and one of the most important steps is the collection of donor tissue, usually during a surgical procedure. Thus, the collection is the foundation for the success of cell isolation. This article explains the sources and neurosurgical procedures for obtaining brain tissue samples for cell isolation techniques, which are essential for biomaterial testing procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Gradišnik
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Maribor, Taborska 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
- Alma Mater Europaea ECM, Slovenska 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Roman Bošnjak
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Gorazd Bunc
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (G.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Janez Ravnik
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (G.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Tina Maver
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Maribor, Taborska 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Velnar
- Alma Mater Europaea ECM, Slovenska 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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Shaheen MJ, Bekdash AM, Itani HA, Borjac JM. Saffron extract attenuates neuroinflammation in rmTBI mouse model by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation via SIRT1. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257211. [PMID: 34506597 PMCID: PMC8432768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a major cause of morbidity and disability worldwide and a healthcare burden. TBI is an important risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases hallmarked by exacerbated neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation in the cerebral cortex plays a critical role in secondary injury progression following TBI. The NOD-like receptors (NLR) family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a key player in initiating the inflammatory response in various central nervous system disorders entailing TBI. This current study aims to investigate the role of NLRP3 in repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (rmTBI) and identify the potential neuroprotective effect of saffron extract in regulating the NLRP3 inflammasome. 24 hours following the final injury, rmTBI causes an upregulation in mRNA levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, the apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin-1Beta (IL-1β), interleukin 18 (IL-18), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1). Protein levels of NLRP3, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1), and neuronal nuclei (Neu N) also increased after rmTBI. Administration of saffron alleviated the degree of TBI, as evidenced by reducing the neuronal damage, astrocyte, and microglial activation. Pretreatment with saffron inhibited the activation of NLRP3, caspase-1, and ASC concurrent to reduced production of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Additionally, saffron extract enhanced SIRT1 expression, NRF2, and HMOX1 upregulation. These results suggest that NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the subsequent inflammatory response in the mice cortex are involved in the process of rmTBI. Saffron blocked the inflammatory response and relieved TBI by activating detoxifying genes and inhibiting NLRP3 activation. The effect of saffron on the NLRP3 inflammasome may be SIRT1 and NF-κB dependent in the rmTBI model. Thus, brain injury biomarkers will help in identifying a potential therapeutic target in treating TBI-induced neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam J. Shaheen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Debbieh, Lebanon
| | - Amira M. Bekdash
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hana A. Itani
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jamilah M. Borjac
- Department of Biological Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Debbieh, Lebanon
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Abstract
Significant advances have been made in recent years in identifying the genetic components of Wallerian degeneration, the process that brings the progressive destruction and removal of injured axons. It has now been accepted that Wallerian degeneration is an active and dynamic cellular process that is well regulated at molecular and cellular levels. In this review, we describe our current understanding of Wallerian degeneration, focusing on the molecular players and mechanisms that mediate the injury response, activate the degenerative program, transduce the death signal, execute the destruction order, and finally, clear away the debris. By highlighting the starring roles and sketching out the molecular script of Wallerian degeneration, we hope to provide a useful framework to understand Wallerian and Wallerian-like degeneration and to lay a foundation for developing new therapeutic strategies to treat axon degeneration in neural injury as well as in neurodegenerative disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 55 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; , , .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingsheng Jiang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; , , .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanshan Fang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; , , .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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9
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Gradišnik L, Bošnjak R, Maver T, Velnar T. Advanced Bio-Based Polymers for Astrocyte Cell Models. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3664. [PMID: 34209194 PMCID: PMC8269866 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of in vitro neural tissue analogs is of great interest for many biomedical engineering applications, including the tissue engineering of neural interfaces, treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, and in vitro evaluation of cell-material interactions. Since astrocytes play a crucial role in the regenerative processes of the central nervous system, the development of biomaterials that interact favorably with astrocytes is of great research interest. The sources of human astrocytes, suitable natural biomaterials, guidance scaffolds, and ligand patterned surfaces are discussed in the article. New findings in this field are essential for the future treatment of spinal cord and brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Gradišnik
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
- AMEU-ECM, Slovenska 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Roman Bošnjak
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Tina Maver
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Velnar
- AMEU-ECM, Slovenska 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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10
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Lindborg JA, Tran NM, Chenette DM, DeLuca K, Foli Y, Kannan R, Sekine Y, Wang X, Wollan M, Kim IJ, Sanes JR, Strittmatter SM. Optic nerve regeneration screen identifies multiple genes restricting adult neural repair. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108777. [PMID: 33657370 PMCID: PMC8009559 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) trauma interrupts neural networks and, because axonal regeneration is minimal, neurological deficits persist. Repair via axonal growth is limited by extracellular inhibitors and cell-autonomous factors. Based on results from a screen in vitro, we evaluate nearly 400 genes through a large-scale in vivo regeneration screen. Suppression of 40 genes using viral-driven short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) promotes retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon regeneration after optic nerve crush (ONC), and most are validated by separate CRISPR-Cas9 editing experiments. Expression of these axon-regeneration-suppressing genes is not significantly altered by axotomy. Among regeneration-limiting genes, loss of the interleukin 22 (IL-22) cytokine allows an early, yet transient, inflammatory response in the retina after injury. Reduced IL-22 drives concurrent activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) and dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) pathways and upregulation of multiple neuron-intrinsic regeneration-associated genes (RAGs). Including IL-22, our screen identifies dozens of genes that limit CNS regeneration. Suppression of these genes in the context of axonal damage could support improved neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Lindborg
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Nicholas M Tran
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Devon M Chenette
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Kristin DeLuca
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Yram Foli
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Ramakrishnan Kannan
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Yuichi Sekine
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Xingxing Wang
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Marius Wollan
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - In-Jung Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Joshua R Sanes
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA.
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11
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Takase H, Regenhardt RW. Motor tract reorganization after acute central nervous system injury: a translational perspective. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1144-1149. [PMID: 33269763 PMCID: PMC8224132 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.300330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute central nervous system injuries are among the most common causes of disability worldwide, with widespread social and economic implications. Motor tract injury accounts for the majority of this disability; therefore, there is impetus to understand mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of injury and subsequent reorganization of the motor tract that may lead to recovery. After acute central nervous system injury, there are changes in the microenvironment and structure of the motor tract. For example, ischemic stroke involves decreased local blood flow and tissue death from lack of oxygen and nutrients. Traumatic injury, in contrast, causes stretching and shearing injury to microstructures, including myelinated axons and their surrounding vessels. Both involve blood-brain barrier dysfunction, which is an important initial event. After acute central nervous system injury, motor tract reorganization occurs in the form of cortical remapping in the gray matter and axonal regeneration and rewiring in the white matter. Cortical remapping involves one cortical region taking on the role of another. cAMP-response-element binding protein is a key transcription factor that can enhance plasticity in the peri-infarct cortex. Axonal regeneration and rewiring depend on complex cell-cell interactions between axons, oligodendrocytes, and other cells. The RhoA/Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinase signaling pathway plays a central role in axon growth/regeneration through interactions with myelin-derived axonal growth inhibitors and regulation of actin cytoskeletal dynamics. Oligodendrocytes and their precursors play a role in myelination, and neurons are involved through their voltage-gated calcium channels. Understanding the pathophysiology of injury and the biology of motor tract reorganization may allow the development of therapies to enhance recovery after acute central nervous system injury. These include targeted rehabilitation, novel pharmacotherapies, such as growth factors and axonal growth inhibitor blockade, and the implementation of neurotechnologies, such as central nervous system stimulators and robotics. The translation of these advances depends on careful alignment of preclinical studies and human clinical trials. As experimental data mount, the future is one of optimism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Takase
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Robert W Regenhardt
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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王 辉. Effect of Nitrogen Addition on Plant Growth in Early Spring: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.12677/ije.2021.103045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Kameneva P, Kastriti ME, Adameyko I. Neuronal lineages derived from the nerve-associated Schwann cell precursors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:513-529. [PMID: 32748156 PMCID: PMC7873084 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03609-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
For a long time, neurogenic placodes and migratory neural crest cells were considered the immediate sources building neurons of peripheral nervous system. Recently, a number of discoveries revealed the existence of another progenitor type-a nerve-associated multipotent Schwann cell precursors (SCPs) building enteric and parasympathetic neurons as well as neuroendocrine chromaffin cells. SCPs are neural crest-derived and are similar to the crest cells by their markers and differentiation potential. Such similarities, but also considerable differences, raise many questions pertaining to the medical side, fundamental developmental biology and evolution. Here, we discuss the genesis of Schwann cell precursors, their role in building peripheral neural structures and ponder on their role in the origin in congenial diseases associated with peripheral nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Kameneva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Maria Eleni Kastriti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden.
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria.
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14
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Huang ZH, Feng AY, Liu J, Zhou L, Zhou B, Yu P. Inhibitor of DNA binding 2 accelerates nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve injury in mice. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2542-2548. [PMID: 33907046 PMCID: PMC8374553 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.313054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (Id2) can promote axonal regeneration after injury of the central nervous system. However, whether Id2 can promote axonal regeneration and functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury is currently unknown. In this study, we established a mouse model of bilateral sciatic nerve crush injury. Two weeks before injury, AAV9-Id2-3×Flag-GFP was injected stereotaxically into the bilateral ventral horn of lumbar spinal cord. Our results showed that Id2 was successfully delivered into spinal cord motor neurons projecting to the sciatic nerve, and the number of regenerated motor axons in the sciatic nerve distal to the crush site was increased at 2 weeks after injury, arriving at the tibial nerve and reinnervating a few endplates in the gastrocnemius muscle. By 1 month after injury, extensive neuromuscular reinnervation occurred. In addition, the amplitude of compound muscle action potentials of the gastrocnemius muscle was markedly recovered, and their latency was shortened. These findings suggest that Id2 can accelerate axonal regeneration, promote neuromuscular reinnervation, and enhance functional improvement following sciatic nerve injury. Therefore, elevating the level of Id2 in adult neurons may present a promising strategy for peripheral nerve repair following injury. The study was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Jinan University (approval No. 20160302003) on March 2, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Hai Huang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of Central Nervous System Regeneration; Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Central Nervous System Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ai-Ying Feng
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of Central Nervous System Regeneration; Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Central Nervous System Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of Central Nervous System Regeneration; Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Central Nervous System Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Libing Zhou
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of Central Nervous System Regeneration; Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Central Nervous System Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bing Zhou
- Interdisciplinary Innovation Institute of Medicine and Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Panpan Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of Central Nervous System Regeneration; Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Central Nervous System Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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15
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Cheng JJ, Guo Q, Wu XG, Ma S, Gao Y, Ya-Zhen S. Scutellaria barbata flavonoids improve the composited Aβ-induced abnormal changes of glial cells in rats' brain. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2020; 25:64-76. [PMID: 33297910 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666201209092358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM It has been reported that glial cells are involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD). According to our previous research, Scutellaria barbata flavonoids (SBFs) can protect the neuronal disorder and memory impairment for AD-like rats, while the effect of SBFs on the glial cells disorder in AD-like rats has been less well studied. The effects of SBFs on astrocytes(ASs), microglial cells (MGs) and oligodendrocytes (Ols), as well as heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) were investigated in the present study. METHODS The successful model rats, screened by Morris water maze, were daily orally administrated with 35, 70 and 140 mg/kg SBFs for 36 d. The numbers of brain's astrocytes (ASs), microglial cells (MGs) and oligodendrocytes (Ols) were examined by immunohistochemistry. The cortical glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), leukocyte common antigen (LCA) (CD45), Claudin 11 and heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70) protein expression were assayed by Western blotting, and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) mRNA expression was analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). RESULTS Compared with the sham-operated group, the numbers of ASs and MGs in the brain were significantly increased in the model group (P<0.05, P<0.01), and accompanied with increases of GFAP, CD45 and Hsp70 protein and ApoE mRNA expression (P<0.05, P<0.01). Both Ols number and Claudin 11 protein expression decreased in the brain in the model group (P<0.05, P<0.01). However, the above abnormal changes induced by composited Aβ were differently reversed by treatment of SBFs at three doses of 35, 70 and 140 mg/kg (P<0.05, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS SBFs can dramatically improve the abnormal changes of glial cells in rats' brain induced by composited Aβ, which may be a helpful treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Cheng
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Hebei Province Key Research Office of Traditional Chinese Medicine Against Dementia, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Development, Chengde, Hebei 067000. China
| | - Qing Guo
- The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011. China
| | - Xiao-Guang Wu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Hebei Province Key Research Office of Traditional Chinese Medicine Against Dementia, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Development, Chengde, Hebei 067000. China
| | - Shuai Ma
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Hebei Province Key Research Office of Traditional Chinese Medicine Against Dementia, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Development, Chengde, Hebei 067000. China
| | - Yang Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Hebei Province Key Research Office of Traditional Chinese Medicine Against Dementia, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Development, Chengde, Hebei 067000. China
| | - Shang Ya-Zhen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Hebei Province Key Research Office of Traditional Chinese Medicine Against Dementia, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Development, Chengde, Hebei 067000. China
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16
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Hezroni H, Perry RBT, Ulitsky I. Long Noncoding RNAs in Development and Regeneration of the Neural Lineage. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2020; 84:165-177. [PMID: 31900326 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2019.84.039347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are gathering increasing attention toward their roles in different biological systems. In mammals, the richest repertoires of lncRNAs are expressed in the brain and in the testis, and the diversity of lncRNAs in the nervous system is thought to be related to the diversity and the complexity of its cell types. Supporting this notion, many lncRNAs are differentially expressed between different regions of the brain or in particular cell types, and many lncRNAs are dynamically expressed during embryonic or postnatal neurogenesis. Less is known about the functions of these genes, if any, but they are increasingly implicated in diverse processes in health and disease. Here, we review the current knowledge about the roles and importance of lncRNAs in the central and peripheral nervous systems and discuss the specific niches within gene regulatory networks that might be preferentially occupied by lncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Hezroni
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rotem Ben Tov Perry
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Igor Ulitsky
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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17
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Walker A, Kim J, Wyatt J, Terlouw A, Balachandran K, Wolchok J. Repeated In Vitro Impact Conditioning of Astrocytes Decreases the Expression and Accumulation of Extracellular Matrix. Ann Biomed Eng 2019; 47:967-979. [PMID: 30706307 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02219-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathological changes to the physical and chemical properties of brain extracellular matrix (ECM) occur following injury. It is generally assumed that astrocytes play an important role in these changes. What remain unclear are the triggers that lead to changes in the regulation of ECM by astrocytes following injury. We hypothesize that mechanical stimulation triggers genotypic and phenotypic changes to astrocytes that could ultimately reshape the ECM composition of the central nervous system following injury. To explore astrocyte mechanobiology, an in vitro drop test bioreactor was employed to condition primary rat astrocytes using short duration (10 ms), high deceleration (150G) and strain (20%) impact stimuli. Experiments were designed to explore the effect of single and repeated impact (single vs. double) on mechano-sensitive behavior including cell viability; ECM gene (collagens I and IV, fibronectin, neurocan, versican) and reactivity gene [glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S100B, vimentin] expression; matrix regulatory cytokine secretion [matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP1), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1)]; and matrix accumulation [collagen and glycosaminoglycan (GAG)]. Experiments revealed that both ECM and reactive gliosis gene expression was significantly decreased in response to impact conditioning. The decreases for several genes, including collagen, versican, and GFAP were sensitive to impact number, suggesting mechano-sensitivity to repeated impact conditioning. The measured decreases in ECM gene expression were supported by longer-term in vitro experiments that demonstrated significant decreases in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) and collagen accumulation within impact conditioned 3-D scaffolds accompanied by a 25% decrease in elastic modulus. Overall, the general trend across all samples was towards altered ECM and reactive gliosis gene expression in response to impact. These results suggest that the regulation of ECM production by astrocytes is sensitive to mechanical stimuli, and that repeated impact conditioning may increase this sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addison Walker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 125 Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Johntaehwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 125 Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Joseph Wyatt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 125 Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Abby Terlouw
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 125 Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Kartik Balachandran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 125 Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Jeffrey Wolchok
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 125 Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
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18
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Gordon T, Wood P, Sulaiman OAR. Long-Term Denervated Rat Schwann Cells Retain Their Capacity to Proliferate and to Myelinate Axons in vitro. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 12:511. [PMID: 30666188 PMCID: PMC6330764 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional recovery is poor after peripheral nerve injury and delayed surgical repair or when nerves must regenerate over long distances to reinnervate distant targets. A reduced capacity of Schwann cells (SCs) in chronically denervated distal nerve stumps to support and interact with regenerating axons may account for the poor outcome. In an in vitro system, we examined the capacity of adult, long-term denervated rat SCs to proliferate and to myelinate neurites in co-cultures with fetal dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Non-neuronal cells were counted immediately after their isolation from the distal sciatic nerve stumps that were subjected to acute denervation of 7 days or chronic denervation of either 7 weeks or 17 months. Thereafter, equal numbers of the non-neural cells were co-cultured with purified dissociated DRG neurons for 5 days. The co-cultures were then treated with 3H-Thymidine for 24 h to quantitate SC proliferation with S100 immunostaining and autoradiography. After a 24-day period of co-culture, Sudan Black staining was used to visualize and count myelin segments that were elaborated around DRG neurites by the SCs. Isolated non-neural cells from 7-week chronically denervated nerve stumps increased 2.5-fold in number compared to ~2 million in 7 day acutely denervated stumps. There were only <0.2 million cells in the 17-week chronically denervated stumps. Nonetheless, these chronically denervated SCs maintained their proliferative capacity although the capacity was reduced to 30% in the 17-month chronically denervated distal nerve stumps. Moreover, the chronically denervated SCs retained their capacity to myelinate DRG neurites: there was extensive myelination of the neurites by the acutely and chronically denervated SCs after 24 days co-culture. There were no significant differences in the extent of myelination. We conclude that the low numbers of surviving SCs in chronically denervated distal nerve stumps retain their ability to respond to axonal signals to divide and to elaborate myelin. However, their low numbers consequent to their poor survival and their reduced capacity to proliferate account, at least in part, for the poor functional recovery after delayed surgical repair of injured nerve and/or the repair of injured nerves far from their target organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Gordon
- Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Patrick Wood
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis/Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Olawale A R Sulaiman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
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19
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Izadpanah M, Seddigh A, Ebrahimi Barough S, Fazeli SAS, Ai J. Potential of Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Indications. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 66:172-179. [PMID: 30140997 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound vesicles, including exosomes and microvesicles. EVs are nanometer sized, found in physiological fluids such as urine, blood, cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF), with a capacity of transferring various biological materials such as microRNAs, proteins, and lipids among cells without direct cell-to-cell contact. Many cells in the nervous system have been shown to release EVs. These vesicles are involved in intercellular communication and a variety of biological processes such as modulation of immune response, signal transduction, and transport of genetic materials with low immunogenicity; therefore, they have also been recently investigated for the delivery of therapeutic molecules such as siRNAs and drugs in the treatment of diseases. In addition, since EV components reflect the physiological status of the cells and tissues producing them, they can be utilized as biomarkers for early detection of various diseases. In this review, we summarize EV application, in diagnosis as biomarker sources and as a carrier tool for drug delivery in EV-based therapies in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Izadpanah
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box: 1417755469, Tehran, Iran.,Human and Animal Cell Bank, Iranian Biological Resource Center (IBRC), ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arshia Seddigh
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Somayeh Ebrahimi Barough
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box: 1417755469, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Abolhassan Shahzadeh Fazeli
- Human and Animal Cell Bank, Iranian Biological Resource Center (IBRC), ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Advanced Technologies in Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box: 1417755469, Tehran, Iran.
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20
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Chen M, Vial ML, Tello Velasquez J, Ekberg JAK, Davis RA, St John JA. The serrulatane diterpenoid natural products RAD288 and RAD289 stimulate properties of olfactory ensheathing cells useful for neural repair therapies. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10240. [PMID: 29980748 PMCID: PMC6035228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28551-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are being trialled for cell transplantation therapies for neural repair as they have unique properties which can enhance neuron regeneration. However, improvements in cell viability, proliferation and migration are needed to enhance therapeutic outcomes. Growth factors can enhance cell activity, but they can also induce side effects as they can act on numerous cell types. An alternative approach is to identify natural products (NPs) that more selectively activate specific cell functions. We have examined two pure NPs, 3-acetoxy-7,8-dihydroxyserrulat-14-en-19-oic acid (RAD288) and 3,7,8-trihydroxyserrulat-14-en-19-oic acid (RAD289) isolated from the Australian plant Eremophila microtheca. We determined that RAD288 and RAD289 stimulated the viability and proliferation of OECs in two-dimensional cultures and increased cell viability in three-dimensional spheroids. Both compounds also enhanced OEC-mediated phagocytosis of neural debris. However, only RAD288 stimulated migration of OECs, demonstrating that key structural changes to the compound can dramatically affect the resultant cellular action. In addition, cell-type specific action is highlighted by the result that neither compound stimulated the viability of Schwann cells which are a closely-related glial cell type. Therefore, these small molecules may have high potential for selective activation of specific therapeutically-useful activities of OECs for transplantation therapies to repair the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Chen
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia
| | - Marie-Laure Vial
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, 4222, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia
| | - Johana Tello Velasquez
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, 4222, QLD, Australia
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia. .,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, 4222, QLD, Australia. .,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia.
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21
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Park HS, Kwon H, Yu J, Bae Y, Park JY, Choi KA, Choi Y, Hong S. Precise nanoinjection delivery of plasmid DNA into a single fibroblast for direct conversion of astrocyte. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:1114-1122. [PMID: 29506416 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1446019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Direct conversion is a powerful approach to safely generate mature neural lineages with potential for treatment of neurological disorders. Astrocytes play a crucial role in neuronal homeostasis and their dysfunctions contribute to several neurodegenerative diseases. Using a single-cell approach for precision, we describe here a robust method using optimized DNA amounts for the direct conversion of mouse fibroblasts to astrocytes. Controlled amount of the reprogramming factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and cMyc was directly delivered into a single fibroblast cell. Consequently, 2500 DNA molecules, no more or less, were found to be the optimal amount that dramatically increased the expression levels of the astrocyte-specific markers GFAP and S100b and the demethylation gene TET1, the expression of which was sustained to maintain astrocyte functionality. The converted astrocytes showed glutamate uptake ability and electrophysiological activity. Furthermore, we demonstrated a potential mechanism whereby fibroblast was directly converted into astrocyte at a single-cell level; this was achieved by activating BMP2 pathway through direct binding of Sox2 protein to BMP2 gene. This study suggests that nanotechnology for directly injecting plasmid DNAs into cell nuclei may help understand such a conversion at single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Soo Park
- a Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science , Korea University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosung Kwon
- b Department of Bio-convergence Engineering , Korea University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Jewon Yu
- b Department of Bio-convergence Engineering , Korea University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonju Bae
- a Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science , Korea University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Park
- a Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science , Korea University , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,c School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science , Korea University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ah Choi
- c School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science , Korea University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonho Choi
- b Department of Bio-convergence Engineering , Korea University , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,d School of Biomedical Engineering , Korea University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoi Hong
- a Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science , Korea University , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,c School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science , Korea University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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22
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Ozer H, Bozkurt H, Bozkurt G, Demirbilek M. Regenerative potential of chitosan-coated poly-3-hydroxybutyrate conduits seeded with mesenchymal stem cells in a rat sciatic nerve injury model. Int J Neurosci 2018; 128:828-834. [PMID: 29384433 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1435536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A number of chemical and biological factors, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), have been developed to enhance nerve regeneration by introduction through a variety of nerve conduits. This study was designed to assess the efficacy of using chitosan-coated poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) nerve conduits seeded with human bone marrow-derived MSCs (hMSC-bm) to augment repair in an experimental rat model of sciatic nerve injury. METHODS A total of 30 rats were randomly assigned to one of three groups (n = 10). In each rat, a 10 mm segment of the sciatic nerve was removed and was replaced by a chitosan-coated PHB conduit seeded with hMSC-bm (PHB/chitosan-hMSC-bm group), a chitosan-coated PHB conduit (PHB/chitosan group), or an autograft (autograft group) as the control. The results were evaluated 8 weeks postoperatively by observation, electromyography and histologic examination with light microscopy and immunostaining. RESULTS Histologic examination showed that both PHB/chitosan-hMSC-bm conduits and PHB/chitosan conduits led the damaged axons through the injured area. When the effects were compared, the results with the PHB/chitosan-hMSC-bm conduits were superior to those with the PHB/chitosan conduits (p < 0.05) but not as successful as with the autologous nerve grafts (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION PHB/chitosan-hMSC-bm nerve conduits may be a useful artificial guide for nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidir Ozer
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Huseyin Bozkurt
- b Department of Neurosurgery , Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine , Sivas , Turkey
| | - Gokhan Bozkurt
- c Department of Neurosurgery , Memorial Private Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Murat Demirbilek
- d Advanced Technologies Application and Research Center , Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
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D’Arpa S, Zabbia G, Cannizzaro C, Salimbeni G, Plescia F, Mariolo AV, Cassata G, Cicero L, Puleio R, Martorana A, Moschella F, Cordova A. Seeding nerve sutures with minced nerve-graft (MINE-G): a simple method to improve nerve regeneration in rats. Acta Chir Belg 2018; 118:27-35. [PMID: 28738725 DOI: 10.1080/00015458.2017.1353237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess the effect of seeding the distal nerve suture with nerve fragments in rats. METHODS On 20 rats, a 15 mm sciatic nerve defect was reconstructed with a nerve autograft. In the Study Group (10 rats), a minced 1 mm nerve segment was seeded around the nerve suture. In the Control Group (10 rats), a nerve graft alone was used. At 4 and 12 weeks, a walking track analysis with open field test (WTA), hystomorphometry (number of myelinated fibers (n), fiber density (FD) and fiber area (FA) and soleus and gastrocnemius muscle weight ratios (MWR) were evaluated. The Student t-test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS At 4 and 12 weeks the Study Group had a significantly higher n and FD (p = .043 and .033). The SMWR was significantly higher in the Study Group at 12 weeks (p = .0207). CONCLUSIONS Seeding the distal nerve suture with nerve fragments increases the number of myelinated fibers, the FD and the SMWR. The technique seems promising and deserves further investigation to clarify the mechanisms involved and its functional effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore D’Arpa
- Plastische Heelkunde, Universitair Ziekenhuis Gent, Gent, Belgium
| | - Giovanni Zabbia
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Carla Cannizzaro
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care ‘GIUSEPPE D’ALESSANDRO’, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Fulvio Plescia
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care ‘GIUSEPPE D’ALESSANDRO’, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessio Vincenzo Mariolo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cassata
- Laboratory Animal House/Unit, Institute of Experimental Zooprophylactic of Sicily, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luca Cicero
- Laboratory Animal House/Unit, Institute of Experimental Zooprophylactic of Sicily, Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Puleio
- Histopathology and Immunohistochemistry Laboratory, Institute Experimental Zooprophylactic of Sicily, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Martorana
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Moschella
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Adriana Cordova
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Cervellini I, Galino J, Zhu N, Allen S, Birchmeier C, Bennett DL. Sustained MAPK/ERK Activation in Adult Schwann Cells Impairs Nerve Repair. J Neurosci 2018; 38:679-690. [PMID: 29217688 PMCID: PMC5777114 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2255-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The MAPK/ERK pathway has a critical role in PNS development. It is required for Schwann cell (SC) differentiation and myelination; sustained embryonic MAPK/ERK activation in SCs enhances myelin growth overcoming signals that normally end myelination. Excess activation of this pathway can be maladaptive as in adulthood acute strong activation of MAPK/ERK has been shown to cause SC dedifferentiation and demyelination. We used a mouse model (including male and female animals) in which the gain-of-function MEK1DD allele produces sustained MAPK/ERK activation in adult SCs, and we determined the impact of such activation on nerve repair. In the uninjured nerve, MAPK/ERK activation neither impaired myelin nor reactivated myelination. However, in the injured nerve it was detrimental and resulted in delayed repair and functional recovery. In the early phase of injury, the rate of myelin clearance was faster. Four weeks following injury, when nerve repair is normally advanced, myelinated axons of MEK1DD mutants demonstrated higher rates of myelin decompaction, a reduced number of Cajal bands. and decreased internodal length. We noted the presence of abnormal Remak bundles with long SCs processes and reduced numbers of C-fibers/Remak bundle. Both the total number of regenerating axons and the intraepidermal nerve fiber density in the skin were reduced. Sustained activation of MAPK/ERK in adult SCs is therefore deleterious to successful nerve repair, emphasizing the differences in the signaling processes coordinating nerve development and repair. Our results also underline the key role of SCs in axon regeneration and successful target reinnervation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The MAPK/ERK pathway promotes developmental myelination and its sustained activation in SCs induced continuous myelin growth, compensating for the absence of essential myelination signals. However, the strength of activation is fundamental because acute strong induction of MAPK/ERK in adulthood induces demyelination. What has been unknown is the effect of a mild but sustained MAPK/ERK activation in SCs on nerve repair in adulthood. This promoted myelin clearance but led to abnormalities in nonmyelinating and myelinating SCs in the later phases of nerve repair, resulting in slowed axon regeneration, cutaneous reinnervation, and functional recovery. Our results emphasize the distinct role of the MAPK/ERK pathway in developmental myelination versus remyelination and the importance of signaling between SCs and axons for successful axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Cervellini
- The Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom, and
| | - Jorge Galino
- The Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom, and
| | - Ning Zhu
- The Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom, and
| | - Shannen Allen
- The Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom, and
| | - Carmen Birchmeier
- Developmental Biology/Signal Transduction Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Society, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - David L Bennett
- The Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom, and
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Katiyar KS, Winter CC, Gordián-Vélez WJ, O'Donnell JC, Song YJ, Hernandez NS, Struzyna LA, Cullen DK. Three-dimensional Tissue Engineered Aligned Astrocyte Networks to Recapitulate Developmental Mechanisms and Facilitate Nervous System Regeneration. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29364269 DOI: 10.3791/55848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotrauma and neurodegenerative disease often result in lasting neurological deficits due to the limited capacity of the central nervous system (CNS) to replace lost neurons and regenerate axonal pathways. However, during nervous system development, neuronal migration and axonal extension often occur along pathways formed by other cells, referred to as "living scaffolds". Seeking to emulate these mechanisms and to design a strategy that circumvents the inhibitory environment of the CNS, this manuscript presents a protocol to fabricate tissue engineered astrocyte-based "living scaffolds". To create these constructs, we employed a novel biomaterial encasement scheme to induce astrocytes to self-assemble into dense three-dimensional bundles of bipolar longitudinally-aligned somata and processes. First, hollow hydrogel micro-columns were assembled, and the inner lumen was coated with collagen extracellular-matrix. Dissociated cerebral cortical astrocytes were then delivered into the lumen of the cylindrical micro-column and, at a critical inner diameter of <350 µm, spontaneously self-aligned and contracted to produce long fiber-like cables consisting of dense bundles of astrocyte processes and collagen fibrils measuring <150 µm in diameter yet extending several cm in length. These engineered living scaffolds exhibited >97% cell viability and were virtually exclusively comprised of astrocytes expressing a combination of the intermediate filament proteins glial-fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, and nestin. These aligned astrocyte networks were found to provide a permissive substrate for neuronal attachment and aligned neurite extension. Moreover, these constructs maintain integrity and alignment when extracted from the hydrogel encasement, making them suitable for CNS implantation. These preformed constructs structurally emulate key cytoarchitectural elements of naturally occurring glial-based "living scaffolds" in vivo. As such, these engineered living scaffolds may serve as test-beds to study neurodevelopmental mechanisms in vitro or facilitate neuroregeneration by directing neuronal migration and/or axonal pathfinding following CNS degeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika S Katiyar
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center; School of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University
| | - Carla C Winter
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Wisberty J Gordián-Vélez
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania
| | - John C O'Donnell
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | - Yeri J Song
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Neuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Nicole S Hernandez
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Neuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Laura A Struzyna
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania
| | - D Kacy Cullen
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Neuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania;
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Tallon C, Farah MH. Beta secretase activity in peripheral nerve regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1565-1574. [PMID: 29171411 PMCID: PMC5696827 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.217319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While the peripheral nervous system has the capacity to regenerate following a nerve injury, it is often at a slow rate and results in unsatisfactory recovery, leaving patients with reduced function. Many regeneration associated genes have been identified over the years, which may shed some insight into how we can manipulate this intrinsic regenerative ability to enhance repair following peripheral nerve injuries. Our lab has identified the membrane bound protease beta-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), or beta secretase, as a potential negative regulator of peripheral nerve regeneration. When beta secretase activity levels are abolished via a null mutation in mice, peripheral regeneration is enhanced following a sciatic nerve crush injury. Conversely, when activity levels are greatly increased by overexpressing beta secretase in mice, nerve regeneration and functional recovery are impaired after a sciatic nerve crush injury. In addition to our work, many substrates of beta secretase have been found to be involved in regulating neurite outgrowth and some have even been identified as regeneration associated genes. In this review, we set out to discuss BACE1 and its substrates with respect to axonal regeneration and speculate on the possibility of utilizing BACE1 inhibitors to enhance regeneration following acute nerve injury and potential uses in peripheral neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Tallon
- Department of Neurology at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mohamed H. Farah
- Department of Neurology at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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27
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Schuh CM, Hausner T, Redl HR. A therapeutic shock propels Schwann cells to proliferate in peripheral nerve injury. Brain Circ 2016; 2:138-140. [PMID: 30276290 PMCID: PMC6126275 DOI: 10.4103/2394-8108.192520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a prevalent issue and represents a great burden to patients. Although the PNS has a good capacity for regeneration, regeneration over long distances poses several difficulties. Several recent studies have addressed Schwann cells’ limited proliferative capacity; however, a solution has yet to be found. Here, we examine the effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on Schwann cell isolation, culture, and proliferation rate. The study conducted demonstrated that Schwann cells treated with ESWT had significantly improved isolation, culture, and proliferative capacities. These findings represent a solution to a significant problem that hospitals and health-care providers face every year: how to treat long distance damage to the PNS with the limited proliferative capabilities of Schwann cells. Although these findings are promising, further studies must be conducted to address the molecular mechanisms by which ESWT alters Schwann cells and the potential implications for peripheral nerve damage and other prevalent illnesses. This study is a review article. Referred literature in this paper has been listed in the references part. The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are available online by searching the PubMed. Some original points in this article come from the laboratory practice in our research centers and the authors’ experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Map Schuh
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, A-1200 Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, A-1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Hausner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, A-1200 Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, A-1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz R Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, A-1200 Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, A-1200 Vienna, Austria
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Schuh CM, Hercher D, Stainer M, Hopf R, Teuschl AH, Schmidhammer R, Redl H. Extracorporeal shockwave treatment: A novel tool to improve Schwann cell isolation and culture. Cytotherapy 2016; 18:760-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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29
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Seyedhassantehrani N, Li Y, Yao L. Dynamic behaviors of astrocytes in chemically modified fibrin and collagen hydrogels. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 8:624-34. [PMID: 27079938 PMCID: PMC4868780 DOI: 10.1039/c6ib00003g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes play a critical role in supporting the normal physiological function of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocyte transplantation can potentially promote axonal regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). Fibrin and collagen hydrogels provide growth-permissive substrates and serve as carriers for therapeutic cell transplantation into an injured spinal cord. However, the application of fibrin and collagen hydrogels may be limited due to their relatively rapid degradation rate in vivo. In this study, immature astrocytes isolated from neonatal rats were grown in fibrin hydrogels containing aprotinin and collagen hydrogels crosslinked with poly(ethylene glycol) ether tetrasuccinimidyl glutarate (4S-StarPEG), and the cell behavior in these hydrogels was studied. The cell viability of astrocytes in the hydrogels was tested using the LIVE/DEAD® assay and the AlamarBlue® assay, and this study showed that astrocytes maintained good viability in these hydrogels. The cell migration study showed that astrocytes migrated in the fibrin and collagen hydrogels, and the migration speed is similar in these hydrogels. The crosslinking of collagen hydrogels with 4S-StarPEG did not change the astrocyte migration speed. However, the addition of aprotinin in the fibrin hydrogel inhibited astrocyte migration. The expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG), including NG2, neurocan, and versican, by astrocytes grown in the hydrogels was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. The expression of NG2, neurocan, and versican by the cells in these hydrogels was not significantly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Seyedhassantehrani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Fairmount 1845, Wichita, KS 67260, USA.
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Yelkenli İH, Ulupinar E, Korkmaz OT, Şener E, Kuş G, Filiz Z, Tunçel N. Modulation of Corpus Striatal Neurochemistry by Astrocytes and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) in Parkinsonian Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 59:280-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0757-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Exosomes Derived from Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Promote Axonal Growth of Cortical Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2659-2673. [PMID: 26993303 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9851-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of brain injury with exosomes derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) enhances neurite growth. However, the direct effect of exosomes on axonal growth and molecular mechanisms underlying exosome-enhanced neurite growth are not known. Using primary cortical neurons cultured in a microfluidic device, we found that MSC-exosomes promoted axonal growth, whereas attenuation of argonaut 2 protein, one of the primary microRNA (miRNA) machinery proteins, in MSC-exosomes abolished their effect on axonal growth. Both neuronal cell bodies and axons internalized MSC-exosomes, which was blocked by botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) that cleave proteins of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex. Moreover, tailored MSC-exosomes carrying elevated miR-17-92 cluster further enhanced axonal growth compared to native MSC-exosomes. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed that the tailored MSC-exosomes increased levels of individual members of this cluster and activated the PTEN/mTOR signaling pathway in recipient neurons, respectively. Together, our data demonstrate that native MSC-exosomes promote axonal growth while the tailored MSC-exosomes can further boost this effect and that tailored exosomes can deliver their selective cargo miRNAs into and activate their target signals in recipient neurons. Neuronal internalization of MSC-exosomes is mediated by the SNARE complex. This study reveals molecular mechanisms that contribute to MSC-exosome-promoted axonal growth, which provides a potential therapeutic strategy to enhance axonal growth.
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Neuronal RARβ Signaling Modulates PTEN Activity Directly in Neurons and via Exosome Transfer in Astrocytes to Prevent Glial Scar Formation and Induce Spinal Cord Regeneration. J Neurosci 2016; 35:15731-45. [PMID: 26609164 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1339-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Failure of axonal regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) is mainly attributed to a lack of intrinsic neuronal growth programs and an inhibitory environment from a glial scar. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a major negative regulator of neuronal regeneration and, as such, inhibiting its activity has been considered a therapeutic target for spinal cord (SC) injuries (SCIs). Using a novel model of rat cervical avulsion, we show that treatment with a retinoic acid receptor β (RARβ) agonist results in locomotor and sensory recovery. Axonal regeneration from the severed roots into the SC could be seen by biotinylated dextran amine labeling. Light micrographs of the dorsal root entry zone show the peripheral nervous system (PNS)-CNS transition of regrown axons. RARβ agonist treatment also resulted in the absence of scar formation. Mechanism studies revealed that, in RARβ-agonist-treated neurons, PTEN activity is decreased by cytoplasmic phosphorylation and increased secretion in exosomes. These are taken up by astrocytes, resulting in hampered proliferation and causing them to arrange in a normal-appearing scaffold around the regenerating axons. Attribution of the glial modulation to neuronal PTEN in exosomes was demonstrated by the use of an exosome inhibitor in vivo and PTEN siRNA in vitro assays. The dual effect of RARβ signaling, both neuronal and neuronal-glial, results in axonal regeneration into the SC after dorsal root neurotmesis. Targeting this pathway may open new avenues for the treatment of SCIs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) often result in permanent damage in the adult due to the very limited capacity of axonal regeneration. Intrinsic neuronal programs and the formation of a glial scar are the main obstacles. Here, we identify a single target, neuronal retinoic acid receptor β (RARβ), which modulates these two aspects of the postinjury physiological response. Activation of RARβ in the neuron inactivates phosphatase and tensin homolog and induces its transfer into the astrocytes in small vesicles, where it prevents scar formation. This may open new therapeutic avenues for SCIs.
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Man LL, Liu F, Wang YJ, Song HH, Xu HB, Zhu ZW, Zhang Q, Wang YJ. The HMGB1 signaling pathway activates the inflammatory response in Schwann cells. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1706-12. [PMID: 26692874 PMCID: PMC4660770 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.167773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells are not only myelinating cells, but also function as immune cells and express numerous innate pattern recognition receptors, including the Toll-like receptors. Injury to peripheral nerves activates an inflammatory response in Schwann cells. However, it is unclear whether specific endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern molecules are involved in the inflammatory response following nerve injury. In the present study, we demonstrate that a key damage-associated molecular pattern molecule, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), is upregulated following rat sciatic nerve axotomy, and we show colocalization of the protein with Schw-ann cells. HMGB1 alone could not enhance expression of Toll-like receptors or the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), but was able to facilitate migration of Schwann cells. When Schwann cells were treated with HMGB1 together with lipopolysaccharide, the expression levels of Toll-like receptors and RAGE, as well as inflammatory cytokines were upregulated. Our novel findings demonstrate that the HMGB1 pathway activates the inflammatory response in Schwann cells following peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Man
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hong-Hua Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hong-Bo Xu
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zi-Wen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yong-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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Terminal Schwann Cells Lead Synapse Remodelling following Injury(1,2). eNeuro 2015; 1:eN-COM-0028-14. [PMID: 26464962 PMCID: PMC4596142 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0028-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This commentary article describes the importance and significance of the article recently published by the Kang and colleagues in The Journal of Neuroscience in 2014. Kang and colleagues provided new features of injury induced synapse remodelling.
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